831:
839:
823:
2317:
684:
110:
871:, whose population exceeded that of the Sunni Muslims in the new districts. This changed Lebanon's demographics, as the territories added contained predominantly Muslim areas. This made Lebanese Christians constitute barely over 50% of the population, whereas the Sunni population increased eightfold. The Sunnis resented this, as they were formerly part of the majority within the
47:
1347:
is also a significant marker in throughout
Lebanon (27%). This marker is found in many inhabitants of Lebanon, regardless of religion, signals pre-Arab descendants, including the Phoenicians. These genetic studies show us there is no significant differences between the Muslims and non-Muslims of
1026:
are being killed, they are regarded as the enemy. And when a popular Sunni figure is strangely abducted and arrested by
Lebanon's General Security Service – an organization linked to the Hezbollah militia that, in turn, is linked to the Syrian government – the Alawites become the whipping boys.
968:
The
Lebanese Sunni Muslims initially opposed the creation of the Lebanese state separated from Syria, where the majority of the population was also Sunni Muslim, and wanted the territory of present-day Lebanon to be incorporated within the so-called
882:, whereas the Lebanese Christians wanted a French or European-oriented Lebanon to ensure economic viability that was separate from Syria. The Sunni community saw Greater Lebanon as an artificial entity, and repeatedly insisted on being reunited with
934:
in
October 1989 ended the civil war. It provided equal representation for Christians and Muslims in the enlarged chamber of deputies, reduced the powers of the Maronite president, and increased powers for the Sunni prime minister. With
1311:. Although there is common ancestral roots, these studies show some difference was found between Muslims and non-Muslims in Lebanon, of whom only 17.1% have this haplotype. As haplogroup J1 finds its putative origins in the
855:
than did
Lebanon's other religious groups. Although the Ottomans ruled loosely, the Sunnis in coastal cities were given a degree of privileged status. However, this ended with the French mandate.
810:
between the various political and religious leaders of
Lebanon, Sunni notables traditionally held power in the Lebanese state together, and they are still the only ones eligible for the post of
875:, but now became a minority in a Maronite-dominated French mandate. In the 1932 Lebanon census, 175,925 individuals, constituting 22% of the total population of 785,543, were Sunni Muslims.
2042:
But the coup of 1970, which brought an Alawi air force officer, Hafez Assad, to power, was what finally ended the instability that had reigned in Syria since the advent of independence.
1426:, former deputy from Beirut to the Ottoman Parliament, former President of the Municipality of Beirut, and former President of the Muslim Society of Benevolent Intentions (al-Makassed)
1051:
and
Minnieh Dinnieh districts, middle and West Bekaa, Chouf district and Laqlouq in Mount Lebanon, Hasbaya district, and Northeastern Beqaa Valley mainly in and around the city of
1931:
1011:. The deadliest exchange took place last June, when seven people were killed and more than 60 wounded, after Sunni Muslims staged a protest against the Syrian government.
2305:
529:
1155:
Note that the following percentages are estimates only. However, in a country that had last census in 1932, it is difficult to have correct population estimates.
1459:
391:
2150:
1657:
712:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2432:
556:
2283:
2298:
1990:
1861:
1834:
1807:
1780:
1728:
524:
438:
252:
2054:
645:
2360:
1000:
2396:
1647:
640:
183:
2219:
2098:
2072:
1982:
907:
1939:
2478:
2365:
2291:
2508:
1158:
The last census in
Lebanon in 1932 put the numbers of Sunnis at 22% of the population (178,100 of 791,700). A study done by the
2684:
2679:
2454:
956:, who supports them financially. Moreover, Tripoli, the stronghold of the Lebanese Sunnis, is also the birthplace of Lebanon's
401:
369:
364:
2503:
2427:
1652:
749:
354:
349:
309:
193:
1904:
2403:
1316:
705:
635:
1960:
1319:
and has persisted among the Muslim population ever since. On the other hand, only 4.7% of all
Lebanese Muslims belong to
1162:(CIA) in 1985 put the numbers of Sunnis at 27% of the population (595,000 of 2,228,000). Sunni Muslims constitute 27% of
2370:
1637:
509:
178:
2191:
Political awareness of the Shi'ites in
Lebanon: the role of Sayyid 'Abd al-Husain Sharaf al-Din and Sayyid Musa al-Sadr
2022:
With The Assistance Of Maureen McConville. Seale, Patrick. Berkeley : University of California Press, 1989, c1988.
2389:
2375:
1642:
1159:
534:
188:
2241:
2350:
919:
903:
605:
499:
359:
329:
242:
1554:, a diplomat, jurist, and academic. He acted as judge on the International Court of Justice for the 2018–2027 term
2408:
1473:
1455:
1445:
811:
386:
262:
257:
247:
217:
2603:
2548:
2355:
2154:
1678:
1571:
1561:
1530:
698:
396:
381:
267:
222:
93:
826:
An estimate of the distribution of Lebanon's main religious groups, 1991, based on a map by GlobalSecurity.org
2659:
2653:
2598:
2418:
2413:
2342:
2321:
1546:
1324:
985:
980:
have been in conflict with each other for centuries. The Alawites of the Levant were oppressed by the Sunni
665:
443:
406:
294:
173:
830:
2623:
2380:
1320:
2593:
2588:
2538:
2211:
Between the Ottomans and the Entente: The First World War in the Syrian and Lebanese Diaspora, 1908-1925
1627:
1463:
1297:
1292:
977:
927:
741:
455:
156:
1435:
1315:, this likely means that the lineage was introduced by Arabs beginning at the time of the 7th century
2543:
2533:
2528:
2002:
1418:
1362:
939:
support, the Sunnis achieved a position of power out of all proportion to their number or influence.
655:
289:
2271:
1365:, a feminist, translator and author, who significantly contributed to the emancipation of Arab women
2618:
2573:
2563:
2333:
2235:
1622:
1596:
630:
541:
431:
334:
319:
314:
304:
299:
145:
1542:
2628:
2558:
1490:
1381:
1167:
915:
899:
551:
504:
344:
284:
279:
2169:
2094:
902:
broke out between Maronite forces and the Lebanese Army on one side, and Sunni militias of the
2568:
2553:
2215:
1986:
1978:
1973:
1857:
1851:
1830:
1824:
1803:
1776:
1724:
1327:. Modern Muslims in Lebanon thus do not seem to have a significant genetic influence from the
1312:
776:
519:
467:
339:
324:
229:
1797:
1770:
1718:
1689:
2633:
2583:
2446:
1701:
1557:
1301:
1040:
996:
995:
Over the years, there have been numerous clashes between the Sunni and Alawi communities in
878:
The Lebanese Sunni Muslims did not want to be separated from their Sunni Muslim brethren in
792:
768:
612:
481:
474:
462:
424:
151:
984:, but gained power and influence when the French recruited Alawites as soldiers during the
2645:
2608:
2578:
2076:
1423:
1286:
864:
838:
737:
729:
670:
600:
586:
546:
141:
101:
64:
2069:
1599:, Saudi-Lebanese businessman and grandson of Riad Al Solh, Lebanon's first Prime Minister
867:
to include all the territories of what is now Lebanon. This enhanced the position of the
2197:(Doctoral). Durham: Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, University of Durham.
2483:
1632:
1609:
1520:
1332:
981:
931:
923:
883:
872:
852:
688:
561:
166:
124:
17:
2673:
2019:
1583:
1502:
1484:
1451:
1387:
1344:
1340:
1308:
970:
807:
660:
650:
918:
attracted its largest following among the Sunni community of Lebanon. Following the
1514:
1508:
1469:
1441:
1399:
1368:
989:
953:
936:
822:
450:
2255:
2209:
752:. Sunni Islam in Lebanon has a history of more than a millennium. According to a
2649:
2033:
1908:
1745:
1567:
1551:
1536:
1526:
1496:
1478:
1405:
1393:
1004:
911:
80:
2662:, the Druze community is designated as a part of the Lebanese Muslim community.
1878:
1799:
US Foreign Policy and the Multinational Force in Lebanon: Vigorous Self-Defense
763:
The Lebanese Sunni Muslims are highly concentrated in Lebanon's capital city -
2612:
1429:
887:
109:
1166:'s population, according to a 2012 estimate. And more recently, in 2023, the
2272:
Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events
868:
796:
514:
2257:
Introduction à l'histoire urbaine de la Syrie ottomane (XVIe-XVIIIe siècle)
46:
1432:, politician, who served as Prime Minister six times between 1952 and 1973
1826:
Citizenship and the State in the Middle East: Approaches and Applications
1328:
1015:
957:
788:
1974:
Minorities in the Middle East: a history of struggle and self-expression
2325:
2316:
1170:
estimated that Sunni Muslims constitute 31.9% of Lebanon's population.
1163:
1008:
842:
An estimate of the area distribution of Lebanon's main religious groups
757:
745:
118:
2079:
World Directory of Minorities. June 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
1692:
World Directory of Minorities. June 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
1336:
1172:
1036:
1019:
800:
764:
581:
114:
2125:
1175:
Percentage growth of the Lebanese Sunni Muslims (other sources est.)
756:
2018 study, Lebanese Sunni Muslims constitute an estimated 30.6% of
851:
Historically, Sunnis in Lebanon fared better under the rule of the
1823:
Butenschon, Nils A.; Davis, Uri; Hassassian, Manuel (2000-05-01).
1305:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1023:
879:
784:
780:
772:
76:
2189:
748:, which is one of the largest denomination in Lebanon tied with
2287:
2126:"Contemporary distribution of Lebanon's main religious groups"
1022:
as heretics; at times of tension, when thousands of Sunnis in
753:
2652:, comprising 18 recognized religious sects recognized by the
1674:
1672:
988:. After independence from France, their co-religionists, the
2095:"2012 Report on International Religious Freedom – Lebanon"
1853:
The Near East since the First World War: A History to 1995
1035:
Lebanese Sunni Muslims are concentrated in cities of west
1586:, late former leader of Lebanon's Sunni Muslim community
2648:
has the most religious diversity of all peoples in the
2171:
La protection sanitaire et sociale au Liban (1860-1963)
806:
Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the
1612:, Lebanese-Australian professional rugby league player
2016:
Asad Of Syria : The Struggle For The Middle East
2521:
2496:
2445:
2341:
2332:
1704:
US Department of State. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
70:
56:
1335:marker to the extant Christian populations of the
2522:Ethnic minorities, refugees and foreign nationals
1560:, assassinated brigadier general at the Lebanese
1517:, politician and former Prime Minister of Lebanon
1744:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
863:In 1920, France legally extended the borders of
2055:Syria's war ignites sectarian strife in Lebanon
1932:"Lebanon's Sheikhs Take on Assad and Hezbollah"
1523:, assassinated Lebanese economist and diplomat
1371:, writer, journalist, researcher, and activist
1300:has shown that 27,7% of Lebanese Muslims (non-
2299:
2237:Social Classes and Political Power in Lebanon
2089:
2087:
2085:
1746:"Refworld | Chronology for Sunnis in Lebanon"
1448:(1943–1945), after the country's independence
999:, particularly over the past 14 months since
706:
8:
36:
33:
2177:(Thesis). Université Nice Sophia Antipolis.
1712:
1710:
1702:International Religious Freedom Report 2008
1413:Politicians, diplomats, and public servants
1343:until around the turn of the 14th century.
952:The Sunnis of Lebanon have close ties with
2493:
2442:
2338:
2306:
2292:
2284:
2145:
2143:
2120:
2118:
2116:
1829:. Syracuse University Press. p. 159.
1723:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 67.
1547:the Lebanese National Bloc political party
1384:, film director, producer and screenwriter
713:
699:
88:
45:
32:
2276:The American Journal of Human Genetics 82
1339:when they were active in the region from
1879:"Trial by fire for Lebanon's government"
837:
829:
821:
767:(West Beirut /or Beirut II), as well as
51:Distribution of Sunni Muslims in Lebanon
1668:
1570:, former major general and director of
1529:, former major general and director of
787:. They also have a notable presence in
100:
1772:The Government and Politics of Lebanon
1438:, Honorary consul of Belize to Lebanon
1331:, who probably introduced this common
1031:Geographic distribution within Lebanon
2005:Stratfor. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
1658:Bab al-Tabbaneh–Jabal Mohsen conflict
1572:the Lebanese Internal Security Forces
1531:the Lebanese Internal Security Forces
1293:Lebanese Shia Muslims § Genetics
834:Lebanon religious groups distribution
212:Native communities outside of Lebanon
7:
926:launched a series of attacks on the
646:List of political parties in Lebanon
733:
37:
1648:Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christians
1539:, former prime minister of Lebanon
1505:, former Prime Minister of Lebanon
1499:, former Prime Minister of Lebanon
1493:, former Prime Minister of Lebanon
1487:, former Prime Minister of Lebanon
1481:, former Prime Minister of Lebanon
992:, came to power in Syria in 1970.
25:
2099:United States Department of State
2003:Making Sense of the Syrian Crisis
908:Palestine Liberation Organization
2315:
1877:Lucy Fielder (23–29 June 2011).
964:With Lebanese Alawites and Syria
779:, and in the countryside of the
682:
108:
2053:Patrick Martin, (14 May 2012).
2032:Robert Kaplan (February 1993).
1533:and current minister of justice
1287:Lebanese people § Genetics
1907:. Hugh Macleod. Archived from
1653:Lebanese Protestant Christians
1352:Notable Lebanese Sunni Muslims
1:
2188:Gharbieh, Hussein M. (1996).
2151:"Lebanon: People and Society"
2128:. Central Intelligence Agency
2060:. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
1961:Greater Syria By Daniel Pipes
1796:Varady, Corrin (2017-06-21).
1717:Mackey, Sandra (2006-07-17).
1679:"Lebanon: people and society"
1317:Muslim conquest of the Levant
2254:Abdel-Nour, Antoine (1982).
2153:. April 2023. Archived from
1930:Garrett Nada (10 May 2013).
1850:Yapp, Malcolm (2014-10-17).
1769:Salamey, Imad (2013-10-15).
1638:Lebanese Maronite Christians
1047:and in north Lebanon in the
510:Timeline of Lebanese history
2390:Assyrian Church of the East
2214:. Oxford University Press.
2208:Fahrenthold, Stacy (2019).
1643:Lebanese Melkite Christians
1511:, Prime Minister of Lebanon
1160:Central Intelligence Agency
535:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
2701:
2001:Reva Bhalla (5 May 2011).
1856:. Routledge. p. 464.
1290:
1284:
1187:Total Lebanese Population
1014:At the best of times, the
920:Sabra and Shatila massacre
904:Lebanese National Movement
606:French language in Lebanon
500:History of ancient Lebanon
2642:
1775:. Routledge. p. 24.
1474:Prime Minister of Lebanon
1456:Prime Minister of Lebanon
1446:Prime Minister of Lebanon
1357:Activists and journalists
1146:
1138:
1133:
1125:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1099:
1094:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1067:
740:who are adherents of the
734:المسلمون السنة اللبنانيين
75:
61:
44:
38:المسلمون السنة اللبنانيين
2034:"Syria: Identity Crisis"
1802:. Springer. p. 26.
1720:Lebanon: A House Divided
1562:Internal Security Forces
1298:Genealogical DNA testing
27:Sunni Muslims in Lebanon
2660:Constitution of Lebanon
2658:Under the terms of the
2654:Constitution of Lebanon
2260:. Université Libanaise.
2168:Yahya, Houssam (2015).
2070:Lebanon Sunnis Overview
1545:, current president of
986:French mandate of Syria
666:Coat of arms of Lebanon
439:Cultural Heritage sites
2685:Sunni Islam in Lebanon
2680:Lebanese Sunni Muslims
2242:Heinrich Böll Stiftung
1472:, assassinated former
1323:, compared to 9.6% of
1068:Lebanese Sunni Muslims
1003:began, as part of the
843:
835:
827:
726:Lebanese Sunni Muslims
557:South Lebanon conflict
34:Lebanese Sunni Muslims
18:Sunni Islam in Lebanon
2278:, 873–882, April 2008
1628:Lebanese Shia Muslims
1464:Parliament of Lebanon
1285:Further information:
928:Israel Defense Forces
841:
833:
825:
742:Sunni branch of Islam
2270:Zalloua, Pierre A.,
1363:Anbara Salam Khalidi
910:(PLO) on the other.
886:and the rest of the
656:Lebanese nationalism
392:United Arab Emirates
2409:Armenian Apostolics
2058:The Global and Mail
1977:. McFarland, 2002.
1942:on 30 December 2013
1623:Religion in Lebanon
1597:Al-Waleed bin Talal
1325:Lebanese Christians
1177:
542:1958 Lebanon crisis
174:Lebanese Christians
41:
2371:Maronite Catholics
2361:Chaldean Catholics
2356:Armenian Catholics
2234:Fawwaz Traboulsi,
2075:2015-01-16 at the
1491:Abdul Hamid Karami
1452:Emir Khaled Chehab
1382:Randa Chahal Sabag
1173:
1168:CIA World Factbook
976:Sunni Muslims and
900:Lebanese Civil War
894:Lebanese Civil War
844:
836:
828:
689:Lebanon portal
552:Lebanese Civil War
505:History of Lebanon
2667:
2666:
2517:
2516:
2492:
2491:
2441:
2440:
2404:Oriental Orthodox
2376:Melkite Catholics
2157:on 26 April 2023.
1991:978-0-7864-1375-1
1971:Mordechai Nisan.
1863:978-1-317-89054-6
1836:978-0-8156-2829-3
1809:978-3-319-53973-7
1782:978-1-135-01133-8
1730:978-0-393-35276-4
1578:Religious figures
1436:Mohamad Harmouche
1390:, the late singer
1313:Arabian peninsula
1278:
1277:
1184:Sunni Population
1151:
1150:
948:With Saudi Arabia
723:
722:
631:Lebanese politics
520:County of Tripoli
230:Lebanese diaspora
128:
87:
86:
16:(Redirected from
2692:
2494:
2443:
2381:Syriac Catholics
2339:
2320:
2319:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2285:
2279:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2245:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2122:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2091:
2080:
2067:
2061:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2029:
2023:
2014:Seale, Patrick.
2012:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1969:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1938:. Archived from
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1911:on 2 August 2010
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1714:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1690:Lebanon Overview
1687:
1681:
1676:
1558:Wissam al-Hassan
1333:Western European
1304:) belong to the
1178:
1065:
1064:
1018:are regarded by
1007:that started in
1001:Syria's uprising
793:Southern Lebanon
735:
715:
708:
701:
687:
686:
685:
597:
425:Lebanese culture
152:Lebanese Muslims
122:
112:
89:
49:
42:
40:
39:
21:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2646:Lebanese people
2638:
2513:
2488:
2470:Ismaili Shiites
2465:Alawite Shiites
2460:Shiite Twelvers
2437:
2419:Syriac Orthodox
2414:Coptic Orthodox
2366:Latin Catholics
2328:
2314:
2312:
2282:
2269:
2265:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2083:
2077:Wayback Machine
2068:
2064:
2052:
2048:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2013:
2009:
2000:
1996:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1903:
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1888:
1886:
1883:Al Ahram Weekly
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1424:Salim Ali Salam
1419:Mohamad Rassoul
1415:
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1295:
1289:
1283:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1131:
1118:
1105:
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1061:
1033:
966:
958:Salafi Movement
950:
945:
896:
865:Greater Lebanon
861:
849:
820:
760:'s population.
738:Lebanese people
719:
683:
681:
676:
675:
671:Flag of Lebanon
626:
618:
617:
595:
587:Lebanese Arabic
577:
569:
568:
547:Greater Lebanon
495:
487:
486:
420:
412:
411:
209:
201:
200:
142:Lebanese people
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136:Lebanese people
129:
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102:Lebanese people
65:Lebanese Arabic
63:
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2512:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2451:
2449:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2400:
2399:
2397:Greek Orthodox
2393:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2347:
2345:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2281:
2280:
2263:
2246:
2227:
2220:
2200:
2180:
2160:
2139:
2112:
2081:
2062:
2046:
2024:
2007:
1994:
1964:
1953:
1922:
1896:
1869:
1862:
1842:
1835:
1815:
1808:
1788:
1781:
1761:
1736:
1729:
1706:
1694:
1682:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1633:Lebanese Druze
1630:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:Hazem El Masri
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1565:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1534:
1524:
1521:Mohamad Chatah
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1467:
1449:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1321:haplogroup R1b
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1032:
1029:
982:Ottoman Empire
965:
962:
949:
946:
944:
941:
932:Taif Agreement
895:
892:
873:Ottoman Empire
860:
859:French mandate
857:
853:Ottoman Empire
848:
845:
819:
816:
812:Prime Minister
721:
720:
718:
717:
710:
703:
695:
692:
691:
678:
677:
674:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
641:Prime Minister
638:
633:
627:
624:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
610:
609:
608:
598:
592:
591:
590:
589:
578:
575:
574:
571:
570:
567:
566:
565:
564:
562:Taif Agreement
559:
549:
544:
539:
538:
537:
532:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
478:
477:
471:
470:
465:
459:
458:
453:
447:
446:
441:
435:
434:
428:
427:
421:
418:
417:
414:
413:
410:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
373:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
271:
270:
265:
260:
255:
253:United Kingdom
250:
245:
226:
225:
220:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
197:
196:
191:
186:
184:Greek Orthodox
181:
171:
170:
169:
164:
159:
149:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
125:Lebanese cedar
113:
105:
104:
98:
97:
96:of articles on
85:
84:
73:
72:
68:
67:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2697:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2221:9780190872151
2217:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2101:. 20 May 2013
2100:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2020:Patrick Seale
2017:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:0-7864-1375-1
1980:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1941:
1937:
1936:Wilson Center
1933:
1926:
1923:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1765:
1762:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1584:Hassan Khaled
1582:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1503:Rashid Karami
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1485:Fouad Siniora
1483:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1388:Suzanne Tamim
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:Haplogroup J2
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1309:haplogroup J1
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1280:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
972:
971:Greater Syria
963:
961:
959:
955:
947:
942:
940:
938:
937:Saudi Arabian
933:
929:
925:
922:in 1982, the
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
898:In 1975, the
893:
891:
889:
888:Arab homeland
885:
884:Greater Syria
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
858:
856:
854:
846:
840:
832:
824:
817:
815:
813:
809:
808:National Pact
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:Western Beqaa
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
731:
727:
716:
711:
709:
704:
702:
697:
696:
694:
693:
690:
680:
679:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
661:Phoenicianism
659:
657:
654:
652:
651:National Pact
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
622:
621:
614:
611:
607:
604:
603:
602:
599:
594:
593:
588:
585:
584:
583:
580:
579:
573:
572:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
536:
533:
531:
530:1860 conflict
528:
527:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
491:
490:
483:
480:
479:
476:
473:
472:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
433:
430:
429:
426:
423:
422:
416:
415:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
378:
377:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
280:United States
278:
277:
276:
275:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
239:
238:
234:
232:
231:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
213:
205:
204:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
175:
172:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
153:
150:
147:
143:
140:
139:
133:
132:
126:
120:
116:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:
82:
78:
74:
69:
66:
60:
55:
48:
43:
19:
2599:Palestinians
2509:Baháʼí Faith
2343:Christianity
2322:Demographics
2275:
2266:
2256:
2249:
2236:
2230:
2210:
2203:
2190:
2183:
2170:
2163:
2155:the original
2130:. Retrieved
2103:. Retrieved
2065:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2038:The Atlantic
2037:
2027:
2015:
2010:
1997:
1972:
1967:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1940:the original
1935:
1925:
1913:. Retrieved
1909:the original
1899:
1887:. Retrieved
1882:
1872:
1852:
1845:
1825:
1818:
1798:
1791:
1771:
1764:
1753:. Retrieved
1749:
1739:
1719:
1697:
1685:
1543:Salam Yamout
1515:Tammam Salam
1509:Najib Mikati
1470:Rafik Hariri
1444:, the first
1442:Riad Al Solh
1400:Walid Toufic
1369:Nahla Chahal
1296:
1174:
1157:
1154:
1080:
1073:
1059:Demographics
1034:
1013:
994:
990:Assad family
975:
967:
954:Saudi Arabia
951:
897:
877:
862:
850:
847:Ottoman rule
805:
762:
736:) refers to
725:
724:
525:Ottoman rule
444:Architecture
402:Saudi Arabia
375:
374:
370:South Africa
365:Sierra Leone
273:
272:
236:
235:
228:
227:
211:
161:
30:Ethnic group
2650:Middle East
2624:Sri Lankans
2428:Protestants
2132:15 December
1946:28 December
1889:28 December
1591:Businessmen
1568:Ali Al Hajj
1552:Nawaf Salam
1537:Hassan Diab
1527:Ashraf Rifi
1497:Omar Karami
1479:Saad Hariri
1406:Wael Jassar
1394:Fadl Shaker
1190:Percentage
1005:Arab Spring
924:Mourabitoun
912:Pan-Arabism
376:Middle East
355:Ivory Coast
295:New Zealand
208:Communities
81:Sunni Islam
62:Vernacular:
2674:Categories
2594:Pakistanis
2539:Bulgarians
2105:17 January
1755:2023-12-03
1664:References
1430:Saeb Salam
1291:See also:
906:(LNM) and
797:Marjaayoun
456:Literature
194:Protestant
2544:Canadians
2534:Assyrians
2529:Armenians
2351:Catholics
2240:(Beirut:
1905:"Tripoli"
1604:Sportsman
1454:, former
1348:Lebanon.
1329:Crusaders
1271:4,044,784
1257:2,550,000
1243:1,407,858
943:Relations
869:Maronites
636:President
515:Phoenicia
335:Venezuela
300:Argentina
290:Australia
57:Languages
2619:Russians
2574:Italians
2564:Iranians
2479:Sunnites
2334:Religion
2073:Archived
1750:Refworld
1617:See also
1408:, singer
1402:, singer
1396:, singer
1281:Genetics
1016:Alawites
978:Alawites
625:Politics
576:Language
432:Religion
350:Paraguay
315:Colombia
274:Overseas
179:Maronite
146:religion
94:a series
92:Part of
71:Religion
2629:Syrians
2559:Indians
2455:Shiites
2433:Baptist
2326:Lebanon
2244:, 2014)
1462:of the
1460:Speaker
1376:Artists
1268:861,046
1254:663,500
1240:285,698
1229:785,543
1226:175,925
1215:609,069
1212:124,786
1201:487,600
1164:Lebanon
1143:
1130:
1117:
1104:
1091:
1081:Percent
1041:Tripoli
1009:Tunisia
997:Tripoli
916:leftism
818:History
769:Tripoli
758:Lebanon
746:Lebanon
613:English
596:Foreign
494:History
475:Cuisine
419:Culture
360:Senegal
345:Jamaica
330:Ecuador
320:Uruguay
243:Germany
189:Melkite
119:Lebanon
2615:groups
2609:Romani
2589:Malays
2569:Iraqis
2554:Greeks
2549:French
2218:
1989:
1981:
1915:4 July
1885:(1053)
1860:
1833:
1806:
1779:
1727:
1337:Levant
1274:21.3%
1246:20.3%
1232:22.4%
1218:20.5%
1204:15.7%
1198:76,565
1037:Beirut
1020:Sunnis
930:. The
801:Chebaa
765:Beirut
730:Arabic
601:French
582:Arabic
468:Cinema
387:Kuwait
310:Mexico
305:Brazil
285:Canada
263:Greece
258:Sweden
248:France
237:Europe
218:Cyprus
115:Emblem
2634:Turks
2604:Poles
2584:Kurds
2497:Other
2484:Druze
2447:Islam
2195:(PDF)
2175:(PDF)
1564:(ISF)
1306:Y-DNA
1302:Druze
1181:Year
1147:31.9%
1053:Arsal
1049:Akkar
1045:Sidon
1024:Syria
880:Syria
789:Zahlé
785:Arsal
781:Akkar
773:Sidon
750:Shias
482:Sport
463:Music
397:Qatar
382:Egypt
340:Haiti
325:Chile
268:Spain
223:Syria
167:Druze
162:Sunni
77:Islam
2644:The
2579:Jews
2504:Jews
2216:ISBN
2134:2013
2107:2016
1987:ISBN
1979:ISBN
1948:2013
1917:2010
1891:2013
1858:ISBN
1831:ISBN
1804:ISBN
1777:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1458:and
1341:1096
1265:1988
1260:26%
1251:1975
1237:1956
1223:1932
1209:1921
1195:1861
1139:2018
1126:2012
1113:1988
1100:1975
1087:1932
1074:Year
914:and
799:and
407:Iran
157:Shia
2613:Dom
2324:of
1134:27%
1121:21%
1108:26%
1095:22%
754:CIA
744:in
451:Art
144:by
117:of
2676::
2274:,
2142:^
2115:^
2097:.
2084:^
2040:.
2036:.
2018:/
1985:,
1934:.
1881:.
1748:.
1709:^
1671:^
1055:.
1043:,
1039:,
973:.
960:.
890:.
814:.
803:.
795:,
791:,
783:,
775:,
771:,
732::
233::
214::
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