2158:
1792:
2265:
2505:
1786:
561:
537:
When the drug is covered with some slow dissolving coat, it will eventually release the drug. Instead of diffusion, the drug release depends on the solubility and thickness of the coating. Because of this mechanism, the dissolution will be the rate limiting factor for drug release. Dissolution systems can be broken down to subcategories called reservoir devices and matrix devices.
2327:
494:
amount to maintain a prolonged effective dose. In this case, a broad therapeutic window is necessary to avoid toxicity; otherwise, the risk is unwarranted and another mode of administration would be recommended. Appropriate half-lives used to apply sustained methods are typically 3–4 hours and a drug dose greater than 0.5 grams is too high.
2031:
527:
to be higher than the rate at which it is released. The matrix device cannot achieve a zero-order release but higher molecular weight molecules can be used. The diffusion matrix device also tends to be easier to produce and protect from changing in the gastrointestinal tract, but factors such as food can affect the release rate.
702:
Spherical hydrogels, in micro-size (50-600 μm diameter) with 3-dimensional cross-linked polymer, can be used as drug carrier to control the release of the drug. These hydrogels are called microgels. They may possess a negative charge as example DC-beads. By ion-exchange mechanism, a large amount
536:
Dissolution systems must have the system dissolved slowly in order for the drug to have sustained release properties which can be achieved by using appropriate salts and/or derivatives as well as coating the drug with a dissolving material. It is used for drug compounds with high solubility in water.
526:
Matrix devices forms a matrix (drug(s) mixed with a gelling agent) where the drug is dissolved/dispersed. The drug is usually dispersed within a polymer and then released by undergoing diffusion. However, to make the drug SR in this device, the rate of dissolution of the drug within the matrix needs
742:
The earliest SR drugs are associated with a patent in 1938 by Israel
Lipowski, who coated pellets which led to coating particles. The science of controlled release developed further with more oral sustained-release products in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the development of controlled release of
522:
Reservoir devices coat the drug with polymers and in order for the reservoir devices to have sustained-release effects, the polymer must not dissolve and let the drug be released through diffusion. The rate of reservoir devices can be altered by changing the polymer and is possible be made to have
136:
Most commonly it refers to time-dependent release in oral dose formulations. Timed release has several distinct variants such as sustained release where prolonged release is intended, pulse release, delayed release (e.g. to target different regions of the GI tract) etc. A distinction of controlled
629:
In the ion-exchange method, the resins are cross-linked water-insoluble polymers that contain ionisable functional groups that form a repeating pattern of polymers, creating a polymer chain. The drug is attached to the resin and is released when an appropriate interaction of ions and ion exchange
166:
The release technology scientific and industrial community is represented by the
Controlled Release Society (CRS). The CRS is the worldwide society for delivery science and technologies. CRS serves more than 1,600 members from more than 50 countries. Two-thirds of CRS membership is represented by
655:
systems generally are meant to stick to mucus and can be favorable for mouth based interactions due to high mucus levels in the general area but not as simple for other areas. Magnetic materials can be added to the drug so another magnet can hold it from outside the body to assist in holding the
493:
of the drug refers to the drug's elimination from the bloodstream which can be caused by metabolism, urine, and other forms of excretion. If the active compound has a long half-life (over 6 hours), it is sustained on its own. If the active compound has a short half-life, it would require a large
712:
466:
is also regarded as a more complete technology to produce complex dissolution profiles. Through coating an active pharmaceutical ingredient around an inert core and layering it with insoluble substances to form a microsphere, one can obtain more consistent and replicable dissolution rates in a
672:
A hydrophilic matrix will go back to the matrix as discussed before where a matrix is a mixture of a drug or drugs with a gelling agent. This system is well liked because of its cost and broad regulatory acceptance. The polymers used can be broken down into categories: cellulose derivatives,
643:
will allow the system to float to the top of the stomach and release at a slower rate without worry of excreting it. This system requires that there are enough gastric fluids present as well as food. Many types of forms of drugs use this method such as powders, capsules, and tablets.
611:, and differing intestinal environments. Using an osmotic pump to deliver drugs has additional inherent advantages regarding control over drug delivery rates. This allows for much more precise drug delivery over an extended period of time, which results in much more predictable
939:
Tarun
Parashar, Soniya, Vishal Singh, Gaurav Singh, Satyanand Tyagi, Chirag Patel, and Anil Gupta. International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy and Life Sciences. Novel Oral Sustained Release Technology: A Concise Review. 2013. Accessed: May 30,
731:(HIT) that pharmacists use are medication safety tools to help manage this problem. For example, the ISMP "do not crush" list can be entered into the system so that warning stickers can be printed at the point of dispensing, to be stuck on the pill bottle.
81:
Extended-release dosage consists of either sustained-release (SR) or controlled-release (CR) dosage. SR maintains drug release over a sustained period but not at a constant rate. CR maintains drug release over a sustained period at a nearly constant rate.
664:
The matrix system is the mixture of materials with the drug, which will cause the drug to slow down. However, this system has several subcategories: hydrophobic matrices, lipid matrices, hydrophilic matrices, biodegradable matrices, and mineral matrices.
185:
There is no industry standard for these abbreviations, and confusion and misreading have sometimes caused prescribing errors. Clear handwriting is necessary. For some drugs with multiple formulations, putting the meaning in parentheses is advisable.
116:
over time in order to be released more slowly and steadily into the bloodstream, while having the advantage of being taken at less frequent intervals than immediate-release (IR) formulations of the same drug. For example, orally administered
615:. However, osmotic release systems are relatively complicated, somewhat difficult to manufacture, and may cause irritation or even blockage of the GI tract due to prolonged release of irritating drugs from the non-deformable tablet.
517:
Diffusion systems' rate release is dependent on the rate at which the drug dissolves through a barrier which is usually a type of polymer. Diffusion systems can be broken into two subcategories, reservoir devices and matrix devices.
541:
The reservoir device coats the drug with an appropriate material which will dissolve slowly. It can also be used to administer beads as a group with varying thickness, making the drug release in multiple times creating a
723:
Some time release formulations do not work properly if split, such as controlled-release tablet coatings, while other formulations such as micro-encapsulation still work if the microcapsules inside are swallowed whole.
1166:
van den Berg, G; van
Steveninck, F; Gubbens-Stibbe, JM; Schoemaker, HC; de Boer, AG; Cohen, AF (1990). "Influence of food on the bioavailability of metoprolol from an OROS system; a study in healthy volunteers".
501:
also factors whether a drug can be used as a time release drug. A drug with a thin therapeutic range, or small therapeutic index, will be determined unfit for a sustained release mechanism in partial fear of
747:
in the 1970s where sustained and controlled delivery of nutrients was achieved following a single application to the soil. Delivery is usually effected by dissolution, degradation, or disintegration of an
1703:
669:
A hydrophobic matrix is a drug mixed with a hydrophobic polymer. This causes SR because the drug, after being dissolved, will have to be released by going through channels made by the hydrophilic polymer.
638:
A floating system is a system where it floats on gastric fluids due to low density. The density of the gastric fluids is about 1 g/mL; thus, the drug/tablet administered must have a smaller density. The
703:
of oppositely charged amphiphilic drugs can be loaded inside these microgels. Then, the release of these drugs can be controlled by a specific triggering factor like pH, ionic strength or temperature.
1296:
Auiler, JF; Liu, K; Lynch, JM; Gelotte, CK (2002). "Effect of food on early drug exposure from extended-release stimulants: results from the
Concerta, Adderall XR Food Evaluation (CAFE) Study".
478:
If the pharmacological activity of the active compound is not related to its blood levels, time releasing has no purpose except in some cases, such as bupropion, to reduce possible side effects.
691:
Examples of stimuli that may be used to bring about release include pH, enzymes, light, magnetic fields, temperature, ultrasonics, osmosis, cellular traction forces, and electronic control of
880:
Kapil Patil, Prashant Patil, Javesh Patil, and Sunil Pawar. A Basic
Approach on Sustained Release Drug Delivery System. American Journal of PharmTech Research. 2011. Accessed: May 30, 2016.
734:
Pharmaceutical companies that do not supply a range of half-dose and quarter-dose versions of time-release tablets can make it difficult for patients to be slowly tapered off their drugs.
1338:
Dusane
Ratilal, Gaikwad D., Banker H., and Pawar P. A Review On: Sustained Release Technology. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy. 2011. Accessed: May 30, 2016.
871:
Sampath Kumar, Debjit
Bhowmik, Shweta Srivastava, Shravan Paswan, and A. Dutta. Sustained. Release Drug Delivery System Potential. The Pharma Innovation. 2012. Accessed: May 30, 2016.
1696:
918:
Navin Dixit, Sheo Dutt Maurya, and Bhanu Sagar. Sustained
Release Drug Delivery System. Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology. 2013. Accessed: May 30, 2016.
862:
Lilesh
Khalane, Atulal Kunte, and Arunadevi Blrajdar. Sustained Release Drug Delivery System: A Concise Review. Pharmatutor: pharmacy infopedia. 2016. Accessed: May 30, 2016.
506:
which can prove fatal at the conditions mentioned. For a drug that is made to be released over time, the objective is to stay within the therapeutic range as long as needed.
904:
Ratnaparkhi P. and Gupta P. Sustained Release Oral Drug Delivery System – An Overview. International Journal of Pharma Research & Review. 2013. Accessed: May 30, 2016.
1347:
Jaimini Manish and Kothari Abhay. Sustained Release Matrix Type Drug Delivery System: A Review. Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics. 2012. Accessed: May 30, 2016.
545:
The matrix device has the drug in a matrix and the matrix is dissolved instead of a coating. It can come either as drug-impregnated spheres or drug-impregnated tablets.
460:
In some SR formulations, the drug dissolves into the matrix, and the matrix physically swells to form a gel, allowing the drug to exit through the gel's outer surface.
1253:
Modi, NB; Wang, B; Hu, WT; Gupta, SK (January 2000). "Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of osmotic controlled-release methylphenidate HCl in healthy subjects".
808:
1775:
1689:
1039:
Conley, R; Gupta, SK; Sathyan, G (October 2006). "Clinical spectrum of the osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system (OROS), an advanced oral delivery form".
555:
630:
groups occur. The area and length of the drug release and number of cross-link polymers dictate the rate at which the drug is released, determining the SR effect.
676:
A lipid matrix uses wax or similar materials. Drug release happens via diffusion through, and erosion of, the wax and tends to be sensitive to digestive fluids.
794:
603:
Osmotic release systems have a number of major advantages over other controlled-release mechanisms. They are significantly less affected by factors such as
1210:
Bass, DM; Prevo, M; Waxman, DS (2002). "Gastrointestinal safety of an extended-release, nondeformable, oral dosage form (OROS: a retrospective study".
52:(delayed-release dosage) or for a prolonged period of time (extended-release dosage) or to a specific target in the body (targeted-release dosage).
425:
A few other abbreviations are similar to these (in that they may serve as suffixes) but refer to dose rather than release rate. They include
953:
Malaterre, V; Ogorka, J; Loggia, N; Gurny, R (November 2009). "Oral osmotically driven systems: 30 years of development and clinical use".
2060:
148:(that often have an additional release function), forms of controlled release medicines include gels, implants and devices (e.g. the
2648:
679:
Biodegradable matrices are made with unstable, linked monomers that will erode by biological compounds such as enzymes and proteins.
141:
to avoid potentially hazardous peaks in drug concentration following ingestion or injection and to maximize therapeutic efficiency.
93:
has in fact defined most of these as different concepts. Sometimes the term "depot tablet" is used, by analogy to the term for an
1564:
467:
convenient format that can be mixed and matched with other instant release pharmaceutical ingredients into any two piece gelatin
2653:
2141:
930:
Perrie, Y., & Rades, T. Pharmaceutics: Drug delivery and targeting. London: Pharmaceutical Press. Accessed: May 30, 2016.
1675:
1266:
2157:
820:
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2081:
744:
728:
696:
169:
2612:
2574:
1917:
1733:
90:
2526:
608:
66:
at a predetermined rate in order to maintain a constant drug concentration for a specific period of time with minimum
2554:
2123:
2658:
2602:
2531:
2118:
2065:
1899:
118:
63:
2521:
1895:
523:
zero-order release; however, drugs with higher molecular weight have difficulty diffusing through the membrane.
988:
Theeuwes, F; Yum, SI; Haak, R; Wong, P (1991). "Systems for triggered, pulsed, and programmed drug delivery".
163:
Examples for cosmetic, personal care, and food science applications often centre on odour or flavour release.
2549:
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2559:
2358:
2190:
1922:
1843:
1770:
1712:
577:
49:
1423:
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2256:
1863:
1737:
581:
2643:
2597:
2478:
1891:
153:
2442:
2287:
2205:
2150:
2070:
2055:
1858:
1370:
997:
490:
31:
1359:"Biologically Inspired, Cell-Selective Release of Aptamer-Trapped Growth Factors by Traction Forces"
719:
XL 150mg manufactured by Anchen Pharmaceuticals that was soaked in water overnight and then shaken.
2495:
2232:
2113:
2108:
1828:
1724:
1665:
711:
463:
157:
41:
1791:
78:). Sustained release's definition is more akin to a "controlled release" rather than "sustained".
2569:
2363:
2318:
2015:
1760:
1515:
Ahnfelt, E.; Gernandt, J.; Al-Tikriti, Y.; Sjögren, E.; Lennernäs, H.; Hansson, P. (2018-12-28).
1321:
1278:
1235:
1192:
1148:
1064:
1021:
624:
468:
138:
105:
137:
release is that it not only prolongs action, but it attempts to maintain drug levels within the
2419:
2414:
2252:
1993:
1755:
1625:
1546:
1538:
1497:
1446:
1404:
1386:
1313:
1270:
1227:
1184:
1140:
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970:
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569:
498:
442:
101:
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1615:
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1438:
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1378:
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1262:
1219:
1176:
1132:
1095:
1048:
1005:
962:
612:
597:
589:
482:
2243:
1517:"Single bead investigation of a clinical drug delivery system – A novel release mechanism"
765:
753:
94:
1681:
1374:
1123:
Verma, RK; Mishra, B; Garg, S (July 2000). "Osmotically controlled oral drug delivery".
1001:
2304:
2264:
1937:
1620:
1595:
1492:
1465:
1399:
1358:
1009:
573:
1572:
167:
industry and one-third represents academia and government. CRS is affiliated with the
2637:
2513:
2447:
2369:
2338:
2103:
1932:
1223:
474:
There are certain considerations for the formation of sustained-release formulation:
446:
145:
2504:
1424:"Electrothermally activated microchips for implantable drug delivery and biosensing"
1357:
Stejskalová, Anna; Oliva, Nuria; England, Frances J.; Almquist, Benjamin D. (2019).
1325:
1282:
1239:
1152:
1068:
1025:
2488:
2424:
2409:
2384:
2222:
1942:
1785:
1196:
503:
149:
97:, but this term is not medically or pharmaceutically standard for oral medication.
1533:
1516:
1442:
560:
682:
A mineral matrix which generally means the polymers used are obtained in seaweed.
568:
Osmotic controlled-release oral delivery systems (OROS) have the form of a rigid
17:
2582:
2470:
2343:
2299:
2277:
2195:
2165:
2099:
1948:
1887:
1716:
652:
67:
59:
1422:
Maloney JM, Uhland S, Polito B, Sheppard NF Jr, Pelta C, Santini JT Jr (2005).
1309:
966:
2466:
2437:
1997:
1971:
1833:
144:
In addition to pills, the mechanism can also apply to capsules and injectable
1611:
1542:
1390:
1052:
2076:
1966:
1818:
1808:
749:
716:
656:
system in place. However, there is low patient compliance with this system.
109:
2326:
1644:
1629:
1550:
1501:
1482:
1450:
1408:
1382:
1317:
1274:
1231:
1144:
1109:
1060:
974:
1188:
1136:
1017:
756:
and other encapsulation technologies can further modify release profiles.
596:
through the opening(s) in the tablet. OROS is a trademarked name owned by
2618:
2607:
2399:
2379:
2374:
2348:
2292:
2185:
2175:
2170:
1927:
1873:
1838:
1823:
1765:
640:
457:) such that the dissolving drug must find its way out through the holes.
454:
75:
71:
1596:"Influence of splitting on dissolution properties of metoprolol tablets"
2404:
2333:
2272:
2217:
2212:
2180:
2020:
1976:
1853:
1180:
585:
1646:
ISMP "do not crush" list: Oral dosage forms that should not be crushed
2394:
2314:
2227:
2047:
1958:
1848:
1813:
1800:
509:
There are many different methods used to obtain a sustained release.
450:
1100:
1083:
70:. This can be achieved through a variety of formulations, including
27:
Mechanism that delivers a drug with a delay after its administration
2030:
1643:
Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) (20 November 2017),
1267:
10.1002/1099-081x(200001)21:1<23::aid-bdd212>3.0.co;2-v
1084:"Osmotically controlled drug delivery system with associated drugs"
600:, which pioneered the use of osmotic pumps for oral drug delivery.
2282:
2007:
1909:
1868:
1747:
559:
445:
is embedded in a matrix of insoluble substance(s) (various: some
692:
593:
113:
100:
Modified-release dosage and its variants are mechanisms used in
45:
1685:
485:, the development of a time-release product may be problematic.
95:
injection formulation of a drug which releases slowly over time
2146:
2091:
2325:
2263:
2156:
1082:
Gupta, BP; Thakur, N; Jain, NP; Banweer, J; Jain, S (2010).
604:
572:
with a semi-permeable outer membrane and one or more small
441:
Today, most time-release drugs are formulated so that the
809:"Drug name suffix confusion is a common source of errors"
1670:
1678:
5-day short course at MIT with Professor Robert Langer.
1671:
United Kingdom & Ireland Controlled Release Society
807:
Pennsylvania Patient Safety Authority (December 2004),
955:
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics
564:
A 54mg tablet of Concerta, which uses OROS technology.
133:
as is typical with standard-release morphine tablets.
121:
can enable certain chronic pain patients to take only
40:
is a mechanism that (in contrast to immediate-release
481:
If the absorption of the active compound involves an
188:
125:
tablets per day, rather than needing to redose every
673:
non-cellulose natural, and polymers of acrylic acid.
2568:
2540:
2512:
2465:
2432:
2313:
2251:
2204:
2140:
2090:
2046:
2006:
1992:
1957:
1908:
1886:
1799:
1746:
1732:
1723:
30:"Time release" redirects here. For the novel, see
1088:Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences
948:
946:
556:Osmotic controlled-release oral delivery system
89:are treated as synonyms, but the United States
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
74:and drug-polymer conjugates (an example being
1697:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
8:
1464:You JO, Almeda D, Ye GJ, Auguste DT (2010).
752:in which the active compound is formulated.
319:Ambiguous, can sometimes mean Short-Acting
2462:
2003:
1905:
1743:
1729:
1704:
1690:
1682:
990:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
795:Pharmaceutics: Drug Delivery and Targeting
86:
1619:
1600:Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
1532:
1491:
1481:
1466:"Bioresponsive matrices in drug delivery"
1398:
1169:European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
1099:
1125:Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy
926:
924:
710:
175:Drug Delivery and Translational Research
1255:Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition
914:
912:
910:
790:
788:
786:
782:
743:marine anti-foulants in the 1950s, and
1594:Vranić, E; Uzunović, A (August 2009).
7:
1298:Current Medical Research and Opinion
1041:Current Medical Research and Opinion
226:Continuous Control, Constant Control
2061:Heated humidified high-flow therapy
1010:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb27262.x
25:
2503:
2029:
1790:
1784:
1224:10.2165/00002018-200225140-00004
580:, water is absorbed through the
1565:"Equasym XL (methylphenidate)"
56:Sustained-release dosage forms
1:
1829:Effervescent powder or tablet
1676:Controlled Release Technology
1571:. 24 May 2013. Archived from
1534:10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.11.011
1521:Journal of Controlled Release
1443:10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.09.035
1431:Journal of Controlled Release
745:controlled release fertilizer
729:health information technology
453:; these substances are often
170:Journal of Controlled Release
2613:Patient-controlled analgesia
1918:Orally disintegrating tablet
715:Empty half-shell of a split
91:Food and Drug Administration
592:is used to push the active
576:holes in it. As the tablet
2675:
2124:Relative analgesia machine
1666:Controlled Release Society
1310:10.1185/030079902125000840
967:10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.07.002
819:(4): 17–18, archived from
622:
553:
29:
2501:
2027:
1782:
813:PA PSRS Patient Saf Advis
119:extended-release morphine
64:release (liberate) a drug
2649:Routes of administration
1713:Routes of administration
1612:10.17305/bjbms.2009.2815
1053:10.1185/030079906x132613
687:Stimuli inducing release
2239:Extra-amniotic infusion
1844:Molecular encapsulation
1776:Osmotic delivery system
1771:Time release technology
578:passes through the body
48:with a delay after its
38:Modified-release dosage
2542:Central nervous system
2330:
2268:
2196:Mucoadhesive microdisc
2161:
1483:10.1186/1754-1611-4-15
1383:10.1002/adma.201806380
720:
582:semipermeable membrane
565:
357:Extended/Extra Release
2654:Drug delivery devices
2385:Transfersome vesicles
2329:
2267:
2244:Intravesical infusion
2160:
1137:10.1081/ddc-100101287
714:
563:
377:Lesser/Lower Strength
181:List of abbreviations
177:scientific journals.
154:contraceptive implant
2071:Metered-dose inhaler
2056:Anesthetic vaporizer
648:Bio-adhesive systems
588:, and the resulting
491:biological half-life
85:Sometimes these and
32:Time Release (novel)
2496:Transdermal implant
2456:(into tissue/blood)
2233:Intrauterine device
2114:Anaesthetic machine
2109:Oxygen concentrator
1375:2019AdM....3106380S
1002:1991NYASA.618..428T
532:Dissolution systems
464:Micro-encapsulation
367:Extended/Extra Time
286:Long-Acting Release
206:Controlled Delivery
158:transdermal patches
2608:Nanocell injection
2331:
2269:
2162:
2016:Dry-powder inhaler
1575:on 8 December 2011
1363:Advanced Materials
1181:10.1007/bf00315121
721:
625:Ion-exchange resin
619:Ion-exchange resin
566:
433:(Extra Strength).
216:Controlled Release
139:therapeutic window
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2458:
2420:Transdermal spray
2415:Transdermal patch
2405:Medicated shampoo
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2119:Medical inhalants
2066:Medical inhalants
1994:Respiratory tract
1988:
1987:
1882:
1881:
771:Tablet (pharmacy)
513:Diffusion systems
499:therapeutic index
443:active ingredient
423:
422:
327:Sustained Release
306:Prolonged Release
256:Immediate Release
18:Sustained release
16:(Redirected from
2666:
2659:Pharmacokinetics
2507:
2463:
2454:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2004:
1933:Sublingual drops
1906:
1794:
1788:
1744:
1730:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1683:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1623:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1536:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1485:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1437:(1–3): 244–255.
1428:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1103:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1036:
1030:
1029:
985:
979:
978:
950:
941:
937:
931:
928:
919:
916:
905:
902:
881:
878:
872:
869:
863:
860:
825:
824:
804:
798:
792:
634:Floating systems
613:pharmacokinetics
598:ALZA Corporation
590:osmotic pressure
483:active transport
316:Sustained Action
296:Modified Release
246:Extended Release
189:
132:
130:
124:
21:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2623:
2603:Intraperitoneal
2575:musculoskeletal
2573:
2564:
2536:
2532:Intra-articular
2508:
2499:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2428:
2309:
2247:
2200:
2145:
2128:
2086:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2025:
1984:
1953:
1878:
1795:
1789:
1780:
1734:Digestive tract
1719:
1710:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1569:netdoctor.co.uk
1563:
1562:
1558:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1218:(14): 1021–33.
1209:
1208:
1204:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1101:10.18433/j38w25
1081:
1080:
1076:
1047:(10): 1879–92.
1038:
1037:
1033:
987:
986:
982:
952:
951:
944:
938:
934:
929:
922:
917:
908:
903:
884:
879:
875:
870:
866:
861:
828:
806:
805:
801:
793:
784:
779:
766:Depot injection
762:
754:Enteric coating
740:
709:
689:
662:
650:
636:
627:
621:
607:, food intake,
558:
552:
550:Osmotic systems
534:
515:
439:
387:Double Strength
236:Delayed Release
183:
128:
126:
122:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2672:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2522:Intracavernous
2518:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2324:
2322:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2305:Nutrient enema
2302:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2280:
2275:
2262:
2260:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2155:
2153:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2001:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1903:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1741:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1660:External links
1658:
1655:
1654:
1635:
1586:
1556:
1507:
1456:
1414:
1369:(7): 1806380.
1349:
1340:
1331:
1288:
1245:
1202:
1158:
1131:(7): 695–708.
1115:
1074:
1031:
980:
942:
932:
920:
906:
882:
873:
864:
826:
823:on 2013-07-24.
799:
781:
780:
778:
775:
774:
773:
768:
761:
758:
739:
736:
708:
707:Pill splitting
705:
688:
685:
684:
683:
680:
677:
674:
670:
661:
660:Matrix systems
658:
649:
646:
635:
632:
623:Main article:
620:
617:
554:Main article:
551:
548:
547:
546:
543:
533:
530:
529:
528:
524:
514:
511:
487:
486:
479:
438:
435:
421:
420:
418:
417:Extra Strength
415:
411:
410:
408:
407:Extra Strength
405:
401:
400:
398:
395:
391:
390:
388:
385:
381:
380:
378:
375:
371:
370:
368:
365:
361:
360:
358:
355:
351:
350:
348:
345:
341:
340:
338:
335:
331:
330:
328:
325:
321:
320:
317:
314:
310:
309:
307:
304:
300:
299:
297:
294:
290:
289:
287:
284:
280:
279:
277:
274:
270:
269:
267:
264:
260:
259:
257:
254:
250:
249:
247:
244:
240:
239:
237:
234:
230:
229:
227:
224:
220:
219:
217:
214:
210:
209:
207:
204:
200:
199:
196:
193:
182:
179:
50:administration
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2671:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:Intramuscular
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:Intracerebral
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2370:Iontophoresis
2368:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:Topical cream
2337:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2104:Nasal cannula
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2032:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1094:(4): 571–88.
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:(1): 428–40.
995:
991:
984:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
961:(3): 311–23.
960:
956:
949:
947:
943:
936:
933:
927:
925:
921:
915:
913:
911:
907:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
883:
877:
874:
868:
865:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
827:
822:
818:
814:
810:
803:
800:
796:
791:
789:
787:
783:
776:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
759:
757:
755:
751:
746:
737:
735:
732:
730:
725:
718:
713:
706:
704:
700:
698:
694:
686:
681:
678:
675:
671:
668:
667:
666:
659:
657:
654:
647:
645:
642:
633:
631:
626:
618:
616:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:laser drilled
571:
562:
557:
549:
544:
540:
539:
538:
531:
525:
521:
520:
519:
512:
510:
507:
505:
500:
495:
492:
484:
480:
477:
476:
475:
472:
470:
465:
461:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
436:
434:
432:
428:
419:
416:
413:
412:
409:
406:
403:
402:
399:
397:Double Action
396:
393:
392:
389:
386:
383:
382:
379:
376:
373:
372:
369:
366:
363:
362:
359:
356:
353:
352:
349:
346:
343:
342:
339:
337:Timed Release
336:
333:
332:
329:
326:
323:
322:
318:
315:
312:
311:
308:
305:
302:
301:
298:
295:
292:
291:
288:
285:
282:
281:
278:
275:
272:
271:
268:
266:Initial Depot
265:
262:
261:
258:
255:
252:
251:
248:
245:
242:
241:
238:
235:
232:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
180:
178:
176:
172:
171:
164:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:drug carriers
142:
140:
134:
120:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
83:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
51:
47:
44:) delivers a
43:
39:
33:
19:
2644:Dosage forms
2598:Intraosseous
2588:Intracardiac
2527:Intravitreal
2489:Injector pen
2484:Subcutaneous
2455:
2425:Jet injector
2410:Dermal patch
2223:Vaginal ring
2191:Insufflation
1943:Effervescent
1717:dosage forms
1645:
1638:
1606:(3): 245–9.
1603:
1599:
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1573:the original
1568:
1559:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1434:
1430:
1417:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1304:(5): 311–6.
1301:
1297:
1291:
1261:(1): 23–31.
1258:
1254:
1248:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1175:(3): 315–6.
1172:
1168:
1161:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1044:
1040:
1034:
993:
989:
983:
958:
954:
935:
876:
867:
821:the original
816:
812:
802:
741:
733:
726:
722:
701:
690:
663:
653:Bio-adhesive
651:
637:
628:
602:
567:
535:
516:
508:
504:dose dumping
496:
488:
473:
462:
459:
440:
430:
426:
424:
192:Abbreviation
184:
174:
168:
165:
162:
150:vaginal ring
143:
135:
104:(pills) and
99:
84:
80:
68:side effects
62:designed to
60:dosage forms
55:
54:
37:
36:
2583:Intravenous
2570:Circulatory
2555:Intrathecal
2479:Intradermal
2471:transdermal
2438:Parenterals
2344:Topical gel
2300:Murphy drip
2278:Suppository
2166:Nasal spray
2100:Oxygen mask
1949:Chewing gum
1888:Oral mucosa
1527:: 235–247.
1212:Drug Safety
609:GI motility
276:Long-Acting
87:other terms
2638:Categories
2443:Injections
2206:Urogenital
2142:Ophthalmic
1998:inhalation
1972:Toothpaste
1900:sublingual
1864:Suspension
1834:Herbal tea
1470:J Biol Eng
727:Among the
347:Extra Long
2448:infusions
2380:Liposomes
2176:Eye drops
2171:Ear drops
2082:Vaporizer
2077:Nebulizer
1967:Mouthwash
1896:sublabial
1819:Electuary
1809:Decoction
1579:16 August
1543:0168-3659
1391:1521-4095
797:, p. 7-13
777:Footnotes
750:excipient
717:bupropion
76:hydrogels
72:liposomes
2619:PIC line
2560:Epidural
2400:Lip balm
2375:Hydrogel
2366:solution
2349:Liniment
2334:Ointment
2293:Hydrogel
2288:Solution
2273:Ointment
2213:Ointment
2186:Hydrogel
2181:Ointment
1977:Ointment
1938:Lozenges
1928:Lollipop
1874:Tincture
1859:Solution
1839:Hydrogel
1824:Emulsion
1766:Pastille
1630:19754482
1551:30419268
1502:21114841
1451:16278032
1409:30614086
1326:25994524
1318:12240794
1283:33413277
1275:11038435
1240:35424637
1232:12408733
1153:35670161
1145:10872087
1110:21486532
1069:42490425
1061:17022845
1026:31442663
975:19602438
760:See also
641:buoyancy
455:patented
447:acrylics
110:dissolve
106:capsules
2319:topical
2257:enteral
2218:Pessary
2048:Liquids
2021:Smoking
1959:Liquids
1854:Softgel
1801:Liquids
1761:Capsule
1738:enteral
1621:5632511
1493:3002303
1400:6375388
1371:Bibcode
1197:1838636
1189:2257873
1018:2006800
998:Bibcode
738:History
586:osmosis
469:capsule
449:, even
437:Methods
195:Meaning
102:tablets
2514:Organs
2395:Lotion
2315:Dermal
2253:Rectal
2228:Douche
2008:Solids
1945:tablet
1910:Solids
1892:buccal
1849:Powder
1814:Elixir
1756:Tablet
1748:Solids
1628:
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570:tablet
451:chitin
198:Notes
156:) and
129:
42:dosage
2390:Cream
2354:Paste
2283:Enema
2235:(IUD)
2151:nasal
2073:(MDI)
1981:Spray
1869:Syrup
1650:(PDF)
1427:(PDF)
1322:S2CID
1279:S2CID
1236:S2CID
1193:S2CID
1149:S2CID
1065:S2CID
1022:S2CID
940:2016.
131:hours
2615:pump
2467:Skin
2364:DMSO
2359:Film
2147:otic
2102:and
1923:Film
1725:Oral
1626:PMID
1581:2016
1547:PMID
1539:ISSN
1498:PMID
1447:PMID
1405:PMID
1387:ISSN
1314:PMID
1271:PMID
1228:PMID
1185:PMID
1141:PMID
1106:PMID
1057:PMID
1014:PMID
971:PMID
697:NEMS
695:and
693:MEMS
594:drug
584:via
497:The
489:The
429:and
173:and
152:and
114:drug
58:are
46:drug
2092:Gas
1616:PMC
1608:doi
1529:doi
1525:292
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1177:doi
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