2792:
2633:
2804:
2967:
2816:
2828:
2768:
2645:
1574:
2925:
2756:
1507:
1403:
60:
1702:
1622:
2852:
1100:
1634:
1419:
1646:
660:
1608:
2705:
1257:
1391:
1555:
669:
2447:
1670:
1593:
2657:
2729:
1446:
1084:
1658:
1363:
1519:
1543:
1531:
1379:
1431:
2669:
799:
2717:
2681:
994:
2901:
2780:
2840:
66:
2693:
1483:
1495:
1471:
1237:"(the gift of Kurangi, the wife of Indragnimitra and the mother of living sons), "to the caitya (cetika) of the noble temple", taking the word raja before pasada as an epithet on ornans, distinguishing the temple as a particularly large and stately building similar to such expressions as rajahastin 'a noble elephant', rajahamsa 'a goose' (as distinguished from hamsa 'a duck'), etc."
2520:
2051:
1042:"... Pushyamitra equipped a fourfold army, and intending to destroy the Buddhist religion, he went to the Kukkutarama. ... Pushyamitra therefore destroyed the sangharama, killed the monks there, and departed. ... After some time, he arrived in Sakala, and proclaimed that he would give a ... reward to whoever brought him the head of a Buddhist monk."
1272:, it is presumed that the stupa may have been vandalised at one point sometime in the 2nd century BCE, an event some have related to the rise of the Shunga emperor Pushyamitra who overtook the Mauryan Empire as an army general. It has been suggested that Pushyamitra may have destroyed the original stupa, and his son
2913:
6481:
The greatest city in India is that which is called
Palimbothra, in the dominions of the Prasians Megasthenes informs us that this city stretched in the inhabited quarters to an extreme length on each side of eighty stadia, and that its breadth was fifteen stadia, and that a ditch encompassed it all
1142:
Some Indian scholars are of the opinion that the orthodox Shunga emperors were not intolerant towards
Buddhism and that Buddhism prospered during the time of the Shunga emperors. The existence of Buddhism in Bengal in the Shunga period can also be inferred from a terracotta tablet that was found at
781:
Ten Maurya kings will reign for one hundred and thirty-seven years. After them the ΕuαΉ
gas will rule the earth. The general PuαΉ£pamitra will kill his sovereign and usurp the kingdom. His son will be
Agnimitra. His son will be SujyeαΉ£αΉha. His son will be Vasumitra. His son will be Δrdraka. His son will
1279:
According to historian Julia Shaw, the post-Mauryan constructions at Sanchi cannot be described as "Sunga" as sponsorship for the construction of the stupas, as attested by the numerous donative inscriptions, was not royal but collective, and the Sungas were known for their opposition to
Buddhism.
5148:
says that recent "research has been concerned with establishing a more acceptable text," and "The Yuga is important primarily as a historical document. It is a matter-of-fact chronicle of the
Magadha empire, down to the breakdown of the Sungas and the arrival of the Sakas. It is unique in its
2588:
Art, education, philosophy, and other learning flowered during this period. Most notably, Patanjali's Yoga Sutras and
Mahabhashya were composed in this period. It is also noted for its subsequent mention in the Malavikaagnimitra. This work was composed by Kalidasa in the later Gupta period, and
2478:
Very little can be said with great certainty. However, what does appear clear is that the two realms appeared to have established normalised diplomatic relations in the succeeding reigns of their respective rulers. The Indo-Greeks and the
Shungas seem to have reconciled and exchanged diplomatic
1131:
patronised buddhist art. However, given the rather decentralised and fragmentary nature of the Shunga state, with many cities actually issuing their own coinage, as well as the relative dislike of the
Shungas for the Buddhist religion, some authors argue that the constructions of that period in
740:
monarchs, which would suggest that
Dhanabhuti himself may not have been a member of the Shunga dynasty. Neither is he known from "Shunga" regnal lists. The mention "in the reign of the Shungas" also suggests that he was not himself a Shunga ruler, only that he may have been a tributary of the
496:. There were ten Shunga rulers. However, after the death of Agnimitra, the second king of the dynasty, the empire rapidly disintegrated: inscriptions and coins indicate that much of northern and central India consisted of small kingdoms and city-states that were independent of any Shunga
2326:
1241:
Cunningham has translated the expression "the royal palace, the caitya", suggesting that "the mention of the raja-pasada would seem to connect the donor with the king's family." Luders doubtfully suggests "to the king's temple" as a rendering of "raja-pasada-cetikasa."
6523:
appointed his grandson
Vasumitra to guard his sacrificial horse, which wandered on the right bank of the Sindhu river and was seized by Yavana cavalrymen- the latter being thereafter defeated by Vasumitra. The "Sindhu" referred to in this context may refer the river
1297:, which could be accessed via a double staircase. A second stone pathway at ground level was enclosed by a stone balustrade. The railing around Stupa 1 do not have artistic reliefs. These are only slabs, with some dedicatory inscriptions. These elements are dated to
1132:
Sanchi for example cannot really be called "Shunga". They were not the result of royal sponsorship, in contrast with what happened during the Mauryas, and most of the dedications at Sanchi were private or collective, rather than the result of royal patronage.
1288:
During the later rule of the Shunga, the stupa was expanded with stone slabs to almost twice its original size. The dome was flattened near the top and crowned by three superimposed parasols within a square railing. With its many tiers it was a symbol of the
2515:
After the death of Agnimitra, the second king of the dynasty, the empire rapidly disintegrated: inscriptions and coins indicate that much of northern and central India consisted of small kingdoms and city-states that were independent of any Shunga hegemony.
6081:
It is inaccurate to refer to the post-Mauryan monuments at Sanchi as Sunga. Not only was Pusyamitra reputedly animical to Buddhism, but most of the donative inscriptions during this period attest to predominantly collective and nonroyal modes of
1037:
have written about persecution of Buddhists. Pushyamitra is said to have burned down Buddhist monasteries, destroyed stupas, massacred Buddhist monks and put rewards on their heads, but some consider these stories as probable exaggerations.
2791:
591:
The name "Shunga" has only been used for convenience to designate the historical polity now generally described as "Shunga Empire", or the historical period known as the "Shunga period", which follows the fall of the
1583:
6482:
round, which was six hundred feet in breadth and thirty cubits in depth, and that the wall was crowned with 570 towers and had four-and-sixty gates. (Arr. Ind. 10. 'Of Pataliputra and the Manners of the Indians')
1573:
2632:
2767:
861:
further west never seems to have been under the direct control of the Shungas, as no archaeological evidence of a Shunga presence has ever been found in Mathura. On the contrary, according to the
4949:
2359:, suggests that the Indo-Greeks were in control of Mathura during the 1st century BCE. The inscription is important in that it mentions the date of its dedication as "The last day of year 116 of
2615:, originally started under Emperor Ashoka. It remains uncertain whether these works were due to the weakness of the control of the Shungas in these areas, or a sign of tolerance on their part.
782:
be Pulindaka. His son will be GhoαΉ£avasu. His son will be Vajramitra. His son will be BhΔgavata. His son will be DevabhΕ«ti. These ten ΕuαΉ
gas will rule the earth for one hundred and twelve years.
2803:
6631:
Some Newly Discovered Inscriptions from Mathura : The Meghera Well Stone Inscription of Yavanarajya Year 160 Recently a stone inscription was acquired in the Government Museum, Mathura.
2815:
2966:
1171:
Some may claim these show Sunga support for Buddhism. These kings, however, are essentially unknown, and do not form a part of the Shunga recorded genealogy. They are thought to be post-
6528:: but such an extension of Shunga power seems unlikely, and it is more probable that it denotes one of two rivers in central India -either the Sindhu river which is a tributary of the
2924:
6464:
2827:
2585:
appear in popular art, but are now produced with more skill in more monumental forms. The Shunga style was thus seen as 'more Indian' and is often described as the more indigenous.
2371:
in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE in Mathura, a fact that is also confirmed by numismatic and literary evidence. Moreover, it does not seem that the Shungas ever ruled in Mathura or
2755:
6133:
Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013
6100:
Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013
2728:
1005:
Following the Mauryans, the first Sunga emperor, a Brahmin named Pushyamitra, is believed by some historians to have persecuted Buddhists and contributed to a resurgence of
6896:
2941:
2592:
Artistry on the subcontinent also progressed with the rise of the Mathura school, which is considered the indigenous counterpart to the more Hellenistic Gandhara school (
2438:
also started to mint their own coins, thus affirming independence from the Indo-Greeks, although the style of their coins was often derived from that of the Indo-Greeks.
4859:
5953:
Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD Julia Shaw, Routledge, 2016
4919:
4983:
4889:
1221:
has regretted the loss of the latter part of these important records. As regards the first coping inscription, he has found traces of eleven Brahmi letters after "
1506:
4899:
1402:
5144:
Formerly, scholars doubted the validity of the Yuga Purana, because manuscripts of it have been highly corrupted over its history; however, Sanskrit scholar
2704:
2644:
2047:
with other Indian rulers; however, very little is known about the exact nature and success of the campaign. The net result of these wars remains uncertain.
2399:
Later however, it seems the city of Mathura was retaken from them, if not by the Shungas themselves, then probably by other indigenous rulers such as the
59:
2851:
2268:, accompanied by a hundred soldiers on the "Sindhu river", in which the Indians defeated a squadron of Greeks and Pushyamitra successfully completed the
1701:
2900:
1997:
2668:
1212:
The gift of Kurangi, the mother of living sons and the wife of King Indragnimitra, son of Kosiki. The gift also of Srima of the royal palace shrine
7137:
2206:
However, the Yuga Purana indicates that the Yavanas (Indo-Greeks) did not remain for long in Pataliputra, as they were faced with a civil war in
1183:, but Indragnimitra is unknown, and according to some authors, Indragnimitra is in fact not even mentioned as a king in the actual inscription.
7969:
7944:
6889:
2191:. Then, once Puspapura (another name of Pataliputra) has been reached and its celebrated mud-walls cast down, all the realm will be in disorder
1675:
1321:
539:. The Shunga rulers helped to establish the tradition of royal sponsorship of learning and art. The script used by the empire was a variant of
7870:
6768:
6684:
6599:
6382:
6324:
6222:
6195:
6169:
6074:
5901:
5788:
5619:
5593:
5472:
5445:
5362:
5275:
5248:
643:: π²πΌππ¦π πππ), may mean "during the rule of the Shungas", although not without ambiguity as it could also be "during the rule of the
6476:
6066:
Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD
6041:
and when precisely the great work of reconstruction was carried out is not known, but it seems probable that the author of the former was
4709:
2426:
mention military victories on their coins ("Victory of the Arjunayanas", "Victory of the Yaudheyas"), and during the 1st century BCE, the
1669:
6045:, the first of the Shunga kings (184-148 BC), who was notorious for his hostility to Buddhism, and that the restoration was affected by
4976:
1554:
6776:"The Legend of King Ashoka, A study and translation of the Ashokavadana", John Strong, Princeton Library of Asian translations, 1983,
2656:
1592:
6642:"tatha Yavana Kamboja Mathuram.abhitash cha ye./ ete ashava.yuddha.kushaladasinatyasi charminah."//5 β (MBH 12/105/5, Kumbhakonam Ed)
2276:
in the northwest, but such expansion by the Shungas is unlikely, and it is more probable that the river mentioned in the text is the
1621:
6882:
6822:
6808:
6791:
6781:
6711:
6624:
6448:
5928:
5567:
5537:
2148:, then invaded India, possibly receiving the help of Buddhists. Menander in particular is described as a convert to Buddhism in the
2716:
2565:
did indeed destroy the last remains of the Sunga state in central India somewhere around Vidisha, probably as a feeble rump state.
1260:
The Great Stupa under the Shungas. The Shungas nearly doubled the diameter of the initial stupa, encasing it in stone, and built a
2680:
2163:, which describes Indian historical events in the form of a prophecy, relates the attack of the Indo-Greeks on the Shunga capital
5923:
Akira Hirakawa, Paul Groner, "A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahayana", Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1996,
1418:
7964:
7929:
964:
The power of the Shungas gradually weakened. It is said that there were ten Shunga emperors. The Shungas were succeeded by the
6835:
390:
365:
7734:
5186:
4969:
3218:
2976:
1633:
1378:
130:
2839:
1390:
2039:
conquered the Kabul Valley and is theorised to have advanced into the trans-Indus to confront the Shungas. The Indo-Greek
2031:
The Shunga Empire's wars with the Indo-Greek Kingdom figure greatly in the history of this period. From around 180 BCE the
1645:
4794:
2599:
During the historical Shunga period (185 to 73 BCE), Buddhist activity also managed to survive somewhat in central India (
2306:
854:
6415:"For any scholar engaged in the study of the presence of the Indo-Greeks or Indo-Scythians before the Christian Era, the
7939:
7590:
7204:
7027:
5378:
3303:
2880:
2009:
1430:
1148:
983:
617:
501:
135:
2940:
627:
The Bharut epigraph appears on a pillar of the gateway of the stupa, and mentions its erection "during the rule of the
4904:
4774:
2484:
2313:, who claimed to be the sixth descendant of Pushyamitra. The inscription also records that Pushyamitra performed two
1320:
period, as known from inscriptions), and the ground balustrade and stone casing of the Great Stupa (Stupa No 1). The
6158:
Coatsworth, John; Cole, Juan; Hanagan, Michael P.; Perdue, Peter C.; Tilly, Charles; Tilly, Louise (16 March 2015).
7949:
4954:
2779:
2692:
612:), with no indication as to whom these "Suga kings" might be. Other broadly contemporary inscriptions, such as the
6701:
5723:
Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE By Patrick Olivelle, Oxford University Press, Page 147-152
1119:
Later Shunga emperors were seen as amenable to Buddhism and as having contributed to the building of the stupa at
7009:
4924:
4884:
4349:
3943:
3292:
3186:
3175:
3164:
1657:
1542:
814:. According to historical reconstructions, the Shunga dynasty was established in 184 BCE, about 50 years after
7672:
7410:
7326:
7170:
6905:
6760:
5758:
History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE, Sonya Rhie Quintanilla, BRILL, 2007, p.8-10
5464:
Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages
5354:
Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages
4809:
3723:
3563:
2301:
Ultimately, Shunga rule seems to have extended to the area of Ayodhya. Shunga inscriptions are known as far as
579:
and was said to have been overfond of the company of women. The Shunga dynasty was replaced by the Kanvas. The
225:
1518:
1482:
1099:
2213:
Western sources also suggest that this new offensive of the Greeks into India led them as far as the capital
1494:
7974:
7730:
4914:
4879:
4714:
4494:
4043:
3595:
3524:
2404:
2352:
2331:
2252:
862:
517:
81:
3104:
1607:
1312:
The buildings which seem to have been commissioned during the rule of the Shungas are the Second and Third
659:
7924:
6655:
Political history of ancient India, from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty
5294:
Political history of ancient India, from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty
4829:
4804:
4754:
4694:
4279:
4215:
4013:
3229:
2207:
2184:
2141:
2036:
1530:
714:) the gateway was caused to be made and the stone-work presented by DhanabhΕ«ti, the son of VΔchhΔ«, son of
31:
5722:
5176:
900:... Pushyamitra equipped a fourfold army, and intending to destroy the Buddhist religion, he went to the
7934:
7492:
7376:
7347:
7247:
5992:
Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE Patrick Olivelle, Oxford University Press, 2006
5980:
Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE Patrick Olivelle, Oxford University Press, 2006
4874:
4864:
4834:
4699:
4654:
4484:
4123:
4113:
4083:
3815:
3795:
3656:
3025:
2987:
1256:
550:
The Shungas were important patrons of culture at a time when some of the most important developments in
5679:
2875:, and was used to write the Sanskrit language. The script is thought to be an intermediary between the
6346:"Pushyamitra equipped a fourfold army, and intending to destroy the Buddhist religion, he went to the
5328:
Bhandare, Shailendra. "Numismatics and History: The Maurya-Gupta Interlude in the Gangetic Plain". in
560:
500:. The dynasty is noted for its numerous wars with both foreign and indigenous powers. They fought the
6362:, and proclaimed that he would give a ... reward to whoever brought him the head of a Buddhist monk."
4799:
4784:
4729:
4370:
1470:
1218:
523:
Art, education, philosophy, and other forms of learning flowered during this period, including small
2446:
1135:
Some writers believe that Brahmanism competed in political and spiritual realm with Buddhism in the
916:, and proclaimed that he would give a ... reward to whoever brought him the head of a Buddhist monk.
7755:
7693:
7145:
6940:
6374:
6316:
5893:
5780:
5120:
4724:
4452:
4299:
3993:
3973:
3385:
3333:
2222:
668:
458:
6659:
6493:
2872:
1452:
Entirely Shunga work. The reliefs are thought to date to the last quarter of the 2nd century BCE (
838:, while he was reviewing the Guard of Honour of his forces. Pushyamitra then ascended the throne.
7872:
Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"
7504:
7331:
7275:
7231:
6570:
6520:
6042:
5832:
5660:
5652:
5495:
5219:
5115:
5014:
4929:
4789:
4769:
4414:
4023:
3933:
3703:
3693:
3626:
3575:
3281:
3197:
2593:
2109:
1965:
1859:
977:
947:
939:
835:
831:
819:
509:
505:
462:
254:
5741:
Ancient Indian History and Civilization, Sailendra Nath Sen, New Age International, 1999, p.169
1362:
7743:
7739:
7697:
7686:
7664:
7632:
7618:
7303:
6818:
6804:
6787:
6777:
6764:
6707:
6680:
6674:
6620:
6595:
6589:
6444:
6438:
6378:
6368:
6320:
6310:
6279:
6261:
6240:"Integrating Linguistic, Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives Unfold the Origin of Ugrians"
6218:
6212:
6191:
6165:
6159:
6070:
5966:
5924:
5897:
5887:
5824:
5784:
5774:
5740:
5615:
5609:
5589:
5563:
5533:
5468:
5462:
5441:
5358:
5352:
5271:
5265:
5244:
5182:
4939:
4909:
4819:
4814:
4759:
4704:
4534:
4424:
4403:
4359:
4329:
4033:
3963:
3953:
3923:
3405:
3367:
3247:
2999:
2912:
2480:
2451:
613:
6404:
6185:
6134:
6101:
6064:
5993:
5981:
5954:
5871:
5583:
5557:
5435:
5238:
2187:, the Yavanas, valiant in battle, will reach Kusumadhvaja "the town of the flower-standard",
1707:
7954:
7628:
7613:
7609:
7562:
7558:
7518:
7484:
7480:
7299:
7123:
7095:
7087:
7033:
6562:
6269:
6251:
5759:
5644:
5527:
5211:
5105:
4944:
4934:
4869:
4839:
4824:
4779:
4764:
4749:
4719:
4614:
4309:
4093:
4003:
3882:
3872:
3825:
3754:
3733:
3323:
3313:
3152:
3087:
2561:
and Susarman, and destroy the remains of the Sungas' power and will obtain this earth." The
2411:
2380:
2281:
1934:
1782:
1693:
1294:
1188:
1164:
1006:
922:
486:
308:
6161:
Global Connections: Volume 1, To 1500: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History
5698:
or army-commander of the last Maurya emperor Brihadratha" The Yuga Purana, Mitchener, 2002.
2589:
romanticised the love of Malavika and King Agnimitra, with a background of court intrigue.
1445:
1083:
7959:
7866:
7747:
7705:
7701:
7668:
7640:
7636:
7582:
7488:
7420:
7382:
7188:
6420:
4392:
4381:
4339:
4319:
4237:
4204:
3785:
3713:
3673:
3585:
3545:
3507:
3425:
1945:
1923:
1136:
798:
112:
6653:
2008:
War and conflict characterised the Shunga period. They are known to have warred with the
1338:
The style of the Shunga period decorations at Sanchi bear a close similarity to those of
845:
and neighbouring territories. His realm essentially covered the central parts of the old
485:. This dynasty is also responsible for successfully fighting and resisting the Greeks in
7022:
6727:
6504:
6274:
6239:
5489:
5292:
2325:
7602:
7475:
7372:
6973:
6550:
6364:
6306:
5941:
5883:
5770:
4602:
4554:
4248:
4226:
4194:
4172:
4133:
4063:
4053:
3913:
3646:
3456:
2742:
2600:
2582:
2543:
2344:
2257:
2032:
1837:
1824:
1736:
993:
958:
943:
846:
647:", a northern Buddhist kingdom. There is no other instance of the name "Shunga" in the
576:
6146:
6113:
1276:
rebuilt it. The original brick stupa was covered with stone during the Shunga period.
7918:
7751:
7709:
7554:
7514:
7415:
7398:
7351:
7336:
7295:
7291:
7251:
7236:
7225:
7177:
6866:
6851:
6800:
6750:
6574:
6533:
6020:
5664:
5125:
5110:
4524:
4464:
4289:
3683:
3636:
3490:
3473:
3435:
3415:
3350:
3134:
3124:
3114:
3057:
2746:
2558:
2547:
2408:
2400:
2250:
An account of a direct battle between the Greeks and the Shunga is also found in the
2121:
2070:
1868:
1846:
1802:
1747:
1108:
965:
927:
893:
823:
773:
754:
640:
593:
580:
540:
383:
370:
121:
7113:
6515:"Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian coins in the Smithsonian institution",
1459:
for the medallions, 80 BCE for the gateway carvings), slightly after the reliefs of
957:. This prince is the hero of a famous drama by one of India's greatest playwrights,
7470:
7343:
7243:
7051:
7016:
6998:
6990:
6934:
6516:
6405:
A Journey Through India's Past Chandra Mauli Mani, Northern Book Centre, 2005, p.39
5872:
A Journey Through India's Past Chandra Mauli Mani, Northern Book Centre, 2005, p.38
5385:. Indian National Committee of the International Council of Museums. Archived from
5034:
4644:
4634:
4514:
4504:
4434:
4269:
4259:
4143:
4073:
3855:
3775:
3395:
3259:
3207:
3075:
2285:
2150:
2104:
1956:
1331:
for the medallions, 80 BCE for the gateway carvings, slightly after the reliefs of
1269:
2112:
and killed many Buddhist monks. Then it describes how Pushyamitra sent an army to
953:
Pushyamitra died after ruling for 36 years (187β151 BCE). He was succeeded by son
758:, the date of which is contested, to designate the dynasty of kings starting with
65:
6840:
6754:
6005:
5329:
5311:
7659:
7652:
7535:
7509:
7317:
7287:
6948:
6525:
6351:
6347:
5145:
5078:
4664:
4624:
4584:
3983:
3845:
3835:
2578:
2574:
2562:
2551:
2496:
2492:
2467:
2385:
2368:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2230:
2214:
2197:
2188:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2133:
2113:
2091:
2087:
2059:
2044:
2017:
1976:
1716:
1176:
1160:
1128:
1054:
1048:
1029:
1023:
905:
901:
880:
874:
866:
759:
621:
474:
470:
168:
101:
72:
6566:
6037:"Who was responsible for the wanton destruction of the original brick stupa of
5656:
5636:
872:
Some ancient sources however claim a greater extent for the Shunga Empire: the
869:
from some time between 180 BCE and 100 BCE, and remained so as late as 70 BCE.
7721:
7531:
6355:
5509:
4574:
4474:
4184:
2958:
2931:
2488:
2463:
2459:
2431:
2419:
2314:
2269:
2145:
2040:
2013:
1910:
1317:
1261:
1144:
1064:
909:
729:
678:
632:
524:
416:
6265:
5828:
5386:
7464:
6046:
5648:
5297:. Robarts - University of Toronto. Calcutta, Univ. of Calcutta. p. 205.
5088:
5044:
5024:
4544:
2596:) of Afghanistan and North-Western frontier of India (modern day Pakistan).
2539:
2519:
2427:
2310:
2261:
2050:
2021:
1343:
1273:
1168:
1034:
954:
769:
648:
572:
555:
493:
293:
274:
6874:
6505:
The MalavikΓ‘gnimitra : a Sanskrit play by KΔlidΔsa; Tawney, C. H. p.91
6358:, killed the monks there, and departed. ... After some time, he arrived in
6283:
2367:)". It is considered that this inscription is attesting the control of the
1293:, the Wheel of the Law. The dome was set on a high circular drum meant for
1127:
were renovated and further improved. There is enough evidence to show that
912:, killed the monks there, and departed. ... After some time, he arrived in
884:
claims that the Shungas sent an army to persecute Buddhist monks as far as
564:
was composed in this period. Artistry also progressed with the rise of the
6519:, p16. Also: "Kalidasa recounts in his MΔlavikΔgnimitra (5.15.14β24) that
6256:
447:
7891:
The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century
7542:
7425:
7283:
7109:
7101:
7055:
7046:
6786:"Dictionary of Buddhism" by Damien KEOWN (Oxford University Press, 2003)
4894:
3805:
3270:
3047:
3037:
2734:
2532:
2423:
2415:
2393:
2372:
2180:
2167:, a magnificent fortified city with 570 towers and 64 gates according to
2074:
1897:
1771:
1760:
1727:
1014:
746:
601:
544:
527:
images, larger stone sculptures, and architectural monuments such as the
513:
497:
426:
218:
205:
189:
6419:
is an important source material" Dilip Coomer Ghose, General Secretary,
5836:
5812:
7623:
7549:
7450:
7431:
7279:
7152:
7105:
7067:
7060:
6858:
6814:
6424:
5223:
4103:
3008:
2885:
2617:
2612:
2528:
2524:
2500:
2455:
2435:
2356:
2340:
2302:
2137:
2117:
2025:
1987:
1460:
1348:
1339:
1332:
1180:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1018:
1010:
998:
889:
858:
850:
842:
811:
803:
733:
715:
711:
707:
686:
644:
597:
565:
532:
478:
466:
454:
173:
92:
5149:
description of the invasion and retirement of the Yavanas in Magadha."
2603:) as suggested by some architectural expansions that were done at the
7586:
7157:
7072:
7004:
6930:
6529:
6359:
6038:
3903:
2906:
Bronze coin of the Shunga period, Eastern India. 2ndβ1st century BCE.
2876:
2738:
2608:
2554:
2471:
2389:
2360:
2336:
2237:
2226:
2176:
2055:
1888:
1879:
1579:
1409:
1316:(but not the highly decorated gateways, which are from the following
1290:
1251:
1233:" and translates this expression in relation to the preceding words:
1172:
1124:
1092:
1072:
931:
913:
885:
815:
742:
682:
536:
17:
6370:
The Legend of King AΕoka: A Study and Translation of the AΕokΔvadΔna
6312:
The Legend of King AΕoka: A Study and Translation of the AΕokΔvadΔna
5889:
The Legend of King AΕoka: A Study and Translation of the AΕokΔvadΔna
5776:
The Legend of King AΕoka: A Study and Translation of the AΕokΔvadΔna
5412:
5215:
5181:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (c).
2523:
The Sunga territory circa 100 BCE, greatly reduced to the region of
2388:
affirms that the city of Mathura was under the joint control of the
2260:
which describes a battle between a squadron of Greek cavalrymen and
718:, the son of a Goti and grandson of king Visadeva, the son of GΔgΔ«.
2604:
2518:
2504:
2445:
2049:
1815:
1793:
1313:
1098:
1088:
1082:
1068:
992:
935:
797:
737:
605:
551:
528:
482:
421:
411:
6591:
History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE
5965:
Asoka, Mookerji Radhakumud, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1962
5559:
History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE
5529:
History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE
7117:
6958:
5324:
5322:
4564:
442:
6878:
2094:
describe the conflict between the Shungas and the Indo-Greeks.
1324:
are said to have been placed in Stupa No 3. These are dated to
961:. Agnimitra was viceroy of Vidisha when the story takes place.
2674:
Shunga masculine figurine (molded plate). 2ndβ1st century BCE.
5588:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 1 December 2003. p. 93.
5417:
Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology
2375:
since no Shunga coins or inscriptions have been found there.
6053:
p. 38. Calcutta: Superintendent, Government Printing (1918).
5316:, p.108: "Soon after Agnimitra there was no 'Sunga empire'."
2581:. In both, continuing elements of folk art and cults of the
2527:
only, with many independent, petty kingdoms such as such as
1371:
Undecorated ground railings dated to approximately 150 BCE.
1139:. Buddhism flourished in the realms of the Bactrian kings.
492:
Pushyamitra ruled for 36 years and was succeeded by his son
2773:
Amorous royal couple. Shunga, 1st century BCE, West Bengal.
2351:
The Greeks seem to have maintained control of Mathura. The
849:. The Shunga definitely had control of the central city of
608:
is said to have been made "at the time of the Suga kings" (
5413:"Bharhut Sculptures and their untenable Sunga Association"
2710:
Shunga mother figure, with attendant. 2ndβ1st century BCE.
1063:
Pushyamitra is known to have revived the supremacy of the
736:, whereas the historical "Shungas" are known to have been
461:
from around 187 to 75 BCE. The dynasty was established by
320:β’ Assassination of Brihadratha by Pushyamitra Shunga
2483:, which records the dispatch of a Greek ambassador named
2043:
is credited with either joining or leading a campaign to
1163:
as well as the monarch Indragnimitra are recorded at the
1123:. During his reign the Buddhist monuments of Bharhut and
741:
Shungas, or a ruler in a neighbouring territory, such as
596:. The term appears in a single epigraphic inscription in
6553:(1982). "The rise of Ayodhya as a place of pilgrimage".
6296:
D.N. Jha,"Early India: A Concise History"p.150, plate 17
5706:
5704:
5202:
Stadtner, Donald (1975). "A ΕuαΉ
ga Capital from VidiΕΔ".
930:
in the south. They may also have controlled the city of
6532:, or the Kali-Sindhu river which is a tributary of the
5437:
Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE
2355:, also called the "Maghera inscription", discovered in
926:
claims that the empire of Pushyamitra extended to the
732:
was making a major dedication to a Buddhist monument,
5694:"Pushyamitra is said in the Puranas to have been the
5585:
A Comprehensive History Of Ancient India (3 Vol. Set)
2573:
The Shunga art style differed somewhat from imperial
2339:
hegemony", probably 70 or 69 BCE, was discovered in
938:
and much of the Punjab passed into the hands of the
330:β’ Assassination of Devabhuti by Vasudeva Kanva
7884:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
5614:. Allied Publishers. 22 January 1988. p. 254.
1346:, which are thought to be the oldest of the three.
616:, are only assumed to relate to Shunga rulers. The
404:
328:
318:
304:
280:
261:
238:
224:
214:
198:
182:
161:
41:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5306:
5304:
2761:Royal family, Shunga, West Bengal 1st century BCE.
1369:(Stupa expansion and balustrades only are Shunga).
1198:The gift of Nagadevi the wife of King Brahmamitra.
1191:records the construction of the temple as follows:
6803:, 1961 (revision 1998); Oxford University Press,
5331:Between the Empires: Society in India, 300 to 400
752:The name "Sunga" or "Shunga" is also used in the
575:(83β73 BCE). He was assassinated by his minister
2857:Shunga pottery with decorative figurine motifes.
1463:, with some reworks down to the 1st century CE.
1335:, with some reworks down to the 1st century CE.
6841:Shunga art in North India (Bharhut and Bodgaya)
6049:or his immediate successor." in John Marshall,
5853:
5851:
5849:
5406:
5404:
2871:The script used by the Shunga was a variant of
2219:
2173:
1040:
898:
853:in northern central India, as is proved by the
778:
693:
651:record of India. The unique inscription reads:
6443:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 253β254.
6214:The European Handbook of Central Asian Studies
6007:Old Buddhist Shrines at Bodh-Gaya Inscriptions
2470:. The pillar originally supported a statue of
2305:in northern central India; in particular, the
1067:religion and reestablished animal sacrifices (
788:Vishnu Purana, Book Four: The Royal Dynasties.
465:, after taking the throne of Magadha from the
6890:
6190:. Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 51.
5357:. Oxford University Press. pp. 141β142.
4977:
2833:Gold bracelet from Shunga period, 185-72 BCE.
2686:Shunga woman with child. 2ndβ1st century BCE.
2479:missions around 110 BCE, as indicated by the
1175:and to belong to the period of Sunga rule. A
8:
6700:Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004).
6679:. New Age International, 1999. p. 170.
5508:The Stupa of Bharhut, Alexander Cunningham,
5491:CORPUS INSCRIPTIONS INDICARUM VOL II PART II
2722:Shunga fecundity deity. 2ndβ1st century BCE.
2171:, and describes the impending war for city:
865:, Mathura was probably under the control of
699:3. VΔchhΔ«putena DhanabhΕ«tina kΔritam toranΔm
30:"Sunga" redirects here. For other uses, see
6354:). ... Pushyamitra therefore destroyed the
6164:. Cambridge University Press. p. 138.
1342:, as well as the peripheral balustrades at
908:). ... Pushyamitra therefore destroyed the
6897:
6883:
6875:
6845:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6090:
5976:
5974:
5817:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
5313:A Comprehensive History of India: Volume 2
4984:
4970:
2981:
2954:
2062:. Bharhut, Madhya Pradesh, Shunga Period,
1103:East Gateway and Railings, Red Sandstone,
695:1. Suganam raje raΓ±o GΔgΔ«putasa Visadevasa
624:, but does not mention the name "Shunga".
38:
6273:
6255:
5841:Pushyamitra Sunga, himself a Brahmana,...
2845:Ivory bowl fragment, 2ndβ1st century B.C.
2458:under the Shungas, at the instigation of
1614:(Stupa and balustrades only are Shunga).
1512:Pillar with elephants supporting a wheel.
724:Gateway pillar inscription of DhanabhΕ«ti.
6918:
6914:
5551:
5549:
5494:. India Archaeological Society. p.
5467:. Oxford University Press. p. 141.
5002:
2888:
2809:Fragments of gold ornament, 185-72 BCE.
2620:
2324:
1351:
1255:
697:2. pautena, Gotiputasa Δgarajusa putena
7773:
6676:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
6658:. Calcutta, Univ. of Calcutta. p.
5754:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5440:. Oxford University Press. p. 58.
5267:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
5167:
5137:
2957:
2896:
2797:Fragments of gold ornament, 185-72 BCE.
2745:, Shunga period (2ndβ1st century BCE).
2638:Chandraketugarth, goddess of fecundity.
2628:
2108:claim that Pushyamitra toppled Emperor
1617:
1582:supported by his two wives. Similar to
1466:
1374:
1179:is known otherwise as a local ruler of
7454:Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism
6813:"The Yuga Purana", John E. Mitchiner,
5710:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5270:. New Age International. p. 170.
2821:Fragment of gold ornament, 185-72 BCE.
2292:Epigraphic and archaeological evidence
1676:Relics of Sariputra and Mahamoggallana
1322:Relics of Sariputra and Mahamoggallana
1229:". Bloch reads these nine letters as "
7651:
7468:
7397:
7370:
7321:
7316:
6619:. Jaipur: Book Enclave. p. 189.
5813:"Pushyamitra Sunga and the Buddhists"
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5351:Salomon, Richard (10 December 1998).
5346:
5344:
5342:
5340:
2495:, to the court of the Shunga emperor
1246:Shunga period contributions in Sanchi
583:succeeded the Shungas around 73 BCE.
327:
317:
313:
279:
260:
237:
233:
223:
7:
6797:AΕoka and the Decline of the Mauryas
5243:. Northern Book Centre. p. 38.
571:The last of the Shunga emperors was
477:also held court at Besnagar (modern
457:and controlled most of the northern
6652:Raychaudhuri, Hem Channdra (1923).
5678:The story of Ancient India (1947).
5334:, ed. Patrick Olivelle (2006), p.96
5291:Raychaudhuri, Hem Channdra (1923).
2698:Shunga Yaksha. 2ndβ1st century BCE.
2662:Shunga Yakshi, 2ndβ1st century BCE.
2098:Military expeditions of the Shungas
1598:Relic boxes found inside the stupa.
1187:An inscription at Bodh Gaya at the
6021:"Bodh Gaya from 500 BCE to 500 CE"
5434:Olivelle, Patrick (13 July 2006).
2002:Main polities in Asia, circa -100.
535:, and the renowned Great Stupa at
469:. The Shunga Empire's capital was
453:) was the Fifth ruling dynasty of
25:
2550:. According to the Puranas: "The
2542:was assassinated by his minister
2317:(victory sacrifices) in Ayodhya.
2140:in Indian sources, either led by
2069:-80 BC. Reddish brown sandstone.
1353:Shunga structures and decorations
1225:", the first nine of which read "
1021:. Buddhist scripture such as the
1009:that forced Buddhism outwards to
7764:References and sources for table
6494:Indian History Allied Publishers
5556:Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007).
5526:Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007).
5178:A Historical atlas of South Asia
5175:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
2965:
2939:
2923:
2911:
2899:
2850:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2754:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2691:
2679:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2418:. In the region of Mathura, the
2201:, Paragraph 47β48, 2002 edition)
1700:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1606:
1591:
1572:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1469:
1444:
1429:
1417:
1401:
1389:
1384:Shunga balustrade and staircase.
1377:
1361:
1159:Two dedications by a king named
841:Pushyamitra became the ruler of
667:
658:
388:
363:
64:
58:
6588:Sonya Rhie Quintanilla (2007).
5310:K.A. Nilkantha Shastri (1970),
2124:, to persecute Buddhist monks.
772:circa 75 BCE. According to the
706:During the reign of the Sugas (
600:, in which a dedication to the
6063:Shaw, Julia (12 August 2016).
5240:A Journey Through India's Past
3219:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
2785:Erotic art from Shunga period.
2175:Then, after having approached
1071:) that had been prohibited by
1033:and ancient Tibetan historian
27:Indian empire (185 BCEβ73 BCE)
1:
7970:2nd-century BC establishments
7945:Empires and kingdoms of India
6817:, The Asiatic Society, 2002,
6217:. Ibidem Press. p. 403.
4149:
3888:
3861:
3760:
3739:
3662:
3601:
3530:
3513:
3496:
3479:
3462:
3441:
3356:
3339:
3093:
2622:Shunga statuettes and reliefs
2307:Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription
2297:Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription
2272:Yagna. This river may be the
2128:War with the Yavanas (Greeks)
2063:
1584:the later relief at Gateway 1
1561:
1488:Balustrade post with Lakshmi.
1453:
1436:Summit railing and umbrellas.
1325:
1298:
855:Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription
810:Shungas were originally from
762:
614:Heliodorus pillar inscription
473:, but later emperors such as
283:
264:
241:
149:
7893:, Cambridge University Press
7861:, Cambridge University Press
7591:Decline of Buddhism in India
7028:Northern Black Polished Ware
6673:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999).
5264:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999).
5237:Mani, Chandra Mauli (2005).
3304:Northern Black Polished Ware
2474:. Established circa 100 BCE.
1605:
1500:Balustrade post with Yaksha.
1443:
1412:(railing) with inscriptions.
1360:
1079:Accounts against persecution
984:Decline of Buddhism in India
618:Ayodhya Inscription of Dhana
7859:An Introduction to Hinduism
6615:Shankar Goyal, ed. (2004).
4900:Influence on Southeast Asia
2086:Several works, such as the
818:'s death, when the emperor
701:4. silΔkammamto cha upamno.
554:thought were taking place.
448:
7991:
7882:Hinduism. Past and present
7752:Chera Perumals of Makkotai
7710:Chera Perumals of Makkotai
7102:Rise of Shramana movements
6567:10.1163/000000082790081267
6238:TΓΆrΓΆk, Tibor (July 2023).
5811:Mishra, Ram Kumar (2012).
5681:The Story of Ancient India
3282:Black and Red ware culture
2577:, which was influenced by
2407:, or more probably by the
2246:Battle on the Sindhu river
1691:
1249:
1205:Another inscription reads:
981:
975:
826:, was assassinated by his
685:on which it is inscribed.
29:
7889:Samuel, Geoffrey (2010),
7761:
7658:
7637:Pandyan kingdom (revival)
7622:
7601:
7576:
7548:
7508:
7503:
7444:
7330:
7265:
7223:
7202:
7186:
7175:
7168:
7151:
7135:
7121:
7092:
7085:
7031:
7013:
7010:Painted Grey Ware culture
6995:
6987:
6971:
6947:
6944:
6939:
6926:
6921:
6912:
6863:
6856:
6848:
6069:. Routledge. p. 58.
5461:Salomon, Richard (1998).
3293:Painted Grey Ware culture
3165:Indus Valley Civilisation
2538:The last king of Sungas,
1147:and is on exhibit at the
342:
338:
314:
300:
234:
148:Territory of the Shungas
53:
48:
7857:Flood, Gavin D. (1996),
7446:"Golden Age of Hinduism"
7411:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
7327:Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty
7088:Persian-Greek influences
6906:Middle kingdoms of India
6761:Harvard University Press
5635:Taylor, McComas (2021).
3944:Gurjara-Pratihara Empire
3924:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom
3525:Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire
2487:, from the court of the
2335:, dated to "year 116 of
1264:and a railing around it.
1107:Stupa, 2nd century BCE.
822:, the last ruler of the
635:". The expression used (
7880:Michaels, Axel (2004),
7578:Late-Classical Hinduism
5649:10.2307/j.ctv1sjwpmj.10
5532:. BRILL. pp. 8β9.
4999:List of Shunga Emperors
4044:Western Chalukya Empire
3187:Mature Harappan culture
2546:, who then established
2353:Yavanarajya inscription
2332:Yavanarajya inscription
2321:Yavanarajya inscription
2309:refers to a local king
2102:Scriptures such as the
1308:Stupa No2 and Stupa No3
989:Accounts of persecution
863:Yavanarajya inscription
857:. However, the city of
620:mentions a ruler named
7965:180s BC establishments
7930:Former empires in Asia
6964:Middle Gangetic Plain
6836:Medallions from Barhut
6594:. BRILL. p. 254.
6211:Fauve, Jeroen (2021).
6187:Atlas of World History
4950:Science and technology
3334:Three Crowned Kingdoms
3176:Early Harappan culture
2991:(2,500,000β250,000 BC)
2535:
2475:
2348:
2243:
2204:
2157:The Hindu text of the
2116:and as far as Sakala (
2078:
1560:Foreigner on a horse,
1265:
1239:
1116:
1096:
1060:
1002:
918:
807:
791:
727:
543:and was used to write
32:Sunga (disambiguation)
7493:Western Ganga Dynasty
7360: 1st century BCE
7348:Early Pandyan kingdom
7313: 2nd century BCE
7273:(ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)
7267:Preclassical Hinduism
7248:Early Pandyan kingdom
7220: 3rd century BCE
7165: 4th century BCE
7132: 5th century BCE
7042: 6th century BCE
6967:Lower Gangetic Plain
6955:Upper Gangetic Plain
6479:on 10 December 2008.
6437:Rocher, Ludo (1986).
6257:10.3390/genes14071345
5857:Sarvastivada pg 38β39
5637:"The Royal Dynasties"
5562:. BRILL. p. 13.
4853:Specialised histories
4124:Kalachuris of Kalyani
4114:Kalachuris of Tripuri
3796:Western Ganga Kingdom
3724:Indo-Sassanid Kingdom
3674:Western Satrap Empire
3657:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
3647:Indo-Scythian Kingdom
3198:Late Harappan culture
2959:History of South Asia
2930:A copper coin of 1/4
2522:
2449:
2328:
2221:Those who came after
2053:
1627:Stairway and railing.
1424:Deambulatory pathway.
1259:
1235:
1102:
1086:
996:
801:
681:inscription, and the
633:Vatsiputra Dhanabhuti
183:Common languages
7843:Michaels (2004) p.41
7834:Michaels (2004) p.40
7816:Michaels (2004) p.39
7798:Michaels (2004) p.39
7735:Kamboja-Pala dynasty
7367: 1st century CE
6706:. Psychology Press.
6617:India's ancient past
6555:Indo-Iranian Journal
5940:Sir john Marshall, "
5411:Kumar, Ajit (2014).
5070:Ghosha or Vajramitra
4371:Ahmadnagar Sultanate
4173:Late medieval period
4084:Eastern Ganga Empire
3816:Vishnukundina Empire
2462:, ambassador of the
2054:Vedika pillar with "
1998:class=notpageimage|
1476:Elephant and Riders.
1231:raja-pasada-cetikasa
1227:rajapasada-cetika sa
7940:Dynasties of Bengal
7694:Rashtrakuta dynasty
7146:Shaishunaga dynasty
7096:Second Urbanisation
6941:Indo-Gangetic Plain
6421:The Asiatic Society
6375:Motilal Banarsidass
6317:Motilal Banarsidass
5894:Motilal Banarsidass
5781:Motilal Banarsidass
5488:Luders, H. (1963).
5121:History of Hinduism
4453:Early modern period
4300:Vijayanagara Empire
4280:Chitradurga Kingdom
3974:Bhauma-Kara Kingdom
3386:Shaishunaga dynasty
2934:of Ujjain in Malwa.
2918:Another Shunga coin
2020:, and possibly the
972:Decline of Buddhism
459:Indian subcontinent
7825:Hiltebeitel (2002)
7807:Hiltebeitel (2002)
7505:Hephthalite Empire
7341:(300 BCE β 200 CE)
7332:Satavahana dynasty
7318:Indo-Greek Kingdom
7241:(300 BCE β 200 CE)
7232:Satavahana dynasty
7205:Spread of Buddhism
6927:Northwestern India
6756:The Past Before Us
6703:A History of India
6540:, Mitchener, 2002.
6473:Project South Asia
6051:A Guide to Sanchi,
5643:. ANU Press: 330.
5383:INC-ICOM Galleries
5116:Satavahana dynasty
4930:Partition of India
4795:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
4743:Regional histories
4688:National histories
4575:Travancore Kingdom
4545:Thondaiman Kingdom
4415:Golkonda Sultanate
4024:Somavamshi Kingdom
3994:Rashtrakuta Empire
3934:Rashidun Caliphate
3856:Kabul Shahi Empire
3704:Nagas of Padmavati
3627:Indo-Greek Kingdom
3567:(230 BC β AD 1206)
3260:Vedic Civilisation
3208:Vedic Civilisation
3105:Ahar-Banas culture
2594:Greco-Buddhist art
2536:
2476:
2349:
2264:, the grandson of
2179:together with the
2079:
1284:Great Stupa (No 1)
1266:
1117:
1097:
1003:
978:Pushyamitra Shunga
948:Satavahana dynasty
896:in the northwest:
832:commander-in-chief
820:Brihadratha Maurya
808:
768:, and ending with
510:Indo-Greek Kingdom
506:Satavahana dynasty
7950:Kingdoms of Bihar
7912:
7911:
7907:
7906:
7903:
7902:
7744:Eastern Chalukyas
7740:Kalyani Chalukyas
7698:Eastern Chalukyas
7687:Gurjara-Pratihara
7680: 9th century
7665:Eastern Chalukyas
7648: 8th century
7633:Eastern Chalukyas
7619:Mlechchha dynasty
7598: 7th century
7580:(ca. CE 650-1100)
7527: 6th century
7500: 5th century
7460: 4th century
7406: 3rd century
7394: 2nd century
7304:Mahayana Buddhism
7271:"Hindu Synthesis"
7138:Persian conquests
7023:Shramanic culture
6959:Ganga-Yamuna doab
6873:
6872:
6864:Succeeded by
6859:Magadha dynasties
6770:978-0-674-72651-2
6728:"Silabario Sunga"
6686:978-8-12241-198-0
6601:978-90-04-15537-4
6384:978-81-208-0616-0
6326:978-81-208-0616-0
6224:978-3-8382-1518-1
6197:978-0-19-521921-0
6171:978-1-316-29777-3
6076:978-1-315-43263-2
5942:A Guide to Sanchi
5903:978-81-208-0616-0
5790:978-81-208-0616-0
5621:978-81-8424-568-4
5595:978-81-207-2503-4
5474:978-0-19-535666-3
5447:978-0-19-977507-1
5379:"Bharhut Gallery"
5364:978-0-19-535666-3
5277:978-81-224-1198-0
5250:978-81-7211-194-6
5126:Khandwala Dynasty
5097:
5096:
4994:
4993:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4593:
4592:
4495:Thanjavur Kingdom
4443:
4442:
4404:Bijapur Sultanate
4360:Deccan sultanates
4238:Tughlaq Sultanate
4185:Ghaznavid Dynasty
4163:
4162:
4034:Chaulukya Kingdom
3964:Mallabhum kingdom
3954:Umayyad Caliphate
3694:Bharshiva Dynasty
3590:(200 BC β AD 300)
3580:(230 BC β AD 220)
3576:Satavahana Empire
3554:
3553:
3550:(247 BC β AD 224)
3406:Macedonian Empire
3380:(450 BC β AD 489)
3368:Achaemenid Empire
3238:
3237:
3143:
3142:
3066:
3065:
3016:
3015:
3000:Madrasian culture
2953:
2952:
2864:
2863:
2650:Chandraketugarth.
2481:Heliodorus pillar
2452:Heliodorus pillar
2442:Heliodorus pillar
2253:MΔlavikΔgnimitram
2082:Literary evidence
1685:
1684:
1639:Lotus medallions.
1396:Shunga stonework.
1155:Royal dedications
997:Shunga horseman,
802:Man on a relief,
518:Mitras of Mathura
512:and possibly the
435:
434:
400:
399:
396:
395:
376:
375:
16:(Redirected from
7982:
7894:
7885:
7876:
7867:Hiltebeitel, Alf
7862:
7844:
7841:
7835:
7832:
7826:
7823:
7817:
7814:
7808:
7805:
7799:
7796:
7790:
7787:
7781:
7778:
7629:Badami Chalukyas
7624:Adivasi (tribes)
7614:Empire of Harsha
7610:Vakataka dynasty
7563:Kalabhra dynasty
7559:Badami Chalukyas
7550:Adivasi (tribes)
7519:Kalabhra dynasty
7485:Kalabhra dynasty
7481:Andhra Ikshvakus
7448:(ca. CE 320-650)
7432:Adivasi (tribes)
7300:Smarta Tradition
7153:Adivasi (tribes)
7068:Adivasi (tribes)
6924:cultural period
6919:
6915:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6876:
6849:Preceded by
6846:
6773:
6736:
6735:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6649:
6643:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6612:
6606:
6605:
6585:
6579:
6578:
6547:
6541:
6513:
6507:
6502:
6496:
6491:
6485:
6484:
6475:. Archived from
6461:
6455:
6454:
6434:
6428:
6413:
6407:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6344:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6303:
6297:
6294:
6288:
6287:
6277:
6259:
6235:
6229:
6228:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6155:
6149:
6143:
6137:
6131:
6116:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6085:
6084:
6060:
6054:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6017:
6011:
6002:
5996:
5990:
5984:
5978:
5969:
5963:
5957:
5951:
5945:
5938:
5932:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5880:
5874:
5869:
5858:
5855:
5844:
5843:
5808:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5767:
5761:
5756:
5743:
5738:
5725:
5720:
5714:
5708:
5699:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5641:The Visnu Purana
5632:
5626:
5625:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5553:
5544:
5543:
5523:
5512:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5408:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5348:
5335:
5326:
5317:
5308:
5299:
5298:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5210:(1/2): 101β104.
5199:
5193:
5192:
5172:
5150:
5142:
5106:History of India
5003:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4935:Pakistan studies
4775:Himachal Pradesh
4615:Portuguese India
4611:
4610:
4607:
4565:Sikh Confederacy
4461:
4460:
4457:
4310:Bengal Sultanate
4249:Sayyid Sultanate
4227:Khalji Sultanate
4216:Mamluk Sultanate
4181:
4180:
4177:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4094:Kakatiya Kingdom
4004:Paramara Kingdom
3897:
3893:
3890:
3866:
3863:
3806:Kamarupa Kingdom
3769:
3765:
3762:
3755:Kalabhras Empire
3748:
3744:
3741:
3667:
3664:
3651:(50 BC β AD 400)
3631:(180 BC β AD 10)
3610:
3606:
3603:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3518:
3515:
3501:
3498:
3484:
3481:
3467:
3464:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3361:
3358:
3344:
3341:
3324:Haryanka dynasty
3314:Pradyota dynasty
3256:
3255:
3252:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3098:
3095:
3088:Anarta tradition
3084:
3083:
3080:
3048:Mehrgarh culture
3038:Bhirrana culture
3034:
3033:
3030:
3029:(10,800β3300 BC)
2996:
2995:
2992:
2982:
2969:
2955:
2943:
2927:
2915:
2903:
2886:
2883:Brahmi scripts.
2854:
2842:
2830:
2818:
2806:
2794:
2782:
2770:
2758:
2731:
2719:
2707:
2695:
2683:
2671:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2618:
2557:will assail the
2434:and finally the
2412:Northern Satraps
2381:Anushasana Parva
2282:Kali Sindh River
2241:
2202:
2068:
2065:
1992:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1959:
1952:
1950:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1906:
1904:
1893:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1855:
1853:
1842:
1840:
1833:
1831:
1820:
1818:
1811:
1809:
1798:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1778:
1776:
1767:
1765:
1756:
1754:
1743:
1741:
1732:
1730:
1723:
1721:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1694:Shunga-Greek War
1672:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1610:
1595:
1576:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1458:
1455:
1448:
1433:
1421:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1365:
1349:
1330:
1327:
1303:
1300:
1295:circumambulation
1268:On the basis of
1189:Mahabodhi Temple
1165:Mahabodhi Temple
1058:
923:Malavikagnimitra
806:, Shunga period.
789:
767:
764:
725:
671:
662:
487:Shunga-Greek War
451:
392:
391:
380:
379:
367:
366:
360:
359:
344:
343:
288:
285:
269:
266:
250:
246:
243:
154:
151:
140:
138:
133:
126:
124:
117:
115:
108:
106:
97:
95:
88:
86:
77:
75:
68:
62:
39:
21:
7990:
7989:
7985:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7980:
7979:
7915:
7914:
7913:
7908:
7899:
7898:
7897:
7888:
7879:
7865:
7856:
7847:
7842:
7838:
7833:
7829:
7824:
7820:
7815:
7811:
7806:
7802:
7797:
7793:
7788:
7784:
7779:
7775:
7765:
7754:
7750:
7748:Medieval Cholas
7746:
7742:
7733:
7708:
7706:Medieval Cholas
7704:
7702:Pandyan kingdom
7700:
7696:
7671:
7669:Pandyan kingdom
7667:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7612:
7589:
7583:Advaita Vedanta
7581:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7534:
7521:
7517:
7491:
7489:Kadamba Dynasty
7487:
7483:
7474:
7453:
7449:
7421:Western Satraps
7383:Kuninda Kingdom
7375:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7340:
7334:
7325:
7302:
7274:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7240:
7234:
7171:Greek conquests
7104:
7100:
7026:
7020:
7008:
7002:
6956:
6928:
6923:
6908:
6903:
6869:
6854:
6832:
6827:
6771:
6749:
6745:
6740:
6739:
6726:
6725:
6721:
6714:
6699:
6698:
6694:
6687:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6651:
6650:
6646:
6641:
6637:
6627:
6614:
6613:
6609:
6602:
6587:
6586:
6582:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6514:
6510:
6503:
6499:
6492:
6488:
6463:
6462:
6458:
6451:
6436:
6435:
6431:
6414:
6410:
6403:
6399:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6363:
6345:
6341:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6305:
6304:
6300:
6295:
6291:
6250:(7): Figure 1.
6237:
6236:
6232:
6225:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6198:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6172:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6144:
6140:
6132:
6119:
6111:
6107:
6099:
6088:
6077:
6062:
6061:
6057:
6036:
6032:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6004:(Barua, B.M., '
6003:
5999:
5991:
5987:
5979:
5972:
5964:
5960:
5952:
5948:
5939:
5935:
5922:
5918:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5870:
5861:
5856:
5847:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5757:
5746:
5739:
5728:
5721:
5717:
5709:
5702:
5693:
5689:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5657:j.ctv1sjwpmj.10
5634:
5633:
5629:
5622:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5570:
5555:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5525:
5524:
5515:
5507:
5503:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5475:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5448:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5410:
5409:
5402:
5392:
5390:
5389:on 3 March 2016
5377:
5376:
5372:
5365:
5350:
5349:
5338:
5327:
5320:
5309:
5302:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5278:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5251:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5216:10.2307/3250214
5201:
5200:
5196:
5189:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5153:
5143:
5139:
5134:
5102:
5001:
4990:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4854:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4744:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4689:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4674:
4608:
4605:
4603:Colonial states
4595:
4594:
4485:Madurai Kingdom
4458:
4455:
4445:
4444:
4393:Bidar Sultanate
4382:Berar sultanate
4350:Ladakh Kingdom
4340:Gajapati Empire
4320:Garhwal Kingdom
4205:Delhi Sultanate
4178:
4175:
4165:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4134:Chutiya Kingdom
4104:Zamorin Kingdom
3895:
3891:
3883:Maukhari Empire
3873:Chalukya Empire
3864:
3826:Maitraka Empire
3767:
3763:
3746:
3742:
3734:Vakataka Empire
3714:Sasanian Empire
3665:
3608:
3604:
3586:Kuninda Kingdom
3569:
3566:
3564:Middle Kingdoms
3556:
3555:
3546:Parthian Empire
3537:
3533:
3516:
3499:
3482:
3465:
3448:
3444:
3359:
3342:
3253:
3250:
3240:
3239:
3158:
3155:
3145:
3144:
3096:
3081:
3078:
3068:
3067:
3058:Edakkal culture
3031:
3028:
3018:
3017:
3009:Soanian culture
2993:
2990:
2979:
2947:
2944:
2935:
2928:
2919:
2916:
2907:
2904:
2869:
2858:
2855:
2846:
2843:
2834:
2831:
2822:
2819:
2810:
2807:
2798:
2795:
2786:
2783:
2774:
2771:
2762:
2759:
2750:
2732:
2723:
2720:
2711:
2708:
2699:
2696:
2687:
2684:
2675:
2672:
2663:
2660:
2651:
2648:
2639:
2636:
2571:
2513:
2499:at the site of
2444:
2323:
2299:
2294:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2203:
2195:
2130:
2100:
2084:
2066:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1696:
1690:
1679:
1673:
1664:
1661:
1652:
1651:Floral designs.
1649:
1640:
1637:
1628:
1625:
1613:
1611:
1599:
1596:
1587:
1577:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1549:
1546:
1537:
1534:
1525:
1522:
1513:
1510:
1501:
1498:
1489:
1486:
1477:
1474:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1437:
1434:
1425:
1422:
1413:
1406:
1397:
1394:
1385:
1382:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1354:
1328:
1310:
1301:
1286:
1254:
1248:
1223:Kuramgiye danam
1157:
1137:Gangetic plains
1081:
1062:
1059:
1052:account of the
1046:
1027:account of the
991:
986:
980:
974:
968:around 73 BCE.
878:account of the
796:
790:
787:
765:
726:
723:
702:
700:
698:
696:
692:
691:
690:
689:
674:
673:
672:
664:
663:
589:
431:
389:
364:
331:
321:
290:
286:
271:
267:
251:
248:
244:
210:
194:
178:
157:
156:
152:
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
136:
131:
129:
127:
122:
120:
118:
113:
111:
109:
104:
102:
100:
98:
93:
91:
89:
84:
82:
80:
78:
73:
71:
69:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7988:
7986:
7978:
7977:
7975:1st century BC
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7917:
7916:
7910:
7909:
7905:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7896:
7895:
7886:
7877:
7863:
7853:
7846:
7845:
7836:
7827:
7818:
7809:
7800:
7791:
7782:
7772:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7759:
7758:
7737:
7728:
7726:
7724:
7719:
7713:
7712:
7691:
7689:
7684:
7682:
7676:
7675:
7662:
7657:
7655:
7650:
7644:
7643:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7607:
7605:
7603:Indo-Sassanids
7600:
7594:
7593:
7575:
7567:
7566:
7552:
7547:
7545:
7540:
7538:
7529:
7523:
7522:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7496:
7495:
7478:
7476:Varman dynasty
7467:
7462:
7456:
7455:
7443:
7435:
7434:
7429:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7402:
7401:
7396:
7390:
7389:
7387:
7385:
7380:
7377:Indo-Parthians
7373:Indo-Scythians
7369:
7363:
7362:
7356:
7355:
7329:
7320:
7315:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7264:
7256:
7255:
7229:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7208:
7201:
7193:
7192:
7189:HISTORICAL AGE
7184:
7183:
7181:
7174:
7167:
7161:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7148:
7143:
7141:
7134:
7128:
7127:
7120:
7091:
7084:
7076:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7063:
7058:
7049:
7044:
7038:
7037:
7030:
7012:
6994:
6986:
6978:
6977:
6969:
6968:
6965:
6962:
6952:
6951:
6949:Southern India
6946:
6945:Central India
6943:
6938:
6925:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6894:
6887:
6879:
6871:
6870:
6865:
6862:
6855:
6852:Maurya dynasty
6850:
6844:
6843:
6838:
6831:
6830:External links
6828:
6826:
6825:
6811:
6794:
6784:
6774:
6769:
6751:Thapar, Romila
6746:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6719:
6712:
6692:
6685:
6665:
6644:
6635:
6625:
6607:
6600:
6580:
6561:(2): 103β126.
6542:
6538:he Yuga Purana
6508:
6497:
6486:
6465:"Megasthenes:
6456:
6449:
6429:
6408:
6397:
6383:
6365:John S. Strong
6339:
6325:
6307:John S. Strong
6298:
6289:
6230:
6223:
6203:
6196:
6177:
6170:
6150:
6138:
6117:
6105:
6086:
6075:
6055:
6030:
6012:
5997:
5985:
5970:
5958:
5946:
5933:
5916:
5902:
5884:John S. Strong
5875:
5859:
5845:
5803:
5789:
5771:John S. Strong
5762:
5744:
5726:
5715:
5713:, p. 296.
5700:
5687:
5670:
5627:
5620:
5611:Indian History
5601:
5594:
5575:
5568:
5545:
5538:
5513:
5501:
5480:
5473:
5453:
5446:
5426:
5400:
5370:
5363:
5336:
5318:
5300:
5283:
5276:
5256:
5249:
5229:
5194:
5187:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5000:
4997:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4609:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4555:Maratha Empire
4551:
4550:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4535:Sikkim Kingdom
4531:
4530:
4527:
4525:Marava Kingdom
4521:
4520:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4459:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4425:Keladi Kingdom
4421:
4420:
4417:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4330:Mysore Kingdom
4326:
4325:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4260:Lodi Sultanate
4255:
4254:
4251:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4195:Ghurid Dynasty
4191:
4190:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4064:Hoysala Empire
4060:
4059:
4056:
4054:Lohara Kingdom
4050:
4049:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3914:Tibetan Empire
3910:
3909:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3786:Kadamba Empire
3782:
3781:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3510:
3508:Pallava Empire
3504:
3503:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3426:Seleucid India
3422:
3421:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3353:
3351:Maha Janapadas
3347:
3346:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3288:
3287:
3286:(1300β1000 BC)
3284:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3225:
3224:
3223:(2000β1600 BC)
3221:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3202:(1900β1300 BC)
3200:
3193:
3192:
3191:(2600β1900 BC)
3189:
3182:
3181:
3180:(3300β2600 BC)
3178:
3171:
3170:
3169:(3300β1300 BC)
3167:
3159:
3156:(3300β1300 BC)
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3129:(1600β1300 BC)
3127:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3109:(3000β1500 BC)
3107:
3101:
3100:
3090:
3082:
3079:(3500β1500 BC)
3074:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3062:(5000β3000 BC)
3060:
3054:
3053:
3052:(7000β3300 BC)
3050:
3044:
3043:
3042:(7570β6200 BC)
3040:
3032:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2962:
2961:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2938:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2890:Shunga coinage
2868:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2743:Madhya Pradesh
2733:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2601:Madhya Pradesh
2583:Mother goddess
2570:
2567:
2544:Vasudeva Kanva
2512:
2509:
2443:
2440:
2345:Mathura Museum
2322:
2319:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2247:
2244:
2234:
2193:
2129:
2126:
2099:
2096:
2083:
2080:
2033:Greco-Bactrian
2001:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1974:
1963:
1954:
1943:
1932:
1921:
1908:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1866:
1857:
1844:
1835:
1822:
1813:
1800:
1791:
1780:
1769:
1758:
1745:
1734:
1725:
1714:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1692:Main article:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1619:
1615:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1565: 115 BCE
1559:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1468:
1464:
1457: 115 BCE
1441:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1376:
1372:
1358:
1357:
1329: 115 BCE
1309:
1306:
1302: 150 BCE
1285:
1282:
1250:Main article:
1247:
1244:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1156:
1153:
1149:Asutosh Museum
1087:Shunga period
1080:
1077:
1044:
990:
987:
976:Main article:
973:
970:
944:Deccan Plateau
934:. Meanwhile,
847:Mauryan Empire
795:
792:
785:
766: 185 BCE
721:
676:
675:
666:
665:
657:
656:
655:
654:
653:
588:
585:
577:Vasudeva Kanva
439:Shunga dynasty
433:
432:
430:
429:
424:
419:
414:
408:
406:
402:
401:
398:
397:
394:
393:
386:
377:
374:
373:
368:
356:
355:
350:
340:
339:
336:
335:
332:
329:
326:
325:
322:
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
306:
305:Historical era
302:
301:
298:
297:
291:
281:
278:
277:
272:
262:
259:
258:
252:
249: 151 BCE
239:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
209:
208:
202:
200:
196:
195:
193:
192:
186:
184:
180:
179:
177:
176:
171:
165:
163:
159:
158:
153: 150 BCE
147:
146:
128:
119:
110:
99:
90:
79:
70:
63:
57:
56:
55:
54:
51:
50:
49:187 BCEβ75 BCE
46:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7987:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7925:Shunga Empire
7923:
7922:
7920:
7892:
7887:
7883:
7878:
7874:
7873:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7851:
7840:
7837:
7831:
7828:
7822:
7819:
7813:
7810:
7804:
7801:
7795:
7792:
7786:
7783:
7777:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7760:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7677:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7656:
7654:
7649:
7646:
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7592:
7588:
7584:
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7569:
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7560:
7556:
7555:Vishnukundina
7553:
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7544:
7541:
7539:
7537:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
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7520:
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7515:Vishnukundina
7513:
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7506:
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7441:
7437:
7436:
7433:
7430:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7416:Kushan Empire
7414:
7412:
7409:
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7404:
7403:
7400:
7399:Kushan Empire
7395:
7392:
7391:
7388:
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7379:
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7374:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7361:
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7357:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7339:
7338:
7337:Sangam period
7333:
7328:
7324:
7323:Shunga Empire
7319:
7314:
7311:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7296:Brahma Sutras
7293:
7292:Bhagavad Gita
7289:
7285:
7281:
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7272:
7268:
7263:
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7253:
7249:
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7237:Sangam period
7233:
7230:
7228:
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7226:Maurya Empire
7221:
7218:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
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6911:
6907:
6900:
6895:
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6888:
6886:
6881:
6880:
6877:
6868:
6867:Kanva dynasty
6861:
6860:
6853:
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6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6829:
6824:
6823:81-7236-124-6
6820:
6816:
6812:
6810:
6809:0-19-564445-X
6806:
6802:
6801:Romila Thapar
6798:
6795:
6793:
6792:0-19-860560-9
6789:
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6782:0-691-01459-0
6779:
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6713:9780415329200
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6025:buddhanet.net
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5569:9789004155374
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5230:
5225:
5221:
5217:
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5209:
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5204:Artibus Asiae
5198:
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5184:
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5179:
5171:
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5156:
5147:
5141:
5138:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5111:Maurya Empire
5109:
5107:
5104:
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5099:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5086:
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5080:
5077:
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4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4810:Uttar Pradesh
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
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4781:
4778:
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4708:
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4492:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4466:
4465:Mughal Empire
4463:
4462:
4454:
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4448:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
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4318:
4317:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4290:Reddy Kingdom
4288:
4287:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4261:
4257:
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4250:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4208:
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4198:
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4112:
4111:
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4041:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4015:
4014:Yadava Empire
4012:
4011:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3982:
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3931:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3904:Harsha Empire
3902:
3901:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3859:
3857:
3854:
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3712:
3711:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3685:
3684:Kushan Empire
3682:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3618:
3617:Shunga Empire
3615:
3614:
3599:
3597:
3596:Mitra Dynasty
3594:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3538: AD 500
3534: 250 BC
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3517: 250 AD
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3500: 300 BC
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3483: 300 BC
3477:
3475:
3474:Chera Kingdom
3472:
3471:
3466: 300 BC
3460:
3458:
3457:Pandya Empire
3455:
3454:
3449: 300 AD
3445: 300 BC
3439:
3437:
3436:Sangam period
3434:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3416:Maurya Empire
3414:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3343: 600 BC
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3297:(1200β600 BC)
3296:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3275:(1500β600 BC)
3274:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3264:(1500β500 BC)
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3251:(1500β200 BC)
3249:
3244:
3243:
3234:(1600β500 BC)
3233:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3212:(2000β500 BC)
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3199:
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3183:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3139:(1400β700 BC)
3138:
3136:
3135:Jorwe culture
3133:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3125:Malwa culture
3123:
3122:
3119:(1600β750 BC)
3118:
3116:
3115:Pandu culture
3113:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3091:
3089:
3086:
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3077:
3072:
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3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
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3001:
2998:
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2989:
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2812:
2805:
2800:
2793:
2788:
2781:
2776:
2769:
2764:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2747:Guimet Museum
2744:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2706:
2701:
2694:
2689:
2682:
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2634:
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2610:
2606:
2602:
2597:
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2590:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2548:Kanva dynasty
2545:
2541:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2454:was built in
2453:
2448:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:Indo-Scythian
2406:
2405:Mitra dynasty
2402:
2401:Datta dynasty
2397:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2327:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2071:Indian Museum
2061:
2060:Greek warrior
2057:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
1999:
1991:
1982:
1971:
1960:
1951:
1940:
1929:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1852:
1841:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1788:
1786:
1777:
1775:
1766:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1677:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1642:
1635:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1570:
1556:
1551:
1548:Floral motif.
1544:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1447:
1442:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1305:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1109:Indian Museum
1106:
1101:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1000:
995:
988:
985:
979:
971:
969:
967:
966:Kanva dynasty
962:
960:
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:Narmada River
925:
924:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
897:
895:
894:Punjab region
891:
887:
883:
882:
877:
876:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:Maurya Empire
821:
817:
813:
805:
800:
793:
784:
783:
777:
775:
774:Vishnu Purana
771:
761:
757:
756:
755:Vishnu Purana
750:
748:
744:
739:
735:
731:
720:
719:
717:
713:
709:
703:
688:
684:
680:
670:
661:
652:
650:
646:
642:
641:Brahmi script
638:
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:Maurya Empire
586:
584:
582:
581:Kanva dynasty
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
562:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
541:Brahmi script
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
481:) in eastern
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
450:
444:
440:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
407:
405:Today part of
403:
387:
385:
384:Kanva dynasty
382:
381:
378:
372:
371:Maurya Empire
369:
362:
361:
358:
357:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
341:
337:
333:
323:
310:
309:Ancient India
307:
303:
299:
295:
292:
276:
273:
256:
253:
229:
227:
220:
217:
213:
207:
204:
203:
201:
197:
191:
188:
187:
185:
181:
175:
172:
170:
167:
166:
164:
160:
139:
134:
125:
116:
107:
96:
87:
76:
67:
61:
52:
47:
43:Shunga Empire
40:
37:
33:
19:
7935:Hindu states
7890:
7881:
7871:
7858:
7849:
7848:
7839:
7830:
7821:
7812:
7803:
7794:
7785:
7776:
7768:
7767:
7731:Pala dynasty
7717:10th century
7716:
7679:
7647:
7597:
7577:
7571:
7570:
7526:
7499:
7471:Gupta Empire
7469:
7459:
7445:
7439:
7438:
7405:
7393:
7371:
7366:
7359:
7344:Early Cholas
7335:
7322:
7312:
7270:
7266:
7260:
7259:
7244:Early Cholas
7235:
7224:
7219:
7210:
7203:
7197:
7196:
7187:
7178:Nanda empire
7176:
7164:
7131:
7122:
7093:
7086:
7080:
7079:
7041:
7032:
7017:Vedic Period
7014:
6999:Vedic Period
6996:
6991:Vedic Period
6988:
6982:
6981:
6972:
6935:Sapta Sindhu
6922:Timeline and
6857:
6796:
6755:
6731:
6722:
6702:
6695:
6675:
6668:
6654:
6647:
6638:
6630:
6616:
6610:
6590:
6583:
6558:
6554:
6551:Bakker, Hans
6545:
6537:
6517:Bopearachchi
6511:
6500:
6489:
6480:
6477:the original
6472:
6466:
6459:
6439:
6432:
6416:
6411:
6400:
6388:. Retrieved
6369:
6342:
6330:. Retrieved
6311:
6301:
6292:
6247:
6243:
6233:
6213:
6206:
6186:
6180:
6160:
6153:
6141:
6108:
6082:sponsorship.
6080:
6065:
6058:
6050:
6033:
6024:
6015:
6006:
6000:
5988:
5961:
5949:
5936:
5919:
5907:. Retrieved
5888:
5878:
5840:
5820:
5816:
5806:
5794:. Retrieved
5775:
5765:
5718:
5695:
5690:
5680:
5673:
5640:
5630:
5610:
5604:
5584:
5578:
5558:
5528:
5504:
5490:
5483:
5463:
5456:
5436:
5429:
5420:
5416:
5393:29 September
5391:. Retrieved
5387:the original
5382:
5373:
5353:
5330:
5312:
5293:
5286:
5266:
5259:
5239:
5232:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5177:
5170:
5140:
5073:119-114 BCE
5065:122β119 BCE
5057:124β122 BCE
5049:131β124 BCE
5039:141β131 BCE
5035:Vasujyeshtha
5029:149β141 BCE
5019:185β149 BCE
4995:
4875:Demographics
4865:Architecture
4645:French India
4635:Danish India
4515:Bengal Subah
4505:Bhoi dynasty
4435:Koch Kingdom
4270:Ahom Kingdom
4144:Deva Kingdom
3836:Huna Kingdom
3776:Gupta Empire
3678:(AD 35β405 )
3637:Kanva Empire
3616:
3609: 50 BC
3491:Chola Empire
3430:(312β303 BC)
3420:(321β184 BC)
3410:(330β323 BC)
3400:(380β321 BC)
3396:Nanda Empire
3390:(424β345 BC)
3372:(550β330 BC)
3328:(684β424 BC)
3318:(799β684 BC)
3308:(700β200 BC)
3230:Swat culture
3076:Chalcolithic
2988:Palaeolithic
2946:Shunga coin.
2889:
2870:
2621:
2598:
2591:
2587:
2572:
2537:
2514:
2477:
2398:
2379:
2377:
2364:
2350:
2330:
2300:
2286:Ganges Basin
2256:, a play by
2251:
2249:
2225:went to the
2220:
2212:
2205:
2196:
2174:
2158:
2156:
2151:Milindapanha
2149:
2131:
2105:Ashokavadana
2103:
2101:
2085:
2030:
2007:
1913:
1912:
1900:
1899:
1870:
1848:
1827:
1826:
1805:
1804:
1784:
1773:
1762:
1750:
1749:
1738:
1663:Post relief.
1355:(150-80 BCE)
1352:
1337:
1311:
1287:
1278:
1270:Ashokavadana
1267:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1197:
1158:
1151:in Kolkata.
1141:
1134:
1118:
1061:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1028:
1022:
1004:
963:
952:
921:
919:
899:
879:
873:
871:
840:
827:
809:
780:
779:
753:
751:
728:
705:
704:
694:
649:epigraphical
637:Suganam raje
636:
628:
626:
610:Suganam raje
609:
590:
570:
559:
549:
522:
491:
446:
438:
436:
353:Succeeded by
352:
347:
36:
7875:, Routledge
7756:Rashtrakuta
7660:Pala Empire
7653:Kabul Shahi
7536:Kabul Shahi
7510:Alchon Huns
7288:Mahabharata
7211:Pre-history
7124:Pre-history
7034:Pre-history
6440:The PurΔαΉas
6417:Yuga Purana
6352:Pataliputra
6348:Kukkutarama
6043:Pushyamitra
5711:Thapar 2013
5146:Ludo Rocher
5083:114-83 BCE
5079:Bhagabhadra
5015:Pushyamitra
4860:Agriculture
4830:South India
4805:Maharashtra
4755:Balochistan
4695:Afghanistan
4669:(1858β1947)
4665:British Raj
4659:(1757β1858)
4655:Company Raj
4649:(1759β1954)
4639:(1620β1869)
4629:(1605β1825)
4625:Dutch India
4619:(1510β1961)
4606:(1510β1961)
4589:(1799β1849)
4585:Sikh Empire
4579:(1729β1947)
4569:(1707β1799)
4559:(1674β1818)
4549:(1650β1948)
4539:(1642β1975)
4529:(1600β1750)
4519:(1576β1757)
4509:(1541β1804)
4499:(1532β1673)
4489:(1529β1736)
4479:(1540β1556)
4469:(1526β1858)
4456:(1526β1858)
4439:(1515β1947)
4429:(1499β1763)
4419:(1518β1687)
4408:(1492β1686)
4397:(1492β1619)
4386:(1490β1574)
4375:(1490β1636)
4364:(1490β1596)
4354:(1470β1842)
4344:(1434β1541)
4334:(1399β1947)
4324:(1358β1803)
4314:(1352β1576)
4304:(1336β1646)
4294:(1325β1448)
4284:(1300β1779)
4274:(1228β1826)
4264:(1451β1526)
4253:(1414β1451)
4242:(1320β1414)
4231:(1290β1320)
4220:(1206β1290)
4209:(1206β1526)
4199:(1170β1206)
4176:(1206β1526)
4157: 1300
4153: 1200
4138:(1187β1673)
4128:(1156β1184)
4108:(1102β1766)
4098:(1083β1323)
4088:(1078β1434)
4078:(1070β1230)
4074:Sena Empire
4068:(1040β1347)
4058:(1003β1320)
3984:Pala Empire
3846:Rai Kingdom
3688:(AD 60β240)
3621:(185β73 BC)
3377:Ror Dynasty
3097: 3950
2579:Persian art
2575:Mauryan art
2503:in central
2497:Bhagabhadra
2493:Antialcidas
2468:Antialcidas
2420:Arjunayanas
2386:Mahabharata
2369:Indo-Greeks
2365:Yavanarajya
2315:Ashvamedhas
2278:Sindh River
2274:Indus River
2266:Pushyamitra
2231:Pataliputra
2215:Pataliputra
2198:Yuga Purana
2189:Pataliputra
2169:Megasthenes
2165:Pataliputra
2160:Yuga Purana
2142:Demetrius I
2134:Indo-Greeks
2114:Pataliputra
2110:Brihadratha
2092:Yuga Purana
2088:Mahabharata
2045:Pataliputra
2018:Indo-Greeks
2014:Satavahanas
1367:Great Stupa
1177:Brahmamitra
1161:Brahmamitra
1129:Pushyamitra
1065:Bramahnical
1055:Divyavadana
1049:Asokavadana
1030:Divyavadana
1024:Asokavadana
940:Indo-Greeks
906:Pataliputra
902:Kukkutarama
881:Divyavadana
875:Asokavadana
867:Indo-Greeks
836:Pushyamitra
760:Pushyamitra
622:Pushyamitra
568:art style.
475:Bhagabhadra
471:Pataliputra
463:Pushyamitra
348:Preceded by
255:Pushyamitra
169:Pataliputra
74:SATAVAHANAS
7919:Categories
7769:References
7722:Ghaznavids
7532:Nezak Huns
6521:PuαΉ£pamitra
6390:30 October
6356:sangharama
6332:30 October
5909:30 October
5796:30 October
5188:0226742210
5157:References
5093:83β73 BCE
4940:Philosophy
4920:Metallurgy
4910:Literature
4835:Tamil Nadu
4700:Bangladesh
4475:Sur Empire
4189:(977β1186)
4155: β c.
4118:(675β1210)
4048:(973β1189)
4038:(942β1244)
4028:(882β1110)
4018:(850β1334)
4008:(800β1327)
3988:(750β1174)
3968:(694β1947)
3948:(650β1036)
3928:(624β1075)
3896: 700
3894: β c.
3892: 550
3865: 500
3810:(350β1100)
3800:(350β1000)
3768: 600
3766: β c.
3764: 250
3747: 500
3745: β c.
3743: 250
3666: 130
3641:(75β26 BC)
3607: β c.
3605: 150
3536: β c.
3502:β AD 1279)
3485:β AD 1102)
3468:β AD 1345)
3447: β c.
3360: 600
3345:β AD 1600)
3153:Bronze Age
2932:karshapana
2559:Kanvayanas
2489:Indo-Greek
2485:Heliodorus
2464:Indo-Greek
2460:Heliodorus
2432:Audumbaras
2363:hegemony (
2270:Ashvamedha
2146:Menander I
2120:), in the
2067: 100
2041:Menander I
1914:Sarmatians
1612:Stupa No 3
1524:Personage.
1450:Stupa No 2
1318:Satavahana
1262:balustrade
1219:Cunningham
1169:Bodh Gaya.
1145:Tamralipti
1007:Brahmanism
982:See also:
920:Also, the
910:sangharama
730:Dhanabhuti
679:Dhanabhuti
561:MahΔbhΔαΉ£ya
525:terracotta
417:Bangladesh
268: 151
247: β c.
245: 185
215:Government
83:MAHAMEGHA-
7673:Kalachuri
7465:Kidarites
6732:proel.org
6575:161957449
6266:2073-4425
6145:Marshall
6112:Marshall
6047:Agnimitra
5829:2249-1937
5823:: 50β57.
5665:244448788
5162:Citations
5089:Devabhuti
5062:Pulindaka
5045:Vasumitra
5025:Agnimitra
4890:Education
4880:Dynasties
4800:Rajasthan
4785:Karnataka
4730:Sri Lanka
3998:(753β982)
3978:(736β916)
3958:(661β750)
3938:(632β661)
3918:(618β841)
3908:(606β647)
3877:(543β753)
3850:(489β632)
3840:(475β576)
3830:(475β767)
3820:(420β624)
3790:(345β525)
3780:(280β550)
3728:(230β360)
3718:(224β651)
3708:(210β340)
3698:(170β350)
3661:(AD 21 β
3519:β AD 800)
3271:Janapadas
3099:β1900 BC)
3026:Neolithic
2737:-holding
2540:Devabhuti
2428:Trigartas
2424:Yaudheyas
2311:Dhanadeva
2262:Vasumitra
2223:Alexander
2181:Panchalas
2136:, called
2037:Demetrius
2022:Panchalas
1901:Dinglings
1344:Bodh Gaya
1274:Agnimitra
1035:Taranatha
955:Agnimitra
892:) in the
770:Devabhuti
573:Devabhuti
556:Patanjali
514:Panchalas
494:Agnimitra
294:Devabhuti
287: 83
275:Agnimitra
270:β141 BCE
199:Religion
174:Besnagara
7869:(2002),
7543:Maitraka
7428:kingdom
7426:Kamarupa
7284:Ramayana
7110:Buddhism
7056:Panchala
7047:Gandhara
7007:culture)
6974:IRON AGE
6753:(2013),
6367:(1989).
6309:(1989).
6284:37510249
6275:10379071
5886:(1989).
5837:44156189
5773:(1989).
5100:See also
5054:Bhadraka
4955:Timeline
4945:Religion
4925:Military
4915:Maritime
4905:Language
4895:Indology
4725:Pakistan
4715:Maldives
4413: β
4402: β
4391: β
4380: β
4369: β
4258: β
4247: β
4236: β
4225: β
4214: β
3362:β300 BC)
3302: β
3291: β
3280: β
3269: β
3248:Iron Age
3228: β
3217: β
3196: β
3185: β
3174: β
2879:and the
2735:Baluster
2533:Panchala
2436:Kunindas
2416:Rajuvula
2394:Kambojas
2392:and the
2373:Surasena
2258:KΔlidΔsa
2240:, 15.698
2235:β
2194:β
2185:Mathuras
2183:and the
2090:and the
2075:Calcutta
2026:Mathuras
2010:Kalingas
1947:PARTHIAN
1806:Tesinsky
1045:β
1015:Gandhara
959:KΔlidΔsa
942:and the
786:β
747:Panchala
722:β
708:Sughanas
645:Sughanas
604:Bharhut
602:Buddhist
545:Sanskrit
498:hegemony
427:Pakistan
289:β73 BCE
219:Monarchy
206:Hinduism
190:Sanskrit
7955:Magadha
7850:Sources
7641:Pallava
7572:Culture
7451:Puranas
7440:Culture
7280:Puranas
7261:Culture
7198:Culture
7114:ΔjΔ«vika
7106:Jainism
7081:Culture
7061:Magadha
6983:Culture
6815:Kolkata
6743:Sources
6534:Chambal
6425:Kolkata
5982:p.58-59
5944:", 1918
5224:3250214
5006:Emperor
4885:Economy
4870:Coinage
4790:Kashmir
4770:Gujarat
3867:β 1026)
2977:Outline
2881:Kalinga
2613:Bharhut
2563:Andhras
2529:Mathura
2525:Magadha
2511:Decline
2501:Vidisha
2456:Vidisha
2403:or the
2390:Yavanas
2384:of the
2357:Mathura
2341:Mathura
2303:Ayodhya
2284:in the
2280:or the
2208:Bactria
2138:Yavanas
2118:Sialkot
1989:XIONGNU
1980:DYNASTY
1967:SATAVA-
1851:culture
1763:SABEANS
1688:Warfare
1461:Bharhut
1408:Shunga
1340:Bharhut
1333:Bharhut
1181:Mathura
1173:Ashokan
1121:Bharhut
1113:Kolkata
1105:Bharhut
1019:Bactria
1011:Kashmir
999:Bharhut
946:to the
890:Sialkot
859:Mathura
851:Ayodhya
843:Magadha
812:Vidisha
804:Bharhut
794:Origins
734:Bharhut
716:Agaraju
712:Shungas
687:Bharhut
598:Bharhut
566:Mathura
533:Bharhut
502:Kalinga
479:Vidisha
467:Mauryas
455:Magadha
324:187 BCE
282:β’
263:β’
257:(first)
240:β’
226:Emperor
162:Capital
114:PANDYAS
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85:VAHANAS
7960:185 BC
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7780:Samuel
7587:Tantra
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7073:Assaka
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6931:Punjab
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2552:Andhra
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2414:under
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5967:p.152
5833:JSTOR
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5220:JSTOR
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