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bow and stern may remain relatively intact for longer as they are usually more heavily constructed. Heavy machinery like boilers, engines, pumps, winches, propellers, propeller shafts, steering gear, anchors and other heavy fittings also last longer and can provide support to the remaining hull, or cause it to collapse more rapidly. Vessels that come to rest upside down on a yielding seabed can be relatively stable, although the upper decks usually collapse under the load and machinery and fittings fall. Wrecks that rest on their side tend to deteriorate quickly, as the loads are not what they were designed to support, and poorly supported hull sides give way fairly soon and the wreckage collapses. Wrecks supported by a rocky seabed tend to collapse over and around the rocks relatively rapidly. Submarines tend to last longer as they are built much more strongly to withstand the working loads of external pressure, and may last for centuries.
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1934:). The State of North Carolina questionably claims "all photographs, video recordings, or other documentary materials of a derelict vessel or shipwreck or its contents, relics, artifacts, or historic materials in the custody of any agency of North Carolina government or its subdivisions" to be its property.
2998:), "It is possible that an owner's inactivity over a long period of time, taking into account the circumstances, can be sufficient reason for considering that the proprietary right to the wrecked vessel has been relinquished. ... inactivity over a certain number of years cannot in itself be conclusive."
1953:
Some legal systems regard a wreck and its cargo to be abandoned if no attempt is made to salvage them within a certain period of time. English law has usually resisted this notion (encouraged by an extremely large maritime insurance industry, which asserts claims in respect of shipwrecks which it has
1732:
Ships that sink upright onto a sand bottom tend to settle into the sand to a similar level to that at which they would normally float at the surface. The thinner materials of the upper works tend to break up first, followed by the decks and deck beams, and the hull sides unsupported by bulkheads. The
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that is located either beached on land or sunken to the bottom of a body of water. Shipwrecking may be intentional or unintentional. There were approximately three million shipwrecks worldwide as of
January 1999, according to Angela Croome, a science writer and author who specialized in the history
1957:
The
American courts have been inconsistent between states and at federal level. Under Danish law, all shipwrecks over 150 years old belong to the state if no owner can be found. In Spain, wrecks vest in the state if not salvaged within 3 years. In Finland, all property on board shipwrecks over 100
1728:
Iron and steel wrecks are subject to corrosion, which is most rapid in shallow sea water where the salinity induces galvanic corrosion, oxygen content is high and water movement replenishes the oxygen rapidly. In deeper water and in still water the corrosion rates can be greatly reduced. Corrosion
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The above - especially the stratification (silt/sand sediments piled up on the shipwrecks) and the damages caused by marine creatures - is better described as "stratification and contamination" of shipwrecks. The stratification not only creates another challenge for marine archaeology, but also a
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Stratification includes several different types of sand and silt, as well as tumulus and encrustations. These "sediments" are tightly linked to the type of currents, depth, and the type of water (salinity, pH, etc.), which implies any chemical reactions that would affect potential cargo (such as
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Besides this geological phenomenon, wrecks also face the damage of marine creatures that create a home out of them, primarily octopuses and crustaceans. These creatures affect the primary state because they move, or break, any parts of the shipwreck that are in their way, thereby affecting the
2085:; Spain took control of the treasure in February 2012. A very small number of coins and effects recovered from the ship were deposited in Gibraltar, because they showed clear signs coherent with an internal explosion on the ship and thus confirmed Spanish claims to the wreck being that of the
2053:
The 2001 UNESCO Convention on the
Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage represents the international community's response to the increasing looting and destruction of underwater cultural heritage. It forms part of a group of UNESCO standard setting instruments regarding the domain of
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The UNESCO 2001 Convention is an international treaty aimed exclusively at the protection of underwater cultural heritage and the facilitation of international cooperation in this regard. It does not change sovereignty rights of States or regulate the ownership of wrecks or submerged ruins.
1201:
Despite these challenges, if the information retrieved does not appear to be sufficient, or a poor preservation is achieved, authors like J.A. Parker claim that it is the historical value of the shipwreck that counts as well as any slight piece of information or evidence that is acquired.
1977:. The Protection of Military Remains Act in some cases creates a blanket ban on all diving; for other wrecks divers may visit provided they do not touch, interfere with or penetrate the wreck. In the United States, shipwrecks in state waters are regulated by the
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rates of iron and steel are also reduced when concretions, solid layers of rust, or layers of marine organisms separate the metal from the ambient water, and encourage the development of a layer of relatively stable black oxide in the hypoxic layers.
1605:
Shipwrecks in shallow water near busy shipping lanes are often demolished or removed to reduce the danger to other vessels. On charts, some wreck symbols have a line under the symbol with a depth mark, which indicates the water depth above the wreck.
1662:. A 2005 survey of shipwrecks since 1890 found that over 8,500 of the submerged wrecks may still contain oil. Oil spills can have devastating effects on marine and coastal environments as well as fisheries. In addition to being toxic to marine life,
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Historic wrecks (often but not always defined as being more than 50 years of age) are often protected from pillaging and looting through national laws protecting cultural heritage. Internationally they may be protected by a State ratifying the
1011:. There are also thousands of wrecks that were not lost at sea but have been abandoned or sunk. These abandoned, or derelict ships are typically smaller craft, such as fishing vessels. They may pose a hazard to navigation and may be removed by
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revealed information about seafaring, warfare, and life in the 16th century. Military wrecks, caused by a skirmish at sea, are studied to find details about the historic event; they reveal much about the battle that occurred. Discoveries of
682:
1925:
However, many legal systems allow the rights of salvors to override the rights of the original owners of a wreck or its cargo. As a general rule, non-historic civilian shipwrecks are considered fair game for salvage. Under international
1930:, for shipwrecks of a certain age, the original owner may have lost all claim to the cargo. Anyone who finds the wreck can then file a salvage claim on it and place a lien on the vessel, and subsequently mount a salvage operation (see
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1190:, for example, or any other hollow places. Finally, in addition to the slight or severe destruction marine animals can create, there are also "external" contaminants, such as the artifacts on and around the wreck at
2054:
cultural heritage, encompassing seven conventions adopted by UNESCO Member States, which constitute a coherent and complementary body guaranteeing a complete protection of all forms of cultural heritage.
1910:
Military wrecks, however, remain under the jurisdiction – and hence protection – of the government that lost the ship, or that government's successor. Hence, a German
1844:
Often, attempts are made to salvage shipwrecks, particularly those recently wrecked, to recover the whole or part of the ship, its cargo, or its equipment. An example was the salvage of the
693:
3022:
AMC 2409, (1992) 337 LMNL 1 the courts were prepared to uphold the claims of the original insurers to the cargo subject to their providing the necessary proof, which they were unable to do.
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2299:
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discovered one of the most notable instruments of time keeping and prediction of celestial events off the coast of the Greek island
Antikythera on May 17, 1902. The device, known as the
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1626:, reduces the strength of ferrous structural materials of the ship. Deeper wrecks are likely to be protected by less exposure to water movement and by lower levels of oxygen in water.
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An important factor in the condition of the wreck is the level of destruction at the time of the loss or shortly afterwards due to the nature of the loss, salvage or later demolition.
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701:
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the courts treated the wreck and cargo as abandoned, arguing it would be an "absurd fiction" to regard a centuries-old shipwreck as still owned by the original owner. But in
2270:
1903:
QB 384 it was accepted that the remains of the vessel itself were owned by the insurance underwriters who had paid out on the vessel as a total loss by virtue of the law of
2258:
1866:
Shipwreck law determines important legal questions regarding wrecks, perhaps the most important question being the question of ownership. Legally wrecks are divided into
1198:, or contemporary pollution in bodies of water, that severely affect shipwrecks by changing the chemical structures, or further damaging what is left of a specific ship.
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2594:"Superior keeps its shipwrecks fresh Preservation: In the cold, almost sterile water at the bottom of the Great Lake, divers find the remains of marine disasters"
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For example, under
English law the former were dealt with under rules relating to things found on land, the latter were dealt with under Admiralty jurisdiction.
3132:
797:
936:, are of interest primarily because of their potential harm to the environment. Other contemporary wrecks are scuttled in order to spur reef growth, such as
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A U.S. federal court and a panel from the United States Court of
Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit have upheld the Spanish claim to the contents of the ship
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that dive to shipwrecks because they are interesting to explore, provide large habitats for many types of marine life, and have an interesting history.
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1970:
1646:, etc.) slows the degradation of organic ship materials. Decay, corrosion and marine encrustation are inhibited or largely absent in cold waters.
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Some countries assert claims to all wrecks within their territorial waters, irrespective of the interest of the original owner or the salvor.
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1427:, are notorious for boring into wooden structures that are immersed in sea water and can completely destroy the hull of a wooden shipwreck.
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Van
Landuyt, Josefien; Kundu, Kankana; Van Haelst, Sven; Neyts, Marijke; Parmentier, Koen; De Rijcke, Maarten; Boon, Nico (2022-10-18).
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2981:(1977) 51 ALJR 806 at 820-821, although significantly the court held that it had not been abandoned despite the fact the ship, the
1907:(who subsequently sold their rights), but that the property aboard the wreck still belonged to its original owners or their heirs.
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found in fresh water cause the wood on ships to rot more quickly than in seawater unless it is deprived of oxygen. Two shipwrecks,
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1994:, there was confusion in the press and by the authorities about whether people could be prevented from helping themselves to the
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When a ship's crew has died or abandoned the ship, and the ship has remained adrift but unsunk, they are instead referred to as
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An important international convention aiming at the protection of underwater cultural heritage (including shipwrecks) is the
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1053:, navigation and other human errors leading to collisions (with another ship, the shoreline, an iceberg, etc.), bad weather,
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which is undergoing archaeological recovery by the North
Carolina Department of Cultural Resources near Beaufort Inlet, NC.
1102:
is one of the oldest and best-preserved ships salvaged in the world, owing to the cool temperatures and low salinity of the
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1962:
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components decay quickly. Often the only wooden parts of ships that remain after a century are those that were buried in
3142:
2645:"Potentially Polluting Wrecks in Marine Waters: An Issue Paper Prepared for the 2005 International Oil Spill Conference"
2643:
Michel, Jacqueline; Schmidt Etkin, Dagmar; Gilbert, Trevor; Urban, Robert; Waldron, Jon; Blocksidge, Charles T. (2005).
2281:
2089:. They were not returned to Spain until 2013, when a court finally ordered Odyssey Marine to return the missing pieces.
2037:
1057:, and other causes can lead to accidental sinking. Intentional reasons for sinking a ship include: intending to form an
3133:"Structural failure of container vessel MSC Napoli and subsequent beaching Marine Accident Investigation Branch report"
1954:
paid claims on), but it has been accepted to a greater or lesser degree in an
Australian case and in a Norwegian case.
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73:
2011:
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This article is about the physical remains of a wrecked ship. For the event resulting in a ship being wrecked, see
1471:
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3434:, worldwide database of + 105,000 wrecks with history, maritime charts and GPS positions (subscription required)
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on board which render the wreck hazardous. Samples taken from the wreck and nearby sediment show the presence of
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2104:, and the technology it encompasses predates any other recorded description by hundreds or thousands of years.
1978:
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376:
1569:); some ships with a dense cargo (e.g., iron ore) may break up when sinking quickly and hitting a rocky seabed
2022:. After several days, the police and Receiver of Wreck, in conjunction with the landowner and the contracted
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takes place, sometimes helped by tides and weather, the structure collapses. Thick ferrous objects such as
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2018:. Failure to do so is an offence under the Merchant Shipping Act and can result in a criminal record for
1918:(the government at the time) is long-defunct. Many military wrecks are also protected by virtue of being
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2418:
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1000:
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2026:, established a cordon to prevent access to the beach. A similar situation occurred after the wreck of
1324:, salinity is very low, and centuries-old wrecks have been preserved in reasonable condition. However,
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2002:. Many people took advantage of the confusion and helped themselves to the cargo. This included many
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chemically accelerate the process of metal oxidation which, in the case of ferrous metals, leads to
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In 2011, the most valuable cargo of a sunken shipwreck was identified near the western edge of the
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of North
America, have remained intact with little degradation. In some sea areas, most notably in
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and explosive compounds into surrounding waters, which have changed the local microbial ecology.
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Foundering, i.e., taking in so much water that buoyancy is lost and the ship sinks (e.g., RMS
937:
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457:
312:
267:
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149:
109:
2456:
Parker, A.J. (1981). "Stratification and contamination in ancient Mediterranean shipwrecks".
1897:
Wrecks are often considered separately from their cargo. For example, in the British case of
3272:
2865:"Impacts of Recreational Scuba Diving on Shipwrecks in Australia and the Pacific - A Review"
2785:
2769:
2728:
2718:
2465:
2293:
2261: – Online database containing data about shipwrecks and other sunken cultural artefacts
2019:
1966:
1931:
1874:(material still at sea), which are treated differently by some, but not all, legal systems.
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and small wood-boring sea creatures. Shipworms found in higher salinity waters, such as the
667:
474:
332:
317:
274:
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183:
2408:”, Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter, Summer 1999, Volume 32, Number 2, pp. 31.
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633:
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547:
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2382:, Emerging Technology Series, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, pp. 58.
3261:"The British Ratification of the Underwater Heritage Convention: Problems and Prospects"
1093:
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N.C Supreme Court revives lawsuit over Blackbeard’s ship and lost Spanish treasure ship
3046:
2790:
2757:
2469:
2308:
2093:
2023:
1991:
1981:
of 1987. This act is much more lenient in allowing more open access to the shipwrecks.
1861:
1839:
1599:
1549:), steamship boilers often explode when water covers them during the process of sinking
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69:
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challenge to determine its primary state, i.e. the state that it was in when it sank.
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Being blown onto a beach, reef, or rocks during a storm, termed "grounding" (e.g.,
1502:
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1927:
1915:
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valuable parts of the ship and its cargo. This operation can cause further damage.
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Shipwreck pollution may also originate with a ship's cargo or munitions, such as
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because they preserve historical information: for example, studying the wreck of
1904:
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1615:
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1441:
1386:
1347:
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1250:, depending on their thickness, may retain the ship's structure for decades. As
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1914:
from World War II still technically belongs to the German government, although
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2630:"Underwater WWII Wrecks – Pollution or Cultural Heritage? | Smithsonian Ocean"
2067:
1999:
1985:
1944:
1507:
1309:
1103:
982:
862:
818:
569:
280:
252:
3284:
2880:
2818:"North Sea Wrecks: A future decision support tool for blue growth activities"
2781:
2742:
3427:
UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
3175:
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The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration
2183:
1974:
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is that any such finds and recovery must be reported within 28 days to the
1940:
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17:
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led to a treasure almost three miles (16,000 ft; 4,800 m) deep.
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Schatten en Scheepswrakken: boeiende onderwaterarcheologie in de Noordzee
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2223:
A piece of Shipwreck of Portuguese stranded deep sea-takers 1975 Luanda
2100:, is perhaps the earliest example of what would be known as today as an
1965:, enacted to protect historic wrecks, controls access to wrecks such as
2875:(1/2 Combined). Albury NSW, Australia: Heritage Futures International.
2209:
2168:
2164:
2122:
2038:
Unesco Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
2027:
2007:
2006:
motorbikes and empty wine casks as well as bags of disposable nappies (
1995:
1709:
1635:
1577:
961:
915:, which sank in remote locations leaving few living witnesses, such as
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2707:"80 years later: Marine sediments still influenced by an old war ship"
1029:
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1969:
which can only be visited or investigated under licence. The British
1911:
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in the 1920s and 1930s. The unauthorized salvage of wrecks is called
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1346:
since they sunk during a violent storm on August 8, 1813, during the
1262:
1255:
1070:
1066:
855:
579:
327:
2393:
UNESCO urges the Americas to join the underwater heritage convention
3347:
Larn, Richard; Larn, Bridget; Lloyd's Register of Shipping (1995),
2302: – international convention on maritime assistance and salvage
3228:"Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage"
1939:
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Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage.
1081:; or removing a menace to navigation. A ship can be also used as
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1382:
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1229:
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2822:
Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee – Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ)
2335: – Archaeological techniques practiced at underwater sites
1287:
and port holes were often made from non-ferrous metals such as
3042:
2934:
Berger, Philip E.; Moore, Tim; McCrory, Pat (18 August 2015).
2003:
1990:, as a result of severe damage incurred during European storm
1797:
1735:
1435:
1378:
1173:), and other chemical characteristics of the water at the site
1062:
40:
2513:"Hamilton's War of 1812 shipwrecks 'an archeologist's dream'"
2040:. In this case pillaging is not allowed. One such example is
1552:
Fire that burns for a long time before the ship sinks (e.g.,
1385:. Such cases are prominent on deep-water shipwrecks, such as
1139:
whether the wreck was demolished to clear a navigable channel
1109:
Many factors determine the state of preservation of a wreck:
1670:, are very difficult to clean up, and last for years in the
1614:
On the seabed, wrecks are slowly broken up by the forces of
1156:
the exposure to surface weather conditions at the wreck site
854:
of underwater archaeology (an estimate rapidly endorsed by
3431:
1170:
921:, do occur as well. Some contemporary wrecks, such as the
2869:
Micronesian Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences
2685:
America's living oceans: charting a course for sea change
2441:(internet video). Shipwreck Central. 2007. Archived from
2300:
Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks
2969:
1987 and the Spanish Estatuto No 60/62, 24 December 1962
1520:
Examples of severe destruction at the time of loss are:
2329: – Scuttling old ships to produce artificial reefs
1973:
also restricts access to wrecks which are sensitive as
1814:
1752:
1373:
much more quickly in seawater because of the dissolved
65:
3020:
Columbus America Discovery Groupo v Unidentified Wreck
2816:
Sven, Van Haelst (2020). Mees, Jan; Seys, Jan (eds.).
2249: – Index to Knowledge (XXG)'s lists of shipwrecks
1622:. Also, more highly oxygenated water, which promotes
1580:
that may cause destruction before sinking (e.g., the
1273:
often survive well underwater in spite of corrosion.
2623:
2621:
2304:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1419:
Unprotected wood in seawater is rapidly consumed by
1126:
the level of destruction involved in the ship's loss
2271:
Conservation and restoration of shipwreck artifacts
1598:After the loss, the vessel's owners may attempt to
2284: – Australian legislation (Superseded by the
2259:Australasian Underwater Cultural Heritage Database
1792:Monetary value of salvageable cargo and components
2362:”, New Scientist, Volume 161, Issue 2169, pp. 49.
1412:(sank 1914) lies in the saltwater portion of the
1406:(sank 1941). However, there are some exceptions;
946:. Many contemporary and historic wrecks, such as
3436:(in Dutch, English, French, German, and Spanish)
3318:National Council for Science and the Environment
1783:Recreational diving and other tourism attraction
1870:(material washed ashore after a shipwreck) and
959:Well-known shipwrecks include the catastrophic
2311: – Location where scrapped ships are left
1236:soon after the sinking. An example of this is
3453:Wreck Diving in the Graveyard of the Atlantic
3310:. In Saundry, Peter; Cleveland, C.J. (eds.).
3265:International & Comparative Law Quarterly
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2566:"How a Ship-Sinking Clam Conquered the Ocean"
2296: – Ship that is afloat, but not seagoing
1846:scuttled German High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow
1776:A shipwreck may have value in several forms:
1618:caused by the weather and currents caused by
752:
54:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
2994:N. Rt. 346 (1970 N.D. 107), per Eckhoff J. (
2811:
2809:
1786:scientific, educational and monetary values
1416:, but is still in remarkably good condition.
3406:Treasure Pirates Shipwrecks Gold and Silver
3101:"Wreck and salvage law - Detailed guidance"
1470:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1350:. They are in "remarkably good" condition.
3463:Battle Over Shipwreck Photos Brews in N.C.
3009:Treasure Salvors Inc. v Unidentified Wreck
2373:Marine Industrial Technology, 1 and 2/1999
1885:auction in Amsterdam for the cargo of the
1116:the wreck becoming covered in sand or silt
759:
745:
122:
27:Physical remains of a beached or sunk ship
2789:
2732:
2722:
1490:Learn how and when to remove this message
92:Learn how and when to remove this message
3197:Schuster, Angela M.H. (May–June 1979).
2700:
2698:
2391:Lucia Iglesias Kuntz (June 12, 2002), “
2351:
2111:
1971:Protection of Military Remains Act 1986
1358:Wrecks typically decay rapidly when in
733:London Maritime Arbitrators Association
714:
615:
594:
494:
352:
191:
141:
125:
3306:Hogan, C.Michael (27 September 2011).
2839:Termote, Tomas; Termote, Dirk (2009).
2664:
2653:
1998:which was washed up on the beaches at
1362:. There are several reasons for this:
688:International Convention on Load Lines
3458:Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary
3441:NOAA Wrecks and Obstructions Database
2491:Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary
2341: – Recreational diving on wrecks
2317: – Event causing a ship to wreck
2287:Underwater Cultural Heritage Act 2018
1654:Many modern shipwrecks contribute to
7:
3349:Shipwreck index of the British Isles
2979:Robinson v Western Australian Museum
2905:"Treasure Salvage: Finders Keepers?"
2903:White, Stephen F. (5 October 2001).
2691:. Pew Oceans Commission. p. 64.
2327:Sinking ships for wreck diving sites
1468:adding citations to reliable sources
1214:The Wreck, by Knud-Andreassen Baade
1142:the depth of water at the wreck site
911:, often from the period of European
3207:Archaeological Institute of America
3109:. 14 September 2012. Archived from
3033:"Napoli 'scavenging' beach to open"
2358:Angela Croome (January 16, 1999). “
2278: – Specific kinds of shipwreck
2276:Flotsam, jetsam, lagan and derelict
2265:The captain goes down with the ship
2070:. This World War II era sinking of
1658:, mainly as sources of significant
1533:Collision with another ship (e.g.,
1194:and the over-lapping wrecks at the
723:International Maritime Organization
678:Ballast Water Management Convention
644:International Convention on Salvage
525:The captain goes down with the ship
3385:; Vol.5 - West Coast & Wales,
2944:General Assembly of North Carolina
2758:"Warfare: Iraq's Toxic Shipwrecks"
2734:1854/LU-01GKS4PJA2JJ06GXN0FQHFMB4D
2628:Spalding, Mark J. (January 2013).
2564:Gilman, Sarah (December 5, 2016).
2470:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1981.tb00045.x
2419:"Wrecks and Obstructions Database"
896:Historic wrecks are attractive to
25:
3141:. 18 January 2007. Archived from
2762:Environmental Health Perspectives
1696:in 1942, has multiple unexploded
1377:present; the sodium and chloride
1113:the ship's construction materials
3011:AMC 1404, AMC 1857 relating to
2756:Brown, Valerie J. (April 2005).
2228:
2216:
2197:
2175:
2152:
2133:
2114:
2010:). The legal position under the
1801:
1739:
1706:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
1664:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
1440:
1182:wine, olive oil, spices, etc.).
807:Shipwreck on the Coast of Norway
133:
45:
3045:. 14 March 2007. Archived from
2863:Edney, Joanne (November 2006).
2843:(in Dutch). Davidsfonds Leuven.
1295:, which do not corrode easily.
1049:Poor design, improperly stowed
173:Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris
3351:, Lloyd's Register of Shipping
3138:Maritime and Coastguard Agency
3106:Maritime and Coastguard Agency
3074:Maritime and Coastguard Agency
2828:: 83 – via ResearchGate.
2682:Panetta, L.E. (Chair) (2003).
2087:Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes
2082:Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes
1958:years old vests in the state.
1542:Catastrophic explosion (e.g.,
1163:that consume the ship's fabric
779:image of the shipwreck of the
1:
3408:, Amazon Digital Services LLC
2540:"Empress of Ireland (Canada)"
2438:Scurvy, Death and Cannibalism
1813: with: . You can help by
1751: with: . You can help by
1716:Natural deterioration process
1432:Loss, salvage, and demolition
1342:, have been at the bottom of
1215:
728:Comité Maritime International
694:International Regulations for
650:United Nations Convention on
3203:Archaeology Magazine Archive
3069:"ROW- The reporting process"
2592:Steere, Mike (12 May 1996).
2282:Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976
1123:of the water the wreck is in
696:Preventing Collisions at Sea
3404:Muckenhaupt, P. G. (2018),
2711:Frontiers in Marine Science
1634:Extreme cold (such as in a
715:International organizations
68:, discuss the issue on the
3506:
3361:; Vol.2 - The South Coast,
2724:10.3389/fmars.2022.1017136
2632:. Smithsonian Institution.
2267: – Maritime tradition
2121:Shipwreck on a shore near
2012:Merchant Shipping Act 1995
1984:Following the beaching of
1859:
1837:
1685:canisters. German trawler
1129:whether the components or
1022:
881:wreck is displayed at the
858:and other organizations).
828:, first discovered in 1985
639:Maritime Labour Convention
36:Shipwreck (disambiguation)
29:
3369:; Vol.3 - The East Coast,
3353:; Vol.1 - The South West
3277:10.1017/S0020589318000210
2395:”, UNESCO Media Services.
2140:Wrecked fishing boats in
1304:Freshwater and low saline
616:International conventions
3393:; Vol. 6- Ireland (all)
3259:Roberts, Hayley (2018).
2967:Abandoned Shipwrecks Act
2321:Second Geneva Convention
2253:Abandoned Shipwrecks Act
1979:Abandoned Shipwrecks Act
1963:Protection of Wrecks Act
1887:Dutch East India Company
1724:Propeller amongst corals
1704:like nickel and copper,
1674:and marine environment.
1582:Italian battleship
1038:, used as breakwater in
661:International piracy law
652:the Law of the Sea
3471:, Fayetteville Observer
3308:"SS Gairsoppa recovery"
3199:"Blackbeard's Flagship"
3170:BBC Radio World Service
2996:Supreme Court of Norway
2484:"Final Management Plan"
1610:Depth, tide and weather
1401:German battleship
1077:; using the vessel for
898:maritime archaeologists
683:Anti-fouling Convention
3236:. 2001. Archived from
2663:Cite journal requires
2333:Underwater archaeology
2255: – US legislation
1950:
1949:beached off Branscombe
1894:
1725:
1514:
1409:RMS Empress of Ireland
1221:
1206:Construction materials
1186:original condition of
1106:
1046:
893:
842:
829:
811:
794:
120:
34:. For other uses, see
3313:Encyclopedia of Earth
2235:A Shipwreck in Luanda
2208:at the west coast of
2098:Antikythera Mechanism
1943:
1880:
1723:
1505:
1213:
1096:
1089:State of preservation
1061:; destruction due to
1032:
952:, are of interest to
876:
849:is the wreckage of a
835:
817:
800:
774:
107:
3377:; Vol.4 - Scotland,
2965:For example, the US
2915:on 17 September 2015
2774:10.1289/ehp.113-a230
2043:Queen Anne's Revenge
1513:on 13 September 1858
1464:improve this section
1083:breakwater structure
802:Johan Christian Dahl
608:Vice admiralty court
354:Contract of carriage
157:Corpus Juris Civilis
74:create a new article
66:improve this article
56:may not represent a
3165:"What Lies Beneath"
3081:on 25 February 2008
2985:, was lost in 1656.
2606:on 16 November 2018
2323: – 1949 treaty
2247:Lists of shipwrecks
1679:unexploded ordnance
1312:lakes, such as the
1308:Shipwrecks in some
1196:Molasses Reef Wreck
954:recreational divers
883:Pilgrim Hall Museum
3446:2021-07-23 at the
3145:on 18 October 2007
3113:on 28 January 2011
2544:Tekdiv Exploration
2538:Dominique (2010).
2378:2021-02-24 at the
1951:
1895:
1780:Cultural heritage,
1726:
1572:Enemy action from
1515:
1414:St. Lawrence River
1222:
1133:of the wreck were
1107:
1047:
1044:Strait of Magellan
990:Empress of Ireland
894:
843:
830:
812:
795:
217:Maritime transport
121:
3465:, Courthouse News
3316:. Washington DC:
3240:on 15 August 2008
2406:Lisbon Resolution
2016:Receiver of Wreck
1831:
1830:
1769:
1768:
1666:(PAHs), found in
1506:The shipwreck of
1500:
1499:
1492:
1399:(sank 1915), and
1299:Salinity of water
1153:at the wreck site
1035:County of Peebles
769:
768:
707:Athens Convention
673:MARPOL Convention
624:Hague-Visby Rules
513:Freight forwarder
458:Proof of delivery
313:Maritime security
150:Code of Hammurabi
108:The shipwreck of
102:
101:
94:
76:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
3497:
3437:
3409:
3352:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3320:. Archived from
3303:
3297:
3296:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3178:. 22 August 2008
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3077:. Archived from
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3049:on 17 March 2007
3029:
3023:
3005:
2999:
2992:
2986:
2976:
2970:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2940:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2911:. Archived from
2900:
2894:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2860:
2845:
2844:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2736:
2726:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2651:
2649:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2602:. Archived from
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2488:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2415:
2409:
2402:
2396:
2389:
2383:
2371:“Sinking fast”,
2369:
2363:
2356:
2305:
2294:Hulk (ship type)
2232:
2220:
2201:
2179:
2156:
2137:
2118:
2062:Notable salvages
2020:theft by finding
1967:Cattewater Wreck
1932:Finders, keepers
1872:adventurae maris
1826:
1823:
1805:
1798:
1789:Artificial reefs
1764:
1761:
1743:
1736:
1683:chemical weapons
1656:marine pollution
1650:Marine pollution
1495:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1444:
1436:
1220:
1217:
1169:the acidity (or
1159:the presence of
1145:the strength of
1013:port authorities
761:
754:
747:
668:SOLAS Convention
655:
520:Captain (Master)
318:Letter of marque
275:Marine insurance
184:Hanseatic League
137:
123:
115:on the shore of
97:
90:
86:
83:
77:
49:
48:
41:
21:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3475:
3474:
3448:Wayback Machine
3435:
3423:
3403:
3346:
3343:
3341:Further reading
3338:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3241:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3209:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3179:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3050:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3006:
3002:
2993:
2989:
2977:
2973:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2916:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2862:
2861:
2848:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2662:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2571:Smithsonian Mag
2563:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2403:
2399:
2390:
2386:
2380:Wayback Machine
2370:
2366:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2303:
2243:
2236:
2233:
2224:
2221:
2212:
2202:
2193:
2180:
2171:
2163:wrecked off of
2157:
2148:
2138:
2129:
2119:
2110:
2102:analog computer
2064:
1864:
1858:
1842:
1836:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1811:needs expansion
1774:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1749:needs expansion
1718:
1652:
1632:
1612:
1496:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1461:
1445:
1434:
1356:
1322:Gulf of Finland
1318:Gulf of Bothnia
1306:
1301:
1293:phosphor bronze
1267:pressure vessel
1218:
1208:
1091:
1079:target practice
1059:artificial reef
1027:
1021:
1008:Costa Concordia
871:
839:Costa Concordia
765:
698:
695:
657:
653:
651:
634:Rotterdam Rules
603:Admiralty court
543:Freight company
534:
296:General average
277:
248:Merchant marine
154:
98:
87:
81:
78:
63:
50:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3503:
3501:
3493:
3492:
3490:Law of the sea
3487:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3438:
3429:
3422:
3421:External links
3419:
3418:
3417:
3401:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3324:on 4 June 2013
3298:
3271:(4): 833–865.
3251:
3219:
3189:
3156:
3124:
3092:
3060:
3024:
3000:
2987:
2971:
2958:
2926:
2895:
2886:
2846:
2831:
2805:
2748:
2694:
2674:
2665:|journal=
2635:
2617:
2584:
2556:
2530:
2504:
2475:
2464:(4): 309–335.
2448:
2445:on 2008-03-06.
2428:
2410:
2397:
2384:
2364:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2309:Ship graveyard
2306:
2297:
2291:
2279:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2203:
2196:
2194:
2182:Ship wreck of
2181:
2174:
2172:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2139:
2132:
2130:
2120:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2094:Valerios Stais
2092:Archaeologist
2063:
2060:
1862:Law of salvage
1860:Main article:
1857:
1854:
1840:Marine salvage
1838:Main article:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1808:
1806:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1746:
1744:
1717:
1714:
1692:, sunk in the
1651:
1648:
1631:
1628:
1611:
1608:
1596:
1595:
1570:
1559:
1550:
1540:
1531:
1527:Royal Adelaide
1498:
1497:
1448:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1417:
1369:-based metals
1355:
1352:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1207:
1204:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1127:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1090:
1087:
1023:Main article:
1020:
1017:
939:Adolphus Busch
909:treasure ships
870:
867:
767:
766:
764:
763:
756:
749:
741:
738:
737:
736:
735:
730:
725:
717:
716:
712:
711:
710:
709:
704:
702:SAR Convention
699:
692:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
664:
663:
648:
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636:
631:
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613:
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605:
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584:
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572:
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517:
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497:
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472:
471:
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460:
455:
450:
445:
444:
443:
433:
428:
427:
426:
419:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
382:Bill of lading
379:
374:
369:
361:
360:
350:
349:
348:
347:
346:
345:
343:Wartime prizes
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
310:
309:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
272:
271:
270:
265:
260:
258:Passenger ship
255:
245:
244:
243:
238:
233:
228:
214:
213:
212:
207:
194:
193:
189:
188:
187:
186:
181:
176:
169:
168:
167:
152:
144:
143:
139:
138:
130:
129:
100:
99:
60:of the subject
58:worldwide view
53:
51:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3502:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3415:9781729469668
3412:
3407:
3402:
3400:
3399:1-900839-03-2
3396:
3392:
3391:1-900839-61-X
3388:
3384:
3383:1-900839-01-6
3380:
3376:
3375:1-900839-10-5
3372:
3368:
3367:0-900528-99-0
3364:
3360:
3359:0-900528-88-5
3356:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3302:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3252:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3190:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2946:
2945:
2937:
2930:
2927:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2890:
2887:
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2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2686:
2678:
2675:
2670:
2657:
2646:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2599:Baltimore Sun
2595:
2588:
2585:
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2207:
2204:Shipwreck of
2200:
2195:
2191:
2190:Fraser Island
2187:
2186:
2178:
2173:
2170:
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2162:
2155:
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2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1948:
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1938:
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1901:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1868:wreccum maris
1863:
1856:Legal aspects
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1816:
1812:
1809:This section
1807:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1763:
1754:
1750:
1747:This section
1745:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:depth charges
1695:
1691:
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1684:
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1555:Achille Lauro
1551:
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1511:
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1454:
1449:This section
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1426:
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1415:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1398:
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1392:(sank 1912),
1391:
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935:
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905:
904:
899:
892:
891:Massachusetts
888:
884:
880:
875:
868:
866:
864:
859:
857:
852:
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841:
840:
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827:
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629:Hamburg Rules
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480:International
478:
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410:
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407:Force majeure
405:
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400:
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395:
393:
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388:
385:
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370:
368:
367:Affreightment
365:
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301:Seaworthiness
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210:Fisheries law
208:
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185:
182:
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179:Amalfian Laws
177:
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160:
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148:
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140:
136:
132:
131:
128:
127:Admiralty law
124:
118:
117:Fuerteventura
114:
113:
112:American Star
106:
96:
93:
85:
75:
71:
67:
61:
59:
52:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3432:WreckSite.eu
3405:
3348:
3326:. Retrieved
3322:the original
3311:
3301:
3268:
3264:
3254:
3244:19 September
3242:. Retrieved
3238:the original
3231:
3222:
3212:17 September
3210:. Retrieved
3202:
3192:
3182:19 September
3180:. Retrieved
3168:
3159:
3149:17 September
3147:. Retrieved
3143:the original
3136:
3127:
3117:17 September
3115:. Retrieved
3111:the original
3104:
3095:
3083:. Retrieved
3079:the original
3072:
3063:
3053:19 September
3051:. Retrieved
3047:the original
3036:
3027:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3003:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2942:
2929:
2917:. Retrieved
2913:the original
2908:
2898:
2889:
2872:
2868:
2840:
2834:
2825:
2821:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2714:
2710:
2684:
2677:
2656:cite journal
2638:
2608:. Retrieved
2604:the original
2597:
2587:
2575:. Retrieved
2569:
2559:
2547:. Retrieved
2543:
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2516:
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2490:
2478:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2443:the original
2437:
2431:
2422:
2413:
2400:
2387:
2367:
2360:Sinking fast
2354:
2339:Wreck diving
2315:Shipwrecking
2285:
2205:
2184:
2160:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2034:
2028:
1986:
1983:
1961:The British
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1936:
1928:maritime law
1924:
1916:Nazi Germany
1909:
1898:
1896:
1891:Geldermalsen
1890:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1843:
1819:
1815:adding to it
1810:
1775:
1757:
1753:adding to it
1748:
1731:
1727:
1702:heavy metals
1688:
1676:
1653:
1642:waters, the
1633:
1613:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1574:aerial bombs
1566:
1562:
1554:
1545:
1536:Andrea Doria
1535:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1509:
1486:
1477:
1462:Please help
1450:
1407:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1357:
1344:Lake Ontario
1338:
1331:
1307:
1275:
1242:
1237:
1223:
1200:
1192:Pickles Reef
1184:
1180:
1176:
1149:currents or
1108:
1098:
1048:
1040:Punta Arenas
1034:
1025:Shipwrecking
1007:
1001:
996:Andrea Doria
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
960:
958:
948:
944:Ocean Freeze
943:
938:
932:
926:
917:
913:colonisation
902:
895:
879:Sparrow-Hawk
878:
860:
846:
844:
837:
824:
805:
784:
453:Packing list
421:
358:Charterparty
305:
268:Registration
241:Shipbuilding
171:
162:
155:
111:
88:
79:
55:
32:Shipwrecking
2983:Gilt Dragon
2947:. p. 6
2768:(4): A230.
2717:: 1017136.
2206:Frotamerica
2192:, Australia
1905:subrogation
1889:(VOC) ship
1881:Viewing at
1644:Great Lakes
1636:glacial-fed
1630:Temperature
1616:wave action
1348:War of 1812
1314:Great Lakes
1219: 1835
1166:temperature
1161:marine life
1151:wave action
967:MV Doña Paz
949:Thistlegorm
863:ghost ships
781:Soviet Navy
595:Judiciaries
397:Consignment
18:Sunken ship
3485:Shipwrecks
3479:Categories
2909:wcslaw.com
2519:. CBC News
2346:References
2159:The ferry
2068:Celtic Sea
2000:Branscombe
1987:MSC Napoli
1975:war graves
1946:MSC Napoli
1920:war graves
1883:Christie's
1822:March 2020
1760:March 2020
1660:oil spills
1310:freshwater
1281:condensers
1277:Propellers
1104:Baltic Sea
923:oil tanker
417:Commercial
392:Chartering
306:Total loss
281:Act of God
253:Cargo ship
3293:149780539
3285:0020-5893
3176:Bbc.co.uk
3172:Broadcast
2881:1449-7336
2782:0091-6765
2743:2296-7745
2610:29 August
2523:11 August
2497:11 August
2073:Gairsoppa
2032:in 1997.
1900:Lusitania
1694:North Sea
1689:John Mahn
1668:crude oil
1624:corrosion
1589:HMS
1578:torpedoes
1567:Britannic
1565:and HMHS
1544:HMS
1451:does not
1425:Caribbean
1421:shipworms
1396:Lusitania
1394:RMS
1337:USS
1330:USS
1271:submarine
1252:corrosion
1238:Mary Rose
1002:Endurance
978:Lusitania
972:Britannic
903:Mary Rose
877:The 1626
847:shipwreck
836:Wreck of
823:RMS
786:Virsaitis
587:Stevedore
565:Principal
560:Consignor
555:Consignee
538:Charterer
423:Pro forma
402:Demurrage
387:Brokerage
338:Smuggling
333:Pollution
291:Collision
70:talk page
3444:Archived
3328:16 March
3038:BBC News
2951:16 March
2936:"HB 184"
2919:16 March
2800:15811816
2650:: 8, 11.
2577:16 March
2549:16 March
2376:Archived
2241:See also
2161:Assalama
2144:, North
2142:Finnmark
1850:wrecking
1672:sediment
1508:SS
1480:May 2013
1403:Bismarck
1360:seawater
1354:Seawater
1332:Hamilton
1326:bacteria
1224:Exposed
1188:amphorae
1135:salvaged
1121:salinity
1075:sabotage
927:Prestige
887:Plymouth
791:Estonian
654:(UNCLOS)
448:Manifest
441:Maritime
377:Barratry
263:Mortgage
222:Shipping
192:Features
82:May 2023
64:You may
2791:1278500
2210:Namibia
2169:Morocco
2165:Tarfaya
2123:Gytheio
2108:Gallery
2024:salvors
2008:diapers
1996:flotsam
1834:Salvage
1710:arsenic
1687:V 1302
1600:salvage
1563:Titanic
1510:Austria
1472:removed
1457:sources
1389:Titanic
1371:corrode
1339:Scourge
1265:or the
1263:boilers
1256:cannons
1063:warfare
1042:at the
984:Estonia
962:Titanic
918:Batavia
825:Titanic
548:Manager
532:Carrier
495:Parties
487:Waybill
463:Salvage
431:Laytime
412:Invoice
236:Freight
205:Illegal
200:Fishing
164:Digesta
142:History
119:in 2004
3413:
3397:
3389:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3291:
3283:
3233:UNESCO
3085:18 May
3015:Atocha
2879:
2798:
2788:
2780:
2741:
2517:cbc.ca
2493:. NOAA
2185:Maheno
2146:Norway
2127:Greece
1992:Kyrill
1912:U-boat
1893:(1747)
1640:Arctic
1638:lake,
1591:Barham
1285:hinges
1226:wooden
1071:mutiny
1067:piracy
1019:Causes
856:UNESCO
810:, 1832
793:waters
580:Mutiny
575:Seaman
508:Factor
372:Agency
328:Piracy
3289:S2CID
2939:(PDF)
2689:(PDF)
2648:(PDF)
2487:(PDF)
1772:Value
1620:tides
1289:brass
1269:of a
1260:steam
1244:Steel
1147:tidal
1131:cargo
1051:cargo
933:Erika
869:Types
783:ship
777:sonar
570:Owner
503:Agent
475:Terms
323:Drugs
286:Cargo
231:Cargo
226:Ferry
72:, or
3411:ISBN
3395:ISBN
3387:ISBN
3379:ISBN
3371:ISBN
3363:ISBN
3355:ISBN
3330:2019
3281:ISSN
3246:2009
3214:2015
3184:2009
3151:2015
3119:2015
3087:2013
3055:2009
3013:the
2953:2019
2921:2019
2877:ISSN
2796:PMID
2778:ISSN
2739:ISSN
2669:help
2612:2015
2579:2019
2551:2019
2525:2015
2499:2015
2423:NOAA
2029:Cita
1587:and
1584:Roma
1546:Hood
1455:any
1453:cite
1387:RMS
1383:rust
1379:ions
1375:salt
1367:Iron
1335:and
1320:and
1291:and
1248:iron
1246:and
1234:sand
1230:silt
1119:the
1099:Vasa
1055:fire
942:and
851:ship
436:Lien
3273:doi
3043:BBC
3007:In
2786:PMC
2770:doi
2766:113
2729:hdl
2719:doi
2466:doi
2004:BMW
1817:.
1755:.
1681:or
1576:or
1466:by
1232:or
1073:or
1005:or
930:or
885:in
821:of
819:Bow
789:in
468:Law
110:SS
3481::
3287:.
3279:.
3269:67
3267:.
3263:.
3230:.
3205:.
3201:.
3174:.
3167:.
3135:.
3103:.
3071:.
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2941:.
2907:.
2871:.
2867:.
2849:^
2826:84
2824:.
2820:.
2808:^
2794:.
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2697:^
2660::
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2654:{{
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1171:pH
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