140:
192:
532:, Sun also advocated opposition to Japan and criticized Chiang Kai-shek's central government, yet protested his loyalty to Chiang. The national government feared Sun Dianying would cooperate with Feng's Anti-Japanese Army, allowing them to use the railroad to support their forces. However, Sun was also not willing to be involved in a conflict with Chiang. He hoped to be involved in northwest development and control a territory of his own there. In mid-June, when Chiang ordered Sun's army to leave the railroad garrison and open up wasteland in
48:
171:
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575:. Both sides battled for three months, with heavy losses. In March, Sun's army was defeated by the Ma forces, while his route of retreat was cut off by Yan Xishan and troops loyal to Chiang Kai-Shek. He consequently surrendered in April, and went to Taiyuan to live in seclusion, while the remnants of his defeated troops were incorporated into Yan Xishan's provincial forces. Just one month later, however, Sun was appointed "high military advisor" for the
1298:
1286:
517:, not knowing that other NRA forces had already fled the province. As the Chinese high command initially refused to admit that Sun had been bribed, and some troops under his command had valiantly fought the Japanese, Sun's reputation was slightly rehabilitated in course of the campaign, an opportunity he seized to expand his strength. At the time of the
356:, Sun joined a bandit gang in his youth, and eventually became a message-carrier for the Yangshan bandit chief Zhang Ping. He eventually joined the Songxian Pacification Force (SPF), an anti-bandit militia that mostly consisted of ex-bandits. Sun managed to rise to a minor command in the SPF, but he resumed banditry following the suicide of his superior
509:. As the Japanese closed in on Lingyuan, Sun did not resist, as he and his sub-commanders had been bribed by the invaders. They allowed the Japanese to occupy the city almost without resistance. Only a few units under Sun's command refused to retreat from Lingyuan and fought the Japanese to the death, while he moved his army to
543:
to have the strength to cope with Sun
Dianying and to weaken themselves while competing with him. As the Ma warlords saw through this plot, and strongly protested against Sun moving into their territories, Chiang was forced to give in. He ordered Sun to halt his advance through
454:. The two warlords almost went to war over this issue. As the conflict turned against the warlord alliance, Sun's army increasingly suffered from mass desertion, so that he "desperately" launched recruitment campaigns in northern Henan and southern
595:
erupted, Sun resurfaced once again, commanding troops against the
Japanese, taking command of the Hebei-Chahar Guerillas in 1938. He was eventually appointed as general of the NRA's 5th Army, but alongside his superior
458:
while the fighting was still ongoing. Realising that the
Central Plains War was lost, Sun eventually retreated with his remaining army from the front at Bozhou, and joined the Nationalist-allied forces of
513:. As the entire Chinese defense of Rehe collapsed, some of Sun's units lost contact to their headquarters and were left behind; one of his regiments consequently launched a counter-attack on
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379:. On the way, Sun refrained from plundering the countryside, and thus did not draw much attention. He and his troops were consequently able to launch a surprise attack on
395:, however, and would repeatedly change sides in the following years. Sometimes, he fought with, sometimes against the Nationalists. In 1928, he plotted the notorious
551:
In
January 1934 with his forces threatened with starvation and talk of mutiny, Sun Dianying was forced to march his 60,000-man army west from Suiyuan province into
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which they captured almost without a fight. He had thus proven his military capabilities, and was appointed as the 35th
Division's commander in the army of warlord
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of 1929, Sun and 7,000 soldiers under his command joined the insurgents against the
Nationalist-aligned ruler of eastern
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Nationalists, Muslim
Warlords, and the āGreat Northwestern Developmentā in Pre-Communist China by Hsiao-ting Lin
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province in
November 1933. However, Sun's forces became short of food and restive from their inactivity.
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Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan's Asian Allies 1931ā45, Volume I: China & Manchuria
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616:, and was made a member of its National Military Council. In August 1943 his troops were defeated by
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501:. At the time, Sun commanded the 41st Army of 30,000 men, most of them garrisoned in
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Liu
Guitang (1892-1943): One of the greatest bandits of the Chinese Republican era
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Liu
Guitang (1892-1943): einer der grƶssten Banditen der chinesischen Republikzeit
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In any case, Sun wanted to rejoin the armed forces. To achieve this, he led his
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1097:. 26 Willow Rd., Solihull, West Midlands, England: Helion & Co. Ltd.
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forces and taken prisoner. In 1946 or 1947, he died in the POW camp of
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incident during this war, as they mistakenly fired on Feng's troops at
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When the Second Sino-Japanese War was over, Sun participated in the
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Joseph S.M. Lau; Chih-tsing Hsia; Leo Ou-fan Lee (January 1981).
521:, Sun's troops garrisoned the strategic BeijingāSuiyuan Railway.
1257:
1230:Ā©Central Asia-Caucasus Institute& Silk Road Studies Program
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on the side of the Nationalists. He was eventually defeated by
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1197:äøå½ęę„ęäŗę£é¢ęåŗä½ęč®° (China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations)
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emperors. The tombs desecrated included those of the late
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Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China
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Author : Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang
1154:
Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West
612:'s 6th Group Army District which guarded the southern
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The China Monthly Review. Volume 68. MarchāMay 1934
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1221:China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Volume 5, No. 1
387:in late 1925 or 1926. Sun quickly deserted to the
344:Early life as bandit and first military commands
1953:National Revolutionary Army generals from Henan
1193:ę°å½åéę“¾ē³»č° (The Republic of China warlord cliques)
360:in 1925, or after the SPF's crushing defeat at
746:Modern Chinese Stories and Novellas, 1919-1949
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738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
8:
1948:Kuomintang collaborators with Imperial Japan
749:. Columbia University Press. pp. 484ā.
1128:The Bitter Peace. Conflict in China 1928ā37
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840:
828:
816:
719:
667:
1713:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
1307:
1276:
1262:
1254:
600:defected to the Japanese in 1943. Joining
413:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
315:; 1889ā1948) was a Chinese bandit leader,
240:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
46:
35:
1943:Chinese collaborators with Imperial Japan
446:. Sun's forces were involved in a major
224:Collaborationist 6th Group Army District
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309:
16:Chinese warlord and general (1887ā1948)
1699:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong
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559:. Supported by his fellow Ma warlords
1958:Republic of China warlords from Henan
539:Chiang intended the allied northwest
7:
375:from the western Henan mountains to
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951:
481:Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933ā36)
250:Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933ā36)
1397:Constitutional Protection Movement
583:branch by the central government.
530:Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army
14:
1203:Jiangsu People's Publishing House
426:In 1930, he fought with warlords
1685:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
1545:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising
1296:
1284:
397:looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
190:
178:
169:
160:
138:
124:
117:
1616:Nationalist-Communist Civil War
571:, Hongkui resisted, starting a
348:Born in 1887, 1898, or 1889 in
608:, he was given command of the
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290:
282:
1:
1914:Republic of China (1912ā1949)
1363:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)
610:Collaborationist Chinese Army
216:Shandong Army's 35th Division
197:Collaborationist Chinese Army
1447:Occupation of Outer Mongolia
323:commander who fought in the
1762:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
1497:Washington Naval Conference
1093:Jowett, Phillip S. (2004).
1057:Bandits in Republican China
577:Military Affairs Commission
475:Campaigns in Inner Mongolia
389:National Revolutionary Army
321:National Revolutionary Army
185:National Revolutionary Army
166:Songxian Pacification Force
1979:
1824:National Pacification Army
1689:Northeast Flag Replacement
1595:Zhongshan Warship Incident
1292:and warlordism during the
1126:Jowett, Philip S. (2017).
1055:Billingsley, Phil (1988).
478:
139:
18:
1963:Politicians from Shangqiu
1911:
1540:Second ZhiliāFengtian War
1487:1st National CPC Congress
1477:Spirit Soldier rebellions
1305:
1227:, p. 121-142 (2007)
1065:Stanford University Press
855:, pp. 198, 199, 210.
45:
1667:Muslim conflict in Gansu
1637:Shanghai Commune of 1927
1627:Nanking incident of 1927
1507:First ZhiliāFengtian War
1206:Date published: 2005-7-1
1117:: CS1 maint: location (
633:People's Liberation Army
593:Second Sino-Japanese War
587:Second Sino-Japanese War
329:Second Sino-Japanese War
260:Second Sino-Japanese War
134:(until 1943, 1945ā46/47)
1585:CantonāHong Kong strike
1367:National Protection War
1134:: Amberley Publishing.
1571:May Thirtieth Movement
1427:Paris Peace Conference
614:BeijingāHankou railway
491:Imperial Japanese Army
1467:GuangdongāGuangxi War
1417:Siberian intervention
1169:Powell, J.B. (1934).
1072:Graefe, Nils (2008).
485:War in Ningxia (1934)
479:Further information:
255:War in Ningxia (1934)
1722:Sino-Soviet conflict
1377:Death of Yuan Shikai
1061:Stanford, California
1002:, pp. 216, 217.
966:, pp. 216, 217.
942:, pp. 268, 269.
930:, pp. 135, 136.
831:, pp. 198, 199.
405:Empress Dowager Cixi
1681:Huanggutun incident
1611:NanjingāWuhan Split
1606:Northern Expedition
1436:May Fourth Movement
1086:Harrassowitz Verlag
1080:] (in German).
1029:, pp. 216ā218.
903:, pp. 122ā135.
843:, pp. 64, 299.
489:In early 1933, the
411:. In course of the
393:Northern Expedition
287:traditional Chinese
218:NRA's 40th Division
145:Wang Jingwei regime
76:1887, 1889, or 1898
1733:Central Plains War
1567:YunnanāGuangxi War
1518:First United Front
1387:Manchu Restoration
1353:Twenty-One Demands
1333:Bai Lang Rebellion
1179:Millard Publishing
1158:Abingdon-on-Thames
1017:, pp. 39, 40.
853:Billingsley (1988)
841:Billingsley (1988)
829:Billingsley (1988)
817:Billingsley (1988)
720:Billingsley (1988)
668:Billingsley (1988)
591:In 1937, when the
524:In May 1933, with
436:Central Plains War
279:simplified Chinese
245:Central Plains War
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756:978-0-231-04203-1
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598:Pang Bingxun
590:
550:
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526:Feng Yuxiang
523:
519:Tanggu Truce
488:
428:Feng Yuxiang
425:
421:Liu Zhennian
373:private army
370:
366:Feng Yuxiang
347:
310:
308:
300:SÅ«n DiĆ nyÄ«ng
298:
275:Sun Dianying
274:
273:
229:Battles/wars
96:1946 or 1947
40:Sun Dianying
28:
21:Chinese name
1938:1948 deaths
1887:Kuomintang
1872:New Guangxi
1867:Old Guangxi
1782:Two-Liu war
1772:HanāLiu War
1290:Warlord Era
649:Warlord era
497:to conquer
391:during the
325:Warlord Era
235:Warlord Era
87:Qing Empire
65:Nickname(s)
55:Native name
25:family name
1927:Categories
1830:Zhili Army
1104:1874622213
1015:Lin (2011)
952:Lin (2011)
655:References
561:Ma Hongbin
557:Ma Hongkui
444:government
432:Yan Xishan
305:WadeāGiles
113:Allegiance
1877:Guangdong
1842:Guominjun
1754:1931ā1935
1740:1930ā1932
1695:1928ā1929
1663:1927ā1930
1601:1926ā1928
1577:1925ā1926
1513:1923ā1927
1493:1921ā1922
1473:1920ā1926
1463:1920ā1921
1443:1919ā1921
1413:1918ā1920
1403:1917ā1929
1393:1917ā1922
1359:1915ā1916
1329:1911ā1914
1314:1925ā1934
1311:1915ā1924
1238:1653-4212
1162:Routledge
1113:cite book
1082:Wiesbaden
569:Ma Buqing
565:Ma Bufang
541:Ma clique
493:launched
368:in 1926.
358:Han Yukun
350:Yongcheng
339:Biography
148:(1943ā45)
79:Yongcheng
1852:Xinjiang
1820:Fengtian
1318:Factions
1175:Shanghai
1152:(2011).
643:See also
503:Lingyuan
469:Jincheng
452:Shangqiu
438:against
417:Shandong
407:and the
213:Commands
154:Service/
19:In this
1882:Guizhou
1862:Sichuan
1805:Beiyang
1715:(incl.
1187:Sources
581:Beiping
553:Ningxia
546:Suiyuan
534:Qinghai
515:Chifeng
434:in the
399:of the
317:warlord
207:General
1857:Yunnan
1837:Shanxi
1236:
1212:
1138:
1132:Stroud
1101:
753:
567:, and
465:Shanxi
401:Manchu
381:Bozhou
331:, and
319:, and
307::
297::
295:pinyin
289::
281::
156:branch
23:, the
1897:(CCP)
1889:(KMT)
1815:Zhili
1810:Anhui
1076:[
637:Wu'an
456:Hubei
377:Anhui
362:Xi'an
354:Henan
187:(NRA)
107:China
103:Hebei
99:Wu'an
83:Henan
1788:1934
1778:1932
1768:1932
1728:1930
1705:1929
1673:1928
1653:1927
1643:1927
1633:1927
1623:1927
1591:1926
1563:1925
1535:1924
1525:1923
1503:1922
1483:1921
1453:1920
1423:1919
1383:1917
1373:1916
1349:1915
1339:1913
1234:ISSN
1210:ISBN
1136:ISBN
1119:link
1099:ISBN
751:ISBN
483:and
430:and
203:Rank
93:Died
73:Born
618:PLA
604:'s
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291:å«ę®æč±
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1111:{{
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277:(
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