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403:, she connected art to the concept of the virtual. She describes virtuality as "the quality of all things that are created to be perceived". For Langer, the virtual is not only a matter of consciousness, but something external that is created intentionally and existing materially as a space of contemplation outside of the human mind. Langer sees virtuality as a physical space created by the artist, such as a painting or a building, that is "significant in itself and not as part of the surroundings". As an artist figures out the space of an art work, the artist builds a virtual world. Langer particularly considers architecture not as the realization of a space for being, but as the conceptual translation of space and being into virtuality for symbolic perceiving: "The architect, in fine, deals with a created space, a virtual entity." In contrast to Bergson, for Langer, virtuality is tangible and can cause a contemplative interaction between humans and machines.
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fixed and stable meanings. The presentation cannot be understood by building up an understanding of its parts in isolation but must be understood as a whole. For example, an element used in one painting may be used to articulate an entirely different meaning in another. The same principle applies to a note in a musical arrangement—such elements independently have no fixed meaning except in the context of their entire presentation. Langer's analysis of this internal contextualization within a work of art led her to claim it was "nonsense" to think "form could be abstracted logically" from content.
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connected to evolutionary genetics. In her essay, "Mind"', Langer tries to connect the early evolution of man to how we perceive the mind today. She explains that early organisms underwent refining through natural selection, in which certain behaviors and functions were shaped in order for them to survive. Langer describes the body's organs all operating with specific rhythms, and these rhythms must cooperate with one another to keep the organism alive. This development, Langer explains, was the beginning of the framework for the
392:, Langer believed that what distinguishes humans from animals is the capacity for using symbols. While all animal life is dominated by feeling, human feeling is mediated by conceptions, symbols, and language. Animals respond to signs, but stimulus from a sign is significantly more complex for humans. This perspective on symbols is also associated with symbolic communication, a field in which animal societies are studied to help understand how symbolic communication affects the conduct of members of a cooperating group.
468:. Throughout her career, Whitehead continued to influence her understanding of the complicated world of human thought which guided her to pursue a philosophical career. She shared Whitehead's belief in going beyond the limitations of scientific research and believed that along with the new-found thinking and ideas that had initiated the modern era in science and philosophy, the opportunity for a rebirth of philosophical creativity would arise. Langer dedicated
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Aristotle, by way of Langer's argument that discourse forms through sensory experiences shared between speaker and hearer, rather than through logic as advocated by the philosopher. Langer's epistemic view of symbolism and language, which further examines the motivation of the speaker, the influential aspects of language that affect people, and the relationship between the speaker and the community, are often reflected in aspects of modern rhetorical studies.
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479:, where she stated that the creation of symbols is the essential activity of art, myth, rite, the sciences, mathematics, and philosophy. She stated, "It is a peculiar fact that every major advance in thinking, every epoch-making new insight, springs from a new type of symbolic transformation". She drew from Cassirer's view in her belief that art theory must be interdependent with a theory of mind.
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from shared symbol-systems within a given culture. Langer's concept regarding language and dialogue may be understood to imply that language does not simply communicate, but it produces symbols from which humans then create their own reality. Claimed support of this perspective comes from Langer's statement that "language is intrinsic to thinking, imagining, even our ways of perceiving".
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244:; December 20, 1895 – July 17, 1985) was an American philosopher, writer, and educator known for her theories on the influences of art on the mind. She was one of the earliest American women to achieve an academic career in philosophy and the first woman to be professionally recognized as an American philosopher. Langer is best remembered for her 1942 book
381:, Langer's work is a study of human thought progressing from semantic theory through philosophy of music, sketching a theory for all the arts. For Langer, the human mind "is constantly carrying on a process of symbolic transformation of the experiential data that come to it", causing it to be "a veritable fountain of more or less spontaneous ideas".
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464:. Whitehead, an English mathematician and philosophy professor, was Langer's professor at Radcliffe. Whitehead introduced Langer to the history of human thought, the origins of the modern world, and contemporary philosophy. He helped shape her perspective on these topics which she presented in her first text,
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Susanne Langer's work with symbolism and meaning has led to her association with contemporary rhetoric, although her influence in the field is somewhat debated. Langer established the use of symbols as the "epistemic unit of community", suggesting that all knowledge in a community is gained and built
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Susanne Langer brought to the fore previously unexplored ideas about the connection of consciousness and aesthetics in striking prose, bringing her serious scholarly attention and respect that allowed her to forge a career as an academic philosopher in the wake of her divorce and the pressures it put
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Langer's distinction between discursive and presentational symbols is one of her better-known concepts. Discursive symbolization arranges elements (not necessarily words) with stable and context-invariant meanings into a new meaning. Presentation symbolization operates independently of elements with
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and the piano, and she continued with the cello for the rest of her life. As a girl, Langer enjoyed reciting the works of great poets as well as traditional children's rhymes and tales. This formed her love for reading and writing, and she would often write her own poems and stories to entertain her
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in New York City. She was the daughter of
Antonio Knauth, an attorney, and Else Uhlich, both immigrants from Germany. Though she was American born, Langer's primary language was German, as it was strictly spoken in her household throughout her youth, and her German accent remained for her entire
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Langer's desire to study the mind and its connections with art was rooted in her theory that works of art are representations of human feeling and expression. This led Langer to construct a biological theory of feeling that explains that "feeling" is an inherently biological concept that can be
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According to
Arabella Lyon, professor at State University of New York, Langer holds that meaning arises from the relationship between a community, its discourse, and the individual. Lyon suggests that Langer's work may be viewed as a contradiction to the comparatively traditional theories of
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Hoffmann, Michael H. G., Geist und Welt – durch die
Symbolisierungen der Kunst betrachtet, a review of Susanne K. Langer, Die lebendige Form menschlichen Fühlens und Verstehens (The living form of human feeling and understanding). Munich: Fink, 2000.
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Susanne Langer's other main influence was the German philosopher Ernst
Cassirer. Cassirer was a neo-Kantian who studied theories of symbolization. Cassirer influenced much of Langer's ideas in
312:, where she received a master's degree in 1924 and a doctorate in 1926. She returned to Radcliffe as a tutor in philosophy from 1927 to 1942. She lectured in philosophy for one year at the
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Langer's philosophy explored the continuous process of meaning-making in the human mind through the power of "seeing" one thing in terms of another. Langer's first major work,
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Langer was one of the first philosophers to pay close attention to the concept of the virtual, as shown partly by her early use of the term "virtual experience". Inspired by
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374:, put forth a notion that has become commonplace today: there is a basic and pervasive human need to symbolize, to invent meanings, and to invest meanings in one's world.
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In her later years, Langer came to believe that the decisive task of her work was to construct a science- and psychology-based theory of the "life of the mind" using
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Suárez, Osbel (exhibition concept and guest curator); García, María Amalia; Agnew, Michael (translations) (2011). Witschey, Erica; Fundación Juan March (eds.).
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on her. As her work progressed, she was drawn to further and deeper exploration of the complexity and nature of human consciousness across times and cultures.
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Shelley, Cameron (1998), "Consciousness, Symbols and
Aesthetics: A Just-So Story and Its Implications in Susanne Langer's Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling",
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Lunsford, Andrea (1995). Reclaiming
Rhetoric: Women in the Rhetorical Tradition. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 265–284.
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Lachmann, Rolf (January 1998). "From
Metaphysics to Art and Back: The Relevance of Susan K. Langer's Philosophy for Process Metaphysics",
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From
Lonergan Workshop, vol. 11, 1995, 53-90. Posted May 5, 2008, What Bernard Lonergan Learned from Susanne K. Langer. Richard M. Liddy
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Langer believed that symbolism is the central concern of philosophy because it underlies all human knowing and understanding. As with
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288:, in 1921, and in the same year the couple took their studies to Vienna, Austria. They had two sons and moved back to
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Feb. 2000. Accessed March 14, 2016. 2000 American
Council of Learned Societies. Published by Oxford University Press.
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Shelley, C. (1998). "Consciousness, Symbols and
Aesthetics: A Just-So Story and its Implications in Susanne Langer's
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life. She was exposed thoroughly to creativity and art, most specifically through music. She was taught to play the
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Innes, Robert (2008). Susanne Langer in Focus: The Symbolic Mind. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
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Royce, Joseph R. (1983), "The Implications of Langer's Philosophy of Mind for a Science of Psychology",
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younger siblings. Her love of nature began during the summers her family spent in their cottage on
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Susanne Langer had an influence in many fields: for example, she has been cited by psychologist
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916:"Susanne K. Langer | Feminist Philosopher, Cognitive Scientist, Art Historian | Britannica"
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Watling, Christine P. (1998), "The Arts, Emotion, and Current Research in Neuroscience",
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that has been widely used for several decades as a standard college text in esthetics.
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A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful
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1078:"Dryden, "Whitehead's Influence on Susanne Langer's Conception of Living Form""
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Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 45-66. Philosopher's Index, EBSCOHost, viewed 4 April 2016.
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Philosophy in a New Key: A Study in the Symbolism of Reason, Rite, and Art
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1173:(9th ed.), Belmont, California: The Thomson Wadsworth Corporation, p. 105
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Durig, Alexander (1994), "What Did Susanne Langer Really Mean",
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Langer, Susanne K. (1950). "The Principles of Creation in Art".
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Cold America: Geometric Abstraction in Latin América (1934–1973)
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Langer's works were largely influenced by fellow philosophers
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The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019 Edition)
1240:(Fifth ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.
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1286:. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University. 2005. 36
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to "Alfred North Whitehead, my great Teacher and Friend".
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Campbell, James. "Langer's Understanding of Philosophy".
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Distinction between discursive and presentational symbols
1344:: Art and the Dynamics of the Stream of Consciousness",
1268:. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2006. Print.
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Art, Mind, and Brain: A Cognitive Approach to Creativity
985:"American National Biography Online: Langer, Susanne K."
702:"Confusion of Symbols and Confusion of Logical Types",
452:
Poster with a quotation of Susanne Langer in Portuguese
254:, in 1953. In 1960, Langer was elected a Fellow of the
605:
The Cruise of the Little Dipper, and Other Fairy Tales
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before they divorced in 1942. She died July 17, 1985.
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The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
544:(1961), by philosopher (epistemology and aesthetics)
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
769:, vol. 234, 13 May 1961, pp. 34–35, 54, 56
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Born Susanne Katherina Knauth, Langer was raised in
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Susanne K. Langer (20 December 1895 – 17 July 1985)
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1060:Revisited: An Appreciation of Susanne Langer", in
1201:(Charles Scribner's Sons, 1953), 65 and 114–115.
821:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
738:"Facts: The Logical Perspectives of the World",
1187:. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University.
1169:Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (2008),
760:, vol. 29, January 1944, pp. 127–154
320:(1945–1950). From 1954 to 1962, she taught at
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1436:SUSANNE K. LANGER, PHILOSOPHER, IS DEAD AT 89
1273:Transactions Of The Charles S. Peirce Society
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2206:The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons
1306:Cassirer and Langer on Myth: An Introduction
834:Readings in the Philosophy of Social Science
1340:Dryden, Donald (2001), "Susanne Langer and
664:Problems of Art: Ten Philosophical Lectures
582:(1997). She is both cited and excerpted in
300:Her early education included attendance at
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613:(1930, foreword by Alfred North Whitehead)
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3739:20th-century American non-fiction writers
747:"On a Fallacy in 'Scientific Fatalism'",
780:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
711:"Form and Content: A Study in Paradox",
960:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
955:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A"
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1289:Connie C. Price. "Langer, Susanne K".
782:, vol. 25, 1964, pp. 305–307
751:, vol. 46, 1936, pp. 473–483
742:, vol. 30, 1933, pp. 178–187
733:, vol. 26, 1929, pp. 379–384
724:, vol. 24, 1927, pp. 120–129
715:, vol. 23, 1926, pp. 435–438
706:, vol. 35, 1926, pp. 222–229
691:, three volumes (1967, 1972, and 1982)
572:(1992), and by digital media theorist
1346:The Journal of Speculative Philosophy
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729:"The Treadmill of Systematic Doubt",
256:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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1109:, IASL Online, retrieved 2010-03-19.
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943:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
324:. She also taught philosophy at the
3744:20th-century American women writers
3734:American philosophers of technology
1427:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1282:Lyon, Arabella . "Susanne Langer".
1064:. New York: Basic Books, pp. 48–54.
1013:Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi)
3709:20th-century American philosophers
3689:Philosophers from New York (state)
1448:Susanne Langer - Authors' Calendar
1348:, vol. 15, pp. 272–285,
1291:American National Biography Online
607:(1924 illustrated by Helen Sewall)
410:conventions. Langer's final work,
250:, which was followed by a sequel,
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3699:American people of German descent
2592:Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn
941:Feeling and Form: A Theory of Art
658:Feeling and Form: A Theory of Art
617:An Introduction to Symbolic Logic
252:Feeling and Form: A Theory of Art
2473:Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame
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1399:, vol. 12, pp. 254–265
1372:, vol. 31, pp. 107–124
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866:. Madrid: Fundación Juan March.
550:Ways of Knowledge and Experience
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16:American philosopher (1895–1985)
1381:, vol. 4, pp. 491–506
1171:Theories of Human Communication
1038:Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling
749:International Journal of Ethics
689:Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling
412:Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling
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1390:, vol. 11, pp. 45–66
1019:Public Library. Archived from
559:The Interpretation of Cultures
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3684:Philosophers from Connecticut
3679:American philosophers of mind
817:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
377:Beginning with a critique of
3674:American philosophers of art
2336:Aestheticization of politics
1379:Journal of Mind and Behavior
1326:, Indiana University Press,
720:"A Logical Study of Verbs",
3714:Columbia University faculty
3694:American women philosophers
939:Langer, Susanne K. (1953).
588:A Modern Book of Esthetics,
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3563:Cora Lee Bentley Radcliffe
2775:Elizabeth Hart Jarvis Colt
1442:obituary of 19 July 1985 b
1266:Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1238:A Modern Book of Esthetics
836:. MIT Press. p. 213.
611:The Practice of Philosophy
552:(1961), by anthropologist
521:Motivation and Personality
466:The Practice of Philosophy
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1304:Schultz, William (2000),
524:(1954), by urban planner
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3719:Radcliffe College alumni
3609:Regina Winters-Toussaint
3407:Elizabeth George Plouffe
2901:Adrianne Baughns-Wallace
2557:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
1388:Philosophical Psychology
1277:Academic Search Complete
1056:Howard Gardner (1992). "
1042:Philosophical Psychology
832:Martin, Michael (1994).
756:"The Lord of Creation",
586:'s classic compilation,
350:University of Washington
290:Cambridge, Massachusetts
207:Susanne Katherina Langer
3466:Clara Hill (suffragist)
3461:Sarah Lee Brown Fleming
3104:Martha Minerva Franklin
2597:Isabella Beecher Hooker
2356:Evolutionary aesthetics
2306:The Aesthetic Dimension
1411:Works by Susanne Langer
1183:Walsh, Dorothy (1969).
1058:Philosophy in a New Key
562:(1973), by art scholar
477:Philosophy in a New Key
470:Philosophy in a New Key
371:Philosophy in a New Key
334:Northwestern University
302:Veltin School for Girls
247:Philosophy in a New Key
135:20th-century philosophy
45:Susanne Katerina Knauth
3704:Writers from Manhattan
3512:Khalilah L. Brown-Dean
3078:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
2974:Dotha Bushnell Hillyer
2811:Constance Baker Motley
2286:Avant-Garde and Kitsch
2236:Lectures on Aesthetics
1284:Notable American Women
1236:Rader, Melvin (1980).
1185:Literature and Knowing
813:Wicks, Robert (2019).
676:Philosophical Sketches
579:Hamlet on the Holodeck
511:
462:Alfred North Whitehead
453:
425:central nervous system
326:University of Michigan
316:and for five years at
314:University of Delaware
284:, a fellow student at
282:William Leonard Langer
169:Alfred North Whitehead
101:William Leonard Langer
3288:Margaret Bourke-White
3026:Mary Townsend Seymour
2958:Miriam Therese Winter
2842:Jane Hamilton-Merritt
2682:Harriet Beecher Stowe
2677:Hilda Crosby Standish
2672:Smiths of Glastonbury
2667:Virginia Thrall Smith
2602:Emeline Roberts Jones
2547:Katharine Seymour Day
2517:Beatrice Fox Auerbach
2431:Philosophy portal
1354:10.1353/jsp.2001.0036
815:"Arthur Schopenhauer"
767:Saturday Evening Post
740:Journal of Philosophy
731:Journal of Philosophy
722:Journal of Philosophy
713:Journal of Philosophy
594:Selected publications
531:The Image of the City
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451:
268:Manhattan's West Side
68:Old Lyme, Connecticut
3729:Mass media theorists
3522:Callie Gale Heilmann
2932:Maria Miller Stewart
2906:Mary Goodrich Jenson
2790:Laura Wheeler Waring
2687:Gladys Tantaquidgeon
2642:Theodate Pope Riddle
2617:Rachel Taylor Milton
2376:Philosophy of design
2256:In Praise of Shadows
2246:The Critic as Artist
1458:3 March 2016 at the
1279:. Web. 14 Mar. 2016.
1264:Borchert, Donald M.
1082:www.anthonyflood.com
1023:on 21 February 2015.
864:(Exhibition catalog)
536:William J. J. Gordon
534:(1960), by inventor
499:Named for Langer by
115: 1921;
3527:Jerimarie Liesegang
3246:Augusta Lewis Troup
3057:Glenna Collett-Vare
3000:Helen Frankenthaler
2826:Mabel Osgood Wright
2733:María Colón Sánchez
2697:Hannah Bunce Watson
2647:Edna Negron Rosario
2607:Barbara B. Kennelly
2522:Emma Fielding Baker
2386:Philosophy of music
2361:Mathematical beauty
1397:Sociological Theory
1197:Susanne K. Langer,
765:"Why Philosophy?",
330:New York University
322:Connecticut College
318:Columbia University
51:New York City, U.S.
3456:Catherine Flanagan
3451:Frances Ellen Burr
3350:Regina Rush-Kittle
3179:Isabelle M. Kelley
3163:Maggie Wilderotter
3083:Barbara McClintock
3073:Jewel Plummer Cobb
2927:Catherine Roraback
2702:Chase G. Woodhouse
2381:Philosophy of film
2371:Patterns in nature
2341:Applied aesthetics
2316:Why Beauty Matters
2102:Life imitating art
1963:Art for art's sake
1275:33.1 (1997): 133.
1007:Liukkonen, Petri.
920:www.britannica.com
670:Reflections on Art
512:
495:Langeria magnifica
454:
418:History of feeling
408:process philosophy
181:Philosophy of mind
157:Process philosophy
145:Western philosophy
3651:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3630:Melissa Bernstein
3599:Laura Cruickshank
3568:Jennifer Rizzotti
3547:Teresa C. Younger
3446:Josephine Bennett
3419:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3109:Carolyn M. Mazure
2948:Florence Griswold
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2754:Madeleine L'Engle
2657:Susan Saint James
2612:Clare Boothe Luce
2587:Katharine Hepburn
2542:Prudence Crandall
2532:Catharine Beecher
2439:
2438:
2391:Psychology of art
2266:Art as Experience
1444:y William R Greer
1415:Project Gutenberg
1333:978-0-253-22053-0
1315:978-0-8153-2465-2
873:978-84-7075-588-0
794:Symbolic behavior
684:978-1-4351-0763-2
653:978-0-486-20051-4
645:Language and Myth
640:978-0-674-66503-3
625:978-0-486-60164-9
564:Ellen Dissanayake
546:Louis Arnaud Reid
491:A fossil leaf of
401:matter and memory
354:Wellesley College
306:Radcliffe College
204:
203:
80:Radcliffe College
48:December 20, 1895
3751:
3537:Marilyn Ondrasik
3436:
3425:
3236:Barbara Franklin
3143:
3132:
3005:Rosalind Russell
2886:
2875:
2749:Edythe J. Gaines
2627:Ellen Ash Peters
2572:Estelle Griswold
2552:Fidelia Fielding
2502:Mary Jobe Akeley
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1476:
1467:
1462:by Donald Dryden
1431:
1422:"Susanne Langer"
1400:
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1199:Feeling and Form
1195:
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1126:
1125:26, pp. 107–125.
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1009:"Susanne Langer"
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776:Henry M. Sheffer
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569:Homo Aestheticus
240:
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164:Doctoral advisor
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3639:
3635:Barbara Summers
3613:
3604:Carla Squatrito
3582:
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3485:
3430:
3411:
3402:Martha Langevin
3380:
3371:Anika Noni Rose
3354:
3328:
3302:
3276:
3267:Jennifer Lawton
3262:Beatrix Farrand
3250:
3219:
3215:Faith Middleton
3210:Annie Leibovitz
3193:
3167:
3153:Anne M. Mulcahy
3137:
3118:
3092:
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3035:
3009:
2995:Martha Coolidge
2983:
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2910:
2896:Emily Barringer
2880:
2861:
2830:
2806:Dorrit Hoffleit
2794:
2763:
2737:
2723:Caroline Hewins
2718:Helen M. Feeney
2706:
2662:Lydia Sigourney
2652:Margaret Rudkin
2562:Dorothy Goodwin
2512:Marian Anderson
2486:
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2470:
2440:
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2296:Critical Essays
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2199:
2189:
2173:
1946:
1860:Ortega y Gasset
1653:
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1460:Wayback Machine
1420:Windle, Peter.
1419:
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1298:Further reading
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1123:Process Studies
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672:(1961) (editor)
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554:Clifford Geertz
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338:Ohio University
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3542:Pamela Selders
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3517:Glynda C. Carr
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3502:Patricia Baker
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3184:Denise Nappier
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3158:Martha Parsons
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3114:Helen L. Smits
3111:
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3088:Joan A. Steitz
3085:
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3059:
3054:
3049:
3047:Dorothy Hamill
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2979:Clarice McLean
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2821:Lillian Vernon
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2759:Susanne Langer
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2582:Alice Hamilton
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2216:On the Sublime
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2080:Interpretation
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2017:
2012:
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1973:Artistic merit
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399:'s notions of
390:Ernst Cassirer
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280:. She married
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23:Susanne Langer
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3345:Ruth A. Lucas
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3324:Joyce Yerwood
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3293:Carolyn Miles
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3241:Linda Lorimer
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3189:Patricia Wald
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3031:Anne Stanback
3029:
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3019:
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2186:Hippias Major
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2045:Entertainment
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2028:
2026:
2023:
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2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
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2001:
1998:
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1991:
1989:
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1968:Art manifesto
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1958:Appropriation
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1617:Postmodernism
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342:Smith College
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192:Notable ideas
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60:July 17, 1985
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27:
20:
3507:Donna Berman
3314:Rebecca Lobo
3231:Rosa DeLauro
3205:Anne Garrels
3021:Helen Keller
2953:Eileen Kraus
2758:
2692:Betty Tianti
2637:Sarah Porter
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2107:Magnificence
2089:
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1905:Schopenhauer
1819:
1740:Coomaraswamy
1658:Philosophers
1646:
1577:Aestheticism
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1122:
1096:
1085:. Retrieved
1081:
1061:
1057:
1041:
1037:
1021:the original
1012:
1002:
991:. Retrieved
987:
962:. Retrieved
949:
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934:
923:. Retrieved
919:
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859:
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584:Melvin Rader
577:
574:Janet Murray
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265:
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206:
205:
62:(1985-07-17)
3669:1985 deaths
3664:1895 births
3625:Sara Bronin
3594:Lisa Cortés
3578:Suzy Whaley
3476:Helena Hill
3397:Nell Newman
3366:Lucia Chase
3319:Jane Pauley
3298:Indra Nooyi
2852:Ann Uccello
2567:Ella Grasso
2507:Anni Albers
2200:(c. 335 BC)
2190:(c. 390 BC)
2169:Work of art
2122:Picturesque
1978:Avant-garde
1935:Winckelmann
1810:Kierkegaard
1735:Collingwood
1705:Baudrillard
1632:Romanticism
1602:Historicism
1536:Mathematics
1017:Kuusankoski
1015:. Finland:
988:www.anb.org
278:Lake George
3658:Categories
3532:Kica Matos
3471:Elsie Hill
3052:Joan Joyce
2922:Laura Nyro
2785:Margo Rose
2622:Alice Paul
2537:Jody Cohen
2139:Recreation
2117:Perception
2010:Creativity
1710:Baumgarten
1700:Baudelaire
1582:Classicism
1497:Aesthetics
1259:References
1247:0030193311
1087:2016-03-23
993:2016-03-23
925:2023-09-25
444:Influences
379:positivism
360:Philosophy
185:aesthetics
2632:Ann Petry
2577:Mary Hall
2144:Reverence
2050:Eroticism
2020:Depiction
1993:Masculine
1895:Santayana
1855:Nietzsche
1800:Hutcheson
1790:Heidegger
1775:Greenberg
1730:Coleridge
1695:Balthasar
1680:Aristotle
1642:Theosophy
1637:Symbolism
1612:Modernism
1597:Formalism
1362:144036874
964:March 11,
882:707460289
541:Synectics
296:Education
76:Education
2419:Category
2351:Axiology
2220:(c. 500)
2210:(c. 100)
2085:Judgment
2040:Emotions
2035:Elegance
2015:Cuteness
1988:Feminine
1951:Concepts
1920:Tanizaki
1900:Schiller
1885:Richards
1875:Rancière
1845:Maritain
1780:Hanslick
1720:Benjamin
1592:Feminism
1561:Theology
1541:Medieval
1531:Japanese
1526:Internet
1456:Archived
892:Wikidata
788:See also
696:Articles
678:(1962),
634:(1942),
619:(1937),
431:Rhetoric
2414:Outline
2329:Related
2196:Poetics
2164:Tragedy
2154:Sublime
2127:Quality
2112:Mimesis
2070:Harmony
2055:Fashion
2030:Ecstasy
2025:Disgust
1941:more...
1910:Scruton
1835:Lyotard
1770:Goodman
1750:Deleuze
1685:Aquinas
1675:Alberti
1648:more...
1627:Realism
1607:Marxism
1587:Fascism
1570:Schools
1556:Science
1511:Ancient
1157:3847705
758:Fortune
310:Harvard
286:Harvard
121:
109:
105:
2320:(2009)
2310:(1977)
2300:(1946)
2290:(1939)
2280:(1935)
2270:(1934)
2260:(1933)
2250:(1891)
2240:(1835)
2230:(1757)
2097:Kitsch
2075:Humour
2005:Comedy
1983:Beauty
1925:Vasari
1915:Tagore
1890:Ruskin
1830:Lukács
1820:Langer
1765:Goethe
1690:Balázs
1670:Adorno
1551:Nature
1516:Africa
1370:Mosaic
1360:
1330:
1312:
1244:
1155:
1105:
880:
870:
840:
682:
666:, 1957
660:(1953)
651:
638:
623:
503:&
483:Legacy
352:, and
348:, the
242:Knauth
152:School
141:Region
95:Spouse
70:, U.S.
3429:2020s
3136:2010s
2879:2000s
2485:1990s
2409:Index
2178:Works
2159:Taste
2149:Style
1930:Wilde
1870:Plato
1865:Pater
1825:Lipps
1785:Hegel
1755:Dewey
1745:Danto
1725:Burke
1546:Music
1521:India
1504:Areas
1358:S2CID
1153:JSTOR
958:(PDF)
800:Notes
599:Books
501:Wolfe
273:cello
111:(
107:
3618:2024
3587:2023
3556:2022
3490:2021
3439:2020
3385:2019
3359:2018
3333:2017
3307:2016
3281:2015
3255:2014
3224:2013
3198:2012
3172:2011
3146:2010
3097:2009
3066:2008
3040:2007
3014:2006
2988:2005
2967:2003
2941:2002
2915:2001
2889:2000
2835:1999
2799:1998
2768:1997
2742:1996
2711:1995
2495:1994
2133:Rasa
2091:Kama
2065:Gaze
2000:Camp
1880:Rand
1815:Klee
1805:Kant
1795:Hume
1715:Bell
1328:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1103:ISBN
966:2017
878:OCLC
868:ISBN
838:ISBN
704:Mind
680:ISBN
649:ISBN
636:ISBN
621:ISBN
509:1987
505:Wehr
460:and
262:Life
117:div.
57:Died
41:Born
2060:Fun
1840:Man
1760:Fry
1413:at
1350:doi
1145:doi
1040:",
778:",
576:in
566:in
556:in
548:in
538:in
528:in
518:in
238:née
131:Era
88:PhD
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225:ŋ
222:æ
219:l
216:ˈ
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209:(
90:)
82:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
