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patented and first publicly demonstrated in 1925. At first
Pytchley used their sliding roof system to build a number of coach-built, custom "tourer saloon" automobiles sold from their premises at 201 - 203 Great Portland Street London. In 1927 they claimed for a Daimler 20/70 hp that "This roof slides at the touch of a finger and opens up 50% of the roof area giving greater visibility and more air without draughts." The sliding roof system evolved from a device that Pytchley installed themselves, to an option which manufacturers offered as a standard body style. It was factory fitted to vehicles from a number of different manufacturers. By 1929 the design had improved so that when closed the moveable panel was flush with the rest of the roof. Morris built several models using Pytchley's technology from 1932, including the Morris Minor, Morris Major and Morris Ten adding what became known as a Sliding Head (using the term head in the same way as Folding Head or Drop Head). This comprised a panel which could be slid back over the roof behind to create an opening above the driver and passenger. The sliding panel also incorporated locks which allowed the panel to be fixed at any position from fully closed to fully open. By 1935 Wolseley were using the Pytchley roof and by 1936 Austin too were also selling models with the sliding head. The Hillman Minx was another low-cost small car which was clearly not designed to be chauffeured, and in 1931 it was offered in a variety of body styles as was usual at that time, among the options was a sliding roof section including, on the 1933 Aero model with glass panels, as photographed on the 1932 show car, making this the first moonroof. In 1941 Pytchley took on the manufacturer Vauxhall for failure to pay royalties. Vauxhall claimed that their variation of the sliding roof, which slid the panel under the rear section rather than over, was sufficiently different to mean that a license need not be paid. Pytchley won the case.
189:, Sedanca (two door) or Sedanca de Ville. An open cabin allowed the driver to be more connected to their surroundings, demonstrated that the car's owner employed a paid driver (one reason chauffeurs wore uniform) and identified the owner through the driver's livery (the other reason for the uniform). Road speeds were increasing and vehicles were changing from occasional use to full-time transport meaning that they were increasingly being used in bad weather. In order to provide better shelter for the driver therefore, temporary cover was now demanded. These part-time roofs, sometimes at first just a stretched piece of leather, became more sophisticated comprising frame elements and leather or water-resistant cloth to form the construction, and installations even included spaces provided to store the parts when not in use.
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Triumph launched the TR4 with a removable hard top roof split into two sections. The rear part, incorporating the rear window, could be left on the car when the centre piece was removed creating a
Sedanca layout. This concept was resurrected again in 1966 when Porsche launched a version of its 911 sports car that established the term Targa, trademarked by Porsche. This bore even more of a resemblance to the traditional Sedanca form, as the car had both a permanently fixed roll-over hoop, and rear seats. While in 1969 Lamborghini showed the first full-roof framed transparent-panel roof, heralding the modern panoramic roof, on an Espada.
447:) open a vehicle roof to the side windows, providing a wider opening than other roof systems. The Targa body style is identical in configuration to the Sedanca but is designed for owner-driven rather than chauffeured cars and while a Sedanca style implies a rear passenger area, the Targa does not. T-roofs have two removable panels and leave a T-shaped structural brace in the roof center. Targa roofs include only one (opaque or transparent) panel and leave no cross brace. Aftermarket kits are no longer made, but several companies sell replacement and remanufactured panels, parts and accessories. Examples include
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540:. The earliest example, although not called moonroof at the time, was the 1933 Hillman Aero Minx which could be fitted with a sliding roof panel including inset glass. An early use of a large-panel transparent roof section was the 1954 Ford Skyliner and Mercury Sun Valley models which borrowed in-part from the full panoramic roof of the Lincoln XL-500 concept car as well as the X-100. A fixed moonroof exclusively for rear seat passengers was a prominent feature of the Aston Martin Lagonda from series 2, to 4 which was launched in 1976.
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135:, allowing light and fresh air to enter the passenger compartment. Sunroofs can be manually operated or motor driven, and are available in many shapes, sizes and styles. While the term "sunroof" is now used generically to describe any moveable panel in the roof, the term "moonroof" was historically used to describe stationary glass panes rigidly mounted in the roof panel over the passenger compartment. A
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as in venting type pop-ups, manual lever or crank operated for sliding systems. Electric roof systems are usually cable driven by a motor and feature some form of sliding opening. Most moonroof systems today are electric and have either a combination pop-up/inbuilt or a pop-up/spoiler configuration (see sunroof types below).
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do not fit every vehicle, as the panel must slide and store completely within the vehicle roof. Historically, inbuilts were a metal sunroof panel painted to match the vehicle roof, but now most are glass-panel systems with sliding sunshades (typically referred to as moonroofs). One of the first examples was the 1960
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that makes the glass totally opaque. They operate the same as conventional factory-fitted glass moonroofs (tilting and retracting), but when closed the solar panel provides electricity to power the interior ventilation fans, for cooling the car interior on hot days when the car is standing outside in
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sunroof systems have a panel which slides between the metal roof and interior headliner, requiring some loss of headroom but providing a full opening in the roof. All inbuilts slide inside the roof, while some also include a rear venting feature (see pop-up) or express open/close functions. Inbuilts
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This evolution was eventually not limited to luxury motoring. The entrepreneur Noel Mobbs laid the foundation of the volume sunroof market when he evolved his coach building business into a company dedicated to the manufacture of sliding roofs in the name of
Pytchley. The Pytchley mechanism was both
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Variations of both the sunroof and moonroof have become the norm in both factory installed and aftermarket offerings, creating a wide range of features and choices. Sunroof systems may be manual or electric, while most moonroof systems are electric/electronic. Manual sunroofs may be lever actuated,
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Variations in moveable, removable and transparent roof panels continued. The Ford
Lincoln X-100 concept car of 1953 revisited the Sedanca style for a non-chauffeured vehicle as it had a retractable transparent targa top which inspired later fixed moonroof panels on 1954 production vehicles. In 1961
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are a type of large or multi-panel moonroof which offer openings above both the front and rear seats and may be operable or fixed glass panels. An early example visually very similar to many current versions was paraded around the Monaco Grand Prix circuit in 1969, it comprised a full-length fixed
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Roof systems may be original equipment, factory options (provided by the car company), or installed aftermarket by a roof installation professional for the car dealer or retail customer. Once the vehicle leaves the assembly line, the factory option can no longer be integrated into the roof, making
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metal one-piece roof without the gap above the driver's cabin. To provide a similar facility to the earlier Coup de Ville configurations, sliding cloth or metal panels recognisable as the modern sunroof were regularly fitted to
Bentley and Rolls-Royce models built by coach builders such as Barker,
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By the late 1920s, a more convenient version of the temporary roof was often being used where a solid metal panel would slide into a slot at the top of the passenger compartment, sometimes called a de Ville extension. By the early 1930s, cars were being constructed in the Sedan style comprising a
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sliding sunroofs (rail mount topslider) have been a popular factory option in Europe for many years. A large glass panel slides open in tracks on top of the roof, with no loss of headroom. Most feature an integral wind deflector to eliminate wind noise. Examples include Donmar's original
Skyroof
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s) combine the features of a pop-up with those of a sliding roof system. They tilt to vent and slide open above the roof, requiring little headroom or roof length. Spoilers typically do not provide as large an opening as other roof systems, but offer the convenience of a self-storing panel. Most
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sunroofs are simply a manually operated tilting panel. These panels are sometimes removable, and like T-roofs, must be stored when removed. The tilting action provides a vent in the roof, or a full opening when the panel is removed. Pop-ups can be installed in most vehicles, and are relatively
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While at first the purpose may still have been to expose the chauffeur, Bentley cars in particular were increasingly sold for owners to drive themselves. Indeed, some models were provided with a sliding panel for the front seats even though the vehicle had just two-seats. Early "Derby" Bentley
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Plexiglas panel and was fitted to a
Lamborghini Espada. The first example of a panoramic roof however was incorporated into the 1953 Lincoln XL-500 concept car which sported a full-length Plexiglas bubble canopy. Large operable openings are often accomplished with top-slider (
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hard-top models were therefore frequently equipped with sliding sunroof panels, possibly more often than not. The purpose of the sliding panels thus changed from uncovering the chauffeur to allowing the owner to better enjoy their surroundings on fine weather days.
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spoiler roofs are electric, with optional features like integrated sun shades and express open/close. Spoilers are ideal for short-roof vehicles where other types of sliders cannot be installed. Examples include the
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Motorized power roof systems may be operated by a simple push-and-hold switch, or may include an electronic control module (ECM) to provide single-touch express opening, express closing, or auto-closing on ignition
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or Park Ward. In these cars, the continuous roofline, between the windscreen and passenger compartment, was unbroken and so, unlike the Coup de Ville, a coverable opening had to be let into the roof panel itself.
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is a transparent, usually glass or
Plexiglas, sunroof that lets light in while closed. Examples include the Mk1 Ford Fiesta from 1976, the Mk3 Ford Escort from 1980, the
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A common configuration for early automobiles included a fixed roof for the rear passenger compartment and an uncovered section for the chauffeur in a style known as
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Sunroofs, by historical definition are opaque. Today, most factory sliding sunroof options feature a glass panel and are sometimes marketed as
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1934 Hillman Aero Minx showing its sliding-panel sunroof with inset glass panels - the world's first moonroof (before the term was coined)
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has a glass panel that is transparent and usually tinted. Previous terms include sunshine roof, sliding head, and sliding roof.
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Roof systems are available in many shapes, sizes and styles, and are known by many names. The main types are as follows:
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Example of the
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tradition. They offer the convenience of a sunroof, with an opening more like a
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790:"1927 DAIMLER 20/70hp 'PYTCHLEY' Car Sliding Roof ADVERT - Small Auto Print Ad"
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How to Repair Your Sunroof - An example of how a sunroof can be repaired.
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1000:"Green Sky Above: Skyliner and Sun Valley offered a tinted perspective"
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1930s MG coupe including a Sliding Head incorporating glass panels
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Art Deco and British Car Design: The Airline Cars of the 1930s
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the sunlight. These are available as a factory option on the
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is a movable panel that opens to uncover a window in an
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874:"Handel Davies with his Aero Minx Streamline Saloon"
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Aftermarket Top-mount slider (Skyroof II Topslider)
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758:Patent case between Pytchley and Vauxhall
570:Aftermarket Spoiler (Skyroof LSS Spoiler)
115:Learn how and when to remove this message
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18:For the Nicky Youre and Dazy song, see
395:type mechanisms. Examples include the
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370:topslider (aftermarket system), the
53:adding citations to reliable sources
1655:Vehicle identification number (VIN)
558:Aftermarket Pop-up (Sunmate Pop-Up)
333:sunroofs (often called rag-tops or
949:"Lincoln XL-500 Concept Car, 1953"
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1098:Part of a series of articles on
1025:"Ford Lincoln X-100 Concept Car"
827:from the original on 25 May 2022
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899:"1953 Ford X-100 Concept Car"
261:aftermarket the only option.
730:"Coach Building Terminology"
1723:Automotive styling features
1552:Automotive light bulb types
391:in the top of the roof) or
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998:Matt Litwin (4 May 2016).
978:Curbside Car Show Calendar
253:for offline installation.
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852:. Veloce Publishing Ltd.
1572:high-intensity discharge
654:The panoramic roof of a
251:American Sunroof Company
520:Electric vs. electronic
146:A sliding sunroof on a
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383:Panoramic roof systems
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846:Down, Barrie (2010).
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953:www.thehenryford.org
903:www.thehenryford.org
49:improve this article
1519:Weight distribution
1451:Omniview technology
247:Continental Mark IV
1638:Registration plate
734:www.coachbuilt.com
705:List of auto parts
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878:www.prewarcar.com
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66: –
65:
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60:Find sources:
54:
50:
44:
43:
38:This article
36:
32:
27:
26:
21:
16:
1643:vanity plate
1582:trafficators
1393:washer fluid
1382:
1373:Power window
1368:Opera window
1280:Compartments
1168:Crumple zone
1153:Cabrio coach
1097:
1032:. Retrieved
1028:
1019:
1007:. Retrieved
1003:
993:
981:. Retrieved
977:
968:
956:. Retrieved
952:
943:
931:. Retrieved
927:
918:
906:. Retrieved
902:
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881:. Retrieved
877:
868:
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841:
829:. Retrieved
820:
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797:. Retrieved
793:
784:
765:
757:
737:. Retrieved
733:
724:
599:Chevy Blazer
528:
527:
519:
518:
489:photovoltaic
483:
482:
461:Toyota Supra
435:
434:
382:
381:
365:
364:
359:Jeep Liberty
335:cabrio coach
329:
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291:
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283:, the early
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136:
128:
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85:
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71:
59:
47:Please help
42:verification
39:
15:
1728:Car windows
1577:sealed beam
1509:Roll center
1504:Ride height
1441:Japan black
1436:Instruments
1421:Curb feeler
1287:Hood/bonnet
1034:29 December
1009:28 December
983:29 December
958:28 December
933:28 December
908:29 December
883:29 December
831:29 December
739:29 December
700:Convertible
641:Porsche 914
505:Renault Zoé
492:solar panel
477:Porsche 914
449:Triumph TR4
445:targa roofs
372:London Taxi
343:convertible
281:Porsche 944
1712:Categories
1363:Greenhouse
771:US 1981843
716:References
656:Pontiac G6
624:T-Tops in
538:Pontiac G6
497:2010 Prius
427:, and the
413:Pontiac G6
310:Mazda RX-7
295:sunroofs (
285:Mazda RX-7
75:newspapers
1617:Tow hitch
1535:equipment
1461:Tire/tyre
1320:Gull-wing
1310:Butterfly
1271:Trunk lid
1214:Monocoque
1118:Framework
799:2 January
710:Targa top
534:Acura ILX
513:Mazda 929
499:, recent
473:Honda NSX
397:Acura ZDX
376:Renault 5
366:Top-mount
351:VW Beetle
302:Honda CRX
239:moonroofs
64:"Sunroof"
1677:Category
1562:Headlamp
1544:Lighting
1533:Exterior
1499:Overhang
1482:Geometry
1466:run-flat
1446:Nerf bar
1261:Subframe
1229:Platform
1219:Overhang
1131:Beltline
825:Archived
694:See also
529:Moonroof
409:Scion tC
405:BMW Mini
401:Lexus ES
339:European
337:) are a
308:and the
245:for the
137:moonroof
105:May 2010
1687:Commons
1383:Sunroof
1335:Suicide
1330:Sliding
1325:Scissor
1266:Tonneau
1251:Spoiler
1158:Chassis
688:Sunroof
686:Kia Rio
545:Gallery
393:spoiler
330:Folding
317:Inbuilt
292:Spoiler
181:History
129:sunroof
89:scholar
1697:Portal
1567:hidden
1315:Canopy
1224:Pillar
1205:shaker
1190:Grille
1183:skirts
1178:ponton
1173:Fender
1146:Dagmar
1141:Bumper
856:
777:
536:, and
503:cars,
475:, and
441:t-tops
389:tracks
304:, the
275:Pop-up
91:
84:
77:
70:
62:
1650:Theft
1631:Legal
1610:power
1471:spare
1456:Parts
1398:wiper
1350:Glass
1302:Doors
1200:scoop
484:Solar
378:cars.
347:vinyl
96:JSTOR
82:books
1600:Horn
1340:Swan
1244:rack
1239:Roof
1195:Hood
1109:Body
1100:cars
1036:2018
1011:2018
985:2018
960:2018
935:2018
928:Coys
910:2018
885:2018
854:ISBN
833:2018
801:2019
794:eBay
741:2018
669:The
524:off.
511:and
501:Audi
374:and
357:and
243:Ford
68:news
443:or
51:by
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
