144:, which uses rocket propulsion and exceeds the speed of conventional torpedoes by at least a factor of five. NII-24 began development in 1960 under the code name "Шквал" (Squall). The VA-111 Shkval has been in service (exclusively in the Russian Navy) since 1977 with mass production starting in 1978. Several models were developed, with the most successful, the M-5, completed by 1972. From 1972 to 1977, over 300 test launches were conducted (95% of them on
31:
189:
system invented by C Tech
Defense Corporation. The system is based on a supercavitating projectile stable in both air and water. RAMICS projectiles have been produced in diameters of 12.7 millimetres (0.50 in), 20 millimetres (0.79 in), and 30 millimetres (1.2 in). The projectile's
240:
The submarine's designer, Electric Boat, is working on a one-quarter scale model for sea trials off the coast of Rhode Island. If the trials are successful, Electric Boat will begin production on a full-scale 100-foot submarine. Currently, the Navy's fastest submarine can only travel at 25 to 30
107:
The very high speed required for supercavitation can be temporarily reached by underwater-fired projectiles and projectiles entering water. For sustained supercavitation, rocket propulsion is used, and the high-pressure rocket gas can be routed to the nose to enhance the cavitation bubble. In
103:
A key feature of the supercavitating object is the nose, which typically has a sharp edge around its perimeter to form the cavitation bubble. The nose may be articulated and shaped as a flat disk or cone. The shape of the supercavitating object is generally slender so the cavitation bubble
460:
300:, and model racing boats. It operates fully submerged with wedge-shaped blades to force cavitation on the entire forward face, starting at the leading edge. Since the cavity collapses well behind the blade, the supercavitating propeller avoids
227:
announced the
Underwater Express program, a research and evaluation program to demonstrate the use of supercavitation for a high-speed underwater craft application. The US Navy's ultimate goal is a new class of underwater craft for
714:
DefenseReview.com (DR): An online tactical technology and military defense technology magazine with particular focus on the latest and greatest tactical firearms news (tactical gun news), tactical gear news and tactical shooting
34:
An object (black) encounters a liquid (blue) at high speed. The fluid pressure behind the object is lowered below the vapour pressure of the liquid, forming a bubble of vapour (a cavity) that encompasses the object and reduces
77:. Pressure increases upon deceleration, and the water generally reabsorbs the vapour; however, vapour bubbles can implode and apply small concentrated impulses that may damage surfaces like ship propellers and pump impellers.
468:
91:
A supercavitating object is a high-speed submerged object that is designed to initiate a cavitation bubble at its nose. The bubble extends (either naturally or augmented with internally generated gas) past the
104:
encompasses the object. If the bubble is not long enough to encompass the object, especially at slower speeds, the bubble can be enlarged and extended by injecting high-pressure gas near the object's nose.
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knots while submerged. But if everything goes according to plan, the
Underwater Express will speed along at 100 knots, allowing the delivery of men and materiel faster than ever.
73:
is the formation of vapour bubbles in liquid caused by flow around an object. Bubbles form when water accelerates around sharp corners and the pressure drops below the
88:. At increasing depths (or pressures in piping), the potential for cavitation is lower because the difference between local pressure and vapour pressure is greater.
814:
Office of Naval
Research (2004, June 14). Mechanics and energy conversion: high-speed (supercavitating) undersea weaponry (D&I). Retrieved April 12, 2006, from
232:
missions that can transport small groups of navy personnel or specialized military cargo at speeds up to 100 knots. DARPA awarded contracts to
Northrop Grumman and
550:
728:
709:
160:
658:
892:
820:
Savchenko Y. N. (n.d.). CAV 2001 - Fourth Annual
Symposium on Cavitation - California Institute of Technology Retrieved April 9, 2006, archived at
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574:
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terminal ballistic design enables the explosive destruction of sea mines as deep as 45 meters (148 ft) with a single round. In 2000 at
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673:"China's supersonic submarine, which could go from Shanghai to San Francisco in 100 minutes, creeps ever closer to reality - ExtremeTech"
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end of the object and prevents contact between the sides of the object and the liquid. This separation substantially reduces the
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was initially thought to have been caused by a faulty Shkval supercavitating torpedo, though later evidence points to a faulty
489:
233:
590:
51:
575:"International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > China's Alliance with Iran Grows Contrary to U.S. Hopes"
251:, uses supercavitation to propel itself atop two struts with sharpened edges. It was designed for stealth operations by
826:
Hargrove, J. (2003). Supercavitation and aerospace technology in the development of high-speed underwater vehicles. In
247:
746:
729:"US Navy Is Developing 'Supersonic Submarines' That Could Cut Through the Ocean At the Speed of Sound Using A Bubble"
515:"MK258 Armor Piercing, Fin Stabilized, Discarding Sabot-Tracer (APFSDS-T) Hydroballistic Ammo Anti-Mine Projectile"
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principle, supercavitating objects can be maneuvered using various methods, including the following:
229:
578:
443:"Shkval Torpedoes (Barracudas) and super-cavitation – A loophole in physics alarms submarine crew"
179:
97:
533:"C Tech Defense Projects: airborne laser targeting and super cavitating projectile technologies"
710:"Chinese Military Developing Supercavitating Supersonic Submarine for High-Speed Naval Warfare"
614:
856:
175:). According to Diehl, it reaches speeds greater than 400 kilometres per hour (250 mph).
156:
81:
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405:
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and increase propeller speed. The design is used in military applications, high-performance
199:
85:
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using technical information obtained on the
Russian VA-111 Shkval supercavitation torpedo.
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331:
195:
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859:(1963). Supercavitating flows - small perturbation theory. Laurel, Md, Hydronautics Inc.
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47:
30:
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212:(Whale), on 2–3 April 2006. Some sources have speculated it is based on the Russian
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The potential for vapour bubbles to form in a liquid is given by the nondimensional
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271:
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supercavitation torpedo, which travels at the same speed. Russian
Foreign Minister
198:
gunship successfully destroyed a range of live underwater mines. As of March 2009,
134:
551:"Northrop Grumman-Navy Team Exceeds Expectations During Mine-Clearing Weapon Test"
62:, but in theory, the technique could be extended to an entire underwater vessel.
259:. The vessel rides smoothly in choppy water and has reached speeds of 29 knots.
262:
202:
completed the initial phase of RAMICS testing for introduction into the fleet.
17:
304:
damage caused by cavitation, which is a problem with conventional propellers.
183:
70:
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in late 2006. In 2009, DARPA announced progress on a new class of submarine:
27:
Use of a cavitation bubble to reduce skin friction drag on a submerged object
532:
279:
145:
59:
833:
Kirschner et al. (2001, October) Supercavitation research and development.
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claimed to have successfully tested its first supercavitation torpedo, the
750:
691:"Shanghai to San Francisco in 100 minutes by Chinese supersonic submarine"
182:
began development of the Rapid
Airborne Mine Clearance System (RAMICS), a
118:
Gas injected asymmetrically near the nose to distort the cavity's geometry
186:
275:
152:
55:
796:
Gertz, Bill (August 23, 2001). "Russian book sheds light on missile".
772:"DSG's supercavitating underwater bullets annihilate ballistics tests"
294:
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Drag fins that project through the bubble into the surrounding liquid
878:
Diehl BGT Defence's "Barracuda" - a German supercavitating
Torpedo
849:
Graham-Rowe, & Duncan. (2000). Faster than a speeding bullet.
301:
261:
224:
655:"This Stealth Attack Boat May Be Too Innovative for the Pentagon"
297:
205:
845:
Defence & Security Intelligence & Analysis | Jane's 360
839:
Miller, D. (1995). Supercavitation: going to war in a bubble.
93:
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Supercavitation Research Group at the University of Minnesota
121:
Vectoring rocket thrust through gimbaling for a single nozzle
84:. It equals local pressure minus vapour pressure, divided by
862:
Niam J W (Dec 2014), Numerical Simulation Of Supercavitation
266:
Artist rendering of a supercavitating propeller in operation
872:
815:
893:
How to Build a Supercavitating Weapon, Scientific American
844:
388:
Ashley, Steven (May 2001). "Warp Drive Underwater".
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are reportedly working on their own supercavitating
828:42nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit
747:"Modern Firearms - APS underwater assault rifle"
307:Supercavitating ammunition is used with German (
238:
8:
165:
383:
381:
379:
220:denied supplying Iran with the technology.
194:, RAMICS projectiles fired from a hovering
490:"Diehl BGT Defence: Unterwasserlaufkörper"
124:Differential thrust from multiple nozzles
657:. Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archived from
167:Superkavitierender Unterwasserlaufkörper
29:
375:
888:Global Security.org on Supercavitation
636:"DARPA Readies an Ultra-Fast Mini-Sub"
163:, the Barracuda, now officially named
289:uses supercavitation to reduce water
173:supercavitating underwater projectile
7:
816:Office of Naval Research Home Page
25:
410:10.1038/scientificamerican0501-70
50:on a submerged object and enable
883:DARPA Underwater Express Program
349:"Shkval" supercavitating torpedo
843:. Retrieved Apr 14, 2006, from
100:on the supercavitating object.
653:Caroline Winter (2014-08-21).
234:General Dynamics Electric Boat
1:
835:Undersea Defense Technologies
315:, and other similar weapons.
830:. Texas A&M University.
245:A prototype ship named the
924:
841:Jane's Intelligence Review
733:www.defense-aerospace.com
555:Northrop Grumman Newsroom
364:Supercavitating propeller
287:supercavitating propeller
172:
695:South China Morning Post
46:to reduce skin friction
359:SPP-1 underwater pistol
344:Supercavitating torpedo
192:Aberdeen Proving Ground
161:supercavitating torpedo
142:supercavitation torpedo
54:. Applications include
519:www.globalsecurity.org
309:Heckler & Koch P11
267:
243:
166:
36:
465:www.periscope.ucg.com
447:www.articlesextra.com
431:(Thesis). p. 22.
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257:Juliet Marine Systems
155:weapons manufacturer
33:
537:www.ctechdefense.com
354:APS amphibious rifle
159:announced their own
115:A tilted object nose
853:, 167(2248), 26–30.
677:www.extremetech.com
661:on August 22, 2014.
402:2001SciAm.284e..70A
390:Scientific American
313:underwater firearms
697:. August 24, 2014.
597:2007-02-28 at the
328:submarine disaster
268:
180:United States Navy
98:skin friction drag
66:Physical principle
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319:Alleged incidents
157:Diehl BGT Defence
82:cavitation number
44:cavitation bubble
16:(Redirected from
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42:is the use of a
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642:. 29 July 2009.
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449:. 27 July 2023.
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253:Gregory Sancoff
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75:vapour pressure
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40:Supercavitation
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18:Supercavitating
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137:developed the
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178:In 1994, the
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851:NewScientist
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780:. Retrieved
778:. 2019-12-02
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659:the original
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619:. Retrieved
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579:the original
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498:. Retrieved
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396:(5): 70–79.
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272:Chinese Navy
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135:Russian Navy
132:
129:Applications
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52:high speeds
782:2024-01-26
757:2004-11-07
621:2007-02-28
585:2008-08-06
560:2019-09-20
500:2006-10-07
475:2010-03-23
370:References
280:submarines
171:(English:
71:Cavitation
60:propellers
776:New Atlas
461:"Ucg.com"
223:In 2004,
196:Sea Cobra
187:clearance
151:In 2006,
56:torpedoes
902:Category
595:Archived
338:See also
302:spalling
230:littoral
184:sea mine
398:Bibcode
276:US Navy
611:"Irna"
295:racing
153:German
429:(PDF)
326:Kursk
298:boats
248:Ghost
225:DARPA
35:drag.
715:news
323:The
274:and
270:The
210:Hoot
206:Iran
133:The
58:and
48:drag
406:doi
394:284
255:of
148:).
94:aft
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378:^
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285:A
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