24:
411:) and freight. At its height in the 1920s, it carried three million passengers and approximately a hundred thousand tons of cargo annually, with 80% of income coming from passengers. In this same era, freight was heavily weighted toward imports: the import/export ratio was about thirty to one, in an economy heavily based on remittances from abroad.
347:. Chin bought an official title to become legally one of the gentry himself, which somewhat eased the process. Still, the construction was confronted by over a hundred riots staged by local landlord forces, resulting in thirty-nine otherwise unnecessary turns, which made construction more expensive and affected speed and safety.
446:
From 1927 to 1929, the government overtly took over the railroad, but it proved to be beyond their ability to operate it, and they returned it to civilian control. The railroad was destroyed in the Second Sino-Japanese War, dismantled in
December 1938 to deny its use by the Japanese military, who
437:
had a near-monopoly on railway construction in
Guangdong, some of the gentry wished to create their own railways, and while the Sun Ning finally obtained the required formal positions, by the time it got those permissions it was in financial trouble. Furthermore, the
590:
Another transliteration of 余灼 (pinyin: Yu Zhuo) is Yu Chuek (Editors' note, p. 125, Chin Gee Hee, "Letter Asking for
Support to Build the Sunning Railroad" (1911), p. 125–128 in Judy Yung, Gordon H. Chang, and Him Mark Lai (compilers and editors),
442:
government prevented them from borrowing from abroad, despite the fact that the government itself was taking foreign loans at the time. Consequently, the railway never connected to any major port or any other key city of the
Chinese economy.
465:
and Liu Yuzun write that, while the railway did not play major economic or strategic role in the history of
Chinese transportation, "its entire life reflects the interlocking but conflicting pressures of Western
759:, Hong Kong Railway Society Under "English, Members Corner, Feature Articles", Retrieved January 2009; source for the Chinese characters for the railway name. This article includes numerous photographs.
485:
on the development of enterprises in the emigrant motherland," reflecting especially the investment by overseas
Chinese in a geographic area (Taishan) which had been the homeland for so many of them.
300:
nations, he "vowed not to sell shares to foreigners, to borrow money from them, or to use their engineers". Chin's partner Yu Zhuo raised further funds in China and from overseas
Chinese in
642:
Eric
Scigliano, for example. Cheng and Yuzun (1982) seem to say that initial fundraising was entirely from China and from overseas Chinese, but some later funds were borrowed from abroad.
817:, Hong Kong Railway Society. Includes a map of the railway and many pictures of the railway's rolling stock. (Link updated Sep 2009. Select ENGLISH, Member's Corner, Feature Articles)
845:
272:, Yu Zhuo). It was South China's second railway and one of only three railways in pre-1949 China built solely with private Chinese capital. It was destroyed during the
860:
830:
791:
850:
417:
Unfulfilled 1924 plans by Chin would have extended the railway in one direction 40 miles from
Doushan to the Tonggu Commercial Port and in the other to
855:
433:
peninsula, forming a traffic network throughout the southwest of
Guangdong. Several similar proposals met similar fates: the well-connected
835:
569:, Bureau of Archives of Taishan City ( some of this is copied verbatim from the Hong Kong Railway Society website article by Peter Crush).
651:
Cheng and Yuzun (1982) record that "by 1911, over ninety percent of Chinese railroad lines were built by Westerners or by foreign loans."
414:
By 1922 there was a machine shop in Kung Yick City. Chin Gee Hee claimed that it "could manufacture everything except the locomotive".
748:
and Liu Yuzun with Zheng Dehua, "Chinese Emigration, the Sunning Railway and the Development of Toisan", Amerasia 9(1): 59-74, 1982;
694:
621:
600:
660:
113:
798:
for a workshop on Diaspora Philanthropy to China and India, held in May 2003. p. 9. Accessed online 22 September 2007.
324:
132:
499:
808:
494:
777:
769:
562:
840:
780:
December 10, 2004. Accessed online 22 September 2007. This appears to draw heavily on the Cheng and Yuzun paper.
756:
664:
313:
795:
434:
766:, 1983, 31:38. This is the source for ideographs and for (non-pinyin) transliteration of Taishanese names.
481:
which characterized early twentieth century China... Moreover reflects the role of emigrant capital and
374:
356:
792:
Why Do They Give? Change and Continuity in Chinese American Transnational Philanthropy since the 1970s
452:
815:
390:
377:
and the 54-mile railway was officially open for business. By 1913, it reached another 26 miles to
370:
323:
tried to usurp credit for organizing the company; there were many difficulties over obtaining a
690:
617:
596:
249:
773:
289:
273:
160:
566:
400:
382:
277:
181:
724:
Jue (1983) p. 34 is the source for the spelling Kung Yick and the location of the city.
301:
242:
824:
762:
Willard G. Jue, "Chin Gee-hee, Chinese Pioneer Entrepreneur in Seattle and Toishan",
396:
319:
While raising funds and building the railway, Chin encountered numerous obstacles: a
293:
749:
524:
456:
408:
386:
332:
296:, but others say that at a time when railway development in China was dominated by
257:
167:
614:
The Asian American Educational Experience: A Source Book for Teachers and Students
745:
482:
471:
467:
462:
142:
139:
123:
120:
90:
23:
474:
355:
The company was officially chartered in 1906. The first section—15 miles from
320:
407:. Trains typically had six or seven cars, carrying both passengers (in three
478:
426:
422:
344:
305:
253:
195:
39:
559:
385:
opened in 1920. Altogether, construction costs totaled about 9.7 million
378:
336:
202:
448:
430:
404:
309:
245:
288:
In order to fund the railway, Chin raised $ 2.75 million, mainly from
764:
The Annals of the Chinese Historical Society of the Pacific Northwest
425:
and the domestic mainland. Chin also wanted to continue west through
418:
340:
297:
687:
Agents and Victims in South China: Accomplices in Rural Revolution
439:
328:
399:
was purchased mainly from the United States, although three
447:
nonetheless occupied Taishan. 23,782 rails were shipped to
207:
455:; all other assets, which were worth over three million
633:
Jue (1983) for the ideographs and Taishanese spellings.
308:'s economy were cut short when it was seized by local
783:
Eric Scigliano, "Seattle's Chinese Founding Father",
292:; some sources say that further investment came from
186:
172:
772:, Bureau of Archives of Taishan City. Undated; the
527:(in Chinese). China Radio International. 2006-05-22
201:
194:
180:
166:
159:
154:
131:
112:
103:
89:
84:
53:
45:
35:
30:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
369:) at the northern tip of the Taishan district to
577:
575:
381:; a further 21-mile branch line from Taishan to
676:Xiao-huang Yin & Zhiyong Lan (2003), p. 9.
661:Guide to the Willard G. Jue Papers, 1880-1983
373:—opened in January 1908. In 1909, it reached
360:
312:in 1926; it was finally destroyed during the
267:
261:
137:
118:
8:
16:
525:"第四集：新宁铁路 (Episode 4: The Xinning Railway)"
612:Don T. Nakanishi and Tina Yamano Nishida,
151:
22:
595:, University of California Press (2006).
846:Railway companies disestablished in 1938
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
516:
100:
15:
861:Chinese companies established in 1906
831:Railway companies established in 1906
429:and the west of Guangdong and to the
7:
459:, were carried off by the Japanese.
421:, through which would have reached
851:History of rail transport in China
790:Xiao-huang Yin & Zhiyong Lan,
667:Libraries, accessed July 19, 2007.
502:, another Chinese financed railway
14:
689:, Yale University Press (1989).
343:-officials repeatedly attempted
208:
809:Gallery of the Xinning Railway
770:The History of Xinning Railway
560:The History of Xinning Railway
187:
173:
138:
119:
1:
752:, accessed 22 September 2007.
856:Railway lines opened in 1909
500:Chao Chow and Swatow Railway
256:Province founded in 1906 by
59:; 118 years ago
836:Rail transport in Guangdong
811:, Archives of Taishan City.
495:Railway Protection Movement
72:; 86 years ago
877:
276:to prevent its use by the
266:, Chen Yixi) and Yu Shek (
361:
268:
262:
219:
150:
108:
21:
796:Global Equity Initiative
665:University of Washington
314:Second Sino-Japanese War
227:Sun Ning Railway Company
188:Hsin-ning Tʻieh-lu
114:Traditional Chinese
104:Sun Ning Railway Company
787:, May 2007, p. 48.
593:Chinese American Voices
133:Simplified Chinese
794:, commissioned by the
715:Cheng and Yuzun (1982)
435:Yuehan Railway Company
757:"The Sunning Railway"
451:in 1942 to build the
785:Seattle Metropolitan
616:, Routledge (1995).
229:, also known as the
663:on the site of the
238:Xinning Railway Co.
232:Sunning Railway Co.
18:
750:transcribed online
733:Jue (1983), p. 34.
565:2004-12-10 at the
304:. Its benefits to
54:Dates of operation
841:Defunct railroads
250:Pearl River Delta
223:
222:
215:
214:
161:Standard Mandarin
99:
98:
868:
778:already existing
774:Internet Archive
734:
731:
725:
722:
716:
713:
698:
683:
677:
674:
668:
658:
652:
649:
643:
640:
634:
631:
625:
610:
604:
588:
582:
579:
570:
557:
536:
535:
533:
532:
521:
453:Qianguei Railway
401:tank locomotives
364:
363:
290:overseas Chinese
274:Second World War
271:
270:
265:
264:
240:
234:
211:
210:
209:San-ning Tit-lou
190:
189:
176:
175:
152:
146:
145:
127:
126:
101:
80:
78:
73:
67:
65:
60:
26:
19:
17:Sun Ning Railway
876:
875:
871:
870:
869:
867:
866:
865:
821:
820:
805:
776:shows the page
742:
737:
732:
728:
723:
719:
714:
701:
684:
680:
675:
671:
659:
655:
650:
646:
641:
637:
632:
628:
611:
607:
589:
585:
581:Scigliano 2007.
580:
573:
567:Wayback Machine
558:
539:
530:
528:
523:
522:
518:
514:
509:
491:
353:
286:
236:
230:
76:
74:
71:
69:
63:
61:
58:
12:
11:
5:
874:
872:
864:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
823:
822:
819:
818:
812:
804:
803:External links
801:
800:
799:
788:
781:
767:
760:
753:
741:
738:
736:
735:
726:
717:
699:
685:Helen F. Siu,
678:
669:
653:
644:
635:
626:
605:
583:
571:
537:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
503:
497:
490:
487:
352:
349:
302:Southeast Asia
285:
282:
243:standard-gauge
221:
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:
205:
199:
198:
196:Yue: Cantonese
192:
191:
184:
178:
177:
170:
164:
163:
157:
156:
155:Transcriptions
148:
147:
135:
129:
128:
116:
110:
109:
106:
105:
97:
96:
93:
87:
86:
82:
81:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
32:
28:
27:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
873:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
826:
816:
814:Peter Crush,
813:
810:
807:
806:
802:
797:
793:
789:
786:
782:
779:
775:
771:
768:
765:
761:
758:
755:Peter Crush,
754:
751:
747:
744:
743:
739:
730:
727:
721:
718:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
700:
696:
695:0-300-05265-0
692:
688:
682:
679:
673:
670:
666:
662:
657:
654:
648:
645:
639:
636:
630:
627:
623:
622:0-415-90872-8
619:
615:
609:
606:
602:
601:0-520-24310-2
598:
594:
587:
584:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
561:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
538:
526:
520:
517:
511:
506:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
488:
486:
484:
480:
476:
473:
469:
464:
460:
458:
454:
450:
444:
441:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:Rolling stock
394:
393:4.8 million.
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
358:
350:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:superstitions
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:James J. Hill
291:
283:
281:
279:
275:
259:
255:
251:
247:
244:
239:
233:
228:
218:
206:
204:
200:
197:
193:
185:
183:
179:
174:Xīnníng Tiělù
171:
169:
165:
162:
158:
153:
149:
144:
141:
136:
134:
130:
125:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
102:
94:
92:
88:
83:
68: –
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:
38:
34:
29:
25:
20:
784:
763:
740:Bibliography
729:
720:
686:
681:
672:
656:
647:
638:
629:
613:
608:
592:
586:
529:. Retrieved
519:
472:bureaucratic
461:
445:
416:
413:
395:
366:
354:
351:Construction
325:right of way
318:
287:
258:Chin Gee Hee
237:
231:
226:
224:
168:Hanyu Pinyin
36:Headquarters
746:Lucie Cheng
483:nationalism
468:imperialism
463:Lucie Cheng
284:Fundraising
91:Track gauge
49:South China
825:Categories
531:2007-09-28
507:References
475:capitalism
403:came from
331:feuds and
321:magistrate
182:Wade–Giles
512:Citations
479:feudalism
427:Yangjiang
423:Guangzhou
357:Kung Yick
345:extortion
316:in 1938.
306:Guangdong
254:Guangdong
85:Technical
40:Guangzhou
697:. p. 71.
624:. p. 55.
563:Archived
489:See also
379:Jiangmen
337:geomancy
310:warlords
298:European
278:Japanese
241:, was a
203:Jyutping
95:1,435 mm
31:Overview
449:Guangxi
431:Leizhou
409:classes
405:Germany
375:Doushan
371:Taishan
339:); and
327:due to
248:in the
246:railway
235:or the
75: (
62: (
693:
620:
599:
419:Foshan
383:Baisha
367:Gongyi
341:gentry
46:Locale
691:ISBN
618:ISBN
597:ISBN
477:and
457:yuan
440:Qing
391:US$
387:yuan
329:clan
225:The
77:1938
70:1938
64:1906
57:1906
389:or
263:陳宜禧
252:in
827::
702:^
603:.)
574:^
540:^
470:,
365:,
362:公益
280:.
269:余灼
143:铁路
140:新宁
124:鐵路
121:新寧
534:.
359:(
335:(
260:(
79:)
66:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
