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317:(at 532 nm) investigates targets up to 12 m from the rover. In the Raman spectroscopy technique, most of the green laser light reflects back at the same wavelength that was sent, but a small fraction of the light interacts with the target molecules, changing the wavelength in proportion to the vibrational energy of the molecular bonds. By spectrally observing the returned Raman light, the identity of the minerals can be determined.
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305:. SuperCam then measures the colors of light in the plasma, which provide clues to the target's elemental composition. Its laser is also capable of remotely clearing away surface dust, giving all of its instruments a clear view of the targets. LIBS unit contains three spectrometers. Two of these handle the visible and violet portion of the VISIR spectra, while the IR portion is recorded in the mast.
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Martin, Francis L.; Stone, Nicholas; McAinsh, Martin R.; Walsh, Michael J.; Martin-Hirsch, Pierre L.; Gardner, Benjamin; Fullwood, Nigel J.; Esmonde-White, Karen; Dorney, Jennifer; Curtis, Kelly; Cinque, Gianfelice; Bird, Benjamin; Ashton, Lorna; Butler, Holly J. (April 2016).
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301:(LIBS) system emits a 1064-nm laser beam to investigate targets as small as a grain of rice from a distance of more than 7 meters, allowing the rover to study targets beyond the reach of its arm. The beam vaporizes a tiny amount of rock, creating a hot
120:
rover that have been upgraded with two different lasers and detectors. SuperCam is used in conjunction with the AEGIS (Autonomous
Exploration for Gathering Increased Science) targeting system, a program in which
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369:. SuperCam is also equipped with a microphone to capture the first audio recordings from the surface of Mars. The microphone is the same model (Knowles Corp EK) as the ones that flew to Mars on the 1998
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229:. SuperCam is a suite of various instruments, and the collection of correlated measurements on a target can be used to determine directly the geochemistry and mineralogy of samples.
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In April 2018, SuperCam entered the final stages of assembly and testing. The flight model was installed to the rover in June 2019. The rover mission was launched on 30 July 2020.
337:, or detectors, are cooled by small thermoelectric coolers to ensure that they operate between −100 °C and −50 °C at all times. This instrument will analyze many of the
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rover that have been upgraded with two different lasers and detectors. SuperCam's instruments are able to identify the kinds of chemicals that could be evidence of past
688:
Francis, Reena; Estlin, Tara; Doran, G; Johnstone, Sancia; Gaines, D; Verma, Vandi; Burl, M; Frydenvang, J; Montaño, S; Wiens, R; Schaffe, S; Gasnault, O; DeFlores, L;
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SuperCam's optical camera acquires high-resolution color images of samples under study, which also help determine the surface geology. This camera can also study how
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to provide preliminary information about the mineralogy and molecular structure of samples under consideration, as well as being able to directly measure
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345:. The types of clay minerals and their abundances give clues about the nature of the water that was present, whether fresh or salty, acidic or neutral
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694:"AEGIS autonomous targeting for ChemCam on Mars Science Laboratory: Deployment and results of initial science team use"
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for the infrared (IR) spectrometer are further cooled to between −100 °C and −50 °C at all times.
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The detectors of all four spectrometers are cooled to just below 0 °C by thermoelectric coolers. The
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SuperCam was developed in collaboration between the
Research Institute in Astrophysics and Planetology (
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In this image taken June 25, 2019, engineers install the SuperCam instrument on Mars 2020's rover.
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For measurements of chemical composition, the instrument suite uses a version of the successful
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632:'SuperCam' Update: Multi-purpose Instrument Coming Together for 2020 Launch to Mars
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rover mission that performs remote analyses of rocks and soils with a camera, two
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The SuperCam Remote
Sensing Instrument Suite for the Mars 2020 Rover: A Preview
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The SuperCam Remote
Sensing Instrument Suite for the Mars 2020 Rover: A Preview
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The Mars 2020 Rover features new spectral abilities with its new SuperCam.
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SuperCam
Calibration Target with Mars Meteorite in the top of the plate
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and dust absorb or reflect solar radiation, which may help to develop
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NASA's Mars 2020 Rover Update: SuperCam Will Detect
Organic Materials
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891:"Using Raman spectroscopy to characterize biological materials"
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346:
845:. Roger C. Wiens, Sylvestre Maurice, Fernando Rull Perez.
803:. Roger C. Wiens, Sylvestre Maurice, Fernando Rull Perez.
3867:
Astrobiology
Science and Technology for Exploring Planets
108:
in Spain. The
Principal Investigator is Roger Wiens from
671:
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380:. However, neither mission was able to record sounds.
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240:(TRF) spectroscopy, and Visible and InfraRed (VISIR)
112:. SuperCam is an improved version of the successful
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Multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator
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3387:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
3377:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
353:the surface environment was in the distant past.
44:is a suite of remote-sensing instruments for the
1327:Science instruments on satellites and spacecraft
627:
625:
623:
621:
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617:
615:
125:, NASA roboticist and engineer, helped develop.
3312:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
778:. NASA, Mars 2020 Rover. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
678:. NASA, Mars 2020 Rover. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
232:The suite has several integrated instruments:
3141:
1312:
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333:(1.3 to 2.6 micrometers) wavelengths and its
190:Approx. 38 cm × 24 cm × 19 cm
8:
3292:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
807:. Volume 32, Issue 5, pg 50–55. 1 May 2017.
3717:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability
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16:Instruments on the Perseverance Mars rover
3904:European Astrobiology Network Association
849:. Volume 32, Issue 5, pg 54. 1 May 2017.
822:Optical Society of America. Published by
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
734:"Mars 2020 Rover Gets a Super Instrument"
709:
3397:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
838:
836:
834:
832:
740:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 2 July 2019
428:
3978:
3815:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
611:
341:and help unravel the history of liquid
329:, provided by France, operates in the
23:Animation of the SuperCAM on the Mars
3805:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
7:
3954:
3382:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
3367:Habitability of neutron star systems
299:laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
84:in France, the French Space Agency (
3357:Habitability of binary star systems
3110:Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter
166:spectrometers are inside the deck)
3919:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
3362:Habitability of natural satellites
3287:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
14:
3899:Center for Life Detection Science
3820:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
3372:Habitability of red dwarf systems
4005:
3993:
3981:
3953:
3942:
3941:
3924:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
3757:Life Investigation For Enceladus
3277:Extraterrestrial sample curation
1279:
1268:
1267:
415:
404:
279:
265:
3862:Astrobiology Society of Britain
3737:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
3392:Habitable zone for complex life
3079:International Lunar Observatory
1890:(TRMM, Terra, Aura, Suomi NPP,
259:SuperCam rocks (AEGIS targeted)
3747:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
692:; Bornstein, Ben (June 2017).
140:SuperCAM is on the end of the
110:Los Alamos National Laboratory
90:Los Alamos National Laboratory
1:
3795:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
3347:Extraterrestrial liquid water
3025:High Resolution Stereo Camera
465:Acousto-Optic Tunable Filters
198:15.5 megabits per experiment
3929:Spanish Astrobiology Center
3337:Circumstellar habitable zone
861:Practical Raman spectroscopy
659:International Business Times
73:, if it ever existed there.
3914:NASA Astrobiology Institute
1956:Radiation Budget Instrument
711:10.1126/scirobotics.aan4582
357:Camera/telescope/microphone
4054:
3762:Mars sample return mission
2282:Infrared Space Observatory
238:time-resolved fluorescence
210:Green laser (Raman): 12 m
174:10.4 kg (23 lb)
3937:
3840:Terrestrial Planet Finder
3262:Earliest known life forms
1262:
1239:Octavia E. Butler Landing
1031:
988:
676:SuperCam – For Scientists
29:rover (February 16, 2021)
3872:Breakthrough Initiatives
3105:Inertial Stellar Compass
2470:Raman Laser Spectrometer
1087:Rover embedded computers
242:reflectance spectroscopy
100:and the Universities of
94:University of Valladolid
3533:Mars Science Laboratory
3352:Galactic habitable zone
3100:Deep Space Atomic Clock
2359:Venus Emissivity Mapper
1286:Solar System portal
859:Gardiner, D.J. (1989).
3712:Enceladus Life Finder
3692:Breakthrough Enceladus
3216:Planetary oceanography
1038:
907:10.1038/nprot.2016.036
497:VISIR (visible and IR)
208:Red laser (LIBS): 7 m
147:
82:University of Toulouse
38:
30:
4028:Mars 2020 instruments
3887:Breakthrough Starshot
3487:Lunar Micro Ecosystem
3407:Superhabitable planet
3272:Extraterrestrial life
3115:Plasma Wave Subsystem
2226:Multispectral Scanner
1550:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
1354:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
1244:Wright Brothers Field
1037:
993:Timeline of Mars 2020
636:The Planetary Society
444:Infrared (IR) region
384:Spectrometers – Table
327:infrared spectrometer
164:Mast (electronics and
139:
36:
22:
3894:Carl Sagan Institute
3882:Breakthrough Message
3722:Enceladus Orbilander
3457:Biosatellite program
3307:Planetary protection
3191:Evolutionary biology
3181:Atmospheric sciences
2083:Mars Climate Orbiter
1725:RM-08 and MTVZA-OK (
826:. 25 September 2017.
661:. 26 September 2017.
98:University of Hawaii
3877:Breakthrough Listen
3040:Mars Orbiter Camera
1254:Exploration of Mars
1183:Syrtis Major Planum
946:Mars 2020 Home site
657:. Himanshu Goenka,
221:instruments of the
116:instruments of the
3707:Enceladus Explorer
3018:Imagers/telescopes
2166:Spectrophotometers
1039:
774:2019-05-07 at the
500:Raman, LIBS, VISIR
435:Ultraviolet region
315:Raman spectrometer
309:Raman spectroscopy
234:Raman spectroscopy
156:Units/performance
148:
69:of past microbial
39:
31:
3969:
3968:
3848:
3847:
3672:Rosalind Franklin
3585:Trace Gas Orbiter
3242:Allan Hills 84001
3221:Planetary science
3123:
3122:
3060:Rosalind Franklin
2982:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2969:Rosalind Franklin
2944:Mass spectrometer
2938:
2937:
2874:Rosalind Franklin
2848:
2847:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2707:
2706:
2615:Triaxial fluxgate
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2474:Rosalind Franklin
2449:
2448:
2373:UV-visible (UVVS)
2367:
2366:
2263:Rosalind Franklin
2201:Visible-IR (VIRS)
2195:
2194:
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2156:
2116:
2115:
1835:
1834:
1647:DMSP 5D-2/F13-F15
1294:
1293:
1227:
1226:
1199:Eberswalde crater
1045:Rover instruments
874:978-0-387-50254-0
603:
602:
371:Mars Polar Lander
367:weather forecasts
363:atmospheric water
246:organic compounds
215:
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63:organic compounds
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3317:Yamato meteorite
3150:
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3136:
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2961:(Europa Clipper)
2949:
2910:(on ExoMars TGO)
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2854:Neutral particle
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2718:
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2606:(Europa Clipper)
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2121:Ultraviolet (UV)
1844:
1840:Infrared-visible
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895:Nature Protocols
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698:Science Robotics
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638:. 27 April 2018.
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205:working distance
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65:that could hold
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3742:Icebreaker Life
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3201:Geomicrobiology
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2745:Cassini–Huygens
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2647:Cassini–Huygens
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2393:Mariner 6 and 7
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2309:Mariner 6 and 7
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2191:
2173:Long wavelength
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2112:
2041:Mariner 6 and 7
1988:
1917:MESSR and VTIR
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1801:Electra (radio)
1795:Cassini-Huygens
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1435:Cassini–Huygens
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1341:Cassini–Huygens
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1024:list of flights
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865:Springer-Verlag
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776:Wayback Machine
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634:. Roger Wiens,
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574:0.3–0.4 nm
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3889:
3884:
3879:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3830:Northern Light
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3786:Cancelled and
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3663:
3661:Europa Clipper
3658:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3617:
3612:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3567:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3257:Drake equation
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3196:Exoplanetology
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3171:Astrochemistry
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2955:
2953:
2952:Interplanetary
2946:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2905:
2895:
2886:
2877:
2866:
2864:
2863:Interplanetary
2857:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2811:Interplanetary
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2738:
2737:Interplanetary
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2642:
2640:
2639:Interplanetary
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2548:Interplanetary
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2477:
2466:
2464:
2463:Interplanetary
2457:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2381:Interplanetary
2375:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2338:Europa Clipper
2323:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2250:Interplanetary
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2180:Interplanetary
2174:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2131:
2129:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2016:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1993:Interplanetary
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1915:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1810:
1803:
1798:
1790:
1788:
1787:Interplanetary
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1602:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1446:ExoMars lander
1443:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1276:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1169:Columbia Hills
1165:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1014:
1005:
1003:
999:
998:
996:
995:
989:
986:
985:
980:
978:
977:
970:
963:
955:
949:
948:
941:
940:External links
938:
935:
934:
880:
873:
851:
828:
809:
780:
754:
725:
680:
663:
640:
610:
609:
607:
604:
601:
600:
597:
594:
591:
585:
579:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
562:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
545:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
528:
527:
522:
517:
514:
509:
505:
504:
501:
498:
493:
490:
486:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
469:
468:
463:
458:
455:
450:
446:
445:
442:
441:Visible region
439:
436:
433:
421:
414:
413:
412:
403:
402:
401:
397:
396:
395:
394:
385:
382:
358:
355:
322:
319:
310:
307:
286:Target rock: "
285:
278:
277:
276:
271:
264:
263:
262:
258:
257:
256:
255:
253:
250:
213:
212:
206:
200:
199:
196:
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
154:
133:
130:
102:Basque Country
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4050:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4013:
4003:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3989:
3979:
3975:
3962:
3961:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3851:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3727:Europa Lander
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:Extremophiles
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3068:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:Venus Express
2888:ASPERA-4 (on
2887:
2884:
2883:
2879:ASPERA-3 (on
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2772:Ion detectors
2770:
2767:
2761:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2699:
2698:Venus Express
2695:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1938:(Terra, Aqua)
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:DMSP 5D-2/F16
1650:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1561:Venus Express
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1419:Radio science
1416:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:Cheyava Falls
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1209:Mawrth Vallis
1207:
1205:
1204:Holden crater
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1178:Jezero crater
1176:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1153:Jezero crater
1151:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1139:landing sites
1135:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1000:
994:
991:
990:
987:
983:
976:
971:
969:
964:
962:
957:
956:
953:
947:
944:
943:
939:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
901:(4): 664–87.
900:
896:
892:
884:
881:
876:
870:
866:
862:
855:
852:
848:
844:
839:
837:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
770:
765:
763:
761:
759:
755:
751:
739:
735:
729:
726:
721:
717:
712:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
684:
681:
677:
672:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
612:
605:
598:
595:
592:
590:
586:
584:
583:Field of view
581:
580:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
563:
559:
556:
553:
550:
548:Nbr. channels
547:
546:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
529:
526:
523:
521:
518:
515:
513:
510:
507:
506:
502:
499:
494:
491:
488:
487:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
470:
464:
462:
459:
457:Czerny-Turner
456:
454:
453:Czerny-Turner
451:
448:
447:
443:
440:
438:Violet region
437:
434:
431:
430:
418:
407:
393:
391:
383:
381:
379:
377:
373:and the 2007
372:
368:
364:
356:
354:
352:
351:how habitable
348:
344:
343:water on Mars
340:
339:clay minerals
336:
332:
331:near-infrared
328:
320:
318:
316:
308:
306:
304:
300:
289:
282:
268:
251:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
207:
202:
201:
197:
194:
193:
189:
186:
185:
181:
178:
177:
173:
170:
169:
163:
160:
159:
155:
152:
151:
145:
144:
138:
131:
129:
126:
124:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:(Spain), the
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
67:biosignatures
64:
60:
59:spectrometers
56:
52:
51:
47:
43:
35:
28:
27:
21:
4038:Astrobiology
4033:Mars imagers
4012:Solar System
3958:
3946:
3855:and programs
3853:Institutions
3671:
3653:
3631:Heliocentric
3619:
3607:
3575:
3562:
3554:Perseverance
3553:
3538:
3342:Earth analog
3329:habitability
3297:Ocean planet
3267:Earth analog
3252:Biosignature
3211:Paleontology
3206:Microbiology
3186:Biochemistry
3176:Astrophysics
3157:Astrobiology
3070:Astronomical
3059:
3056:MicrOmega-IR
3006:
2999:
2996:(on InSight)
2987:Seismometers
2968:
2927:
2913:
2901:
2889:
2882:Mars Express
2880:
2873:
2837:
2743:
2713:Helium vapor
2696:
2689:
2682:
2645:
2591:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2506:Magnetometer
2485:Perseverance
2484:
2473:
2438:
2431:
2404:
2397:
2313:
2291:
2287:
2262:
2105:
2098:
2074:
2067:
2045:
2002:Schiaparelli
2000:
1999:COMARS+ (on
1914:Kanopus-V-IK
1824:
1816:
1805:
1793:
1578:
1571:
1559:
1542:
1535:
1523:
1516:
1511:Mars Express
1509:
1467:
1450:
1433:
1426:
1346:
1339:
1266:
1219:Melas Chasma
1173:Gusev crater
1123:Rocker-bogie
1096:
1017:
1010:Perseverance
1009:
926:. Retrieved
898:
894:
883:
860:
854:
847:Spectroscopy
846:
823:
805:Spectroscopy
804:
749:
742:. Retrieved
738:jpl.nasa.gov
737:
728:
701:
697:
683:
658:
635:
571:0.20 nm
568:0.20 nm
461:Transmission
432:Spectrometer
387:
375:
360:
324:
312:
296:
272:Context view
231:
227:life on Mars
222:
216:
146:rover's Mast
143:Perseverance
141:
127:
117:
75:
71:life on Mars
50:Perseverance
48:
41:
40:
26:Perseverance
24:
3788:undeveloped
3638:BioSentinel
3528:Fobos-Grunt
3425:Earth orbit
3247:Biomolecule
3237:Abiogenesis
3230:Main topics
3164:Disciplines
3072:instruments
3049:Microscopes
1715:Meteor-M2-1
1704:Meteor-3M-1
1214:Nili Fossae
704:(7): 4582.
390:photodiodes
335:photodiodes
313:SuperCam's
297:The remote
288:AEGIS_0442B
195:Data return
182:17.9 watts
132:Instruments
123:Vandi Verma
4022:Categories
3835:Red Dragon
3615:OSIRIS-REx
3599:Comets and
3302:Panspermia
2779:Near-Earth
2721:Near-Earth
2691:Pioneer 11
2623:Near-Earth
2561:Pioneer 10
2514:Near-Earth
2399:Mariner 10
2209:Near-Earth
2128:Near-Earth
2081:PMIRR (on
2069:Pioneer 10
2047:Mariner 10
1969:Sentinel-3
1847:Near-Earth
1738:Sentinel-3
1709:MTVZA-GYa
1672:Kanopus-ST
1621:Sentinel-6
1608:Near-Earth
1591:Radiometer
1441:Europa-UVS
1020:helicopter
928:2017-05-22
606:References
599:1.15 mrad
565:Resolution
543:1300–2600
531:Range (nm)
525:Photodiode
187:Dimensions
3988:Astronomy
3752:Laplace-P
3655:Dragonfly
3609:Hayabusa2
3601:asteroids
3570:Tianwen-1
3548:Mars 2020
3539:Curiosity
3472:Eu:CROPIS
3327:Planetary
3084:MoonLIGHT
2922:Mariner 2
2902:Curiosity
2828:Mariner 2
2765:detectors
2684:MESSENGER
2663:Mariner 2
2575:Voyager 1
2433:Voyager 1
2406:MESSENGER
2315:MESSENGER
2300:(on Juno)
2288:Voyager 1
2231:SCIAMACHY
2100:Voyager 1
2063:2M No.522
2058:2M No.521
1979:Suomi NPP
1807:Mariner 2
1712:Meteor-M2
1699:, MOS-1b)
1600:Microwave
1573:Voyager 1
1531:Pioneer 7
1518:MESSENGER
1475:Mariner 2
1162:Finalists
1128:Sky crane
1057:Mastcam-Z
1018:Ingenuity
982:Mars 2020
690:Blaney, D
495:LIBS, and
422:Mast Unit
223:Curiosity
118:Curiosity
80:) of the
57:and four
46:Mars 2020
3948:Category
3810:Kazachok
3800:Beagle 3
3732:ExoLance
3685:Proposed
3523:Beagle 2
3497:OREOcube
3477:EXOSTACK
3418:missions
3001:Viking 1
2920:SPS (on
2870:ADRON-RM
2856:detector
2823:ASPERA-4
2818:ASPERA-3
2763:Particle
2526:QuakeSat
2326:E-THEMIS
2089:Venera 9
1931:Meteor-2
1909:ADEOS II
1721:Nimbus 7
1667:GPM Core
1634:ADEOS II
1567:Venera 9
1555:Sakigake
1469:Magellan
1428:Akatsuki
1379:Venera 4
1348:Magellan
1273:Category
1146:Selected
1137:Proposed
1113:MarsDial
1106:Features
1097:SuperCam
1002:Payloads
923:12315122
915:26963630
772:Archived
769:SuperCam
720:33157897
596:0.7 mrad
593:0.7 mrad
508:Detector
489:Function
472:Location
398:SuperCam
203:Maximum
161:Location
153:SuperCam
61:to seek
42:SuperCam
4000:Biology
3974:Portals
3960:Commons
3777:Trident
3767:Oceanus
3666:ExoMars
3647:Planned
3621:Rosetta
3576:Zhurong
3564:Phoenix
3502:Tanpopo
3492:O/OREOS
3437:BIOCORE
2929:Ulysses
2839:Ulysses
2800:Proba-2
2786:DEMETER
2537:Proba-2
2528:1 and 2
2480:SHERLOC
2270:MA-MISS
2147:Proba-2
2053:Mars 96
2036:Luna 13
2023:InSight
2009:Diviner
1983:NOAA-21
1967:SLSTR (
1892:NOAA-20
1883:AVNIR-2
1826:Rosetta
1778:Zond-PP
1727:Sich-1M
1702:MTVZA (
1662:Envisat
1641:Shizuku
1639:AMSR2 (
1619:AMR-C (
1458:InSight
1452:Galileo
1232:Related
1092:SHERLOC
824:PhysOrg
540:535–855
537:385–475
534:240–340
467:(AOTF)
376:Phoenix
219:ChemCam
114:ChemCam
3909:MERMOZ
3702:CAESAR
3590:Viking
3507:VEGGIE
3482:EXPOSE
3462:E-MIST
3452:BIOPAN
3442:Biolab
3402:Tholin
3062:rover)
3030:HiRISE
2971:rover)
2959:MASPEX
2915:Nozomi
2876:rover)
2658:Magsat
2653:FIELDS
2600:ICEMAG
2555:FIELDS
2476:rover)
2422:SPICAV
2417:SPICAM
2354:SPICAV
2349:SPICAM
2286:IRIS (
2136:EURECA
1962:GCOM-C
1960:SGLI (
1950:EURECA
1943:JERS-1
1733:Seasat
1686:MOPITT
1632:AMSR (
1629:(AQUA)
1627:AMSR-E
1525:Nozomi
1463:Kaguya
1409:WISDOM
1374:MARSIS
1369:SHARAD
1364:SELENE
1359:REASON
1082:RIMFAX
1072:Navcam
1052:Hazcam
921:
913:
871:
744:2 July
718:
577:30/cm
503:VISIR
378:lander
303:plasma
106:Málaga
92:, the
55:lasers
3825:MELOS
3697:BRUIE
3674:rover
3578:rover
3556:rover
3541:rover
3416:Space
3035:LORRI
2908:FREND
2728:Swarm
2630:Swarm
2487:rover
2455:Raman
2412:NOMAD
2388:Alice
2344:Ralph
2321:MERIS
2298:JIRAM
2265:rover
2257:AKARI
2134:ORI (
1975:VIIRS
1948:ORI (
1941:OPS (
1936:MODIS
1921:MOS-1
1907:GLI (
1888:CERES
1878:AVNIR
1867:Terra
1859:ASTER
1854:AVHRR
1773:WSF-M
1763:SSMIS
1758:SSM/I
1697:MOS-1
1695:MSR (
1690:Terra
1677:MIRAS
1333:Radar
1192:Other
1067:MOXIE
1012:rover
919:S2CID
484:Mast
179:Power
3772:THEO
3516:Mars
3447:Bion
3093:Misc
2994:SEIS
2965:MOMA
2900:(on
2795:DSLP
2793:and
2791:TPMU
2604:PIMS
2602:and
2593:Juno
2532:SGVM
2521:GOES
2336:(on
2334:SUDA
2330:MISE
2290:and
2275:ISEM
2241:TRMM
2221:MOMS
2216:CASE
2142:LYRA
2031:IRIS
2021:(on
2011:(on
1903:ERSS
1898:ERBS
1873:AIRS
1863:MISR
1818:Juno
1768:TRMM
1753:SMOS
1748:SMMR
1743:SMAP
1682:MISR
1657:ERSS
1615:AQUA
1495:6, 7
1077:PIXL
1062:MEDA
911:PMID
869:ISBN
746:2019
716:PMID
589:mrad
587:0.7
560:256
557:6000
554:2048
551:2048
520:ICCD
492:LIBS
481:Body
478:Body
475:Body
449:Type
325:The
252:LIBS
171:Mass
104:and
86:CNES
78:IRAP
3467:ERA
3432:BIO
2898:DAN
2833:SPS
2588:MAG
2427:UVS
2236:TES
2187:ISO
2019:HP3
2013:LRO
1813:MWR
1171:in
903:doi
706:doi
516:CCD
512:CCD
88:),
4024::
2678:10
2568:11
2332:,
2328:,
2094:10
2076:11
1981:,
1925:1b
1861:,
1684:,
1544:11
1537:10
1505:10
1404:16
1399:15
1394:10
917:.
909:.
899:11
897:.
893:.
867:.
863:.
831:^
812:^
783:^
757:^
748:.
736:.
714:.
700:.
696:.
666:^
643:^
614:^
347:pH
236:,
3976::
3149:e
3142:t
3135:v
3058:(
3008:2
2967:(
2924:)
2904:)
2894:)
2885:)
2872:(
2673:5
2668:4
2596:)
2590:(
2582:2
2489:)
2482:(
2472:(
2440:2
2340:)
2304:M
2294:)
2292:2
2138:)
2107:2
2085:)
2025:)
2015:)
2005:)
1985:)
1977:(
1971:)
1964:)
1952:)
1945:)
1911:)
1894:)
1869:)
1865:(
1821:)
1815:(
1729:)
1706:)
1692:)
1688:(
1643:)
1636:)
1623:)
1580:2
1500:9
1490:5
1485:4
1480:3
1389:9
1384:8
1320:e
1313:t
1306:v
1026:)
1022:(
974:e
967:t
960:v
931:.
905::
877:.
722:.
708::
702:2
290:"
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