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1262:) is a common AON, which uses optical Ethernet switches to distribute the signal, incorporating the customers' premises and the central office into a large switched Ethernet network. Ethernet in the first mile deployments follow a point to point or star network topology and are often based on Fast Ethernet speeds of up to
1116:
Most FTTH deployments follow one of four primary architecture types: centralized split, distributed split, star architecture, or daisy-chaining. Fiber network developers choose architectures based on a variety of factors, such as the physical geography of the local environment, number of anticipated
550:
Fiber is often said to be "future-proof" because the data rate of the connection is usually limited by the terminal equipment rather than the fiber, permitting substantial speed improvements by equipment upgrades before the fiber itself must be upgraded. Still, the type and length of employed fibers
648:
FTTH (fiber-to-the-home) is a form of fiber-optic communication delivery that reaches one living or working space. The fiber extends from the central office to the subscriber's living or working space. Once at the subscriber's living or working space, the signal may be conveyed throughout the space
672:
FTTB (fiber-to-the-building or -basement) is a form of fiber-optic communication delivery that necessarily applies only to those properties that contain multiple living or working spaces. The optical fiber terminates before actually reaching the subscribers living or working space itself, but does
1440:
For FTTC and FTTN, the combined internet, video and telephone signal travels to the building over existing telephone or cable wiring until it reaches the end-user's living space, where a VDSL or DOCSIS modem converts data and video signals into
Ethernet protocol, which is sent over the end-user's
122:
Residential areas already served by balanced pair distribution plant call for a trade-off between cost and capacity. The closer the fiber head, the higher the cost of construction and the higher the channel capacity. In places not served by metallic facilities, little cost is saved by not running
1428:
For FTTH and for some forms of FTTB, it is common for the building's existing
Ethernet, phone, and cable TV systems to connect directly to the optical network terminal or unit. If all three systems cannot directly reach the unit, it is possible to combine signals and transport them over a common
1315:
A passive optical network (PON) is a point-to-multipoint FTTP network architecture in which unpowered optical splitters are used to enable a single optical fiber to serve up to 128 customers. A PON reduces the fiber and central office equipment required compared with point-to-point architecture.
786:
Fiber to the node or neighborhood (FTTN), sometimes identified with and sometimes distinguished from fiber to the cabinet (FTTC), is a telecommunication architecture based on fiber-optic cables run to a cabinet serving a neighborhood. Customers typically connect to this cabinet using traditional
506:
To promote consistency, especially when comparing FTTH penetration rates between countries, the three FTTH Councils of Europe, North
America, and Asia-Pacific agreed upon definitions for FTTH and FTTB in 2006, with an update in 2009, 2011 and another in 2015. The FTTH Councils do not have formal
446:(fiber-to-the-node, -neighborhood, or -last-amplifier): Fiber is terminated in a street cabinet, possibly miles away from the customer premises, with the final connections being copper. FTTN is often an interim step toward full FTTH (fiber-to-the-home) and is typically used to deliver 'advanced'
1269:
Such networks are identical to
Ethernet computer networks used in businesses and academic institutions, except that their purpose is to connect homes and buildings to a central office rather than to connect computers and printers within a location. Each switching cabinet can handle up to 1,000
430:(fiber-to-the-distribution-point): This is very similar to FTTC / FTTN but is one-step closer again, moving the end of the fiber to within meters of the boundary of the customers premises in the last possible junction box, known as the "distribution point". This allows for near-gigabit speeds
298:(fiber-to-the-office): Fiber connection is installed from the main computer room/core switch to a special mini-switch (called FTTO Switch) located at the user's workstation or service points. This mini-switch provides Ethernet services to end user devices via standard
1198:
The simplest optical distribution network architecture is direct fiber: each fiber leaving the central office goes to exactly one customer. These networks can support a lot of bandwidth, but they cost more because of the fiber and the equipment in the central office.
966:
Historically, both telephone and cable companies avoided hybrid networks using several different modes of transport from their point of presence into customer premises. The increased competitive cost pressure, availability of three different existing wire solutions,
118:
FTTX is a generalization for several configurations of fiber deployment, arranged into two groups: FTTP/FTTH/FTTB (fiber laid all the way to the premises/home/building) and FTTC/N (fiber laid to the cabinet/node, with copper wires completing the connection).
1214:
More commonly, each fiber leaving the central office is actually shared by many customers. It is not until such a fiber gets relatively close to the customers that it is split into individual customer-specific fibers. AONs and PONs both achieve this split.
460:(fiber-to-the-curb/kerb, -closet, or -cabinet): This is very similar to FTTN, but the street cabinet or pole is closer to the user's premises, typically within 300 m (1,000 ft), within range for high-bandwidth copper technologies such as wired
783:. The "curb" is an abstraction and can just as easily mean a pole-mounted device or communications closet or shed. Typically any system terminating fiber within 300 m (1,000 ft) of the customer premises equipment would be described as FTTC.
1086:
Between
September 2017 and March 2019, the number of European FTTH and FTTB subscribers increased by nearly 16%. By 2025, the total number of premises passed by FTTH and FTTB infrastructure is expected to reach 187 million throughout Europe.
899:
By avoiding new cable and its cost and liabilities, FTTC costs less to deploy. However, it also has historically had lower bandwidth potential than FTTP. In practice, the relative advantage of fiber depends on the bandwidth available for
963:, was FTTH rather than FTTC, reaching every subscriber in a 600-square-mile area. Monthly pricing of US$ 350 reflected this generally high cost of deployment. However, Chattanooga EPB has reduced the monthly pricing to US$ 70/month.
681:
building may provide an example of the distinction between FTTH and FTTB. If a fiber is run to a panel inside each subscriber's apartment unit, it is FTTH. If instead, the fiber goes only as far as the apartment building's shared
1850:
546:
symmetrical connections directly to consumer homes. FTTP configurations that bring fiber directly into the building can offer the highest speeds since the remaining segments can use standard
Ethernet or coaxial cable.
424:, where fiber is used to link the main computer equipment room to an enclosure close to the desk or workstation. FTTE and FTTZ are not considered part of the FTTX group of technologies, despite the similarity in name.
1057:
participated in an initiative called Fiber for Italy, with the aim of creating a countrywide fiber-to-the-home network in Italy. The pilot taking place in the
Italian capital, Rome, has seen symmetrical bandwidth of
1973:
673:
extend to the property containing that living or working space. The signal is conveyed the final distance using any non-optical means, including twisted pair, coaxial cable, wireless, or power line communication.
908:
restrictions that prevent full use of last-mile capabilities, and customer premises equipment and maintenance restrictions, and the cost of running fiber that can vary widely with geography and building type.
494:(fiber-to-the-street): The customer is connected using copper to the fiber passing near the building, up to 200 m (700 ft) away. This is a compromise between FTTB and FTTC. Typically providing up to
1666:
1416:
filter technology. These units require electrical power for their operation, so some providers connect them to backup batteries in case of power outages to ensure emergency access to telecommunications. The
2300:, Working Party on Communication Infrastructures and Services Policy (CISP), Committee for Information, Computer and Communication Policy (ICCP), Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry (DSTI),
1595:
Coomans, Werner; Moraes, Rodrigo B.; Hooghe, Koen; Duque, Alex; Galaro, Joe; Timmers, Michael; Van
Wijngaarden, Adriaan J.; Guenach, Mamoun; Maes, Jochen (2015). "XG-fast: the 5th generation broadband".
774:
Fiber to the curb/cabinet (FTTC) is a telecommunications system based on fiber-optic cables run to a platform that serves several customers. Each of these customers has a connection to this platform via
999:
improvements) all make FTTC deployments more likely in areas uneconomic to serve with FTTP/FTTH. In effect FTTC serves as a halfway measure between fixed wireless and FTTH, with special advantages for
138:), which describes a significant upgrade to the broadband available by making a step change in speed and quality of the service. This is typically thought of as asymmetrical with a download speed of
1316:
Because of this, and because it needs no powered splitters or other active components from the moment it leaves the ISP's facilities until it reaches the customer, many ISPs prefer this technology.
2384:
115:. As fiber optic cables are able to carry much more data than copper cables, especially over long distances, copper telephone networks built in the 20th century are being replaced by fiber.
1545:
1062:. Telecom Italia, which refused to take part in the Fiber for Italy initiative, had an even more ambitious plan to bring fiber-to-the-home and fiber-to-the-business to 138 cities by 2018.
928:
expansion, concentrating on completing their network in areas that already had FiOS franchises but were not deploying to new areas, suggesting that FTTH was uneconomic beyond these areas.
1847:
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service and is thus less costly to deploy. In the long term, however, its bandwidth potential is limited relative to implementations that bring the fiber still closer to the subscriber.
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connecting the curb/cabinet and the customers. In these protocols, the data rates vary according to the exact protocol used and according to how close the customer is to the cabinet.
585:
FTTC (where fiber transitions to copper in a street cabinet) is generally too far from the users for standard
Ethernet configurations over existing copper cabling. They generally use
2128:
939:
data management arenas, indicating it was considering using P1901-based FTTC or some other existing-wire approach to reach into homes, and access additional revenues from the secure
2301:
1072:
published a new "Recommendation for
Regulated Access to NGA Networks" along with a list of measures to promote the deployment of fast broadband and next-generation access networks.
323:(fiber-to-the-frontage): This is very similar to FTTB. In a fiber to the front yard scenario, each fiber node serves a single subscriber. This allows for multi-gigabit speeds using
2013:
1247:. Normally, signals need an optical-electrical-optical transformation in the AON. Each signal leaving the central office is directed only to the customer for whom it is intended.
1721:
1790:
1758:
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technology. FTTC is occasionally ambiguously called FTTP (fiber-to-the-pole), leading to confusion with the distinct fiber-to-the-premises system. Typically providing up to
1988:
78:; the building on the right is one of the buildings served by the central office. Dotted rectangles represent separate living or office spaces within the same building.
2265:"Best-Ever Mobile Broadband Sales and Strong Cash Flows Highlight AT&T's Fourth-Quarter Results; Stock Buyback Begins on Previous 300 Million Share Authorization"
810:(DSL) are used between the cabinet and the customers. Data rates vary according to the exact protocol used and according to how close the customer is to the cabinet.
1674:
1950:, website of a non-profit agency of the City of Chattanooga, established in 1935 to provide electric power to the greater Chattanooga area. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
1354:
all the way to the subscribers' homes, while hybrid networks (often FTTN) use it to transport data via fiber to an intermediate point to ensure sufficiently high
222:(fiber-to-the-premises): This term is used either as a blanket term for both FTTH and FTTB, or where the fiber network includes both homes and small businesses
2267:
1912:
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Direct fiber is generally favored by new entrants and competitive operators. A benefit is that no layer 2 networking technologies are excluded, whether
2457:
150: – this threshold is commonly considered to be the maximum speed that can be supported on current generation (copper-based) networks."
2381:
1652:
1065:
By the end of December 2010, the total number of fiber-to-the-home enabled homes had passed 2.5 million, with more than 348,000 subscribers.)
920:, deployment of FTTC will end. Future deployments will be based on either FTTN or FTTP. Existing FTTC plant may be removed and replaced with FTTP.
542:
can easily reach tens of kilometers. Therefore, FTTP has been selected by every major communications provider in the world to carry data over long
200:) is a networking approach used in the enterprise building (hotels, convention centers, office buildings, hospitals, senior living communities,
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has also looked into this approach, amongst others, as a way to deliver multiple services over open-access networks in the United States.
1574:
189:
The telecommunications industry differentiates between several distinct FTTX configurations. The terms in most widespread use today are:
3804:
3706:
3552:
2535:
2021:
832:(fiber-to-the-last-amplifier) when it replaces analog amplifiers up to the last one before the customer (or neighborhood of customers).
2232:
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operators but is usually not synonymous with "fiber In the loop", although similar advanced services are provided by the HFC networks.
3478:
1728:
257:, with the final connection to the individual living space being made via alternative means, similar to the curb or pole technologies
3572:
1797:
2098:
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While fiber optic cables can carry data at high speeds over long distances, copper cables used in traditional telephone lines and
3357:
2905:
2707:
1339:
1235:) handles downstream traffic differently from a typical PON (a star network having multiple splitters housed in the same cabinet)
944:
447:
237:
1765:
3468:
2285:"The Economics of Next Generation Access-Final Report: Study for the European Competitive Telecommunication Association (ECTA)"
1141:
have been proven to grow subscriber numbers and ARPU considerably FTTN/C is currently used by a number of operators, including
213:
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413:
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connection. Even using relatively cheap outdoor category 5 copper over hundreds of meters, all Ethernet protocols including
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occupied by the subscriber. The term "FTTP" has become ambiguous and may also refer to FTTC where the fiber terminates at a
2185:
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wiring. The area served by the cabinet is usually less than one mile in radius and can contain several hundred customers.
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253:(fiber-to-the-building, -business, or -basement): Fiber reaches the boundary of the building, such as the basement in a
2426:
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266:(fiber-to-the-desktop or -desk): In an office, fiber connection is installed from the main computer room to a desk or
1365:
This approach has become increasingly popular in recent years with telecoms service providers in both North America (
2264:
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have defined super-fast broadband as "broadband products that provide a maximum download speed that is greater than
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228:(fiber-to-the-home): Fiber reaches the boundary of the living space, such as a box on the outside wall of a home.
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to deliver services from its central office directly into subscribers' homes. Fiber termination was handled by a
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patch cords. The switches are decentralised and located all over the building, but managed from one central point
1125:
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1546:"FTTH networking: Active Ethernet versus Passive Optical Networking and point-to-point vs. point-to-multipoint"
1418:
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1206:(PON), active optical network (AON), or other. Any form of regulatory remedy is possible using this topology.
1319:
The downstream signal coming from the central office is broadcast to each customer premises sharing a fiber.
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FTTC allows delivery of broadband services such as high-speed internet. Usually, existing wire is used with
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is used to prevent eavesdropping. Upstream signals are combined using a multiple-access protocol, usually
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deployment requirements (as in Chattanooga), and better hybrid networking tools (with major vendors like
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3210:
3175:
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582:, the demand for reliable bandwidth is crucial as more and more people begin to utilize these services.
559:
267:
39:
FTTB, FTTC, FTTD, FTTH, FTTK, FTTN, and FTTP all redirect here. For airports with those ICAO codes, see
892:
from the curb/pole/cabinet into every AC electrical outlet in the home—coverage equivalent to a robust
1696:
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chosen, e.g. multimode vs. single-mode, are critical for applicability for future connections of over
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3280:
3250:
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2190:
1655:, Cabling Installation & Maintenance, PennWell Corporation, February 2007, retrieved 12 July 2013
1347:
1039:
825:
154:
2353:
2316:"Techno-Economic Analysis of Active Optical Network Migration Toward Next-Generation Optical Access"
2314:
Wang, K.; Mas Machuca, C.; Wosinska, L.; Urban, P. J.; Gavler, A.; Brunnström, K.; Chen, J. (2017).
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Active Line Access is an evolving standard for the provision of services over FTTP networks in the
1069:
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905:
863:
539:
376:(fiber-to-the-wall or -workgroup): In an office, fiber runs to small switches near a group of users
201:
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32:"Fiber broadband" redirects here. For the overhead version of data and internet transmission, see
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2073:"Digital Agenda: Commission outlines measures to deliver fast and ultra-fast broadband in Europe"
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Portugal Telecom plans to complete its fiber-to-the-home nationwide roll out by 2020. Currently
1874:
287:(fiber-to-the-router): Fiber connection is installed from the router to the ISP's fiber network
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and in many cases triple-play services delivered using this approach to provide up to around
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290:(fiber-to-the-room): Fiber connection is extended from the router to each room in the home
178:
2828:
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2106:
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AONs rely on electrically powered network equipment to distribute the signal, such as a
813:
Unlike FTTP, FTTN often uses existing coaxial or twisted-pair infrastructure to provide
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Once on private property, the signal is typically converted into an electrical format.
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1101:
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597:, but this falls extremely quickly when the distance exceeds 100 m (300 ft).
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unshielded twisted-pair copper cabling but only to 100 m (300 ft). However,
70:
ome) architectures vary with regard to the distance between the optical fiber and the
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Fiber to the premises can be categorized according to where the optical fiber ends:
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In the United States and Canada, the largest deployment of FTTC was carried out by
798:
FTTN allows delivery of broadband services such as high-speed internet. High-speed
792:
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17:
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1884:, Instituto de Telecomunicações, 9 March 2005, slide 10. Retrieved on 2007-03-25.
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implementation, with the added advantage of a single cable for power and data.
632:
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2843:
1667:"Could ultrafast broadband over copper speed the rollout of gigabit internet?"
1609:
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1320:
968:
932:
881:
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105:
866:(PoE) are supported. Most fixed wireless technologies rely on PoE, including
758:
Inside an FTTN or FTTC fiber cabinet. The left side contains the fiber and a
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1413:
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access networks since the mid-2000s. Some used a network topology known as
320:(fiber-to-the-floor): fiber reaches a junction box at a floor of a building
2331:
1429:
medium such as Ethernet. Once closer to the end user, equipment such as a
3640:
3630:
3547:
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can separate the signals and convert them into the appropriate protocol.
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technology. The fiber node may be reverse-powered by the subscriber modem
71:
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and developed by the Network Interoperability Consultative Committee.
628:
Fiber-optic cable being pulled underneath the streets of New York City
358:(fiber-to-the-terminal): In an office, fiber runs to desktop equipment
3665:
3625:
2947:
2739:
2692:
2644:
2515:
2490:
1390:
1350:(HFC) networks. Active PPPoE uses dedicated fiber from an operator's
1178:
1166:
1150:
840:
803:
687:
324:
284:(fiber-to-the-radio): Fiber runs to the transceivers of base stations
1848:"Flexibility is key to successful fiber to the premises deployments"
1421:"range" the optical network terminals or units in order to provide
723:
This cable is outdoor-grade. Approximate diameters: Outer sheath:
717:
3650:
3587:
2895:
2679:
2674:
2619:
2603:
2580:
2435:
2134:. Fibre to the Home Council Europe. March 14, 2019. Archived from
2075:. Europe's Information Society. September 20, 2010. Archived from
1520:
1412:
term) converts the optical signal into an electrical signal using
1405:
1370:
1222:
1174:
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1105:
980:
893:
829:
759:
753:
631:
623:
487:(fiber-to-the-screen or -seat): On an airplane, fiber reaches the
472:
170:
166:
143:
45:
2239:, Annual Report, Telekom / Austria Group. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
1254:
at the intersection because the powered equipment there provides
3592:
2510:
2408:
1409:
1134:
996:
575:
516:
212:
of a building out to the edge devices, eliminating the need for
2696:
2439:
347:(fiber-to-the-multi-dwelling-unit): FTTP to apartment buildings
46:
2838:
2418:
2287:, WIK-Consult GmbH, 10 September 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
1346:(voice, video, data, and mobile) services over both fiber and
1154:
960:
767:
2413:
2020:. Reichle & De-Massari AG. March 17, 2011. Archived from
850:
Where it is feasible to run new cable, both fiber and copper
398:(fiber-to-the-cell-site): fiber reaches the base station site
2160:
924:, meanwhile, announced in March 2010 they were winding down
338:(fiber-to-the-machine): In a factory, fiber runs to machines
1489:"The Definition of UK Superfast Next Generation Broadband"
364:(fiber-to-the-tent): For example, at hacker camps such as
1962:, a website for EPB Fiber Optics. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
931:
Verizon also announced (at CES 2010) its entry into the
240:
services over FTTH networks directly from an operator's
2206:"Choosing The Right FTTH Architecture For Your Network"
2186:"VLAN standard could extend broadband reach to poorest"
874:
power supply fed over several tens of meters of cable.
387:(fiber-to-the-amplifier): Fiber runs to street cabinets
311:(fiber-to-the-factory): fiber runs to factory buildings
2302:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
870:, which has low-power radios capable of running on a
640:
jack (cover removed) in a residence with FTTH service
500:(fiber-to-the-subscriber): This is a synonym for FTTP
314:(fiber-to-the-farm): fiber runs to agricultural farms
1289:
standard enables service providers to deliver up to
390:(fiber-to-the-antenna): Fiber runs up antenna towers
3674:
3611:
3533:
3497:
3454:
3395:
3329:
3038:
2730:
2612:
2594:
2566:
2473:
2298:"Developments in Fiber Technologies and Investment"
1959:
1895:"Analyst: AT&T may replace some FTTC with FTTP"
1585:, Penton Media, 13 May 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2013
1475:
https://computer.howstuffworks.com/fiber-optic4.htm
1038:inside a subscriber's home to be shared with other
273:(fiber-to-the-door): Fiber reaches outside the flat
1544:
1425:time slot assignments for upstream communication.
1022:around the world have been rolling out high-speed
344:(fiber-to-the-mobile): Fiber runs to base stations
2382:"Is Active Ethernet best FTTH option for Google?"
1947:
854:are capable of connecting the "curb" with a full
361:(fiber-to-the-tower): Fiber reaches base stations
341:(fiber-to-the-mast): Fiber runs to wireless masts
236:are architectures that are capable of delivering
2424:Fiber to the Home Council: Latin America Chapter
2320:Journal of Optical Communications and Networking
828:(HFC) system. It is sometimes given the acronym
609:delivery in which an optical fiber is run in an
1727:. FTTH Council. January 9, 2009. Archived from
1133:FTTN/C is seen as an interim step towards full
1764:. FTTH Council. September 2011. Archived from
1753:
1751:
1749:
888:) existing electric service cables move up to
2708:
2451:
2304:(OECD), 3 April 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
2161:"Google Fiber | Gigabit Fiber Optic Internet"
2048:"Italy: FTTH reaches 348,000 subscriber mark"
1913:"Verizon winds down expensive Fios expansion"
1796:. FTTH Council. February 2016. Archived from
1513:"Review of the wholesale local access market"
1270:customers, although 400–500 is more typical.
762:, and the right side contains the copper and
8:
3723:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
2041:
2039:
959:, despite being conducted by power utility
613:from the central office all the way to the
3759:
2715:
2701:
2693:
2458:
2444:
2436:
2014:"FTTH with the Optical Distribution Frame"
1653:"All multimode fiber is not created equal"
1250:Incoming signals from the customers avoid
839:such as broadband cable access (typically
802:such as broadband cable access (typically
605:Fiber to the premises (FTTP) is a form of
587:very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line
2274:, News Release, AT&T, 26 January 2012
1477:. How Stuff Works. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
880:deployments also rely on FTTC. Using the
165:and mobile wireless technologies such as
2419:Fiber to the Home Council: North America
2395:, PennWell Corporation, 24 February 2010
1974:"Fastweb FTTH: A 10-years success story"
1227:Comparison showing how a typical AON (a
519:cannot. For example, the common form of
317:(fiber-to-the-feeder): a synonym of FTTN
2409:Fiber to the Home Council: Asia-Pacific
2099:"Net + Telefone – Fibra"
1572:"Active Ethernet grows in PON's shadow"
1466:
916:. With the acquisition of BellSouth by
177:(LTE) are an alternative for providing
1981:Konferenzbeitraege Berlin presentation
1901:, Penton Media, Inc., 21 December 2007
1404:The optical network terminal (ONT, an
1338:(PPPoE) is a common way of delivering
1972:Enrico Pietralunga (March 23, 2009).
1336:Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet
1285:to the carrier's central office. The
1281:and routing, offloading full layer 3
1273:This neighborhood equipment performs
1117:subscribers, and labor force skill.
1045:Since 2007, Italian access providers
7:
3769:
1791:"FTTH Council – Definition of Terms"
1759:"FTTH Council – Definition of Terms"
1722:"FTTH Council – Definition of Terms"
1697:"FTTH Council – Definition of Terms"
1632:"BornHack Event Network Information"
951:deployment in the United States, in
244:. Typically providing between 1 and
1129:FTTC during installation in Germany
27:Broadband network architecture term
2255:, page 22. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
1911:Svensson, Peter (March 26, 2010).
1665:Heath, Nick (September 26, 2014).
527:) runs over relatively economical
74:. The building on the left is the
25:
2414:Fibre to the Home Council: Europe
2249:"Telecommunication Market Trends"
2046:Sean Buckley (January 17, 2011).
1873:da Silva, Henrique (March 2005),
1543:Poulus, Tim (November 17, 2010).
1487:Mark Jackson (October 25, 2010),
1408:term) or unit (ONU, an identical
1301:FTTP, depending on the provider.
566:applications and devices such as
484:can mean three different things:
436:(fiber-to-the-loop): general term
355:can mean three different things:
281:can mean three different things:
3768:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3737:
3358:Free-space optical communication
1145:in the United States, Germany's
945:advanced metering infrastructure
820:A variant of this technique for
716:
705:
335:can mean four different things:
308:can mean five different things:
214:intermediate distribution frames
130:is the key method used to drive
50:A schematic illustrating how FTT
1846:McCullough, Don (August 2005),
1702:. FTTH Council. August 11, 2006
731:, inner white plastic sheath: ⌀
690:or to each floor), it is FTTB.
621:without reaching the premises.
507:definitions for FTTC and FTTN.
384:can mean two different things:
263:can mean two different things:
1028:Active Ethernet Point-to-Point
750:Fiber to the curb/cabinet/node
727:, outer white paper wrapper: ⌀
558:With the rising popularity of
410:fiber-to-the-telecom-enclosure
142:plus and a fast upload speed.
104:to provide all or part of the
1:
1864:(8). Retrieved on 2010-01-27.
1325:time-division multiple access
1258:. Active Ethernet (a type of
1189:Optical distribution networks
884:protocol (or its predecessor
420:typically used in enterprise
3744:Telecommunication portal
3525:Telecommunications equipment
1598:IEEE Communications Magazine
1435:network interface controller
1373:, for example) and Europe's
914:BellSouth Telecommunications
611:optical distribution network
3261:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2270:September 11, 2012, at the
649:using any means, including
450:telecommunications services
153:A similar network called a
100:network architecture using
92:; also spelled "fibre") or
3836:
3805:Fiber-optic communications
2965:Telecommunications history
2387:December 28, 2011, at the
1604:(12). IEEE Xplore: 83–88.
1308:
1260:Ethernet in the first mile
1104:proposed by the regulator
1036:Advanced Digital Broadcast
208:reaches directly from the
96:is a generic term for any
38:
34:Broadband over power lines
31:
3732:
3573:Public Switched Telephone
3385:telecommunication circuit
3346:Fiber-optic communication
3091:Francis Blake (telephone)
2886:Optical telecommunication
2429:December 5, 2013, at the
2283:Dieter Elixmann, et al.,
1875:"Optical Access Networks"
1610:10.1109/MCOM.2015.7355589
1473:"How Fiber Optics Work".
1419:optical line terminations
1299:single-mode optical fiber
1173:, and Canadian operators
607:fiber-optic communication
157:(HFC) network is used by
3484:Orbital angular-momentum
2921:Satellite communications
2760:Communications satellite
2230:"Facts and Figures 2010"
1093:provides speed of up to
1083:up costs €22 per month.
837:communications protocols
800:communications protocols
699:Fibre-to-the-home cable.
663:power line communication
230:Passive optical networks
175:3GPP Long Term Evolution
41:List of airports in Chad
3363:Molecular communication
3186:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
3015:Undersea telegraph line
2750:Cable protection system
1455:National broadband plan
1331:Ethernet point-to-point
1311:Passive optical network
1305:Passive optical network
1204:passive optical network
1068:In September 2010, the
947:. However, the largest
943:bandwidth required for
824:providers is used in a
808:digital subscriber line
234:point-to-point Ethernet
210:main distribution frame
3505:Communication protocol
3291:Charles Sumner Tainter
3106:Walter Houser Brattain
3051:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2859:Information revolution
2251:, 2010 Annual Report,
1880:March 4, 2016, at the
1236:
1219:Active optical network
1130:
771:
641:
629:
132:next-generation access
79:
3820:Fiber to the premises
3479:Polarization-division
3211:Narinder Singh Kapany
3176:Erna Schneider Hoover
3096:Jagadish Chandra Bose
3076:Alexander Graham Bell
2807:online video platform
2332:10.1364/JOCN.9.000327
2296:Rudolf van der Berg,
1226:
1128:
995:protocol efforts and
878:Power line networking
757:
635:
627:
601:Fiber to the premises
469:power line networking
268:fiber media converter
49:
3800:Network architecture
3321:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3281:Almon Brown Strowger
3251:Charles Grafton Page
2906:Prepaid mobile phone
2834:Electrical telegraph
1362:copper connections.
1348:hybrid fiber-coaxial
1040:consumer electronics
826:hybrid fiber-coaxial
686:(either only to the
270:near the user's desk
202:Multi-Dwelling Units
155:hybrid fiber-coaxial
3271:Johann Philipp Reis
3030:Wireless revolution
2992:The Telephone Cases
2849:Hydraulic telegraph
2613:Long range wireless
2361:jm.telecoms.free.fr
2079:on November 3, 2012
1929:on January 11, 2012
1112:FTTS, FTTH and FTTB
1070:European Commission
1032:residential gateway
906:usage-based billing
864:power over Ethernet
540:Ethernet over fiber
422:local area networks
255:multi-dwelling unit
204:, stadiums, etc.).
123:fiber to the home.
18:Superfast broadband
3469:Frequency-division
3446:Telephone exchange
3316:Charles Wheatstone
3246:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
3221:Innocenzo Manzetti
3156:Reginald Fessenden
2891:Optical telegraphy
2724:Telecommunications
1994:on October 9, 2011
1853:2011-10-09 at the
1771:on October 8, 2013
1583:NXTcomm Daily News
1577:2011-10-01 at the
1397:Electrical network
1237:
1131:
843:) or some form of
806:) or some form of
772:
739:, optical fiber: ⌀
642:
630:
418:structured cabling
113:telecommunications
80:
3782:
3781:
3520:Store and forward
3515:Data transmission
3429:Network switching
3380:Transmission line
3226:Guglielmo Marconi
3191:Internet pioneers
3056:Mohamed M. Atalla
3025:Whistled language
2690:
2689:
2194:. March 26, 2010.
2024:on March 28, 2012
1279:layer 3 switching
1275:layer 2 switching
1005:electric vehicles
764:punch down blocks
414:fiber-to-the-zone
198:fiber-to-the-edge
94:fiber in the loop
16:(Redirected from
3827:
3772:
3771:
3762:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3613:Notable networks
3603:Wireless network
3543:Cellular network
3535:Types of network
3510:Computer network
3397:Network topology
3311:Thomas A. Watson
3166:Oliver Heaviside
3151:Philo Farnsworth
3126:Daniel Davis Jr.
3101:Charles Bourseul
3061:John Logie Baird
2770:Data compression
2765:Computer network
2717:
2710:
2703:
2694:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2437:
2396:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2358:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2311:
2305:
2294:
2288:
2281:
2275:
2262:
2256:
2246:
2240:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2165:fiber.google.com
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2141:on July 31, 2020
2140:
2133:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2109:on June 27, 2018
2105:. Archived from
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1987:. Archived from
1978:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1925:. Archived from
1923:Associated Press
1908:
1902:
1899:Connected Planet
1891:
1885:
1871:
1865:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1803:on June 22, 2015
1802:
1795:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1733:
1726:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1677:on July 22, 2015
1673:. Archived from
1662:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1592:
1586:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1548:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1517:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1484:
1478:
1471:
1443:category 5 cable
1387:Deutsche Telekom
1292:
1291:1000 Mbit/s
1265:
1147:Deutsche Telekom
1140:
1096:
1082:
1078:
1061:
1001:smart appliances
977:Qualcomm Atheros
950:
891:
873:
861:
857:
822:cable television
742:
738:
735:, blue sheath: ⌀
734:
730:
726:
720:
709:
596:
554:
545:
538:
533:category 6 or 6A
526:
521:Gigabit Ethernet
497:
478:
416:): is a form of
247:
159:cable television
149:
141:
21:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3738:
3736:
3728:
3670:
3607:
3529:
3493:
3450:
3399:
3391:
3332:
3325:
3231:Robert Metcalfe
3086:Tim Berners-Lee
3034:
2854:Information Age
2726:
2721:
2691:
2686:
2608:
2590:
2562:
2469:
2467:Internet access
2464:
2431:Wayback Machine
2405:
2400:
2399:
2389:Wayback Machine
2380:Stephen Hardy,
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2278:
2272:Wayback Machine
2263:
2259:
2247:
2243:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2129:"Press Release"
2127:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1892:
1888:
1882:Wayback Machine
1872:
1868:
1855:Wayback Machine
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1734:on June 3, 2015
1731:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1579:Wayback Machine
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1451:
1399:
1389:, for example.
1383:Telekom Austria
1333:
1313:
1307:
1290:
1264:100 Mbit/s
1263:
1221:
1212:
1196:
1191:
1139:100 Mbit/s
1138:
1123:
1114:
1094:
1081:100 Mbit/s
1080:
1077:200 Mbit/s
1076:
1060:100 Mbit/s
1059:
1017:
948:
889:
871:
868:Motorola Canopy
859:
856:100 Mbit/s
855:
752:
747:
746:
745:
744:
743:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
721:
712:
711:
710:
701:
700:
693:
684:electrical room
603:
594:
564:video streaming
560:high-definition
552:
543:
536:
524:
513:
496:500 Mbit/s
495:
477:100 Mbit/s
476:
245:
187:
179:Internet access
147:
139:
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3833:
3831:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3787:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3766:
3756:
3746:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3464:Space-division
3460:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3301:Camille Tissot
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3276:Claude Shannon
3273:
3268:
3266:Tivadar Puskás
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3236:Antonio Meucci
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3206:Charles K. Kao
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3181:Harold Hopkins
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3081:Emile Berliner
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3020:Videotelephony
3017:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3005:
2995:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2918:
2916:Radiotelephone
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2802:Internet video
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2722:
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2705:
2697:
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2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
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2622:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2591:
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2538:
2533:
2528:
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2513:
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2477:
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2471:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2404:
2403:External links
2401:
2398:
2397:
2373:
2354:"Fundamentals"
2345:
2306:
2289:
2276:
2257:
2241:
2235:2012-07-08 at
2222:
2197:
2177:
2152:
2120:
2090:
2064:
2052:Fierce Telecom
2035:
2005:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1903:
1886:
1866:
1839:
1814:
1782:
1745:
1713:
1688:
1657:
1644:
1623:
1587:
1563:
1535:
1524:. June 1, 2010
1504:
1479:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1447:
1398:
1395:
1379:Telecom Italia
1352:central office
1332:
1329:
1309:Main article:
1306:
1303:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1102:United Kingdom
1042:(CE) devices.
1016:
1013:
983:solutions for
973:Alcatel-Lucent
766:for a form of
751:
748:
722:
715:
714:
713:
704:
703:
702:
698:
697:
696:
695:
675:
674:
670:
602:
599:
595:80 Mbit/s
512:
509:
504:
503:
502:
501:
498:
492:
479:
451:
437:
431:
425:
399:
393:
392:
391:
388:
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369:
362:
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329:
328:
321:
318:
315:
312:
303:
293:
292:
291:
288:
285:
276:
275:
274:
271:
258:
248:
246:10 Gbit/s
242:central office
217:
186:
183:
163:Fixed wireless
148:24 Mbit/s
140:24 Mbit/s
76:central office
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3832:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3775:
3767:
3765:
3757:
3755:
3747:
3745:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3489:Code-division
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:Time-division
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:and switching
3398:
3394:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3351:optical fiber
3349:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:Coaxial cable
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:Radia Perlman
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
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3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
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3189:
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3184:
3182:
3179:
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3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:Lee de Forest
3144:
3142:
3141:Thomas Edison
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3131:Donald Davies
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:Claude Chappe
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
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3079:
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3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
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3009:
3006:
3004:
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3000:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:Smoke signals
2958:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2938:Semiconductor
2936:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
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2825:
2822:
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2799:
2798:
2797:Digital media
2795:
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2238:
2237:archive.today
2234:
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2207:
2201:
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2100:
2094:
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2065:
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2042:
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2023:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
1990:
1986:
1982:
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1968:
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1714:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1681:September 26,
1676:
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1668:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:Robert Reid,
1648:
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1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1127:
1121:FTTN and FTTC
1120:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1095:8 Gbit/s
1092:
1088:
1084:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1011:use already.
1010:
1007:that rely on
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
985:edge networks
982:
978:
974:
970:
964:
962:
958:
954:
949:1 Gbit/s
946:
942:
938:
937:power utility
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
907:
903:
897:
895:
890:1 Gbit/s
887:
883:
879:
875:
869:
865:
860:1 Gbit/s
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
789:coaxial cable
784:
782:
778:
777:coaxial cable
769:
765:
761:
756:
749:
719:
708:
694:
691:
689:
685:
680:
671:
668:
667:optical fiber
664:
660:
656:
655:coaxial cable
652:
647:
646:
645:
639:
638:optical fiber
634:
626:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
600:
598:
592:
588:
583:
581:
580:Facebook LIVE
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
553:1 Gbit/s
548:
544:1 Gbit/s
541:
537:1 Gbit/s
534:
530:
525:1 Gbit/s
522:
518:
510:
508:
499:
493:
490:
486:
485:
483:
480:
474:
471:and wireless
470:
467:
463:
459:
455:
452:
449:
445:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
419:
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297:
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207:
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199:
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190:
184:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
145:
137:
133:
129:
126:Fiber to the
124:
120:
116:
114:
111:
107:
103:
102:optical fiber
99:
95:
91:
87:
86:
83:Fiber to the
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
42:
35:
30:
19:
3456:Multiplexing
3331:Transmission
3296:Nikola Tesla
3286:Henry Sutton
3241:Samuel Morse
3171:Robert Hooke
3136:Amos Dolbear
3071:John Bardeen
2990:
2970:Telautograph
2874:Mobile phone
2829:Edholm's law
2812:social media
2745:Broadcasting
2596:Wireless LAN
2586:Wireless USB
2568:Wireless PAN
2505:
2392:
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2360:
2348:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2292:
2279:
2260:
2244:
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2209:
2200:
2189:
2180:
2170:December 31,
2168:. Retrieved
2164:
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2136:the original
2123:
2111:. Retrieved
2107:the original
2102:
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2077:the original
2067:
2055:. Retrieved
2051:
2026:. Retrieved
2022:the original
2017:
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1989:the original
1980:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1927:the original
1916:
1906:
1898:
1893:Ed Gubbins,
1889:
1869:
1861:
1858:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1826:
1817:
1805:. Retrieved
1798:the original
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1766:the original
1736:. Retrieved
1729:the original
1716:
1706:September 1,
1704:. Retrieved
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:the original
1671:TechRepublic
1670:
1660:
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1626:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1582:
1570:Ed Gubbins,
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1551:Telecompaper
1550:
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1521:Ofcom.org.uk
1519:
1507:
1496:, retrieved
1492:
1482:
1469:
1439:
1427:
1403:
1400:
1364:
1358:speeds over
1334:
1318:
1314:
1287:IEEE 802.3ah
1272:
1268:
1249:
1238:
1233:multicasting
1229:star network
1213:
1210:Shared fiber
1201:
1197:
1194:Direct fiber
1165:in Belgium,
1157:, Swisscom,
1132:
1115:
1099:
1091:Google Fiber
1089:
1085:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1044:
1034:provided by
1018:
965:
930:
926:Verizon FiOS
911:
898:
876:
849:
834:
819:
812:
797:
793:twisted pair
785:
781:twisted pair
773:
770:such as VDSL
692:
688:ground floor
676:
651:twisted pair
643:
619:utility pole
604:
584:
562:, on-demand
557:
549:
514:
505:
481:
457:
453:
443:
439:
433:
427:
405:
401:
395:
381:
373:
352:
332:
305:
300:twisted pair
295:
278:
260:
250:
225:
219:
193:
188:
152:
135:
131:
127:
125:
121:
117:
93:
89:
84:
82:
81:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
29:
3656:NPL network
3368:Radio waves
3306:Alfred Vail
3216:Hedy Lamarr
3201:Dawon Kahng
3161:Elisha Gray
3121:Yogen Dalal
3046:Nasir Ahmed
2980:Teleprinter
2844:Heliographs
2018:Connections
1297:, over one
1295:full-duplex
1231:capable of
1183:Bell Canada
1015:Deployments
993:IEEE 802.21
953:Chattanooga
886:HomePlug AV
872:12 VDC
741:150 μm
737:250 μm
733:890 μm
729:2.5 mm
529:category 5e
448:triple-play
368:in Denmark.
238:triple-play
185:Definitions
3810:Local loop
3789:Categories
3702:Antarctica
3661:Toasternet
3583:Television
3066:Paul Baran
2998:Television
2982:(teletype)
2975:Telegraphy
2953:transistor
2931:Phryctoria
2901:Photophone
2879:Smartphone
2869:Mass media
2660:Muni Wi-Fi
2551:Power-line
2326:(4): 327.
2215:August 13,
2210:OSPInsight
1827:OFS Optics
1493:ISP Review
1461:References
1356:throughput
1321:Encryption
1161:in Italy,
969:smart grid
933:smart home
882:IEEE P1901
591:downstream
589:(VDSL) at
106:local loop
3815:Telephony
3795:Broadband
3686:Americas
3675:Locations
3646:Internet2
3407:Bandwidth
3111:Vint Cerf
3008:streaming
2986:Telephone
2926:Semaphore
2817:streaming
2665:Satellite
2576:Bluetooth
2556:Broadband
2531:IEEE 1901
2393:Lightwave
2191:Computing
1918:USA Today
1859:Lightwave
1414:thin film
1360:last-mile
1344:quad-play
1256:buffering
1252:colliding
1171:Australia
1020:Operators
989:IEEE 1905
957:Tennessee
815:last mile
725:5 mm
679:apartment
593:rates of
466:IEEE 1901
110:last mile
108:used for
98:broadband
66:uilding,
3754:Category
3641:Internet
3631:CYCLADES
3548:Ethernet
3498:Concepts
3422:terminal
3373:wireless
3196:Bob Kahn
3039:Pioneers
2864:Internet
2755:Cable TV
2670:UMTS-TDD
2521:HomePlug
2501:Ethernet
2427:Archived
2385:Archived
2366:April 4,
2340:18604241
2268:Archived
2253:Swisscom
2233:Archived
2113:June 26,
1933:July 24,
1878:Archived
1851:Archived
1832:July 17,
1807:June 22,
1775:June 27,
1738:June 22,
1618:33169617
1575:Archived
1556:July 12,
1528:June 18,
1449:See also
1367:AT&T
1327:(TDMA).
1163:Proximus
1143:AT&T
1051:Vodafone
1024:Internet
918:AT&T
902:backhaul
852:Ethernet
659:wireless
615:premises
511:Benefits
462:Ethernet
366:BornHack
72:end user
3774:Commons
3764:Outline
3717:Oceania
3636:FidoNet
3621:ARPANET
3434:circuit
3003:digital
2732:History
2526:HomePNA
2486:Dial-up
2145:June 2,
1985:Fastweb
1637:July 8,
1375:Fastweb
1340:triple-
1283:routing
1047:Fastweb
941:AES-128
922:Verizon
572:Netflix
568:YouTube
491:screens
325:XG-fast
3712:Europe
3682:Africa
3666:Usenet
3626:BITNET
3563:Mobile
3439:packet
2948:MOSFET
2943:device
2740:Beacon
2645:iBurst
2516:Nessum
2491:DOCSIS
2338:
2083:May 3,
2057:May 3,
2028:May 3,
1998:May 3,
1823:"FTTx"
1616:
1498:May 3,
1431:router
1391:Google
1245:router
1241:switch
1179:Cogeco
1151:Greece
1079:down,
1053:, and
979:, and
841:DOCSIS
804:DOCSIS
578:, and
3695:South
3690:North
3651:JANET
3588:Telex
3578:Radio
3417:Nodes
3412:Links
3333:media
2911:Radio
2896:Pager
2824:Drums
2790:video
2785:image
2775:audio
2680:WiBro
2675:WiMAX
2620:5G NR
2604:Wi-Fi
2581:Li-Fi
2481:Cable
2474:Wired
2357:(PDF)
2336:S2CID
2139:(PDF)
2132:(PDF)
1992:(PDF)
1977:(PDF)
1960:EPBFI
1801:(PDF)
1794:(PDF)
1769:(PDF)
1762:(PDF)
1732:(PDF)
1725:(PDF)
1700:(PDF)
1614:S2CID
1516:(PDF)
1406:ITU-T
1371:Telus
1175:Telus
1106:Ofcom
981:Wi-Fi
894:Wi-Fi
830:FTTLA
760:DSLAM
665:, or
473:Wi-Fi
444:FTTLA
428:FTTdp
396:FTTCS
206:Fiber
171:WiMAX
167:Wi-Fi
144:Ofcom
62:urb,
58:ode,
3707:Asia
3593:UUCP
3553:ISDN
2655:MMDS
2640:HSPA
2635:GPRS
2630:EVDO
2625:DECT
2541:MoCA
2536:ISDN
2511:G.hn
2506:FTTx
2368:2023
2217:2021
2172:2023
2147:2020
2115:2018
2085:2012
2059:2012
2030:2012
2000:2012
1935:2011
1834:2017
1809:2015
1777:2013
1740:2015
1708:2011
1683:2014
1639:2024
1558:2013
1530:2021
1500:2012
1423:TDMA
1410:IEEE
1385:and
1342:and
1181:and
1167:nbn™
1135:FTTH
1055:Wind
1003:and
997:SNMP
991:and
975:and
935:and
576:Roku
517:ADSL
482:FTTS
458:FTTK
454:FTTC
440:FTTN
434:FTTL
406:FTTZ
402:FTTE
382:FTTA
374:FTTW
353:FTTT
333:FTTM
306:FTTF
296:FTTO
279:FTTR
261:FTTD
251:FTTB
232:and
226:FTTH
220:FTTP
194:FTTE
173:and
90:FTTX
3598:WAN
3568:NGN
3558:LAN
2839:Fax
2780:DCT
2650:LTE
2546:PON
2496:DSL
2328:doi
2103:MEO
1948:EPB
1606:doi
1433:or
1277:or
1243:or
1169:in
1159:TIM
1155:OTE
1153:'s
1009:PLC
961:EPB
858:or
845:DSL
791:or
779:or
768:DSL
677:An
636:An
489:IFE
464:or
412:or
136:NGA
3791::
2391:,
2359:.
2334:.
2322:.
2318:.
2208:.
2188:.
2163:.
2101:.
2050:.
2038:^
2016:.
1983:.
1979:.
1921:.
1915:.
1897:,
1862:22
1857:,
1825:.
1748:^
1669:.
1612:.
1602:53
1600:.
1581:,
1549:.
1518:.
1491:,
1445:.
1381:,
1377:,
1369:,
1293:,
1266:.
1185:.
1177:,
1149:,
1097:.
1049:,
987:,
955:,
904:,
661:,
657:,
653:,
574:,
570:,
555:.
531:,
456:/
442:/
404:/
181:.
169:,
3725:)
3721:(
2716:e
2709:t
2702:v
2459:e
2452:t
2445:v
2370:.
2342:.
2330::
2324:9
2219:.
2174:.
2149:.
2117:.
2087:.
2061:.
2032:.
2002:.
1937:.
1836:.
1811:.
1779:.
1742:.
1710:.
1685:.
1641:.
1620:.
1608::
1560:.
1532:.
669:.
523:(
408:(
216:.
196:(
134:(
128:x
88:(
85:x
68:H
64:B
60:C
56:N
54:(
52:X
43:.
36:.
20:)
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