956:
east-west and north-south. The east-west flow mainly consists of the numerous domestic
Indonesian ferries carrying passengers and goods while the north-south flow tends to be made up of international shipping which includes many large cargo vessels heading towards northeast Asia. Accidents occur from time to time, sometimes with loss of life. In September 2012, for example, eight people died when a domestic Indonesian ferry, the
882:" arrangement. Other options include the offering of shares in the project through an initial public offering (IPO) or establishing a backdoor listing through a company already listed on the stock exchange. There has also been discussion of various tax concessions that might be provided by the Indonesian Government (such as exemptions from import taxes and value-added tax) to facilitate the project.
336:. Officials in the consortium that plan to build the bridge originally hoped that construction would begin in 2012 but even the plan to prepare a feasibility study was delayed beyond 2012. There were originally hopes that the first travellers might cross the bridge as early as 2020 although the likely completion date is tending to drift because of delays in discussions about plans for the project.
209:
894:
the project have focused on both technical aspects and economic and financial matters. The
Jakarta consulting firm Independent Research and Advisory Indonesia (IRAI) carried out an early assessment of the project and concluded that "on its own the project is neither financially nor economically viable."
971:
which cross the strait. It is not uncommon for hundreds of large trucks to be caught in queues stretching back from the port for up to 10 km or more and for drivers to have to wait for two or three days to board one of the ferries. Traffic jams are especially likely to occur when bad weather and
942:
Some commentators have expressed concerns about the high (and uncertain) cost of the project. Other uncertain issues relate to financing, likely pricing and revenue policies (toll arrangements), likely demand for (use of) the facility, and the cost of compensation for land acquired during the course
770:
Efficient transportation between
Sumatra and Java, relatively free of weather and wave problems. Travel is expected to be reduced to around 30 minutes compared to the time needed for the current ferry services (two to three hours). In addition, the bridge is expected to provide a rail link for both
683:
Jul: Disagreements between the
Minister of Finance and other ministers, including the Coordinating Economic Minister Hatta Rajasa, attracted considerable comment in the national press. The main disagreements were reported to be about the arrangements for a feasibility study for the bridge as well as
893:
The project is not without its critics. Some commentators have argued that the funds could be better used for other urgent infrastructure projects. Others have argued that overall policies relating to interisland transport are more important than the construction of the bridge. Concerns voiced about
657:
Apr: The Office of the
Coordinating Minister said that the Ministry of Finance was still preparing details to cover tendering details for the bridge. A special regulation was needed to provide some preferences for the project initiator, PT Graha Banten Lampung Sejahtera (PT GBLS), but also to ensure
645:
Feb: the president director of PT Graha Banten
Lampung Sejahtera (PT GBLS), the consortium established to prepare development plans for the bridge, noted that arrangements were going slowly because government commitment was "lacking." He said the key to progress "lies in the government's hands." The
470:
The bridge would significantly cut the travel time across the Sunda Strait which takes several hours by ferry. Some 20 million people crossed the strait in 2006 and the figure is forecast to double by 2020. The bridge would connect Java, with a population (2011) of around 140 million, with
Sumatra
339:
There are different views as to the most appropriate design for the details of the bridge, and even as to whether the construction of a bridge is the best way of easing the current serious transport bottlenecks for movement between Java and
Sumatra. Alternatives which some observers favour are the
661:
Jun: The
Ministry of Finance indicated that it did not support the provision of preferences for project initiators which might affect tendering arrangements. The Ministry proposed a revision to the earlier (December 2011) presidential regulation to remove stipulations that provided preferences to
641:
Jan: Public Works
Minister Djoko Kirmanto said that the feasibility study for the bridge would start in 2012 and take two years to complete. He also said that one of the state-run construction companies would take part in the project although which company was not specified. He estimated that the
951:
Proponents of the bridge point to various considerations in support of the project. The Governors of Banten and Lampung along with local business and community representatives argue that the bridge would have important regional development benefits. Other observers point to the stimulus that the
955:
Some proponents of the bridge also point to safety and associated water traffic considerations which they argue point to the need for a bridge. The Sunda Strait is a very busy waterway. The management of water traffic is complicated by the need to accommodate two major flows of traffic running
741:
had decided that construction of the bridge was "not in line with his maritime-based development vision." Andrinof said that the government believed there were cheaper alternatives to improving connectivity between Java and Sumatra including by buying new ships and improving services in ports.
721:
Mar: Coordinating Economic Minister Hatta Rajasa said that that government would offer certain incentives for investors willing to take part in the construction of the bridge. He declined, however, to provide details of what incentives might be offered, saying that the matter would need further
706:
Mar: During a visit to Germany president SBY said that the bridge was a strategic investment which would accelerate development in Sumatra and Java. He said that although there was currently some controversy surrounding plans for the bridge, construction must go ahead. He said that because the
687:
Nov: It was announced that consideration was being given to classifying the bridge as a "solicited project" in order to help clarify the legal basis of the project. In the case of "solicited projects", the initiative for developing the project lies with the Indonesian government. In contrast,
653:
Mar: During a visit by president Susilo Bambang Yodhoyono to Beijing, an agreement was signed to facilitate a joint investment in the Sunda Strait Strategic and Infrastructure Development Plan between PT Bangun Sejahtera Mulia and China Railway Construction. Tommy Winata said that he hoped that
717:
Feb: Coordinating Economic Minister Hatta Rajasa said that that government had decided that the construction of the bridge would be left to the next administration (due to take office in October 2014) and that no state money would be spent on the mega project. He did, however, indicate that
846:
Acceleration of the preparation of a Presidential Regulation to allow for the regulation of the bridge, possibly including arrangements for public-private partnership schemes (which may include the provincial government, national and local state-owned enterprises, and other strategic
797:. It is also noted that the design of the bridge, as well as allowing for the inclusion of a railway, should also consider technical aspects such as the precise location (site) of the structure, geology, faults, seabed contours, seismicity, volcanology, and the risk of tsunamis.
910:
between the United Kingdom and France appear to be relevant for planning about the best arrangements for a transport connection across the Sunda Strait. Demand forecasts for the use of the Channel Tunnel, for example, turned out to be far too optimistic thus leading to a
933:
A third set of concerns relates to whether it is best to build a bridge at all, or whether alternative approaches (such as improved ferry services) might be a better way of responding to the rapidly growing demand for improved transport services across the strait.
662:
firms which prepared feasibility studies for the bridge. Under the revised arrangements the government itself would finance the feasibility study so there would be no need to provide any special considerations for the project initiator. An editorial in
833:
Assisting the broader development of the industrial, tourism, and transportation sectors, including across ASEAN and Australia. The map of geo-economic tourism focused on 12 of the National Tourist Destinations is expected to change once the bridge is
897:
Few public details have yet been released by the Indonesian Government about these matters. A thorough cost-benefit analysis is not yet available. A well-informed public discussion has therefore not yet been possible. The Indonesian government's
873:
It is not yet clear how such expensive infrastructure would be paid for. The Indonesian government has said that much of the cost will need to be financed through the private sector. This reflects the current interest in Indonesia in the use of
964:, while crossing the strait. The incident, and the resulting court case, served to highlight numerous difficult issues which affect the poorly enforced regulatory arrangements that underpin the use of the sea lanes in the Sunda Strait.
702:
Jan: The Minister for Public Works, Djoko Kirmanto, was reported as saying that perhaps, given the ongoing delays within government during discussions over plans for the bridge, ground breaking might not be possible in 2014 as earlier
299:
Construction of the bridge would be an ambitious project, being much more expensive than any other single infrastructure investment yet carried out in Indonesia. If the project goes ahead as planned, it would join the list of the
718:
state-owned enterprises were likely to be expected to support the project. At the same time, Public Works Minister Djoko Kirmanto said that the government would soon appoint an executive body for the construction of the bridge.
906:, or BPPT) has sponsored a number of preliminary discussions about aspects of the possible bridge technology in recent years. Some of the difficult technical, financial and economic issues involved in the construction of the
513:
Various references made as early as the 1960s to the possibility of building a bridge across the Sunda Strait. From time to time, senior political figures, academics, and others, mentioned the desirability of considering the
729:
said that attention to the bridge would receive priority in the coming five months (up to the time that a new president would take office in Indonesia). He said that the bridge would need to be funded using non-state budget
307:
The project, with an initial estimated minimum cost of at least US$ 10 billion but probably considerably more, is for a series of bridges carrying a six lane highway and double track railway traversing the three islands of
642:
bridge would cost around Rp 125 trillion to build (around $ 13.9 billion at prevailing exchange rates) and that discussions had been held with experts from Japan and South Korea about the details of construction.
943:
of construction. Tendering processes are also often a source of considerable controversy in Indonesia and so questions have been raised about the nature of the letting of competitive tenders for the bridge.
782:
notes that the bridge will be located on a key Indonesian sea lane. Technical characteristics of the bridge should therefore allow for the passage of container and passenger ships as well as vessels such as
646:
consortium consists of companies owned by the Banten and Lampung district governments along with PT Bangungraha Sejahtera Mulia, a subsidiary of the Artha Graha Network owned by Indonesian businessman
923:
Access to and use of land for infrastructure activities often gives rise to disagreements in Indonesia. Some concerns have already been expressed about land issues in connection with the project.
527:
May: The provincial governments of Lampung and Banten announce support for the plans to build the Sunda Strait Bridge. Earlier plans to build a tunnel were declared too risky and too expensive.
1128:
666:
noted that 'the finance minister's recommendation that the presidential decree be amended ... could save the project from becoming a potentially huge political and fiscal "time bomb" '.
1873:
Some useful technical details are available in the paper prepared by Professor Wiratman Wangsadinata from the Bandung Institute of Technology for the BPPT. See Wiratman Wangsadinata,
885:
There have been numerous reports of possible financial support from various countries although no firm arrangements have been announced. They include the U.S., Japan, China and Korea.
680:
provinces voice objections to the proposal that the central government would take over the funding of the feasibility plan from the consortium that the governors had been supporting.
1158:
572:
indicated that they were ready to form a consortium to participate in the construction of the bridge as soon as president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono issued a Presidential Decree (
343:
One of the various possible designs that has been mentioned involves a project of around 27 km in length with the following sections alternating across land and water:
279:. In October 2007, after years of discussion and planning, the Indonesian government gave the initial go-ahead for a project which includes several of the world's longest
759:
indicate that the bridge is planned to be part of the Sunda Straits National Strategic Area and is part of the overall plan to improve connectivity across Indonesia. The
2315:
2237:
2071:
2036:
2101:
1986:
1301:
2300:
1908:
2091:
1633:
1806:
707:
bridge itself would not generate sufficient return to cover costs, zones at each end of the bridge would need to be developed to generate commercial revenues.
2687:
926:
A second set of technical issues concerns the geological risks involved in locating such a major project close to sites of possible volcanic activity. The
2682:
1857:
1176:
583:
Apr: The bridge was listed as a megaproject in the proposed Sumatra Economic Corridor in Indonesian Government's Economic Masterplan (see details below).
2096:
774:
Infrastructure for the installation of pipes for liquids and gas, cables and fibre optic networks, as well a being a centre for tidal-based electricity.
742:
Minister Andrinof said that "I am convinced that constructing the Sunda Strait Bridge is not an option for us, at least not in the next 10 or 15 years."
544:
established a high-level ministerial committee chaired by the Coordinating Economic Minister to oversee preparations for the construction of the bridge.
537:
Aug: A pre-feasibility study on the construction of the bridge, conducted by PT Bangungraha Sejahtera Mulia, was presented to the Indonesian Government.
459:
in one of the world's most dangerous earthquake zones and is frequently rocked by significant tremors. Many active volcanoes lie in the area, including
755:
released in May 2011, is listed as the single largest project (costed at Rp 150 trillion, or around $ 15 billion) in the plan. Details provided in the
2623:
2106:
1891:
2305:
915:. The result was that revenues received through the operation of the tunnel were much less than expected during the first few years of operation.
688:"unsolicited projects" are initiated by a private sector entity. To clarify this matter, a revision to Presidential Instruction No 86/2011 on the
1136:
2662:
1666:
1567:
1091:
2455:
2029:
1742:
1421:
1840:
1438:
850:
Preparing procedures for an agency or team to conduct a feasibility study, including issues relating to prices and negotiated concessions.
1772:
980:
Four main legal instruments have been issued by the government which have a significant bearing on plans for construction of the bridge:
2571:
1717:
1613:
1351:
1162:
623:) to facilitate further planning for the construction of the bridge. This Regulation, amongst other things, established the KSISS area (
2475:
1700:
1506:
1413:
2672:
2335:
2177:
2430:
2330:
2086:
1384:
2667:
2435:
2345:
2257:
2253:
1941:
1924:
1683:
1592:
1218:
2538:
2480:
2022:
2143:
1953:
1584:
1335:
967:
Another problem is that there are often major traffic delays as long lines of trucks queue up to access the ferry services from
737:
would shelve plans to build the bridge. The new National Development Planning minister, Andrinof Chaniago, said that President
2045:
1970:
1367:
2380:
2350:
2325:
2241:
2138:
2061:
1649:
1550:
2520:
2261:
1285:
301:
2578:
2460:
2445:
2440:
2355:
2249:
2148:
2133:
2081:
1630:
1455:
1201:
494:
A BBC news report in June 2010 put the estimated cost at $ 20bn and suggested that construction may start as early as 2011.
1472:
1325:, 20 January 2011. In fact, the Presidential Degree was not issued until December 2011 (see details in the timeline above).
2692:
1596:
1514:
784:
669:
Jul: The Export-Import Bank (Exim Bank) of the U.S. is reported to have expressed interest in providing long-term finance.
488:
2465:
2410:
2295:
2245:
1530:
44:
37:
2543:
2405:
2375:
580:
to support plans for the bridge. Coordinating Minister Hatta Rajasa said that the degree would be ready within a week.
1823:
1083:
734:
2076:
1489:
1318:
2697:
2548:
2273:
1789:
875:
260:
2604:
808:
Facilitating a shift in the development of industrial activities, currently concentrated in Java, towards Sumatra.
2390:
2385:
2231:
1012:
752:
464:
2564:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2512:
2470:
2400:
2223:
2207:
1308:
about the National Team for Preparations for the Development of the Sunda Strait Bridge dated 28 December 2009.
541:
1588:
1403:, dated 2 December 2011, about the "Development of a Strategic Zone and Infrastructure for the Sunda Straits."
590:
affirmed its interest in participating in the construction of the bridge. It would stretch 31 kilometers from
2193:
2185:
2173:
2167:
2053:
1771:
A summary of some of the issues involved in PPP policy in Indonesia can be found at Harun al-Rasyid Lubis, '
791:
654:
Chinese business groups would finance the entire Sunda Strait project estimated to cost around $ 12 billion.
329:
160:
2530:
2502:
1001:, or Keppres) No 36/2009 on the National Team for the Preparations of the Sunda Strait Bridge Development.
952:
construction of the bridge could provide to the development of technical engineering skills in Indonesia.
2677:
2599:
2450:
2340:
1043:
340:
construction of a tunnel or, more simply, improvements to the existing intensively used ferry services.
321:
320:
in the strait. The upper structure with a span of 3,300 metres (10,800 ft) would be similar to the
878:(PPPs) for investments in infrastructure. One possibility is for the bridge to be financed through a "
2494:
2116:
1029:, or Perpres) No 86/2011 on Development of the Sunda Strait Infrastructure and Regional Development (
317:
241:
2181:
842:
notes that preparations for the accelerated development of the bridge should include the following:
455:
One of the difficult technical challenges to be considered is the fact that the strait is near the
221:
811:
Promoting the development of the agricultural sector in Sumatra as a supplier of products to Java.
2594:
2395:
2320:
1948:, 27 November 2012. See also the comment from the CEO of the Norwegian company which owned the
328:, while the lower structure with a span of 1,991 metres (6,532 ft) would be similar to the
259:
The suggestion for a bridge was reportedly first put forward in 1960 by Professor Sedyatmo from
814:
Facilitating development of economic activities near the bridge (such as the tourist resort of
2066:
1738:
912:
524:
Early announcements made of plans to build the bridge. Early costs of $ 10 bn were mentioned.
280:
121:
2002:
1400:
1013:
Master Plan for the Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia's Economic Development 2011–2025
90:
2310:
726:
1909:
The Sunda Strait Bridge could be powerful conduit for building jobs skills in Indonesia'
1253:
1063:
907:
79:
467:
culminated in a series of massive explosions that killed tens of thousands of people.
2656:
1637:
1272:
Advanced suspension bridge technology and the feasibility of the Sunda Strait bridge.
968:
2365:
960:, carrying more than 200 people collided with a larger seagoing vessel, the tanker
815:
616:
Sep: President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono said that construction would start by 2014.
610:
456:
284:
208:
1735:
Masterplan: acceleration and expansion of Indonesia economic development 2011–2025
853:
Development of infrastructure associated with the bridge (such as the Panimbang –
1760:
Government Cooperation with Business Entities in the Provision of Infrastructure
738:
647:
587:
472:
288:
1235:
487:
lies some 100 km (65 mi) to the east of the strait, on Java. Java is
1270:
826:, both in Java, and other industrial and warehousing sites in the province of
2638:
2625:
1807:
Indonesia Considers Offering Concessions for Sunda Bridge to Spur Investment'
59:
46:
2420:
2285:
1886:
A. Tony Prasetiantono, 'Pertumbuhan ekonomi tersandera: analisis ekonomi ',
599:
245:
1183:, 21 November 2009. Alexander A. Bolonkin and Richard B. Cathcart (2007), '
751:
The bridge, included as part of a planned Sumatra economic corridor in the
2014:
818:(1,500 ha), the area around the Bojonegara container terminal (500 ha) in
619:
Dec: President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono signed a Presidential Regulation (
613:
said South Korea had expressed an interest in helping construct the bridge
927:
460:
313:
309:
1614:
Infrastructure: Govt may reclassify Sunda bridge as 'solicited' project'
1184:
763:
provides the following additional details as an outline of the project.
2158:
1177:
Railway on Sunda Bridge to Require Separate Study on Earthquake Impact'
879:
858:
827:
823:
673:
603:
565:
484:
476:
268:
249:
1737:, issued by the Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs, Jakarta.
631:). Ground breaking for the bridge was expected to take place in 2014.
291:
government announced that plans to build the bridge would be shelved.
2125:
1892:
Proposed $ 25b Java to Sumatra Bridge Costs Too Much, Economist Says'
1762:
is not appropriate for megaprojects such as the Sunda Straits Bridge.
1129:"Plan to Build World's Longest Bridge a Small Step Closer to Reality"
854:
819:
677:
595:
569:
480:
857:
toll road, South Banten airport, Bojonegoro container port, and the
1108:
554:
Some reports had raised the possible cost of the bridge to $ 20 bn.
1667:
Building of Sunda Strait Bridge to be left to next administration'
591:
333:
325:
207:
1439:
Indonesia to Study Plans for $ 13.9b Bridge across Sunda Strait'
276:
272:
253:
2018:
1092:
New Government Will Not Prioritize Sunda Strait Bridge Project'
347:
Possible sections of Sunda Strait Bridge (illustrative example)
864:
Planning for spatial impact of the bridge on Java and Sumatra.
722:
discussion between the government and any potential investors.
471:(population around 52 million). A bridge might encourage some
287:. However, seven years later in November 2014, the incoming
1858:
Insight: Sunda Strait Bridge and public-private partnership'
1758:
notes (p. 70) that Presidential Regulation No 13 of 2010 on
1568:
Governors demand involvement in Sunda Strait Bridge project'
1159:"Construction of Sunda Strait Bridge Takes 10 Years, Kompas"
1252:
A chronology is provided in Dimas Novita S. and Zufrizal, '
684:
associated concessions to be offered in the tender process.
236:, sometimes referred to in English-language reports as the
1422:
Govt begins preparations for building Sunda Strait bridge'
903:
576:) setting out details of the establishment of a proposed
1684:
Government to Go Ahead With Sunda Strait Bridge Project'
1942:
Fallout of the Norgas Cathinka – Bahuga Jaya collision'
1773:
Public-private partnership infrastructure market in RI'
1046:, another ambitious plan linking Indonesia and Malaysia
900:
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology
1788:
These options are discussed in Raya Timbul Manurung, '
1701:
Incentives promised for Sunda Strait Bridge investors'
586:
Apr: GS Engineering and Construction Corporation from
1954:
Foreign, Indonesian lessons from the Norgas incident'
1545:
1543:
1414:
SBY signs decree on Sunda Strait bridge construction'
1254:
Sunda Strait Bridge: Towards ground breaking in 2014'
1064:
Sunda Strait Bridge: Towards ground breaking in 2014'
1822:
A sharp set of criticisms is set out in Wijayanto, '
1420:, 8 December 2011. See also Hans David Tampubolon, '
725:
May: Newly appointed Coordinating Economic Minister
2587:
2557:
2529:
2511:
2493:
2419:
2364:
2284:
2268:
2230:
2192:
2166:
2157:
2124:
2115:
2052:
1925:
Eight reportedly die as boat sinks in Sunda Strait'
1593:
Sunda Strait Bridge left in lurch by Cabinet split'
1219:
Sunda Strait Bridge left in lurch by Cabinet split'
197:
189:
184:
176:
166:
156:
151:
143:
135:
127:
117:
112:
104:
96:
86:
75:
36:
21:
1507:Ministry's proposal blocks initiator's privileges'
991:, or PP) No 26/2008 on National Spatial Planning.
972:high waves lead to reductions in ferry services.
1971:Hundreds of vehicles remain stuck at Merak Port'
1718:New Minister Prioritises on Sunda Strait Bridge'
1385:SBY: Jembatan Selat Sunda Dibangun Sebelum 2014'
1202:Exodus route hellish from Jakarta to S. Sumatra'
625:Kawasan Strategis dan Infrastruktur Selat Sunda
302:world's most expensive transport infrastructure
629:Sunda Strait Infrastructure and Strategic Zone
2030:
1286:Lampung, Banten plan bridge for Sunda Strait'
1236:"Indonesia changing quickly as economy booms"
1109:"Official Website : Sunda Strait Bridge"
606:through Sanghyang, Prajurit and Ular islands.
8:
1597:Agus goes against the tide in bridge fiasco'
1585:Confusion, infighting plague bridge project'
1078:
1076:
800:The benefits of the bridge mentioned in the
753:Indonesian government's 2011–2015 Masterplan
690:Sunda Strait Strategic Infrastructure Region
1648:, 6 March 2013. See also Primus Dorimulu, '
1531:Editorial: Intervention into $ 10b project'
1513:, 3 July 2012, and Hans David Tampubolon, '
1368:S. Korea eyes Sunda Strait bridge contract'
1352:South Korean firm eyes Sunda Strait bridge'
1336:SBY Lays Out Plan to Become Top-10 Economy'
2163:
2121:
2037:
2023:
2015:
1650:SBY Says Sunda Strait Bridge Must Proceed'
18:
16:Proposed road and rail bridge in Indonesia
1551:US Bank Eyes Sunda Strait Bridge Project'
1319:Consortium to be set up for Sunda Bridge'
1217:Details are from Hans David Tampubolon, '
1515:Tomy a step closer to losing SSB rights'
904:Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknology
578:Strategic Infrastructure Enterprise Zone
350:
1890:, 26 September 2011. Tri Listiyarini, '
1456:Sunda Strait bridge lacks govt support'
1334:Neil Chatterjee and Aditya Suharmoko, '
1122:
1120:
1118:
1055:
2301:Bekasi–Cawang–Kampung Melayu Toll Road
930:island group, for example, is nearby.
1185:The Java-Sumatra Aerial Mega-Tramway'
489:the most populous island in the world
463:only 40 km away. The best known
283:, across the 27 km (17 mi)
263:as a part of broader plans, known as
7:
1841:Jembatan Selat Sunda Belum Mendesak'
1490:Project waits for blanket guarantee'
1258:Indonesian Infrastructure Initiative
1161:. September 29, 2011. Archived from
1068:Indonesian Infrastructure Initiative
609:May: Coordinating Economic Minister
2688:Buildings and structures in Lampung
1824:A bridge that disjoints the nation'
861:– Bojonegoro 14 km toll road).
830:on the Sumatra side of the strait).
766:The bridge is expected to provide:
419:Sangiang Island to Prajurit Island
2683:Buildings and structures in Banten
1401:Presidential Regulation No 86/2011
564:Jan:The provincial governments of
479:province in southern Sumatra from
14:
2102:Terbanggi Besar–Pematang Panggang
1127:Al Azhari, Muhamad (2007-01-03).
1084:No more Sunda Strait Bridge plan'
976:Legal and regulatory arrangements
240:) was a planned road and railway
1642:President: JSS is very strategic
1011:, or Perpres) No 32/2011 on the
790:and other ships as large as the
1631:Presiden: JSS Sangat Strategic'
1200:. See also Oyos Saroso H.N., '
1062:Dimas Novita S. and Zufrizal, '
733:Nov: It was announced that the
391:Ular Island to Sangiang Island
267:, to link the three islands of
2306:Bogor–Ciawi–Sukabumi Toll Road
2238:Cengkareng–Batu Ceper–Kunciran
2072:Medan–Kuala Namu–Tebing Tinggi
1790:Financing Sunda Strait Bridge'
1733:Republic of Indonesia (2011),
1090:, 3 November 2014. See also '
1:
2663:Proposed bridges in Indonesia
2549:AP Pettarani Elevated Highway
938:Economic and financial issues
822:and the industrial estate in
2346:Soreang–Pasir Koja Toll Road
2067:Belawan-Medan-Tanjung Morawa
465:eruption of Krakatau in 1883
2097:Pematang Panggang–Kayuagung
1587:, and associated articles '
1269:See Wiratman Wangsadinata,
1025:: Presidential Regulation (
1007:: Presidential Regulation (
876:Public Private Partnerships
658:proper tender arrangements.
433:Prajurit Island to Sumatra
2714:
2274:Jakarta Elevated Toll Road
2092:Kayuagung–Palembang–Betung
1473:RI, China ink $ 17b deals'
735:new Joko Widodo government
483:in West Java. The capital
261:Institut Teknologi Bandung
2673:Cross-sea bridges in Asia
2107:Bakauheni–Terbanggi Besar
2003:Presidential Regulation (
1589:The SSB and SBY's legacy'
987:: Government Regulation (
202:
2668:Proposed bridges in Asia
2296:Depok–Antasari Toll Road
2009:, dated 2 December 2011.
1612:Hans David Tampubolon, '
1583:Hans David Tampubolon, '
1549:Hans David Tampubolon, '
1505:Hans David Tampubolon, '
1488:Hans David Tampubolon, '
1454:Hans David Tampubolon, '
1096:Global Indonesian Voices
889:Debate about the project
747:2011 Economic Masterplan
542:Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
491:, and Sumatra is fifth.
2046:Toll Roads in Indonesia
1987:Presidential Decision (
1302:Presidential Decision (
1260:website, 19 April 2013.
1070:website, 19 April 2013.
997:: Presidential Decree (
788:class aircraft carriers
771:passengers and freight.
405:Across Sangiang Island
161:Government of Indonesia
2481:Probolinggo-Banyuwangi
1665:Nadya Natahadibrata, '
1082:Satria Sambijantoro, '
672:Jul: The governors of
295:Outline of the project
244:between the two large
225:
213:
2639:5.95583°S 105.85500°E
2600:Malacca Strait Bridge
2341:Purbaleunyi Toll Road
1044:Malacca Strait Bridge
475:commuters to move to
322:Messina Strait Bridge
211:
2693:Transport in Sumatra
2521:Balikpapan–Samarinda
2495:Lesser Sunda Islands
2476:Pasuruan–Probolinggo
2262:Tanjung Priok Access
1952:at Morits Skaugen, '
1931:, 26 September 2012.
1830:, 23 September 2012.
1391:, 23 September 2011.
1175:Putri Prameshwari, '
989:Peraturan Pemerintah
947:Other considerations
377:Java to Ular Island
330:Akashi KaikyĹŤ Bridge
226:Jembatan Selat Sunda
29:Jembatan Selat Sunda
2644:-5.95583; 105.85500
2635: /
2610:Sunda Strait Bridge
2572:Jakarta-Cikampek II
2431:Kertosono–Mojokerto
2336:Cisumdawu Toll Road
2087:Palembang–Indralaya
2005:Peraturan President
1847:, 20 November 2009.
1673:, 27 February 2014.
1471:Bagus BT Saragih, '
1462:, 18 February 2012.
1428:, 21 December 2011.
1317:Oyos Saroso H.N., '
1284:Oyos Saroso H.N., '
1196:Putri Prameshwari,
1165:on October 1, 2011.
804:are the following:
218:Sunda Strait Bridge
100:Sunda Strait Bridge
56: /
23:Sunda Strait Bridge
2605:Sukabumi–Ciranjang
2595:Bali Strait Bridge
2558:under construction
2436:Surabaya–Mojokerto
2258:Cibitung–Cilincing
2254:Cimanggis–Cibitung
1989:Keputusan Presiden
1977:, 14 January 2013.
1779:, 26 October 2011.
1620:, 7 November 2012.
1566:Oyos Saroso H.N, '
1445:, 1 February 2012.
1304:Keputusan Presiden
1098:, 2 November 2014.
1027:Peraturan Presiden
1009:Peraturan Presiden
999:Keputusan Presiden
621:Peraturan Presiden
574:Peraturan Presiden
281:suspension bridges
265:Tri Nusa Bimasakti
214:
2698:Transport in Java
2618:
2617:
2489:
2488:
2280:
2279:
2186:Ir. Wiyoto Wiyono
2178:Airport Toll Road
2144:Jakarta–Tangerang
1915:, 13 August 2012.
1896:The Jakarta Globe
1828:The Jakarta Globe
1813:, 20 August 2009.
1811:The Jakarta Globe
1743:978-979-3754-14-7
1654:The Jakarta Globe
1443:The Jakarta Globe
1340:The Jakarta Globe
1208:, 27 August 2011.
1181:The Jakarta Globe
1139:on 23 August 2009
1133:The Jakarta Globe
913:benefit shortfall
453:
452:
416:Suspension bridge
388:Suspension bridge
206:
205:
122:Suspension bridge
60:5.956°S 105.855°E
2705:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2565:Bawen–Yogyakarta
2539:Makassar–Airport
2381:Pejagan–Pemalang
2351:Cikopo-Palimanan
2326:Jakarta–Cikampek
2242:Kunciran–Serpong
2164:
2139:Serpong–Balaraja
2122:
2062:Sigli–Banda Aceh
2039:
2032:
2025:
2016:
2010:
2000:
1994:
1984:
1978:
1975:The Jakarta Post
1967:
1961:
1958:The Jakarta Post
1946:The Jakarta Post
1940:Agus Pambagio, '
1938:
1932:
1929:The Jakarta Post
1922:
1916:
1913:The Jakarta Post
1905:
1899:
1898:, 18 March 2012.
1884:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1862:The Jakarta Post
1854:
1848:
1837:
1831:
1820:
1814:
1803:
1797:
1794:The Jakarta Post
1786:
1780:
1777:The Jakarta Post
1769:
1763:
1752:
1746:
1731:
1725:
1714:
1708:
1707:, 13 March 2014.
1705:The Jakarta Post
1697:
1691:
1680:
1674:
1671:The Jakarta Post
1663:
1657:
1627:
1621:
1618:The Jakarta Post
1610:
1604:
1601:The Jakarta Post
1581:
1575:
1572:The Jakarta Post
1564:
1558:
1555:The Jakarta Post
1547:
1538:
1535:The Jakarta Post
1528:
1522:
1519:The Jakarta Post
1511:The Jakarta Post
1503:
1497:
1496:, 17 April 2012.
1494:The Jakarta Post
1486:
1480:
1479:, 24 March 2012.
1477:The Jakarta Post
1469:
1463:
1460:The Jakarta Post
1452:
1446:
1435:
1429:
1426:The Jakarta Post
1418:The Jakarta Post
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1381:
1375:
1372:The Jakarta Post
1365:
1359:
1358:, 11 April 2011.
1356:The Jakarta Post
1349:
1343:
1332:
1326:
1323:The Jakarta Post
1315:
1309:
1299:
1293:
1290:The Jakarta Post
1282:
1276:
1267:
1261:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1232:
1226:
1223:The Jakarta Post
1215:
1209:
1206:The Jakarta Post
1194:
1188:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1135:. Archived from
1124:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1099:
1088:The Jakarta Post
1080:
1071:
1060:
919:Technical issues
880:turn-key project
692:would be needed.
664:The Jakarta Post
351:
212:The Sunda Strait
169:
91:Straits of Sunda
71:
70:
68:
67:
66:
61:
57:
54:
53:
52:
49:
31:
19:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2653:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2614:
2583:
2579:Solo–Yogyakarta
2553:
2525:
2507:
2485:
2461:Gempol–Pasuruan
2446:Surabaya–Gempol
2441:Surabaya–Gresik
2422:
2415:
2391:Batang–Semarang
2386:Pemalang–Batang
2367:
2360:
2356:Palimanan–Kanci
2311:Bogor Ring Road
2287:
2276:
2264:
2250:Cinere–Jagorawi
2226:
2188:
2153:
2149:Tangerang–Merak
2134:Jakarta–Serpong
2111:
2082:Pekanbaru–Dumai
2048:
2043:
2013:
2001:
1997:
1985:
1981:
1968:
1964:
1950:Norgas Cathinka
1939:
1935:
1923:
1919:
1906:
1902:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1868:
1864:, 26 July 2012.
1855:
1851:
1838:
1834:
1821:
1817:
1804:
1800:
1796:, 17 July 2011.
1787:
1783:
1770:
1766:
1753:
1749:
1732:
1728:
1715:
1711:
1698:
1694:
1690:, 1 March 2014.
1681:
1677:
1664:
1660:
1656:, 6 March 2013.
1646:Suara Pembaruan
1628:
1624:
1611:
1607:
1603:, 25 July 2012.
1582:
1578:
1565:
1561:
1548:
1541:
1529:
1525:
1504:
1500:
1487:
1483:
1470:
1466:
1453:
1449:
1436:
1432:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1382:
1378:
1366:
1362:
1350:
1346:
1333:
1329:
1316:
1312:
1300:
1296:
1283:
1279:
1268:
1264:
1251:
1247:
1242:. 12 June 2011.
1234:
1233:
1229:
1225:, 25 July 2012.
1216:
1212:
1195:
1191:
1174:
1170:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1126:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1081:
1074:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1040:
978:
962:Norgas Cathinka
958:KMP Bahuga Jaya
949:
940:
921:
891:
871:
749:
727:Chairul Tanjung
714:
699:
638:
540:Dec: President
505:
500:
297:
234:Jembatan Selsun
167:
113:Characteristics
65:-5.956; 105.855
64:
62:
58:
55:
50:
47:
45:
43:
42:
32:
27:
25:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2711:
2709:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2655:
2654:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2471:Pandaan–Malang
2468:
2466:Gempol–Pandaan
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2411:Solo–Kertosono
2408:
2403:
2401:Semarang-Demak
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2246:Cinere–Serpong
2236:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2198:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2012:
2011:
1995:
1979:
1962:
1960:, 8 July 2013.
1933:
1917:
1907:Will Hickey, '
1900:
1879:
1866:
1856:Lin Che Wei, '
1849:
1832:
1815:
1805:Dion Bisara, '
1798:
1781:
1764:
1747:
1726:
1724:, 20 May 2014.
1709:
1692:
1688:Antaranews.com
1675:
1658:
1636:2013-04-11 at
1622:
1605:
1576:
1574:, 9 July 2012.
1559:
1557:, 5 July 2012.
1539:
1537:, 6 July 2012.
1523:
1521:, 4 July 2012.
1498:
1481:
1464:
1447:
1430:
1405:
1393:
1376:
1374:, 20 May 2011.
1360:
1344:
1342:, 27 May 2011.
1327:
1310:
1294:
1292:, 12 May 2007.
1277:
1262:
1245:
1227:
1210:
1189:
1168:
1150:
1114:
1100:
1072:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1020:
1002:
992:
977:
974:
948:
945:
939:
936:
920:
917:
908:Channel Tunnel
890:
887:
870:
867:
866:
865:
862:
851:
848:
836:
835:
831:
816:Tanjung Lesung
812:
809:
776:
775:
772:
748:
745:
744:
743:
731:
723:
719:
713:
710:
709:
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685:
681:
670:
667:
659:
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651:
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632:
617:
614:
607:
584:
581:
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528:
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516:
515:
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204:
203:
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170:
168:Constructed by
164:
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80:Motor vehicles
77:
73:
72:
40:
34:
33:
26:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2710:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
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2573:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:Manado–Bitung
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2504:
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2500:
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2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:Semarang–Solo
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:Kanci–Pejagan
2374:
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2363:
2357:
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2217:
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2201:
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2171:
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1638:archive.today
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2678:Sunda Strait
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2503:Bali Mandara
2456:Krian-Manyar
2174:Cawang–Pluit
2077:Medan–Binjai
2007:) No 86/2011
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1141:. Retrieved
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577:
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469:
457:Sunda Trench
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285:Sunda Strait
264:
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217:
215:
144:Longest span
128:Total length
28:
2642: /
2630:105°51′18″E
2451:Waru–Juanda
739:Joko Widodo
648:Tomy Winata
588:South Korea
473:Jabodetabek
396:Section III
357:Length (km)
289:Joko Widodo
248:islands of
242:megaproject
63: /
51:105°51′18″E
38:Coordinates
2657:Categories
2513:Kalimantan
2331:Padaleunyi
2316:Cipularang
1756:Masterplan
1051:References
1015:(known as
969:Merak port
847:partners).
840:Masterplan
834:completed.
802:Masterplan
794:Enterprise
780:Masterplan
761:Masterplan
757:Masterplan
730:resources.
410:Section IV
382:Section II
246:Indonesian
222:Indonesian
185:Statistics
2627:5°57′21″S
1599:, all in
869:Financing
792:USS
600:Bakauheni
424:Section V
368:Section I
363:Location
360:Structure
48:5°57′22″S
2531:Sulawesi
2396:Semarang
2321:Jagorawi
1722:Tempo.Co
1634:Archived
1240:BBC News
1038:See also
928:Krakatoa
703:planned.
514:project.
508:Pre 2000
503:Pre-2012
498:Timeline
461:Krakatoa
314:Sangiang
310:Prajurit
198:Location
157:Designer
82:, Trains
2588:planned
2366:Central
2220:JORR E3
2216:JORR E2
2212:JORR E1
2204:JORR W2
2200:JORR W1
2159:Jakarta
2054:Sumatra
1275:(1997?)
1143:14 July
859:Cilegon
828:Lampung
824:Cilegon
674:Lampung
604:Lampung
566:Lampung
485:Jakarta
477:Lampung
354:Section
269:Sumatra
250:Sumatra
152:History
87:Crosses
76:Carries
2232:JORR 2
2224:JORR N
2208:JORR S
2182:Harbor
2126:Banten
1888:Kompas
1875:op cit
1845:Kompas
1741:
855:Serang
820:Banten
786:Nimitz
678:Banten
596:Banten
570:Banten
481:Banten
316:, and
177:Opened
118:Design
2269:other
1389:Tempo
1031:KSISS
1017:MP3EI
627:, or
592:Anyer
439:Total
334:Japan
326:Italy
136:Width
131:27 km
2423:Java
2421:East
2368:Java
2288:Java
2286:West
2194:JORR
2168:JIRR
2117:Java
1754:The
1739:ISBN
1198:ibid
1145:2009
1023:2011
1005:2011
995:2009
985:2008
838:The
778:The
712:2014
697:2013
676:and
636:2012
568:and
559:2011
549:2010
532:2009
519:2007
444:27.3
430:Road
402:Road
374:Road
318:Ular
277:Bali
275:and
273:Java
254:Java
252:and
216:The
190:Toll
1640:, (
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1591:, '
598:to
427:5.4
413:4.0
399:6.5
385:6.5
371:4.9
332:in
324:in
238:SSB
230:JSS
193:Yes
2659::
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108:–
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
