414:
383:
492:
521:
355:
83:, arms of a spiral galaxy that have a high star formation rate, and in the merging of galaxies. In an Astronomical Journal published in 1996, using pictures taken in the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum by the Hubble Space Telescope of star-forming rings in five different barred galaxies, numerous star clusters were found in clumps within the rings which had high rates of star formation. These clusters were found to have masses of about
2895:
276:, was discovered in the SSC Westerlund 1 in the Milky Way. The radius of this star is thought to be larger than the radius of Jupiter's orbit around the Sun. Essentially, the HST searches the night sky, specifically nearby galaxies, for star clusters and "dense stellar objects" to see if any have the properties similar to that of a SSC or an object that would, in its lifetime, evolve into a globular cluster.
537:
2945:
328:
2969:
2933:
467:
2957:
442:
2906:
271:
in the 1990s, finding SSCs (as well as other astronomical objects) became much easier thanks to the higher resolution of the HST (angular resolution of ~1/10 arcsecond). This has not only allowed astronomers to see SSCs, but also allowed for them to measure their properties as well as the properties
78:
Generally, SSCs have been seen to form in the interactions between galaxies and in regions of high amounts of star formation with high enough pressures to satisfy the properties needed for the formation of a star cluster. These regions can include newer galaxies with much new star formation, dwarf
1130:
Fukui, Y.; Ohama, A.; Hanaoka, N.; Furukawa, N.; Torii, K.; Dawson, J. R.; Mizuno, N.; Hasegawa, K.; Fukuda, T.; Soga, S.; Moribe, N.; Kuroda, Y.; Hayakawa, T.; Kawamura, A.; Kuwahara, T.; Yamamoto, H.; Okuda, T.; Onishi, T.; Maezawa, H.; Mizuno, A. (2014). "Molecular Clouds Toward the Super Star
35:. These clusters called "super" because they are relatively more luminous and contain more mass than other young star clusters. The SSC, however, does not have to physically be larger than other clusters of lower mass and luminosity. They typically contain a very large number of
266:
Given the relatively small size of SSCs compared to their host galaxies, astronomers have had trouble finding them in the past due to the limited resolution of the ground-based and space telescopes at the time. With the introduction of the
972:
Maoz, D.; Barth, A. J.; Sternberg, A.; Filippenko, A. V.; Ho, L. C.; Macchetto, F. D.; Rix, H.-W.; Schneider, D. P. (1996-06-01). "Hubble Space
Telescope Ultraviolet Images of Five Circumnuclear Star-Forming Rings".
97:, ages of about 100 Myr, and radii of about 5 pc, and are thought to evolve into globular clusters later in their lifetimes. These properties match those found in SSCs.
242:
177:
413:
127:
59:. In many cases, the stars and the HII regions will be invisible to observations in certain wavelengths of light, such as the visible spectrum, due to high levels of
1264:
1237:; Cignoni, M.; Degl'Innocenti, S.; De Marchi, G.; Gallagher, J. S.; Panagia, N.; Prada Moroni, P. G.; Romaniello, M.; Smith1, L. J.; Sirianni, M.; Tosi, M. (2011).
733:
Kobulnicky, Henry A. & Johnson, Kelsey E. (1999). "Signatures of the
Youngest Starbursts: Optically Thick Thermal Bremsstrahlung Radio Sources in Henize 2-10".
215:
71:. SSCs, such as Westerlund 1 (Wd1), have been found in the Milky Way Galaxy. However, most have been observed in farther regions of the universe. In the galaxy
2746:
628:
1331:
Hunter, Deidre A.; O'Connell, Robert W.; Gallagher, J. S.; Smecker-Hane, Tammy A. (2000). "The Star
Clusters in the Starburst Irregular Galaxy NGC 1569".
1278:
Hunter, Deidre A.; O'Connell, Robert W.; Gallagher, J. S.; Smecker-Hane, Tammy A. (2000). "The Star
Clusters in the Starburst Irregular Galaxy NGC 1569".
1077:
Clark, J. S.; Negueruela, I.; Crowther, P. A.; Goodwin, S. P. (2005). "On the massive stellar population of the super star cluster
Westerlund 1".
2778:
1059:
2753:
2072:
2465:
2379:
2758:
2395:
1414:
544:
2805:
2672:
2923:
826:
2994:
2788:
2739:
2714:
2007:
2092:
2729:
2709:
382:
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2724:
2694:
2800:
2677:
2654:
2236:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
789:
Johnson (2004). "Extragalactic
Ultracompact HII Regions: Probing the Birth Environments of Super Star Clusters".
651:
1943:
1817:
1452:
2470:
2139:
2719:
2269:
2179:
2121:
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2617:
2405:
1571:
1258:
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662:
1852:
1131:
Cluster Ngc 3603; Possible
Evidence for a Cloud-Cloud Collision in Triggering the Cluster Formation".
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1016:
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742:
643:
590:
217:
68:
919:; O'Connell, Robert W. (2000). "The Star Clusters in the Starburst Irregular Galaxy NGC 1569".
2821:
2306:
2246:
2219:
2199:
1999:
1783:
1771:
1598:
1578:
1532:
1514:
1482:
1008:
890:
143:
Age ≈ 100 Myr (although other sources state that observed SSCs have an age of 1 Gyr)
112:
51:
or in other galaxies (however, SSCs do not always have to be inside an HII region). An SSC's
2937:
2649:
2602:
2552:
2540:
2518:
2513:
2440:
2400:
2347:
2129:
2052:
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1000:
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882:
760:
80:
32:
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2508:
2352:
2323:
2264:
2259:
2134:
1862:
1827:
1761:
1707:
1702:
1647:
1457:
719:
675:
581:
Gallagher & Grebel (2002). "Extragalactic Star
Clusters: Speculations on the Future".
354:
273:
75:
alone, 197 young SSCs have been observed and identified using the Hubble Space
Telescope.
64:
16:
Type of very massive young open cluster thought to be the precursor of a globular cluster
1354:
1301:
1250:
1209:
1154:
996:
942:
878:
812:
756:
639:
604:
195:
2898:
2664:
2503:
2330:
2301:
2276:
2209:
1898:
1766:
1652:
1554:
1444:
1434:
1234:
2983:
2850:
2644:
2607:
2575:
2450:
2159:
1982:
1953:
1931:
1549:
1522:
1499:
1400:
1162:
1116:
916:
647:
1238:
1170:
1020:
902:
772:
2910:
2585:
2535:
2530:
2430:
2313:
2296:
2254:
2214:
2149:
2032:
1977:
1958:
1938:
1916:
1908:
1751:
1744:
1583:
1504:
1487:
1370:
1317:
958:
306:
36:
28:
851:
Melo, V. P.; Muñoz-Tuñón, C.; Maíz-Apellániz, J.; Tenorio-Tagle, G. (2005-01-01).
510:
It is very dusty, and is the site of ongoing star formation. Particularly rich in
1108:
2826:
2525:
2498:
2490:
2480:
2460:
2435:
2364:
2286:
2042:
2017:
2012:
1926:
1886:
1847:
1812:
1795:
1790:
1462:
852:
511:
56:
52:
44:
2410:
2107:
2080:
2057:
2037:
2022:
1874:
1778:
1756:
1734:
1729:
1593:
72:
1012:
894:
2597:
2445:
2229:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2144:
2097:
2087:
1881:
1857:
1832:
1739:
1690:
1623:
1613:
1588:
1561:
1537:
1472:
1034:
343:
318:
312:
48:
695:
327:
2590:
2291:
1965:
1724:
1697:
1345:
1292:
1091:
987:
933:
869:
803:
747:
629:"The Properties of Super Star Clusters In A Sample of Starburst Galaxies"
595:
505:
480:
455:
405:
365:
338:
190:
147:
2865:
2340:
2102:
1869:
1822:
1805:
1800:
1719:
424:
150:
63:. As a result, the youngest SSCs are best observed and photographed in
40:
2855:
2843:
2062:
1948:
827:"Super Star Cluster Discovered in Our Own Milky Way - Universe Today"
252:
466:
2905:
1362:
1309:
1218:
1185:
1004:
950:
886:
764:
1145:
519:
490:
465:
441:
440:
412:
381:
353:
326:
272:
of the individual stars within the SSC. Recently, a massive star,
2224:
2204:
1423:
853:"Young Super Star Clusters in the Starburst of M82: The Catalog"
393:
257:. (this is a property of the HII region associated with the SSC)
1396:
485:
It contains older population of red giants and red supergiants
2570:
531:
187:(this is a property of the HII region associated with the SSC)
1243:
Stellar
Clusters & Associations: A Ria Workshop on Gaia
1186:"Star Formation in R136: A Cluster of O3 Stars Revealed by
1392:
1239:"NGC 346: Tracing the Evolution of a Super Star Cluster"
548:
321:. This SSC was discovered by Bengt Westerlund in 1961.
47:
or a so-called "Ultra dense HII region (UDHII)" in the
2921:
223:
198:
158:
115:
105:
The typical characteristics and properties of SSCs:
2814:
2663:
2561:
2489:
2388:
2245:
2120:
1998:
1907:
1634:
1513:
1443:
1060:"Hubble finds young super star cluster, giant star"
1388:Monster Super Star Cluster Discovered In Milky Way
236:
209:
171:
121:
1408:
8:
1263:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
784:
782:
1640:
1415:
1401:
1393:
1184:Massey, Philip; Hunter, Deidre A. (1998).
583:Extragalactic Star Clusters, IAU Symposium
1344:
1291:
1217:
1144:
1090:
986:
932:
868:
802:
746:
594:
228:
222:
202:
197:
163:
157:
114:
31:that is thought to be the precursor of a
283:
2928:
573:
417:R136 (Located in the Tarantula Nebula)
1256:
715:
704:
671:
660:
55:is in turn surrounded by a cocoon of
7:
689:
687:
685:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
262:Hubble Space Telescope contributions
1035:"FAQ – Frequently Asked Questions"
14:
2967:
2955:
2943:
2931:
2904:
2894:
2893:
535:
460:Clusters A1 and A2 formed SSC A
452:NGC 1569 A1 and A2 (NGC 1569 A)
1058:Wallace, Amy (March 10, 2017).
101:Characteristics and properties
1:
2806:Timeline of stellar astronomy
514:, containing at least 7,000.
317:First SSC discovered in the
269:Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
237:{\displaystyle k_{\text{B}}}
172:{\displaystyle n_{\text{e}}}
2466:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
3011:
2380:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
1163:10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/36
1109:10.1051/0004-6361:20042413
1079:Astronomy and Astrophysics
404:The prototype SSC, inside
43:that ionize a surrounding
27:) is a very massive young
2889:
1643:
1430:
1198:The Astrophysical Journal
1133:The Astrophysical Journal
857:The Astrophysical Journal
2759:With multiple exoplanets
1333:The Astronomical Journal
1280:The Astronomical Journal
975:The Astronomical Journal
921:The Astronomical Journal
627:Johnson, Kelsey (2001).
122:{\displaystyle \gtrsim }
1545:Asymptotic giant branch
1101:2005A&A...434..949C
696:""Super" Star Clusters"
502:NGC 5253's central SSC
2881:Tidal disruption event
2370:Circumstellar envelope
1604:Luminous blue variable
1039:www.spacetelescope.org
714:Cite journal requires
670:Cite journal requires
525:
496:
471:
446:
430:Small Magellanic Cloud
418:
399:Large Magellanic Cloud
387:
371:Large Magellanic Cloud
359:
332:
238:
211:
173:
123:
2406:Effective temperature
791:ASP Conference Series
735:Astrophysical Journal
523:
494:
469:
444:
416:
385:
357:
330:
239:
212:
174:
137:Radius ≈ 5 pc ≈
124:
2876:Planet-hosting stars
2754:With resolved images
2725:Historical brightest
2655:Photometric-standard
2581:Solar radio emission
2375:Eddington luminosity
2155:Triple-alpha process
2093:Thorne–Żytkow object
1468:Young stellar object
549:adding missing items
221:
196:
156:
113:
2995:Super star clusters
2700:Highest temperature
2471:Color–color diagram
2336:Protoplanetary disk
2140:Proton–proton chain
1818:Chemically peculiar
1355:2000AJ....120.2383H
1302:2000AJ....120.2383H
1251:2011sca..conf..244S
1210:1998ApJ...493..180M
1155:2014ApJ...780...36F
997:1996AJ....111.2248M
943:2000AJ....120.2383H
879:2005ApJ...619..270M
813:2004ASPC..322..339J
757:1999ApJ...527..154K
694:de Grijs, Richard.
640:2001PhDT.......182J
605:2002IAUS..207..745G
2705:Lowest temperature
2456:Photometric system
2426:Absolute magnitude
2360:Circumstellar dust
1973:Stellar black hole
1609:Stellar population
1495:Herbig–Haro object
547:; you can help by
526:
497:
472:
447:
419:
388:
376:Candidate for SSC
360:
348:Candidate for SSC
333:
234:
210:{\displaystyle P/}
207:
169:
119:
81:starburst galaxies
21:super star cluster
2919:
2918:
2822:Substellar object
2801:Planetary nebulae
2220:Luminous red nova
2130:Deuterium burning
2116:
2115:
1599:Instability strip
1579:Wolf-Rayet nebula
1533:Horizontal branch
1478:Pre-main-sequence
917:Hunter, Deidre A.
565:
564:
530:
529:
231:
166:
3002:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2911:Stars portal
2909:
2908:
2897:
2896:
2553:Planetary system
2476:Strömgren sphere
2348:Asteroseismology
2069:Black hole star
1641:
1567:Planetary nebula
1528:Red-giant branch
1417:
1410:
1403:
1394:
1375:
1374:
1348:
1346:astro-ph/0009280
1328:
1322:
1321:
1295:
1293:astro-ph/0009280
1275:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1254:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1190:Space Telescope
1181:
1175:
1174:
1148:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1094:
1092:astro-ph/0504342
1074:
1068:
1067:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1031:
1025:
1024:
990:
988:astro-ph/9604012
969:
963:
962:
936:
934:astro-ph/0009280
927:(5): 2383–2401.
913:
907:
906:
872:
870:astro-ph/0409750
848:
842:
841:
839:
838:
823:
817:
816:
806:
804:astro-ph/0405125
786:
777:
776:
750:
748:astro-ph/9907233
730:
724:
723:
717:
712:
710:
702:
700:
691:
680:
679:
673:
668:
666:
658:
656:
650:. Archived from
633:
624:
609:
608:
598:
596:astro-ph/0109052
578:
560:
557:
539:
538:
532:
344:Milky Way Galaxy
319:Milky Way Galaxy
313:Milky Way Galaxy
284:
256:
248:
243:
241:
240:
235:
233:
232:
229:
216:
214:
213:
208:
206:
186:
182:
178:
176:
175:
170:
168:
167:
164:
140:
134:
128:
126:
125:
120:
96:
89:
49:Milky Way Galaxy
33:globular cluster
3010:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2903:
2885:
2810:
2779:Milky Way novae
2715:Smallest volume
2659:
2640:Radial velocity
2563:
2557:
2509:Common envelope
2485:
2384:
2353:Helioseismology
2324:Bipolar outflow
2265:Microturbulence
2260:Convection zone
2241:
2135:Lithium burning
2122:Nucleosynthesis
2112:
1994:
1903:
1630:
1509:
1458:Molecular cloud
1439:
1426:
1421:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1255:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1028:
971:
970:
966:
915:
914:
910:
850:
849:
845:
836:
834:
825:
824:
820:
788:
787:
780:
732:
731:
727:
713:
703:
698:
693:
692:
683:
669:
659:
654:
631:
626:
625:
612:
580:
579:
575:
570:
561:
555:
552:
536:
291:
282:
274:Westerlund 1-26
264:
250:
246:
224:
219:
218:
194:
193:
184:
180:
159:
154:
153:
138:
133:
129:
111:
110:
103:
95:
91:
88:
84:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3008:
3006:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2964:
2952:
2940:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2901:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:Largest volume
2707:
2702:
2697:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2567:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2421:Magnetic field
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2331:Accretion disk
2328:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2307:Alfvén surface
2304:
2302:Stellar corona
2299:
2294:
2289:
2279:
2277:Radiation zone
2274:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1946:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1899:Blue straggler
1896:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:Main sequence
1655:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1636:Classification
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1572:Protoplanetary
1564:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1382:External links
1380:
1377:
1376:
1363:10.1086/316810
1323:
1310:10.1086/316810
1270:
1225:
1219:10.1086/305126
1204:(1): 180–194.
1176:
1122:
1069:
1050:
1026:
1005:10.1086/117960
964:
951:10.1086/316810
908:
887:10.1086/426421
843:
831:Universe Today
818:
778:
765:10.1086/308075
741:(1): 154–166.
725:
716:|journal=
681:
672:|journal=
657:on 2017-02-27.
610:
572:
571:
569:
566:
563:
562:
542:
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508:
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227:
205:
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188:
162:
144:
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135:
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118:
102:
99:
93:
86:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3007:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:Star clusters
2988:
2987:
2985:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2929:
2925:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:Intergalactic
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:Galactic year
2849:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:Most luminous
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2645:Proper motion
2643:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:Constellation
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2576:Solar eclipse
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2562:Earth-centric
2560:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Alpha process
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1932:Helium planet
1930:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:Parker's star
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:Lambda Boötis
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
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1816:
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1811:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
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1789:
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1782:
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1777:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:Superluminous
1617:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1523:Main sequence
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:Hayashi track
1498:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
984:
980:
976:
968:
965:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
930:
926:
922:
918:
912:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
847:
844:
832:
828:
822:
819:
814:
810:
805:
800:
796:
792:
785:
783:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
744:
740:
736:
729:
726:
721:
708:
697:
690:
688:
686:
682:
677:
664:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
630:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
611:
606:
602:
597:
592:
588:
584:
577:
574:
567:
559:
556:February 2011
550:
546:
543:This list is
541:
534:
533:
522:
518:
516:
513:
509:
507:
504:
501:
500:
493:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
476:
475:
468:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
451:
450:
443:
439:
437:
435:May be a SSC
434:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
415:
411:
409:
407:
403:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
384:
380:
378:
375:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
356:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
329:
325:
323:
320:
316:
314:
311:
308:
305:
304:
300:
298:Refs / Notes
297:
294:
289:
286:
285:
279:
277:
275:
270:
261:
254:
244:
225:
203:
199:
192:
189:
160:
152:
149:
145:
142:
136:
116:
108:
107:
106:
100:
98:
82:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:massive stars
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2974:Solar System
2774:White dwarfs
2764:Brown dwarfs
2747:Most distant
2695:Most massive
2673:Proper names
2633:Photographic
2586:Solar System
2564:observations
2545:
2491:Star systems
2314:Stellar wind
2297:Chromosphere
2270:Oscillations
2150:Helium flash
2000:Hypothetical
1978:X-ray binary
1917:Compact star
1752:Bright giant
1505:Henyey track
1483:Herbig Ae/Be
1336:
1332:
1326:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1259:cite journal
1242:
1228:
1201:
1197:
1192:Spectroscopy
1191:
1187:
1179:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1063:
1053:
1042:. Retrieved
1038:
1029:
978:
974:
967:
924:
920:
911:
860:
856:
846:
835:. Retrieved
833:. 2005-03-22
830:
821:
794:
790:
738:
734:
728:
707:cite journal
663:cite journal
652:the original
586:
582:
576:
553:
512:O-type stars
331:Westerlund 1
307:Westerlund 1
280:List of SSCs
265:
104:
77:
29:open cluster
24:
20:
18:
2962:Outer space
2950:Spaceflight
2827:Brown dwarf
2603:Circumpolar
2481:Kraft break
2461:Color index
2436:Metallicity
2396:Designation
2365:Cosmic dust
2287:Photosphere
2053:Dark-energy
2028:Electroweak
2013:Black dwarf
1944:Radio-quiet
1927:White dwarf
1813:White dwarf
1463:Bok globule
1339:(5): 2383.
1286:(5): 2383.
1245:: 244–249.
1233:Sabbi, E.;
477:NGC 1569 B
2984:Categories
2789:Candidates
2784:Supernovae
2769:Red dwarfs
2628:Extinction
2416:Kinematics
2411:Luminosity
2389:Properties
2282:Atmosphere
2180:Si burning
2170:Ne burning
2108:White hole
2081:Quasi-star
2008:Blue dwarf
1863:Technetium
1779:Hypergiant
1757:Supergiant
1085:(3): 949.
1044:2017-03-18
863:(1): 270.
837:2017-02-10
568:References
545:incomplete
292:in Galaxy
185:10 cm
139:10 cm
61:extinction
53:HII region
45:HII region
2938:Astronomy
2720:Brightest
2618:Magnitude
2598:Pole star
2519:Symbiotic
2514:Eclipsing
2446:Starlight
2247:Structure
2237:Supernova
2230:Micronova
2225:Recurrent
2210:Symbiotic
2195:p-process
2190:r-process
2185:s-process
2175:O burning
2165:C burning
2145:CNO cycle
2088:Gravastar
1624:Hypernova
1614:Supernova
1589:Dredge-up
1562:Blue loop
1555:super-AGB
1538:Red clump
1515:Evolution
1473:Protostar
1453:Accretion
1445:Formation
1146:1306.2090
1139:(1): 36.
1117:119042919
1013:0004-6256
895:0004-637X
648:117321058
301:Pictures
295:Comments
290:Contained
191:Pressures
151:densities
130:10 M
117:≳
92:10 M
85:10 M
2899:Category
2794:Remnants
2690:Extremes
2650:Parallax
2623:Apparent
2613:Asterism
2591:Sunlight
2541:Globular
2526:Multiple
2451:Variable
2441:Rotation
2401:Dynamics
2292:Starspot
1966:Magnetar
1909:Remnants
1725:Subgiant
1698:Subdwarf
1550:post-AGB
1235:Nota, A.
1171:53118305
1021:12241545
981:: 2248.
903:16452890
773:15431678
524:NGC 5253
506:NGC 5253
495:NGC 1569
481:NGC 1569
470:NGC 1569
456:NGC 1569
406:NGC 2070
386:NGC 2070
366:NGC 2070
358:NGC 3603
339:NGC 3603
251:10
148:electron
69:infrared
2924:Portals
2866:Gravity
2815:Related
2735:Nearest
2683:Chinese
2531:Cluster
2504:Contact
2341:Proplyd
2215:Remnant
2103:Blitzar
2077:Hawking
2033:Strange
1983:Burster
1939:Neutron
1892:Extreme
1843:He-weak
1488:T Tauri
1371:6445978
1351:Bibcode
1318:6445978
1298:Bibcode
1247:Bibcode
1206:Bibcode
1151:Bibcode
1097:Bibcode
993:Bibcode
959:6445978
939:Bibcode
875:Bibcode
809:Bibcode
797:: 322.
753:Bibcode
636:Bibcode
601:Bibcode
589:: 207.
445:NGC 346
425:NGC 346
2856:Galaxy
2844:Planet
2832:Desert
2740:bright
2678:Arabic
2499:Binary
2319:Bubble
2043:Planck
2018:Exotic
1954:Binary
1949:Pulsar
1887:Helium
1848:Barium
1791:Carbon
1784:Yellow
1772:Yellow
1745:Yellow
1584:PG1159
1369:
1316:
1188:Hubble
1169:
1115:
1019:
1011:
957:
901:
893:
771:
646:
432:(SMC)
401:(LMC)
373:(LMC)
309:(Wd1)
146:Large
2861:Guest
2665:Lists
2546:Super
2200:Fusor
2073:Black
2058:Quark
2038:Preon
2023:Boson
1959:X-ray
1875:Shell
1828:Ap/Bp
1730:Giant
1648:Early
1594:OH/IR
1424:Stars
1367:S2CID
1341:arXiv
1314:S2CID
1288:arXiv
1167:S2CID
1141:arXiv
1113:S2CID
1087:arXiv
1017:S2CID
983:arXiv
955:S2CID
929:arXiv
899:S2CID
865:arXiv
799:arXiv
769:S2CID
743:arXiv
699:(PDF)
655:(PDF)
644:S2CID
632:(PDF)
591:arXiv
287:Name
109:Mass
65:radio
37:young
2536:Open
2431:Mass
2255:Core
2205:Nova
2098:Iron
2048:Dark
1858:Lead
1838:HgMn
1833:CEMP
1762:Blue
1735:Blue
1653:Late
1435:List
1265:link
1009:ISSN
891:ISSN
720:help
676:help
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