329:(MNTB). The MNTB is driven by excitatory input from globular bushy cells in the contralateral cochlear nucleus. Thus, the LSO receives excitatory input from the ipsilateral ear and inhibitory input from the contralateral ear. This is the basis of ILD sensitivity. Projections from both cochlear nuclei are primarily high frequency, and these frequencies are subsequently represented by the majority of LSO neurons (>2/3 over 2–3 kHz in cat). The LSO does in fact encode frequency across the animals audible range (not just "high" frequency). Additional inputs derive from the ipsilateral LNTB (glycinergic, see below), which provide inhibitory information from the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus. Another possibly inhibitory input derives from ipsilateral AVCN non-spherical cells. These cells are either globular bushy or multipolar (stellate). Either of these two inputs could provide the basis for ipsilateral inhibition seen in response maps flanking the primary excitation, sharpening the unit's frequency tuning.
281:. Only horizontal data is present, but it does come from two different ear sources, which aids in the localizing of sound on the azimuth axis. The way in which the superior olive does this is by measuring the differences in time between two ear signals recording the same stimulus. Traveling around the head takes about 700 μs, and the medial superior olive is able to distinguish time differences much smaller than this. In fact, it is observed that people can detect interaural differences down to 10 μs. The nucleus is tonotopically organized, but the azimuthal receptive field projection is "most likely a complex, nonlinear map".
3251:
707:, a glycinergic (inhibitory) input from the ipsilateral MNTB, an unknown GABAergic (inhibitory) input, and project to the ipsilateral ICC. Most neurons respond only at the offset of a stimulus, can phase lock to AM stimuli up to 200 Hz, and may form the basis for ICC duration selectivity. Notably, SPON neurons do not receive descending inputs from the IC, and it does not project to the cochlea or cochlear nucleus as many periolivary nuclei do.
381:
These nuclei also form the source of the olivocochlear bundle, which innervates the cochlea. In the guinea pig, ascending projections to the inferior colliculi are primarily ipsilateral (>80%), with the largest single source coming from the SPON. Also, ventral nuclei (RPO, VMPO, AVPO, & VNTB) are almost entirely ipsilateral, while the remaining nuclei project bilaterally.
252:, but in humans extends from the rostral medulla to the mid-pons and receives projections predominantly from the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) via the trapezoid body, although the posteroventral nucleus projects to the SOC via the intermediate acoustic stria. The SOC is the first major site of convergence of auditory information from the left and right ears.
873:
337:. The GABAergic projections from the DNLL form a major source of GABA in the auditory brainstem, and project bilaterally to the ICC and to the contralateral DNLL. These converging excitatory and inhibitory connections may act to decrease the level dependence of ILD sensitivity in the ICC compared to the LSO.
51:
380:
The SOC is composed of between six and nine periolivary nuclei, depending upon the researcher cited, typically named based upon their location with regard to the primary nuclei. These nuclei surround each of the primary nuclei, and contribute to both the ascending and descending auditory systems.
713:
In guinea pigs, round to oval multipolar cells project to both IC, with many cells projecting bilaterally. The more elongated cells that project to the cochlear nucleus to not project to the ICC. There appear to be to populations of cells, one that projects ipsilaterally, and one that projects
328:
has similar functions to the medial superior olive, but employs intensity to localize the sound source. The LSO receives excitatory, glutamatergic input from spherical bushy cells in the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus and inhibitory, glycinergic input from the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body
260:
The superior olivary complex is divided into three primary nuclei, the MSO, LSO, and the Medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, and several smaller periolivary nuclei. These three nuclei are the most studied, and therefore best understood. Typically, they are regarded as forming the ascending
654:
Made up of a heterogeneous population of cells, this nucleus projects to many auditory nuclei, and forms the medial olivocochlear bundle (MOC) which innervates cochlear outer hair cells. These cells contain electromotile fibers, and act as mechanical amplifiers/attenuators within the
3271:
209:: most of the cell groups of the SOC are dorsal (posterior in primates) to this axon bundle while a number of cell groups are embedded in the trapezoid body. Overall, the SOC displays a significant interspecies variation, being largest in bats and rodents and smaller in primates.
332:
The LSO projects bilaterally to the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC). Ipsilateral projections are primarily inhibitory (glycinergic), and the contralateral projections are excitatory. Additional projection targets include the dorsal and
340:
Additional projections form the lateral olivocochlear bundle (LOC), which innervates cochlear inner hair cells. These projections are thought to have a long time constant, and act to normalize the sound level detected by each ear in order to aid in
2158:
Saint Marie RL, Baker RA (August 1990). "Neurotransmitter-specific uptake and retrograde transport of glycine from the inferior colliculus by ipsilateral projections of the superior olivary complex and nuclei of the lateral lemniscus".
953:
Oliver DL, Beckius GE, Shneiderman A (September 1995). "Axonal projections from the lateral and medial superior olive to the inferior colliculus of the cat: a study using electron microscopic autoradiography".
1855:
Smith PH, Joris PX, Yin TC (May 1993). "Projections of physiologically characterized spherical bushy cell axons from the cochlear nucleus of the cat: evidence for delay lines to the medial superior olive".
288:(CNIC). The majority of these axons are considered to be "round shaped" or type R. These R axons are mostly glutamatergic and contain round synaptic vesicles and form asymmetric synaptic junctions.
2922:
1596:
Schofield BR, Cant NB (December 1991). "Organization of the superior olivary complex in the guinea pig. I. Cytoarchitecture, cytochrome oxidase histochemistry, and dendritic morphology".
717:
The majority of information had come from rodent SPON, due to the nucleus' prominent size in these species, with very few studies have been done in cat DMPO, none of which were extensive.
1812:
Schofield BR, Cant NB (March 1992). "Organization of the superior olivary complex in the guinea pig: II. Patterns of projection from the periolivary nuclei to the inferior colliculus".
1988:
Friauf E, Ostwald J (1988). "Divergent projections of physiologically characterized rat ventral cochlear nucleus neurons as shown by intra-axonal injection of horseradish peroxidase".
1231:
Glendenning KK, Masterton RB, Baker BN, Wenthold RJ (August 1991). "Acoustic chiasm. III: Nature, distribution, and sources of afferents to the lateral superior olive in the cat".
1464:
Bazwinsky I, Hilbig H, Bidmon HJ, Rübsamen R (February 2003). "Characterization of the human superior olivary complex by calcium binding proteins and neurofilament H (SMI-32)".
273:
of a sound, that is, the angle to the left or right where the sound source is located. Sound elevation cues are not processed in the olivary complex. The fusiform cells of the
703:
In rats, SPON is a homogeneous GABAergic nucleus. These tonotopically organized neurons receive excitatory inputs from octopus and multipolar cells in the contralateral
2229:
Davis KA, Ramachandran R, May BJ (July 1999). "Single-unit responses in the inferior colliculus of decerebrate cats. II. Sensitivity to interaural level differences".
2915:
371:
There are two response types found: a ‘chopper type’ similar to spindle cells in the AVCN and a primary type which is similar to those of bushy cells in the AVCN.
2589:
161:
2202:
Guinan JJ, Norris BE, Guinan SS (1972). "Single
Auditory Units in the Superior Olivary Complex: II: Locations of Unit Categories and Tonotopic Organization".
710:
In contrast, glycinergic projections to ipsilateral ICC are observed in guinea pigs and chinchillas, suggesting a species-related neurotransmitter difference.
2432:
1274:
Wu SH, Kelly JB (February 1994). "Physiological evidence for ipsilateral inhibition in the lateral superior olive: synaptic responses in mouse brain slice".
345:. Considerable species differences exist: LOC projection neurons are distributed within the LSO in rodents, and surround the LSO in predators (i.e. cat).
1899:
Wenthold RJ, Huie D, Altschuler RA, Reeks KA (September 1987). "Glycine immunoreactivity localized in the cochlear nucleus and superior olivary complex".
2908:
2875:
2080:
Kulesza RJ, Spirou GA, Berrebi AS (April 2003). "Physiological response properties of neurons in the superior paraolivary nucleus of the rat".
1026:
137:
2870:
2317:
2300:
2301:"Organization of ventrolateral periolivary cells of the cat superior olive as revealed by PEP-19 immunocytochemistry and Nissl stain"
1507:
Kulesza RJ (July 2008). "Cytoarchitecture of the human superior olivary complex: nuclei of the trapezoid body and posterior tier".
774:
Contains both EI (excited by contralateral and inhibited by ipsilateral ear) and E0 (excited by the contralateral ear only) units.
674:
spherical bushy cells project collaterals bilaterally, and globular bushy cells project collaterals ipsilaterally to LNTB neurons.
201:, functions in multiple aspects of hearing and is an important component of the ascending and descending auditory pathways of the
2860:
2670:
2471:
168:
1191:
Tsuchitani C, Boudreau JC (October 1967). "Encoding of stimulus frequency and intensity by cat superior olive S-segment cells".
2661:
2581:
1725:
1708:
3204:
2865:
2531:
2493:
2380:
1148:
Kulesza RJ, Lukose R, Stevens LV (January 2011). "Malformation of the human superior olive in autistic spectrum disorders".
3190:
2546:
221:(MSO) is a specialized nucleus that is believed to measure the time difference of arrival of sounds between the ears (the
156:
3241:
3186:
2729:
2541:
2519:
677:
Cells are immunoreactive for glycine, and are retrogradely labeled following injection of tritiated glycine into the LSO
3224:
2724:
2625:
2498:
907:
Kulesza RJ (March 2007). "Cytoarchitecture of the human superior olivary complex: medial and lateral superior olive".
237:
3155:
2810:
1052:"Topography of interaural temporal disparity coding in projections of medial superior olive to inferior colliculus"
222:
3151:
3066:
3022:
2679:
2674:
2647:
2613:
2594:
2524:
2343:
1748:
Warr WB, Beck JE (April 1996). "Multiple projections from the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body in the rat".
996:
Cajal, S. R. Y. and L. Azoulay (1909). Histologie du système nerveux de l'homme et des vertébrés. Paris, Maloine.
277:(DCN), which are thought to contribute to localization in elevation, bypass the SOC and project directly to the
3276:
2699:
2651:
2422:
855:
704:
671:
95:
1417:"Characterization of the rhesus monkey superior olivary complex by calcium binding proteins and synaptophysin"
2264:
Tsuchitani C (March 1977). "Functional organization of lateral cell groups of cat superior olivary complex".
1945:
Adams JC (April 1983). "Cytology of periolivary cells and the organization of their projections in the cat".
3084:
3026:
2719:
2608:
2488:
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274:
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2417:
1639:
Fischl MJ, Burger RM, Schmidt-Pauly M, Alexandrova O, Sinclair JL, Grothe B, et al. (December 2016).
144:
132:
1550:
Warr WB, Guinan JJ (September 1979). "Efferent innervation of the organ of corti: two separate systems".
312:
The MSO's main function is detection of interaural time difference (ITD) cues to binaural lateralization.
3182:
2805:
2562:
2536:
882:
2347:
680:
The nucleus projects to both IC, with few cells projecting bilaterally, as well as the ipsilateral LSO.
2115:
White JS, Warr WB (September 1983). "The dual origins of the olivocochlear bundle in the albino rat".
236:(LSO) is believed to be involved in measuring the difference in sound intensity between the ears (the
3169:
2967:
2887:
2758:
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2461:
112:
3052:
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2800:
2714:
793:
Large multipolar cells project to the cochlear nucleus, but not the IC, in both cat and guinea pig.
683:
Large multipolar cells project to the cochlear nucleus, but not the IC, in both cat and guinea pig.
358:, is composed of mainly neurons with round cell bodies which utilize glycine as a neurotransmitter.
303:
285:
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56:
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of sounds, i.e., localising them on the azimuthal plane – their degree to the left or the right.
1099:
Rincón, Héctor; Gómez-Martínez, Mario; Gómez-Álvarez, Marcelo; Saldaña, Enrique (August 2024).
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64:
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Contains both EE (excited by both ears) and E0 (excited by the contralateral ear only) units.
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Contains both EE (excited by both ears) and E0 (excited by the contralateral ear only) units.
3133:
3018:
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240:
or ILD). The ILD is a second major cue in determining the azimuth of high-frequency sounds.
60:
3272:
Knowledge (XXG) articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
3000:
2962:
2957:
2741:
2427:
1018:
1011:
202:
35:
292:
This is the largest of the nuclei and in humans it contains approximately 15,500 neurons.
17:
3255:
3030:
3004:
2982:
2833:
2776:
2456:
2057:
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355:
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365:
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2144:
2017:
1974:
1928:
1885:
1841:
1579:
1536:
1493:
1303:
1260:
1177:
1101:"Medial superior olive in the rat: Anatomy, sources of input and axonal projections"
983:
936:
2882:
2786:
2510:
2447:
1777:
1625:
1161:
860:
325:
651:
The VNTB is a small nucleus located laterally to the MNTB, and ventral to the MSO.
284:
The projections of the medial superior olive terminate densely in the ipsilateral
1520:
1117:
920:
125:
100:
3177:
2768:
2558:
1100:
3164:
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107:
31:
2277:
2242:
1641:"Physiology and anatomy of neurons in the medial superior olive of the mouse"
1126:
1036:
149:
3128:
2996:
2991:
695:
Superior periolivary nucleus (SPON) (dorsomedial periolivary nucleus (DMPO))
2318:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960422)368:1<100::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-7
2250:
2101:
2066:
1734:
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1401:
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1085:
928:
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2009:
1966:
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1920:
1877:
1869:
1833:
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1212:
975:
967:
3212:
3199:
3075:
3061:
3043:
2285:
1571:
1352:
119:
174:
2936:
2001:
761:
The nucleus projects to both IC, with few cells projecting bilaterally.
270:
226:
2358:
1477:
1204:
845:
The nucleus projects to both IC, with no cells projecting bilaterally.
835:
Located between the caudal pole of the MSO and the facial nucleus (7N)
830:
Caudal periolivary nucleus (CPO) (posterior periolivary nucleus (PPO))
814:
Rostral periolivary nucleus (RPO) (anterior periolivary nucleus (APO))
809:
The nucleus projects to both IC, with no cells projecting bilaterally.
790:
The nucleus projects to both IC, with no cells projecting bilaterally.
739:
The nucleus projects to both IC, with no cells projecting bilaterally.
658:
The nucleus projects to both IC, with no cells projecting bilaterally.
1726:
10.1002/1097-0029(20001115)51:4<364::AID-JEMT6>3.0.CO;2-E
217:
The superior olivary nucleus plays a number of roles in hearing. The
1319:"Ipsilateral inhibitory responses in the cat lateral superior olive"
1050:
Oliver DL, Beckius GE, Bishop DC, Loftus WC, Batra R (August 2003).
1383:
50:
83:
825:
Sometimes called the
Ventral Nucleus of the Trapezoid Body (VNTB)
295:
Each MSO receives bilateral inputs from the right and left AVCNs.
3142:
3013:
2390:
2033:"Superior paraolivary nucleus of the rat is a GABAergic nucleus"
368:
arising from the globular bushy cells in the contralateral AVCN.
249:
198:
2904:
2362:
67:
in red. (Superior olivary nucleus is labeled at center right.)
1415:
Bazwinsky I, Bidmon HJ, Zilles K, Hilbig H (December 2005).
1368:"Cochlear efferent feedback balances interaural sensitivity"
771:
Located ventral to and within the ventral hillus of the LSO
642:, *The MSO appears to be smaller and disorganized in mice.
364:
Each MNTB neuron receives a large "calyx" type ending, the
2037:
Journal of the
Association for Research in Otolaryngology
335:
ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL & VNLL)
248:
The superior olivary complex is generally located in the
777:
Neurons are tonotopically organized, and high frequency.
733:
Neurons are tonotopically organized, and high frequency.
269:
The medial superior olive is thought to help locate the
755:
Neurons are tonotopically organized, and low frequency.
197:
is a collection of brainstem nuclei that is located in
3239:
819:
Located between the rostral pole of the MSO and the
315:
The MSO is severely disrupted in the autistic brain.
225:
or ITD). The ITD is a major cue for determining the
3120:
3104:
3097:
2981:
2950:
2943:
2846:
2826:
2785:
2767:
2754:
2692:
2636:
2570:
2557:
2509:
2446:
2410:
2397:
1366:Darrow KN, Maison SF, Liberman MC (December 2006).
155:
143:
131:
118:
106:
94:
82:
77:
72:
43:
1807:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1010:
736:May belong to a single nucleus along with the DLPO
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1707:Illing RB, Kraus KS, Michler SA (November 2000).
1591:
1589:
758:May belong to a single nucleus along with the DPO
233:
27:Collection of brainstem nuclei related to hearing
1317:Brownell WE, Manis PB, Ritz LA (November 1979).
1193:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
218:
55:Scheme showing the course of the fibers of the
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
902:
900:
2916:
2374:
1940:
1938:
948:
946:
8:
1709:"Plasticity of the superior olivary complex"
663:Lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body (LNTB)
646:Ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VNTB)
361:The size of the MNTB is reduced in primates.
309:The MSO responds better to binaural stimuli.
1009:Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM (2000).
349:Medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB)
3101:
2947:
2923:
2909:
2901:
2764:
2567:
2407:
2381:
2367:
2359:
690:, producing very fast signal transduction.
286:central nucleus of the inferior colliculus
49:
2316:
2056:
1724:
1664:
1440:
1391:
1342:
1116:
1075:
840:Posteroventral periolivary nucleus (PVPO)
806:Sends projections to the ICC bilaterally.
2031:Kulesza RJ, Berrebi AS (December 2000).
1004:
1002:
785:Anterolateral periolivary nucleus (ALPO)
766:Ventrolateral periolivary nucleus (VLPO)
383:
3246:
896:
798:Ventromedial periolivary nucleus (VMPO)
780:Subdivided into the LNTB, PPO and ALPO
744:Dorsolateral periolivary nucleus (DLPO)
205:. The SOC is intimately related to the
877:This article incorporates text in the
172:
40:
2354:Image at med.utah.edu (pick 9b. Pons)
2204:International Journal of Neuroscience
749:Located dorsal and lateral to the LSO
7:
2305:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
2299:Spirou GA, Berrebi AS (April 1996).
2117:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1947:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1858:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1814:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1598:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1466:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1233:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
956:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
727:Located dorsal and medial to the LSO
700:Located directly dorsal to the MNTB
1068:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-19-07438.2003
1017:. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.
298:The output is via the ipsilateral
25:
1713:Microscopy Research and Technique
803:Located between the MSO and MNTB.
3249:
1433:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00491.x
871:
722:Dorsal periolivary nucleus (DPO)
261:azimuthal localization pathway.
169:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
244:Relationship to auditory system
3205:Ventral posterolateral nucleus
2532:Medial longitudinal fasciculus
2494:Medial longitudinal fasciculus
1162:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.015
1:
3191:Lateral vestibulospinal tract
2547:Lateral vestibulospinal tract
2348:Neuro/frames/nlBSs/nl27fr.htm
3187:Medial vestibulospinal tract
2730:Lateral parabrachial nucleus
2542:Medial vestibulospinal tract
2520:Inferior cerebellar peduncle
2173:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90698-B
1913:10.1016/0306-4522(87)92968-X
1762:10.1016/0378-5955(95)00198-0
1564:10.1016/0006-8993(79)91104-1
1521:10.1016/j.heares.2008.04.010
1335:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90930-2
1288:10.1016/0378-5955(94)90282-8
1118:10.1016/j.heares.2024.109036
1013:Principles of neural science
921:10.1016/j.heares.2006.12.006
320:Lateral superior olive (LSO)
3225:Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
2725:Medial parabrachial nucleus
2499:Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
1990:Experimental Brain Research
1056:The Journal of Neuroscience
885:of the 20th edition of
265:Medial superior olive (MSO)
238:interaural level difference
3298:
3156:Lateral vestibular nucleus
2266:Journal of Neurophysiology
2231:Journal of Neurophysiology
2082:Journal of Neurophysiology
1645:Journal of Neurophysiology
668:Located ventral to the LSO
223:interaural time difference
29:
3152:Medial vestibular nucleus
2680:Inferior salivary nucleus
2675:Superior salivary nucleus
2525:Vestibulocerebellar tract
2216:10.3109/00207457209164756
167:
89:nucleus olivaris superior
48:
3067:Medial geniculate nuclei
2737:Superior olivary nucleus
2700:Pedunculopontine nucleus
2652:Trigeminal motor nucleus
2472:Ventral trigeminal tract
2423:Superior medullary velum
2278:10.1152/jn.1977.40.2.296
2243:10.1152/jn.1999.82.1.164
856:Inferior olivary nucleus
705:ventral cochlear nucleus
187:superior olivary complex
44:Superior olivary complex
18:Superior olivary nucleus
3085:Primary auditory cortex
3035:Superior olivary nuclei
2720:Subparabrachial nucleus
2489:Central tegmental tract
2467:Dorsal trigeminal tract
275:dorsal cochlear nucleus
2816:Pontocerebellar fibers
2418:Cerebellopontine angle
234:lateral superior olive
3183:Vestibulospinal tract
2806:Corticopontine fibers
2537:Vestibulospinal tract
2129:10.1002/cne.902190206
2094:10.1152/jn.00547.2002
2049:10.1007/s101620010054
1959:10.1002/cne.902150304
1870:10.1002/cne.903310208
1826:10.1002/cne.903170409
1657:10.1152/jn.00523.2016
1610:10.1002/cne.903140403
1245:10.1002/cne.903100308
968:10.1002/cne.903600103
686:Inputs are often via
219:medial superior olive
3170:Flocculonodular lobe
2968:Otoacoustic emission
2657:Facial motor nucleus
2462:Trigeminal lemniscus
2856:Reticular formation
2801:Corticobulbar tract
2796:Corticospinal tract
2715:Parabrachial nuclei
1372:Nature Neuroscience
304:inferior colliculus
279:inferior colliculus
3081:Acoustic radiation
3053:Inferior colliculi
2847:Other grey: Raphe/
2789:: Motor/descending
2710:Pneumotaxic center
2693:Grey: Other nuclei
2002:10.1007/BF00248219
1421:Journal of Anatomy
376:Periolivary nuclei
343:sound localization
3237:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3218:Vestibular cortex
3148:Vestibular nuclei
3112:Vestibular system
3093:
3092:
3049:Lateral lemniscus
2973:Tullio phenomenon
2898:
2897:
2842:
2841:
2750:
2749:
2688:
2687:
2621:Vestibular nuclei
2484:Lateral lemniscus
2438:Facial colliculus
1478:10.1002/cne.10526
1378:(12): 1474–1476.
1205:10.1121/1.1910651
1062:(19): 7438–7449.
1028:978-0-8385-7701-1
688:end-bulbs of Held
640:
639:
354:The MNTB, in the
300:lateral lemniscus
183:
182:
178:
16:(Redirected from
3289:
3254:
3253:
3245:
3134:Vestibular nerve
3102:
3019:Cochlear nucleus
2948:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2902:
2765:
2705:Apneustic center
2666:Abducens nucleus
2641:
2604:Cochlear nucleus
2575:
2568:
2479:Medial lemniscus
2408:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2360:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2088:(4): 2299–2312.
2077:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2028:
2022:
2021:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1809:
1782:
1781:
1750:Hearing Research
1745:
1739:
1738:
1728:
1704:
1679:
1678:
1668:
1651:(6): 2676–2688.
1636:
1630:
1629:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1509:Hearing Research
1504:
1498:
1497:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1395:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1276:Hearing Research
1271:
1265:
1264:
1228:
1217:
1216:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1120:
1105:Hearing Research
1096:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1016:
1006:
997:
994:
988:
987:
950:
941:
940:
909:Hearing Research
904:
875:
874:
384:
175:edit on Wikidata
61:medial lemniscus
53:
41:
21:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3277:Auditory system
3262:
3261:
3260:
3248:
3240:
3238:
3229:
3116:
3089:
3001:Spiral ganglion
2977:
2963:Bone conduction
2958:Auditory system
2939:
2929:
2899:
2894:
2848:
2838:
2822:
2781:
2756:
2746:
2742:Locus coeruleus
2684:
2637:
2632:
2571:
2553:
2505:
2442:
2433:Medial eminence
2428:Sulcus limitans
2399:
2393:
2389:Anatomy of the
2387:
2344:MedEd at Loyola
2340:
2335:
2334:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2030:
2029:
2025:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1811:
1810:
1785:
1756:(1–2): 83–101.
1747:
1746:
1742:
1706:
1705:
1682:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1230:
1229:
1220:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1029:
1008:
1007:
1000:
995:
991:
952:
951:
944:
906:
905:
898:
872:
869:
852:
842:
832:
816:
800:
787:
768:
746:
724:
697:
665:
648:
378:
351:
322:
267:
258:
246:
215:
203:auditory system
179:
68:
39:
36:Dentate nucleus
34:structure, see
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3295:
3293:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3208:
3207:
3195:
3194:
3173:
3172:
3160:
3159:
3138:
3137:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3071:
3070:
3057:
3056:
3039:
3038:
3031:Trapezoid body
3009:
3008:
3005:Cochlear nerve
2987:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2931:Physiology of
2930:
2928:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2905:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2834:Basilar sulcus
2830:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2777:Pontine nuclei
2773:
2771:
2762:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2578:
2576:
2565:
2563:Cranial nuclei
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2516:
2514:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2459:
2457:Trapezoid body
2453:
2451:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2405:
2395:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2339:
2338:External links
2336:
2333:
2332:
2311:(1): 100–120.
2291:
2272:(2): 296–318.
2256:
2237:(1): 164–175.
2221:
2210:(4): 147–166.
2194:
2167:(2): 244–253.
2161:Brain Research
2150:
2123:(2): 203–214.
2107:
2072:
2043:(4): 255–269.
2023:
1996:(2): 263–284.
1980:
1953:(3): 275–289.
1934:
1907:(3): 897–912.
1891:
1864:(2): 245–260.
1847:
1820:(4): 438–455.
1783:
1740:
1719:(4): 364–381.
1680:
1631:
1604:(4): 645–670.
1585:
1558:(1): 152–155.
1552:Brain Research
1542:
1515:(1–2): 52–63.
1499:
1472:(3): 292–303.
1456:
1427:(6): 745–761.
1407:
1384:10.1038/nn1807
1358:
1329:(1): 189–193.
1323:Brain Research
1309:
1266:
1239:(3): 377–400.
1218:
1199:(4): 794–805.
1183:
1150:Brain Research
1140:
1091:
1042:
1027:
998:
989:
942:
915:(1–2): 80–90.
895:
894:
888:Gray's Anatomy
868:
865:
864:
863:
858:
851:
848:
847:
846:
841:
838:
837:
836:
831:
828:
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356:trapezoid body
350:
347:
321:
318:
317:
316:
313:
310:
307:
296:
293:
266:
263:
257:
256:Primary nuclei
254:
245:
242:
214:
211:
207:trapezoid body
195:superior olive
181:
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171:
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54:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3294:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3201:
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3196:
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3188:
3184:
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3157:
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3149:
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3140:
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3135:
3132:
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3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
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2959:
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2942:
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2934:
2926:
2921:
2919:
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2912:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2889:
2886:
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2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
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2809:
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2802:
2799:
2797:
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879:public domain
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366:calyx of Held
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3198:
3176:
3163:
3141:
3127:
3074:
3060:
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3034:
3012:
2990:
2883:Raphe nuclei
2736:
2638:
2572:
2346:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2207:
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2197:
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2110:
2085:
2081:
2075:
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1993:
1989:
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1950:
1946:
1904:
1901:Neuroscience
1900:
1894:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1817:
1813:
1753:
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1716:
1712:
1648:
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1469:
1465:
1459:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1282:(1): 57–64.
1279:
1275:
1269:
1236:
1232:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1012:
992:
962:(1): 17–32.
959:
955:
912:
908:
890:
876:
870:
861:Olivary body
714:bilaterally.
641:
379:
339:
331:
323:
283:
268:
259:
247:
231:
216:
194:
190:
186:
184:
138:A14.1.05.415
126:birnlex_1307
88:
3178:spinal cord
2586:Trigeminal
1156:: 360–371.
393:Guinea Pig
78:Identifiers
3266:Categories
3165:cerebellum
2997:Hair cells
2876:Paramedian
1111:: 109036.
867:References
213:Physiology
108:NeuroNames
32:cerebellar
3282:Brainstem
3129:inner ear
2992:inner ear
2871:Tegmental
2849:reticular
2639:efferent:
2590:Principal
2573:afferent:
2450:: Sensory
2402:tegmentum
1127:0378-5955
1037:249318861
63:in blue,
57:lemniscus
3213:cerebrum
3200:thalamus
3076:cerebrum
3062:thalamus
3044:midbrain
3023:Anterior
2755:Ventral/
2626:Superior
2614:Anterior
2513:: Motor
2251:10400945
2189:21264622
2145:44291925
2102:12612016
2067:11547806
2018:15155852
1975:45147218
1929:22344089
1886:43136339
1842:21120946
1735:11071720
1675:27655966
1580:44556309
1537:44342075
1529:18547760
1494:22237348
1486:12528193
1451:16367802
1402:17115038
1304:34851384
1261:41964072
1178:39753895
1170:20946889
1135:38797037
1086:12917380
984:22997698
937:19696622
929:17250984
883:page 787
850:See also
655:cochlea.
120:NeuroLex
30:For the
3256:Anatomy
3121:Pathway
3105:General
3098:Balance
2983:Pathway
2951:General
2944:Hearing
2937:hearing
2933:balance
2827:Surface
2411:Surface
2398:Dorsal/
2327:8725296
2181:1705464
2137:6619338
2058:2957197
2010:3215304
1967:6304156
1921:3683855
1878:8509501
1834:1578006
1778:4721400
1770:8735070
1666:5133312
1626:2030167
1618:1726174
1442:1571589
1393:1806686
1344:2776055
1296:8157506
1253:1723989
1213:6075565
1077:6740450
1019:591–624
976:7499562
627:"DMPO"
572:"MVPO"
464:"LVPO"
302:to the
271:azimuth
227:azimuth
101:D065832
73:Details
65:lateral
3242:Portal
3027:Dorsal
2888:Median
2861:Caudal
2609:Dorsal
2595:Spinal
2325:
2286:845625
2284:
2249:
2187:
2179:
2143:
2135:
2100:
2065:
2055:
2016:
2008:
1973:
1965:
1927:
1919:
1884:
1876:
1840:
1832:
1776:
1768:
1733:
1673:
1663:
1624:
1616:
1578:
1572:487078
1570:
1535:
1527:
1492:
1484:
1449:
1439:
1400:
1390:
1353:497821
1351:
1341:
1302:
1294:
1259:
1251:
1211:
1176:
1168:
1133:
1125:
1084:
1074:
1035:
1025:
982:
974:
935:
927:
891:(1918)
511:"CPO"
399:Mouse
2787:White
2511:White
2448:White
2185:S2CID
2141:S2CID
2014:S2CID
1971:S2CID
1925:S2CID
1882:S2CID
1838:S2CID
1774:S2CID
1622:S2CID
1576:S2CID
1533:S2CID
1490:S2CID
1300:S2CID
1257:S2CID
1174:S2CID
980:S2CID
933:S2CID
881:from
594:VMPO
580:AVPO
548:DLPO
518:VLPO
487:PVPO
472:ALPO
455:LNTB
438:MNTB
387:Name
326:olive
324:This
193:) or
173:[
162:72247
84:Latin
3143:pons
3029:) →
3014:pons
2935:and
2866:Oral
2769:Grey
2759:base
2559:Grey
2391:pons
2323:PMID
2282:PMID
2247:PMID
2177:PMID
2133:PMID
2098:PMID
2063:PMID
2006:PMID
1963:PMID
1917:PMID
1874:PMID
1830:PMID
1766:PMID
1731:PMID
1671:PMID
1614:PMID
1568:PMID
1525:PMID
1482:PMID
1447:PMID
1398:PMID
1349:PMID
1292:PMID
1249:PMID
1209:PMID
1166:PMID
1154:1367
1131:PMID
1123:ISSN
1082:PMID
1033:OCLC
1023:ISBN
972:PMID
925:PMID
821:VNLL
672:AVCN
624:SPN
609:RPO
563:VTB
532:DPO
502:PPO
421:MSO
404:LSO
396:Rat
390:Cat
250:pons
232:The
199:pons
185:The
150:5937
133:TA98
96:MeSH
2811:MCP
2671:GVE
2662:GSE
2648:SVE
2582:GSA
2313:doi
2309:368
2274:doi
2239:doi
2212:doi
2169:doi
2165:524
2125:doi
2121:219
2090:doi
2053:PMC
2045:doi
1998:doi
1955:doi
1951:215
1909:doi
1866:doi
1862:331
1822:doi
1818:317
1758:doi
1721:doi
1661:PMC
1653:doi
1649:116
1606:doi
1602:314
1560:doi
1556:173
1517:doi
1513:241
1474:doi
1470:456
1437:PMC
1429:doi
1425:207
1388:PMC
1380:doi
1339:PMC
1331:doi
1327:177
1284:doi
1241:doi
1237:310
1201:doi
1158:doi
1113:doi
1109:449
1072:PMC
1064:doi
964:doi
960:360
917:doi
913:225
433:X*
191:SOC
157:FMA
145:TA2
113:569
3268::
3189:,
3154:,
3083:→
3051:→
3033:→
3025:,
3003:→
2999:→
2673::
2664::
2650::
2561::
2321:.
2307:.
2303:.
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2270:40
2268:.
2245:.
2235:82
2233:.
2206:.
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2119:.
2096:.
2086:89
2084:.
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2035:.
2012:.
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1994:73
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1961:.
1949:.
1937:^
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1915:.
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1903:.
1880:.
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1860:.
1836:.
1828:.
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1786:^
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1600:.
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1396:.
1386:.
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1337:.
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1290:.
1280:73
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1235:.
1221:^
1207:.
1197:42
1195:.
1172:.
1164:.
1152:.
1129:.
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1107:.
1103:.
1080:.
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1058:.
1054:.
1031:.
1021:.
1001:^
978:.
970:.
958:.
945:^
931:.
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911:.
899:^
636:X
633:X
630:X
617:X
614:X
600:X
597:X
585:X
575:X
569:X
566:X
554:X
551:X
541:X
538:X
535:X
521:X
508:X
505:X
493:X
490:X
478:X
475:X
467:X
461:X
458:X
450:X
447:X
444:X
441:X
430:X
427:X
424:X
416:X
413:X
410:X
407:X
122:ID
59:;
3244::
3215::
3202::
3193:)
3185:(
3180::
3167::
3158:)
3150:(
3145::
3136:→
3131::
3078::
3069:→
3064::
3055:→
3046::
3037:→
3021:(
3016::
3007:→
2994::
2924:e
2917:t
2910:v
2761:)
2757:(
2404:)
2400:(
2382:e
2375:t
2368:v
2329:.
2315::
2288:.
2276::
2253:.
2241::
2218:.
2214::
2208:4
2191:.
2171::
2147:.
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2104:.
2092::
2069:.
2047::
2041:1
2020:.
2000::
1977:.
1957::
1931:.
1911::
1888:.
1868::
1844:.
1824::
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1737:.
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1677:.
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1628:.
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1355:.
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1215:.
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1180:.
1160::
1137:.
1115::
1088:.
1066::
1039:.
986:.
966::
939:.
919::
306:.
189:(
177:]
38:.
20:)
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