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195:) built the first prototype STN matrix display, with 540 × 270 pixels. A key challenge was finding a way to address more pixels efficiently. Standard TN displays weren't ideal for this because of their voltage characteristics. STN displays, with their 180-270 degree twist, offered a solution. This twist allows for a clearer distinction between on and off states, making them suitable for passive-matrix addressing with more pixels.
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to create color images. Early CSTN displays had limitations like slow response times and ghosting. However, advancements have improved response times to 100 ms (still longer than the 8 ms for TFT), widened viewing angles to 140 degrees, and enhanced color quality, making them a more
160:(TN) field effect. Earlier TN displays twisted the liquid crystal molecules at a 90-degree angle. STN displays improved on that by twisting the liquid crystal molecules at a much greater angle, typically between 180 and 270 degrees. This allows for a sharper image and
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The main advantage of STN LCDs is their lower power consumption and affordability. They can also be made purely reflective for sunlight readability. In the late 1980s, they were used in portable computers and handheld devices like the
Nintendo
249:(double STN or dual-scan STN): The screen is divided into halves, and each half is scanned simultaneously, thereby doubling the number of lines refreshed per second and providing a sharper appearance. Widely used on early portable computers.
260:: (film compensated STN, formulated STN or filtered STN): Uses a film compensating layer between the STN display and rear polarizer for added sharpness and contrast. Used on early portable computers before adoption of DSTN.
203:. While still found in some simple digital products like calculators, STN displays have largely been replaced by TFT LCDs, which offer superior image quality and faster response times.
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European Patent No. EP 0131216: Amstutz H., Heimgartner D., Kaufmann M.,Scheffer T.J., "Flüssigkristallanzeige," October 28, 1987.
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to change its properties when exposed to an electric field, which can be used to create images. This change is called the
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Other STN display variations were introduced, attempting to improve image quality and response times. They include:
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While STN displays were once common in various electronic devices, they have been largely replaced by
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Scheffer, T. J.; Nehring, J. (1984-11-15). "A new, highly multiplexable liquid crystal display".
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competitive option at about half the cost of TFT displays. A newer passive-matrix technology,
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In 1982, C. M. Waters and E. P. Raynes patented STN displays, and by 1984 researchers at
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CSTN (color super-twist nematic) is a color variant of STN displays, developed by
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Double layer STN: Uses an extra compensating layer to provide a sharper image.
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236:(HPA), offers even better performance than CSTN.
164:, a simpler way to control the pixels in an LCD.
355:Flat Panel Displays: Advanced Organic Materials
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183:Early STN LCD built by Brown Boveri in 1984
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359:. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp.
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
263:FFSTN (double film compensated STN)
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316:(10). AIP Publishing: 1021–1023.
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375:Super-twisted nematic display.
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351:Kelly, Stephen M. (2000).
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286:"Liquid Crystal Devices"
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