445:
314:(c. late 12th century C.E.) noted Qasim to have had spared the temple in lieu of rights to a third of its revenues. Pilgrims were apparently compelled to pay a sum between one hundred and ten thousand dirhams, adjudged according to their financial capacity: a third went to the Muslims per Qasim's agreement, another third went to the maintenance of city facilities, and the rest went to the priests. Notably, inspite of being a ferocious polemicist against heretical practices, al-Jawzi did not record any act of defilation. 'Ali al-Shatibi al-Maghribi's (fl.1465 C.E.) history of Arabia reproduced al-Jawzi on the management of the temple except that a third of revenue did not go to Muslims but to the poor.
398:
assassination of all priests, writing only a few decades hence. However, Maqdisi âa pro-Fatimid geographerâ who had visited Multan c. 985 C.E. and recorded a host of novel information about the Shi'ite inhabitants, reiterated
Istakhri's observations about the Sun-Temple, including locational specifics. Thus, Maclean argues that it could not have been the Sun Temple which was mentioned in the letter; had the site been transformed into an Ismaili mosque, Maqdisi would have found it worthy of mention and it is also improbable that the local Hindus reconstructed the temple in the intervening years since it would have involved demolition of a royal mosque.
354:, rested on its knees. He also described how the temple was leveraged by the Muslim rulers as an indemnity against potential invasion by neighbouring Hindu powers. Al Masudi, a contemporary of Istakhri, reiterates this strategical use of the temple; besides, he notes the ritual offeringsâconsisting of money, precious stones, perfumes, and especially aloe-wood of Kumarâas the greatest contributor to state revenues.
110:
1474:
464:
rule (1658â1707), mentioned a Hindu temple â attracting pilgrims from far and wide â whose offerings contributed to the provincial exchequer; the description of the idol ran similar to
Istakhri's though he claimed ignorance about the identity of deity. Thus, it appears that the temple was restored at
357:
Ibn Hawqal, yet another contemporary, reproduced
Istakhri's narrative in toto but supplanted a detailâperhaps from his own travelsâ about all revenue being forfeited to the Amir; however, the Amir was noted to have ensured that the priests had sufficient means. Rustah, yet another contemporary, found
675:
Tradition accuses
Aurangzeb of having massacred thousands of Hindus in Multan for their rampant desecration of Muslim shrines. From what is known to historical certainty, Aurangzeb, in his days as a Governor of Multan (1648â1652), had fostered cordial relationships with prominent local Muslims; Dara
221:
while bathing in the river, and subsequently, the first solar temple was established in
Sambapura. However, no Brahmins fit for worship were found in India and they had to be brought from among the inhabitants of Sakdwipa, a Vedic geography far away from India proper â most scholars deem this legend
733:
I saw an extraordinary dense mass, black as ink, with a clearly defined outline, rising slowly out of the fort. Gradually as it rose the upper part spread out assuming the form of a gigantic tree, but losing its sharp outline in upper air till it became a dark brown cloud hanging as a pall over the
417:
and that the idolâof unknown antiquityâhad four arms; besides the Hindus in Sindh were apparently only concentrated around the temple. However, al-Idrisi had never visited Multan and probably did not have access to Al-Biruni's work; the novel additions were likely to have been from older non-extant
397:
C. 965 C.E., a letter from the
Fatimid Caliph congratulated Jalam on destroying a (unknown) temple and constructing a mosque on the site. This has been understood by some to refer to the destruction of the Sun Temple, esp. in light of Al-Biruni explicitly holding Jalam responsible for the event and
656:
Notably, the Hindu Shahis and Multan
Emirate had entered into a strategic alliance in the wake of Mahmud's invasions. Describing Mahmud's assaults on Multan, the focus of his court chroniclers remained on the suppression of the Ismai'li heretics; thousands were supposedly killed and the main Shi'a
533:
ery magnificent and profusely decorated. The image of the Surya-deva is cast in yellow gold and ornamented with rare gems. Women play their music, light their torches, offer their flowers and perfumes to it. The kings and high families of the five Indies never fail to make their offerings of gems
501:
which led directly to the recently-destructed Jami Masjid, he reasoned the site to be the original spot of the temple. However, it is doubtful if
Cunningham was accurate; his claim of coming across coins of local rulers, from around the site, inscribed with the Sun God, has been rejected by modern
349:
Istakhri (early 10th century C.E.) provides the most detailed description of the temple and the idol. The temple commanded pan-sectarian reverence and was located in the most populous part of Multan between the city's ivory and copper-smith bazaars. Wholly draped in red leather except for the eyes
261:
visit in 641 C.E., it was the only solar temple in Sindh; for a comparison, he had noted 299 Brahminical temples, a majority of which were of
Saivite sect. Xuanzang described the temple to have a gem-studded golden idol; attracting pilgrims from far and wide, it was a magnificent structure and was
605:
in India, would lambast the Hindu Kings â and his
Brahmin counsel â for having chosen to shy away from military conflict out of a blind reverence for scriptures. In a polemical tract, Savarkar argued that they should have instead pressed forward and threatened the Governor of reciprocation â all
537:
They have founded a house of mercy, in which they provide food and drink, and medicines for the poor and sick, affording succor and sustenance. Men from all countries come here to offer up their prayers; there are always some thousands doing so. On the four sides of the temple are tanks with
389:
in the frontiers of Persia, arrived Jalam (var. Halam) in 959 C.E., to replace the old Da'ai who had not only exhibited "reprehensible syncretism" by allowing neo-converts to maintain their traditional practices but also disputed the noble origins of the Fatimids. Jalam took to preaching
286:
was replaced. Upon the Umayyad conquest, Qasim obtained thirteen thousand and two hundred mans of gold upon excavation. This gain of treasuresâby loot or revenueâwould lead to Multan being regarded as the "Frontiers of gold" by Arab geographers, well into the fourteenth century.
162:
The temple commanded significant fame in the subcontinent â as a place of pilgrimage and wealth â under Hindu as well as Islamic rule before being destroyed in the late tenth century. It appears to have been reconstructed, before being purportedly obliterated by the
358:
the temple to be a significant source of revenue especially with rich people dedicating their property to it. The idol was made of iron and 20 yards (18 m) in length; it was offered with rice, vegetables, and fish. In contrast, Al-Nadim's encyclopedic entry in
308:, visiting the site about a century later, would record that the Sun Temple was spared by bin-Qasim only after he came to know about its prominent role in the regional economy; nonetheless, a piece of cow-flesh was mockingly hang around the neck of the idol.
615:
A tenth-century bronze idol of Surya from Mansura attests to the continuity of the solar cult even under Muslim rule. Mints of Arabic Governors had both Hindu and Islamic inscriptions on the obverse, probably pointing to a heteropraxic
2101:
364:, noted the idol to be merely 7 yards (6.4 m) tall. whereas Abu Dulaf al-Yanbuâi not only assigned it a height of a hundred cubits but also asserted it to levitate mid-way between the floor and ceiling of the temple.
303:
of goldâwere confiscated from what was the "preeminent site of pilgrimage" for local Sindhis. It was also recorded about how the Sindhis used to shave their beards and head before circumambulating it and offering riches.
737:
It was evident too that within that dark mass were certain solid bodies, whether the debris of building or human beings it was impossible to say, hurled some hundreds of feet upwards and looking like specks in the
373:. While there appears to have been a total loss of financial autonomy when compared to the days immediately after the conquest, the temple continued to maintain its prominence under Muslim Governors, in what
241:âwhich purports to be the translation by `Ali Kufi (13th century) of an early eighth century Arabic textâdoes refer to the temple as Mistravi and Minravi, both of which are derived from Mitravan.
346:âdescribe the temple esp. in the late Abbasid phase. However, their descriptions were mostly gleaned from non-extant sourcesâincluding rumors carried by travellersâand hence, often dissonant.
299:(c. mid-9th century C.E.) remains the earliest narrative-history to cover the history of the temple under Umayyad rule; he noted that all wealthâamounting to thirteen thousand and two hundred
237:
that passed by Multan; so, the original town must be at some yet-undetermined site along the older course of Chandrabhaga. Alternatively, the Puranic legend must be a recent interpolation;
1431:
471:, visiting Multan in 1853, noted local tradition to blame Aurangzeb for destructing the temple though no inhabitant was able to identify the site; he was also told that the
579:
is held to have had personally consented to this proposal. However, this is an anachronism; the Caliph was long-dead by the time Qasim had his eyes set on Indian frontiers.
257:
Chach Nama offers a pre-history of the temple; it was supposedly constructed by Jibawin, a devout Brahmin ruler who went on to bury enviable treasure underneath it. During
436:
noted the temple to be the Mecca for Hindus and would reiterateârelying on received knowledgeâthat the only Hindus in the region were those who lived in the temple.
229:
Sambapura has been since identified with Multan and the temple with the eponymous institution. However, most scholars have come to reject the equivalence following
444:
726:. The explosion destroyed many other structures inside and outside the fort, combusted the granary, and killed hundreds. Charlie Pollard, an officer of the
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2076:
206:
45:
1752:
1424:
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and studded with gems, the idol adorned a crown of gold and sat in a "quadrangular position" on a brick throne under the cupola with fists in the
217:
into appearing before himself and secured a cure but, in return, had to accept setting up a solar temple. The next day, Samba received an icon of
405:'s brutal conquest of the city c. 1010 C.E. Al-Biruni, visiting the site in early 11th century, came across desolate ruins. Two centuries hence,
1926:
885:. Monographs and Theoretical Studies in Sociology and Anthropology in Honour of Nels Anderson (25). Leiden: Brill. pp. 3, 19â20, 134â136.
2081:
1868:
1162:
890:
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693:(fl. 12th century), an Ismaili preacher of Iranian descent who was sent by the imams of Alamut and played an important role in the spread of
1417:
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1279:
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922:
560:
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Shukoh failed to win Multan's support for his bid to the Mughal throne despite his offer to pay twenty-five thousand rupees to the
367:
Yohanan Friedmann, a scholar of Islamic History, interprets the evidence to attest to the accordance of Hindus with the status of
1901:
1095:
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aggressively and obtained success; he would have the ruling dynasty switch their allegiance from the Abbasids to Fatimids soon.
262:
patronaged by the King and the regional elites. Alongside the temple, was a rest house that served to the visitors and the poor.
1588:
1121:
1911:
1296:
714:. It is not known when and by whom was the Jami Masjid commissioned. The mosque got re-provisioned into a powder magazine by
634:
Older historians have generally (and incorrectly) assumed Jalan to have usurped power by overthrowing the Abbasid sovereigns.
1916:
1717:
1157:. Islamabad, Pakistan: National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, Quaid-i-Azam University. pp. 86â88.
677:
2034:
1982:
719:
413:(mid 12th century C.E.) not only reproduced Istakhri's narrative in entirety but also added that the temple dome was
226:
to India in multiple waves and their's reinventing themselves as Maga Brahmins devoted to the cult of Mithra/Surya.
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1618:
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mosques in their territory were to be demolished and the Sun Temple was to be rebuilt atop the Kabul Shahi Mosque.
1795:
1762:
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India and the Neighbouring Territories in the KitÄb Nuzhat Al-mushtqÌ Fi'khtirÄq Al-'ÄfÄq of Al-SharÄ«f Al-IdrÄ«sÄ«
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to restore his youth who expressed his inability and deferred to the Sun-God. So, acting upon the advice of
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travelled across Multan on way to Delhi but did not record any information about the temple. However,
374:
1854:
1727:
711:
468:
1245:
Kassam, Tazim R. (August 1995). "Rethinking the Emergence and Significance of Satpanth Isma'ilism".
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2008:
2003:
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Songs of Wisdom and Circles of Dance: Hymns of the Satpanth Isma'ili Muslim Saint, Pir Shams
1180:"Suspending Disbelief: Magnetic and Miraculous Levitation from Antiquity to the Middle Ages"
828:
727:
644:
410:
402:
335:
183:
97:
1674:
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Al-biruni would note the gems to be rubies but he did not see the (since-destructed) idol.
295:
60:
1342:
701:, who is argued to have not died in Qonya but escaped to Multan by "walking on the sea."
1966:
1742:
1219:
598:
164:
182:(c. 7thâ8th century CE) â the legend on the origins of the cult made its way into the
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1707:
1462:
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698:
391:
553:
Arab Conquests and Early Islamic Historiography: The Futuh al-Buldan of al-Baladhuri
17:
1906:
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1456:
1448:
697:. However, local traditions dispute this and claim an association of the tomb with
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343:
311:
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422:, a contemporary who probably did not visit Multan either, held the idol to be of
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1931:
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1221:
Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter
832:
360:
339:
327:
238:
234:
1195:
1011:
797:
1813:
1722:
1473:
1409:
1344:
The Land of the Five Rivers and Sindh: Historical & Descriptive Sketches
461:
331:
305:
167:
549:
For details on the production of Baladhuri's text and its sources, consult
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and was blown up on the morning of 30 December 1848 upon being shelled by
1936:
1712:
1507:
694:
602:
484:
401:
The Sun Temple was demolished only after Maqdisi's visit, perhaps during
323:
258:
152:
114:
109:
50:
1179:
1772:
414:
377:, an art-historian, dubs as a regime of "mercantile cosmopolitanism".
198:
1224:. Princeton University Press. pp. 19, 37, 39, 42, 155, 279, 297.
625:
Al-Muqaddasi, visiting Multan in 985, found the majority to be Shi'as.
249:
The antecedents of the temple remain unknown to historical certainty.
155:. The location of the temple remains unknown; it is distinct from the
1633:
369:
202:
148:
87:
2102:
Hindu temples sacked in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent
996:"The Temple of MultÄn: A note on early Muslim attitudes to idolatry"
761:
1032:"SurajKund: A Lost Icon in the hagiography of Shah Shams in Multan"
233:. Stietencron notes that formerly, it was not the Chandrabhaga but
1885:
1694:
943:
A Book of Conquest: The Chachnama and Muslim Origins in South Asia
443:
144:
140:
72:
67:
1249:. New York: State University of New York Press. pp. 43â45.
472:
223:
1850:
1413:
914:
Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2, Volume 1
1846:
643:
The old mosque was also shut, which would be only restored by
538:
flowering groves where one can wander about without restraint.
178:
The earliest extant Hindu text to mention of a solar cult is
1272:
The India They Saw â Foreign Accounts: 8th to 15th Centuries
1369:. The Superintendent of Government, Calcutta. p. 119.
205:, Samba left for the forests of Mitravan on the banks of
1274:. Delhi: Ocean Books (p) Ltd. pp. 138â139, 226.
322:
Multiple Muslim sourcesâfrom voyager-historians like
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2017:
1991:
1975:
1884:
1804:
1771:
1693:
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1632:
1539:
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1488:
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1447:
1075:Mirchandani, B. D. (1968). "Sun Temple of Multan".
125:
120:
103:
93:
83:
78:
66:
56:
44:
39:
34:
689:The mausoleum is supposed to house the remains of
1155:Pakistan: Its Ancient Hindu Temples and Shrines
731:
531:
475:, upon not finding a trace of the temple when
1862:
1425:
8:
1321:
1319:
1317:
278:in 8th century C.E. under the leadership of
936:
934:
1869:
1855:
1847:
1485:
1432:
1418:
1410:
799:Dual darĆana: Re-addressing the SĆ«rya icon
31:
29:Destroyed Hindu temple in Punjab, Pakistan
483:in 1818, converted a venerated tomb to a
282:, Multan fell after a long siege and the
1347:. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 101.
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1025:
1023:
1021:
766:BrahmavidyÄ: The Adyar Library Bulletin
752:
523:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1301:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1126:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1100:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
906:
904:
902:
448:Cunningham's map of the fort complex.
1380:
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1148:
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1144:
1142:
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1052:
986:
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647:during the sacking of Sindh, c. 1005.
7:
1366:ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA VOL.5
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791:
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781:
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666:The precise term was "Catry Pagoda".
824:Shahrastani on the Indian Religions
2092:Buildings and structures in Multan
1387:The Second Anglo-Sikh War: 1848â49
760:Bronkhorst, Johannes (2014â2015).
25:
2077:Hindu temples in Punjab, Pakistan
1330:. Brill. pp. 50â51, 149â150.
883:Religion and society in Arab Sind
385:With the increasing influence of
193:After being cursed into a leper,
1472:
108:
1753:Shree Ratneshwar Mahadev Temple
1153:Hasan, Shaikh Khurshid (2008).
802:(Thesis). Columbia University.
460:visiting Multan in 1666, under
43:
1912:Biranchinarayan Temple, Buguda
551:Lynch, Ryan J. (August 2021).
487:. That the fort-complex had a
440:Late-Mughal and Colonial India
1:
1917:Biranchinarayan Temple, Palia
1363:Cunnngham, Alexander (1875).
1270:Jain, Meenakshi, ed. (2011).
1218:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009).
1039:Journal of Historical Studies
1030:Ali, Hassan (December 2015).
2082:5th-century BC Hindu temples
1120:Miquel, A. (24 April 2012),
1094:Laoust, H. (24 April 2012),
945:. Harvard University Press.
796:Cummins, Joan Marie (2001).
710:Not to be confused with the
678:Shrine of Bahauddin Zakariya
222:to reflect the migration of
2035:Temple of the Cross Complex
1983:Beijing's Temple of the Sun
917:. BRILL. pp. 187â188.
827:. De Gruyter. p. 195.
821:Lawrence, Bruce B. (1976).
188:twelfth century inscription
2118:
1708:Churrio Jabal Durga Temple
1295:Oman, G. (24 April 2012),
941:Asif, Manan Ahmed (2016).
170:at some point after 1666.
139:was a temple dedicated to
1831:
1796:Shri Laxmi Narayan Mandir
1758:Panchmukhi Hanuman Temple
1624:Shivala Teja Singh temple
1559:Jagannath Temple, Sialkot
1516:Pir Ratan Nath Jee Temple
1470:
1441:Hindu temples in Pakistan
1077:Journal of Indian History
833:10.1515/9783110800999-006
730:gave a vivid description:
2056:Rome's Temple of the Sun
1836:More temples in Pakistan
1786:Shri Swaminarayan Mandir
881:Maclean, Derryl (1989).
231:Heinrich von Stietencron
213:. There, he propitiated
147:Sun God, in the city of
2025:Mesa Verde's Sun Temple
1962:Navlakha Temple, Ghumli
1723:Sadh Belo Island Mandir
1385:Singh, Amarpal (2017).
1000:Israel Oriental Studies
577:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
454:Jean-Baptiste Tavernier
411:geographical compendium
342:to encyclopedists like
1999:Amanawa Shinmei Shrine
1781:Pamwal Das Shiv Mandir
1713:Shree Mamai Dev Ashtha
1614:Baba Ram Thaman Shrine
1609:Valmiki Mandir, Lahore
1569:Krishna Mandir, Lahore
1178:Lowe, Dunstan (2016).
740:
540:
449:
209:, the sacred abode of
1890:(Indian subcontinent)
1819:Mansehra Shiva Temple
1791:Shri Varun Dev Mandir
1733:Shri Varun Dev Mandir
657:mosque was abandoned.
530:His description went:
447:
1393:. pp. 504â506.
1341:Ross, David (1883).
911:Wink, André (1997).
712:Shahi Eid Gah Mosque
601:, the progenitor of
534:and precious stones.
469:Alexander Cunningham
137:Sun Temple of Multan
35:Sun Temple of Multan
18:Sun Temple of Multan
2051:Egyptian sun temple
1738:Shrine at Odero Lal
1728:Amarkot Shiv Mandir
1703:Nagarparkar Temples
1604:Tilla Jogian Mandir
1184:Classical Antiquity
597:A millennia later,
430:Zakariya al-Qazwini
428:. A century later,
253:Hindu-Buddhist rule
190:in Eastern India.
1947:Martand Sun Temple
1806:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1594:Prahladpuri Temple
992:Friedmann, Yohanan
724:East India Company
718:forces during the
512:Prahladpuri Temple
450:
407:Muhammad al-Idrisi
280:Muhammad bin Qasim
157:Prahladpuri Temple
2097:History of Multan
2064:
2063:
1957:Multan Sun Temple
1844:
1843:
1827:
1826:
1584:Mari Indus temple
1564:Katas Raj Temples
1549:Multan Sun Temple
1498:Kalat Kali Temple
1164:978-969-415-081-9
1096:"Ibn al-DÌČjÌČawzÄ«"
892:978-90-04-08551-0
842:978-3-11-080099-9
768:. 78â79: 459â486.
481:occupied the town
465:an unknown time.
387:Fatimid Caliphate
276:Umayyad Caliphate
272:conquest of Sindh
133:
132:
16:(Redirected from
2109:
2009:Ise Grand Shrine
2004:Amanoiwato-jinja
1927:Gollala Mamidada
1922:Deo Surya Mandir
1871:
1864:
1857:
1848:
1748:Darya Lal Mandir
1521:Goraknath Temple
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645:Mahmud of Ghazni
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555:. I. B. Tauris.
547:
541:
528:
458:Jean de Thévenot
375:Finbarr B. Flood
336:Ahmad ibn Rustah
266:Umayyad conquest
184:Bhavishya Purana
113:
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2065:
2060:
2039:
2013:
1987:
1971:
1889:
1880:
1875:
1845:
1840:
1823:
1800:
1767:
1743:Rama Pir Mandir
1689:
1675:Katasraj temple
1661:
1628:
1535:
1526:Kalibari Mandir
1502:
1482:Notable temples
1477:
1468:
1443:
1438:
1408:
1401:
1384:
1383:
1374:
1362:
1361:
1352:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1304:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1217:
1216:
1203:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1122:"al-IáčŁáčakÌČhÌČrÄ«"
1119:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1103:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1074:
1073:
1050:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1019:
990:
989:
960:
953:
940:
939:
932:
925:
910:
909:
900:
893:
880:
879:
850:
843:
820:
819:
815:
795:
794:
773:
759:
758:
754:
750:
745:
744:
720:Siege of Multan
709:
705:
688:
684:
674:
670:
665:
661:
655:
651:
642:
638:
633:
629:
624:
620:
614:
610:
596:
592:
587:
583:
574:
570:
563:
550:
548:
544:
529:
525:
520:
508:
442:
383:
320:
296:Futuh al-Buldan
284:Brahmin dynasty
268:
255:
247:
176:
174:Hindu mythology
107:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2115:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1967:Suryanar Kovil
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1763:Krishna Temple
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1718:Ramapir Temple
1715:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1647:Valmiki Mandir
1644:
1642:Krishna Mandir
1638:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1619:Krishna Temple
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1589:Multan temples
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1465:(Azad Kashmir)
1460:
1453:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1372:
1350:
1333:
1326:Ahmad (1960).
1313:
1287:
1280:
1262:
1255:
1237:
1230:
1201:
1170:
1163:
1138:
1112:
1086:
1048:
1017:
958:
951:
930:
923:
898:
891:
848:
841:
813:
771:
751:
749:
746:
743:
742:
734:fort and city.
716:Diwan Mulraj's
703:
682:
668:
659:
649:
636:
627:
618:
608:
599:V. D. Savarkar
590:
581:
568:
561:
542:
522:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
507:
504:
441:
438:
382:
379:
319:
318:Arab governors
316:
267:
264:
254:
251:
246:
243:
224:Magis of Persi
175:
172:
165:Mughal Emperor
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
118:
117:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
48:
42:
41:
37:
36:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2114:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:Surya temples
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1657:Other temples
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1599:Rohtas temple
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1464:
1463:Sharada Peeth
1461:
1459:(Balochistan)
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1449:Shakta pithas
1446:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1402:
1400:9789352773282
1396:
1392:
1391:HarperCollins
1388:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1281:9788184301076
1277:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1256:9780791425916
1252:
1248:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1231:9780691125947
1227:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
959:
954:
952:9780674660113
948:
944:
937:
935:
931:
926:
924:9789004095090
920:
916:
915:
907:
905:
903:
899:
894:
888:
884:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
849:
844:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:
817:
814:
809:
805:
801:
800:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
772:
767:
763:
756:
753:
747:
739:
735:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
707:
704:
700:
699:Shams Tabrizi
696:
692:
686:
683:
679:
672:
669:
663:
660:
653:
650:
646:
640:
637:
631:
628:
622:
619:
612:
609:
604:
600:
594:
591:
585:
582:
578:
572:
569:
564:
562:9780755644681
558:
554:
546:
543:
539:
535:
527:
524:
517:
513:
510:
509:
505:
503:
500:
497:
493:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
463:
459:
455:
446:
439:
437:
435:
431:
427:
426:
421:
418:travelogues.
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
395:
393:
388:
381:Ismaili emirs
380:
378:
376:
372:
371:
365:
363:
362:
355:
353:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
317:
315:
313:
309:
307:
302:
298:
297:
292:
288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
265:
263:
260:
252:
250:
244:
242:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
173:
171:
169:
166:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
128:
124:
119:
116:
111:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
77:
74:
71:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
52:
49:
47:
38:
33:
27:
19:
1956:
1897:Adithyapuram
1680:Malot temple
1579:Malot temple
1548:
1457:Hinglaj Mata
1386:
1365:
1343:
1336:
1327:
1305:, retrieved
1300:
1290:
1271:
1265:
1246:
1240:
1220:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1154:
1130:, retrieved
1125:
1115:
1104:, retrieved
1099:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1042:
1038:
1003:
999:
942:
913:
882:
823:
816:
798:
765:
755:
736:
732:
706:
685:
671:
662:
652:
639:
630:
621:
611:
593:
584:
571:
552:
545:
536:
532:
526:
498:
495:
491:
488:
477:Ranjit Singh
467:
462:Aurzangzeb's
451:
433:
424:
420:Ibn al-Athir
400:
396:
384:
368:
366:
359:
356:
351:
348:
344:Ibn al-Nadim
321:
312:Ibn al-Jawzi
310:
294:
291:Al-Baladhuri
289:
269:
256:
248:
228:
218:
214:
210:
207:Chandrabhaga
192:
180:Samba Purana
177:
161:
136:
134:
121:Architecture
26:
1878:Sun temples
1685:Amb Temples
1667:Soon Valley
1652:Lava Mandir
1574:Lava Temple
1554:Amb Temples
1531:Panj Tirath
1490:Balochistan
1297:"al-Idrīsī"
1045:(2): 80â94.
1006:: 176â182.
762:"The Magas"
616:governance.
575:The Caliph
270:During the
186:and even a
46:Affiliation
2071:Categories
2030:Qurikancha
1932:Gop Temple
1902:Arasavalli
1190:(2): 270.
748:References
502:scholars.
452:In 1640s,
392:Isma'ilism
361:al-Fihrist
352:gyan mudra
340:Ibn Hawqal
328:Al-Maqdisi
259:Xuanzang's
239:Chach Nama
151:in modern
1814:Kafir Kot
1389:. Delhi:
1196:0278-6656
1012:0334-4401
808:304688353
691:Pir Shams
332:Al-Masudi
306:Al-Biruni
168:Aurangzeb
2018:Americas
1937:Katarmal
1888:temples
1508:Peshawar
994:(1972).
804:ProQuest
695:Satpanth
603:Hindutva
506:See also
485:Gurdwara
324:Istakhri
153:Pakistan
115:Pakistan
84:Location
79:Location
57:District
51:Hinduism
40:Religion
1952:Modhera
1773:Karachi
1307:6 March
1303:, Brill
1132:6 March
1128:, Brill
1106:6 March
1102:, Brill
274:by the
245:History
199:Krishna
104:Country
2044:Others
1942:Konark
1907:Balaji
1634:Lahore
1541:Punjab
1397:
1278:
1253:
1228:
1194:
1161:
1010:
949:
921:
889:
839:
806:
738:air...
559:
415:gilded
403:Mahmud
370:dhimmi
301:maunds
203:Narada
197:urged
149:Multan
143:, the
129:Domed.
98:Punjab
88:Multan
61:Multan
1992:Japan
1976:China
1886:Surya
1695:Sindh
1035:(PDF)
518:Notes
499:drain
473:Sikhs
434:ÄthÄr
219:Surya
215:Surya
211:Surya
195:Samba
145:Hindu
141:Surya
94:State
73:Surya
68:Deity
1395:ISBN
1309:2022
1276:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1192:ISSN
1159:ISBN
1134:2022
1108:2022
1083:(2).
1008:ISSN
947:ISBN
919:ISBN
887:ISBN
837:ISBN
557:ISBN
494:and
492:gate
479:had
338:and
235:Ravi
135:The
126:Type
829:doi
432:'s
425:Job
409:'s
293:'s
2073::
1375:^
1353:^
1316:^
1299:,
1204:^
1188:35
1186:.
1182:.
1141:^
1124:,
1098:,
1081:46
1079:.
1051:^
1041:.
1037:.
1020:^
1004:II
1002:.
998:.
961:^
933:^
901:^
851:^
835:.
774:^
764:.
496:DĂ©
489:DĂ©
334:,
330:,
326:,
159:.
1870:e
1863:t
1856:v
1433:e
1426:t
1419:v
1403:.
1284:.
1259:.
1234:.
1198:.
1167:.
1043:1
1014:.
955:.
927:.
895:.
845:.
831::
810:.
680:.
565:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
