641:
408:. On 20 February, the streets of Daegu were empty in reaction to the Shincheonji outbreak. A resident described the reaction, stating "It's like someone dropped a bomb in the middle of the city. It looks like a zombie apocalypse." On 21 February, the first death was reported. According to the mayor of Daegu, the number of suspected cases as of 21 February is 544 among 4,400 examined followers of the church. Later in the outbreak, in May, a 29-year-old man visited several Seoul nightclubs in one night and resulted in accumulated infections of at least 79 other people.
31:
692:
676:. He had been in contact with a patient known to have SARS. Shortly after his admission he developed fever, cough, myalgia and sore throat. The admitting physician suspected SARS. The patient was transferred to another hospital for treatment of his coronary artery disease. While there, his SARS symptoms became more pronounced. Later, it was discovered he had transmitted SARS to 33 other patients in just two days. He was transferred back to the original hospital where he died of SARS.
733:, known as Typhoid Mary, from New York City, and Mr. N. the Milker, from Folkestone, England. Both were active around the same time. Mallon infected 51 people from 1902 to 1909. Mr. N. infected more than 200 people over 14 years from 1901 to 1915. At the request of health officials, Mr. N. gave up working in food service. Mallon was at first also compliant, choosing other work – but eventually she returned to cooking and caused further outbreaks. She was involuntarily quarantined at
419:, from 26 to 28 February 2020. 99 of the 175 executives in attendance later tested positive for COVID-19, and the hotel was shut down days later. A genetic analysis study published later the same year estimated the spread at the conference eventually resulted in 1.9% of U.S. coronavirus cases, or as many as 300,000 people. The event was the subject of a New York Times article, and substantial criticism was leveled at Biogen for its role in the incident.
492:. Testing revealed that he'd infected 26 locals, including 19 relatives, while tracing discovered that he'd had direct contact with more than 550 people. Fearing an outbreak, India's government instituted a local quarantine on 27 March 2020, affecting 40,000 residents from 20 villages. Initial reports claimed that Baldev Singh had ignored self-quarantine orders, and police collaborated with singer
512:
congregation, with the majority being from various states of India, and 960 attendees from 40 foreign countries. On 18 April, 4,291 confirmed cases of COVID-19 linked to this event by the Union Health
Ministry represented a third of all the confirmed cases of India. Around 40,000 people, including Tablighi Jamaat attendees and their contacts, were quarantined across the country.
245:
761:
360:, or herd effect, refers to the indirect protection that immunized community members provide to non-immunized members in preventing the spread of contagious disease. The greater the number of immunized individuals, the less likely an outbreak can occur because there are fewer susceptible contacts. In epidemiology, herd immunity is known as a
703:
Measles is a highly contagious, air-borne virus that reappears even among vaccinated populations. In one
Finnish town in 1989, an explosive school-based outbreak resulted in 51 cases, several of whom had been previously vaccinated. One child alone infected 22 others. It was noted during this outbreak
2122:
Hundreds of factory workers at a fish processing plant in Ghana have tested positive for the coronavirus, the country's president Nana Akufo-Addo said. All 533 of them contracted the virus from one worker at the factory in the port city of Tema, the president said in his public address to the nation
364:
because it influences transmission over time. As a pathogen that confers immunity to the survivors moves through a susceptible population, the number of susceptible contacts declines. Even if susceptible individuals remain, their contacts are likely to be immunized, preventing any further spread of
1028:
The minority of individuals who infect disproportionately more susceptible contacts, as compared to most individuals who infect few or no others, became known as super-spreaders, and their existence is deeply rooted in history: between 1900 and 1907, Typhoid Mary infected 51 individuals, three of
568:
of COVID-19 after travelling to Spain, but he did not quarantine himself, infecting 17 relatives and putting in isolation over 800 other people. He and other three people got arrested for disease propagation. 24 days later, the
Peruvian man died of a severe pneumonia, being the first death of the
273:
number of secondary infections caused by a typical infective person in a totally susceptible population. The basic reproductive number is found by multiplying the average number of contacts by the average probability that a susceptible individual will become infected, which is called the shedding
234:
Putting aside hospitals, private residences and old-age homes, almost all of these superspreader events (SSEVs) took place in the context of (1) parties, (2) face-to-face professional networking events and meetings, (3) religious gatherings, (4) sports events, (5) meat-processing facilities, (6)
679:
In his post-mortem reflection, Low remained puzzled as to the reason for this phenomenon and speculated that "possible explanations for (the superspreaders') enhanced infectivity include the lack of early implementation of infection control precautions, higher load of SCoV, or larger amounts of
252:
Superspreaders have been identified who excrete a higher than normal number of pathogens during the time they are infectious. This causes their contacts to be exposed to higher viral/bacterial loads than would be seen in the contacts of non-superspreaders with the same duration of exposure.
511:
religious congregation that took place in Delhi's
Nizamuddin Markaz Mosque in early March 2020 was a coronavirus super-spreader event, with more than 4,000 confirmed cases and at least 27 deaths linked to the event reported across the country. Over 9,000 missionaries may have attended the
291:
The individual reproductive number represents the number of secondary infections caused by a specific individual during the time that individual is infectious. Some individuals have significantly higher than average individual reproductive numbers and are known as superspreaders. Through
348:
virus, have a higher HIV shedding rate than men without co-infection. This shedding rate was calculated in men with similar HIV viral loads. Once treatment for the co-infection has been completed, the HIV shedding rate returns to levels comparable to men without co-infection.
660:
in
February 2003. A Guangdong Province doctor, Liu Jianlun, who had treated SARS cases there, had contracted the virus and was symptomatic. Despite his symptoms, he traveled to Hong Kong to attend a family wedding. He stayed on the ninth floor of the Metropole Hotel in
608:
project. It was later found that the attendee from South Africa had been infected with the
Omicron variant. More than half of the party's attendees have since tested positive for COVID-19 and of those attendees, at least 13 of them were confirmed to have the variant.
1109:
Historically, one of the most famous examples of super-spreading was that of Mary Mallon, better known as
Typhoid Mary, who infected many contacts, several of whom died, through food she prepared and consequently contaminated, even thought she did not show
1325:
Cohen MS, Hoffman IF, Royce RA, Kazembe P, Dyer JR, Daly CC, et al. (June 1997). "Reduction of concentration of HIV-1 in semen after treatment of urethritis: implications for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV-1. AIDSCAP Malawi
Research Group".
210:
SSEVs can further be classified into 'societal' and 'isolated' events. Funerals have been known to epidemiology as common superspreader events. In particular where funeral rites involve contact with the decedent, funerary transmission may occur. The
503:
blaming the dead man for bringing the virus to Punjab. But Baldev Singh's fellow travelers insisted that no such order had been given, leading to accusations that local authorities had scapegoated him to avoid scrutiny of their own failures.
1630:
147:
Although loose definitions of superspreader events exist, some effort has been made at defining what qualifies as a superspreader event (SSEV). Lloyd-Smith et al. (2005) define a protocol to identify a superspreader event as follows:
389:
infection jumped suddenly starting on 19–20 February 2020. On 19 February, the number of confirmed cases increased by 20. On 20 February, 58 or 70 new cases were confirmed, giving a total of 104 confirmed cases, according to the
85:, where approximately 20% of infected individuals are responsible for 80% of transmissions, although superspreading can still be said to occur when superspreaders account for a higher or lower percentage of transmissions. In
405:
522:
As of 18 July 2020, more than one thousand suspected superspreading events had been logged, for example a cluster of 187 people who were infected after eating at a Harper's
Restaurant and Brew Pub in East Lansing, Michigan.
2259:
The Health's
Ministry of Córdoba is intensively trying to detect and isolate that came in contact with the first Delta-variant infected in the province, that infected 17 relatives and threatened over more of 800
665:, infecting 16 other hotel guests also staying on that floor. The guests then traveled to Canada, Singapore, Taiwan, and Vietnam, spreading SARS to those locations and transmitting what became a global epidemic.
748:
that have cycled from an inflammatory state to a non-inflammatory state. The bacteria remain and reproduce without causing further symptoms in the mice, and this helps to explain why carriers are asymptomatic.
369:. Its value varies with the virulence of the disease, the efficacy of the vaccine, and the contact parameter for the population. That is not to say that an outbreak can't occur, but it will be limited.
1622:
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has since been dubbed a "superspreader" event. Less than a week after the event, Trump himself was diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2, as well as others who attended the Rose Garden event. By October 7, the
683:
The SARS outbreak was eventually contained, but not before it caused 8,273 cases and 775 deaths. Within two weeks of the original outbreak in Guangdong Province, SARS had spread to 29 countries.
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438:
at the time - were linked to the event, and with approximately 10% of attendees visiting from overseas, the event resulted in the virus spreading across Southeast Asia. Cases in
473:, creating a cluster of cases that quickly passed 100, accounting for more than half of SARS-CoV2 coronavirus cases in the state during early March 2020. For comparison, the
382:
Several factors are identified as contributing to superspreading events with COVID-19: closed spaces with poor ventilation, crowds, and close contact settings ("three Cs").
1206:"Safe and dignified burial of a deceased from a highly contagious infectious disease ebolavirus: Socio-cultural and anthropological implications in the Eastern DR Congo"
423:
212:
391:
386:
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74:, a superspreader is an individual who is more likely to infect others, compared with a typical infected person. Such superspreaders are of particular concern in
194:
This protocol defines a 99th-percentile SSEV as a case which causes more infections than would occur in 99% of infectious histories in a homogeneous population.
1651:
1487:
Yeung LF, Lurie P, Dayan G, Eduardo E, Britz PH, Redd SB, et al. (December 2005). "A limited measles outbreak in a highly vaccinated US boarding school".
2273:
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2832:
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2080:
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of the virus, which is the average number of additional people that a single case will infect without any preventative measures, is between 1.4 and 3.9.
2302:
2243:
1286:"Largest measles epidemic in North America in a decade--Quebec, Canada, 2011: contribution of susceptibility, serendipity, and superspreading events"
1254:
2398:
2825:
554:
1850:
4496:
4483:
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von Csefalvay C (January 2023). "Chapter 2: Simple compartmental models: The bedrock of mathematical epidemiology". In von Csefalvay C (ed.).
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2678:"Salmonella require the fatty acid regulator PPARδ for the establishment of a metabolic environment essential for long-term persistence"
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attended by approximately 16,000 people resulted in a major outbreak across the country. By May 16, 3,348 COVID-19 cases - 48% of
3997:
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1801:"A single mass gathering resulted in massive transmission of COVID-19 infections in Malaysia with further international spread"
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In another case during this same outbreak, a 54-year-old male was admitted to a hospital with coronary heart disease, chronic
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and tested negative for COVID-19 prior to the party being held. One person who attended the party had recently returned from
443:
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2244:"A Peruvian man ignored Delta-variant positive, reunited with relatives and installed a "epidemiological bomb" on his town"
4300:
539:
459:
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435:
1980:"Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020"
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the infection. The proportion of immune individuals in a population above which a disease may no longer persist is the
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from China, epidemiologists defined a superspreader as an individual with at least eight transmissions of the disease.
201:
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that when vaccinated siblings shared a bedroom with an infected sibling, seven out of nine became infected as well.
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2137:"'Superspreading' events, triggered by people who may not even know they are infected, propel coronavirus pandemic"
601:
2472:"Explosive school-based measles outbreak: intense exposure may have resulted in high risk, even among revaccinees"
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1851:"Wonder how dangerous a gathering can be? Here's how one event sparked hundreds of coronavirus cases across Asia"
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2274:"First death for Delta variant of Argentina: patient zero Peruvian man who infected his whole town died today"
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metric, which denotes the proportion of infections attributable to the most infectious 20% of the population.
400:, KCDC attributed the sudden jump to 70 cases linked to "Patient 31", who had participated in a gathering in
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von Csefalvay C (January 2023). "Chapter 3: Host factors: Who gets sick and why". In von Csefalvay C (ed.).
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memo revealed that 34 White House staff members, housekeepers, and other contacts had contracted the virus.
535:
1676:
806:– A model in which most people spread an infection to few people, but a few people spread infection to many
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in Washington D.C. led to at least 67 people testing positive for COVID-19, including three members of the
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469:, a lawyer contracted the illness then spread it to at least twenty other individuals in his community in
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2365:"A Christmas party in Norway becomes a possible Omicron-spreading event, and other international news"
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The same Peruvian man that started an "epidemiological bomb" on his town died from a severe pneumonia.
1750:
Lemieux JE, Siddle KJ, Shaw BM, Loreth C, Schaffner SF, Gladden-Young A, et al. (February 2021).
557:, with many coming from out of town, and few of the rioters were immediately detained and identified.
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was a potential COVID-19 superspreading event. Few members of the crowd attacking the Capitol wore
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Sikakulya FK, Ilumbulumbu MK, Djuma SF, Bunduki GK, Sivulyamwenge AK, Jones MK (December 2021).
27:
Event in which 3 or more people attend and an infectious disease is spread much more than usual
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2009:
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1752:"Phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in Boston highlights the impact of superspreading events"
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1458:"Chapter 4: Cost-Effective Strategies for the Excess Burden of Disease in Developing Countries
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On March 6, preacher Baldev Singh returned to India after being infected while traveling in
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Mortimer PP (April 1999). "Mr N the milker, and Dr Koch's concept of the healthy carrier".
1995:
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Guangdong Province in southeastern China where the first outbreak of SARS occurred in 2003.
93:. The degree to which superspreading contributes to an epidemic is often quantified by the
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De Serres G, Markowski F, Toth E, Landry M, Auger D, Mercier M, et al. (March 2013).
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1903:"New York creates 'containment zone' around cluster of coronavirus cases in New Rochelle"
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1623:"'Like a zombie apocalypse': Residents on edge as coronavirus cases surge in South Korea"
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Eisele NA, Ruby T, Jacobson A, Manzanillo PS, Cox JS, Lam L, et al. (August 2013).
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2338:"Omicron outbreak at Norway Christmas party is biggest outside S. Africa -authorities"
1929:"Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia"
1339:
794: – First documented patient in the population of an epidemiological investigation
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2107:"A worker infected 533 others with coronavirus at a factory in Ghana, president says"
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Paunio M, Peltola H, Valle M, Davidkin I, Virtanen M, Heinonen OP (December 1998).
2218:"Storming of Capitol was textbook potential coronavirus superspreader, experts say"
1369:
Winter AJ, Taylor S, Workman J, White D, Ross JD, Swan AV, Pillay D (August 1999).
1355:
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with such superspreader events, the majority of individuals infect relatively few
1652:"South Korea reports first coronavirus death as infections linked to church rise"
1221:
332:
Studies have shown that men with HIV who are co-infected with at least one other
248:
How an infection spreads in a community with immunized and non-immunized members.
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2303:"Omicron Cases at Norway Christmas Party Provide Clues on New Variant's Spread"
1877:"New York officials traced more than 50 coronavirus cases back to one attorney"
1139:
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1274:, 3rd Edition. 2008. p. 561. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia.
791:
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2456:
Learning from SARS: Preparing for the Next Disease Outbreak: Workshop Summary
2378:
2316:
1692:"Itaewon cluster caseload rises to 79: Nation adds 35 new cases, 20 in Seoul"
1572:
515:
On 11 May 2020, it came to light that a worker at a fish processing plant in
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895:"Superspreading and the effect of individual variation on disease emergence"
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proposed the practices now known as "safe and dignified burials" during the
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35:
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Shen Z, Ning F, Zhou W, He X, Lin C, Chin DP, et al. (February 2004).
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Shincheonji Church of Jesus the Temple of the Tabernacle of the Testimony
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in New York, where she stayed until she died in November 1938, aged 69.
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800: – Widespread, often global, epidemic of severe infectious disease
662:
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488:. He subsequently died, becoming the first coronavirus fatality in the
485:
411:
A two-day leadership conference for the American biotechnology company
396:
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is spread much more than usual, while an unusually contagious organism
1927:
Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. (March 2020).
1371:"Asymptomatic urethritis and detection of HIV-1 RNA in seminal plasma"
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589:
573:
412:
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852:
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On 30 July 2021, it came to light that a Peruvian man, resident of
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was believed to have infected over 500 other people with COVID-19.
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29:
1464:
Priorities in Health: Disease Control Priorities Companion Volume
721:. It is highly contagious and becoming resistant to antibiotics.
3617:
3086:
2983:
2785:– authoritative source of information about global health issues
1255:"It's not the size of the event, but the behaviour that matters"
893:
Lloyd-Smith JO, Schreiber SJ, Kopp PE, Getz WM (November 2005).
649:
585:
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Superspreaders may or may not show any symptoms of the disease.
2821:
2399:"72 people at high-profile D.C. Dinner test positive for Covid"
2189:"White House hosted Covid 'superspreader' event, says Dr Fauci"
782: – Type of mathematical model used for infectious diseases
2792:
1029:
whom died, even though she only had an asymptomatic infection.
2803:
1799:
Che Mat NF, Edinur HA, Abdul Razab MK, Safuan S (May 2020).
1421:
Fine PE (1993). "Herd immunity: history, theory, practice".
178:
define an SSEV as any infected person who infects more than
103:
SSEVs are shaped by multiple factors including a decline in
2165:"Genomic sequence of the White House "superspreader" event"
1270:
Kenneth J. Rothman, Sander Greenland, and Timothy L. Lash.
2782:
2804:
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
1726:"What Happens When a Superspreader Event Keeps Spreading"
1616:
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ships at sea, (7) singing groups, and, yes, (8) funerals.
1591:"코로나19 확진자 104명...31번 환자 연관 신천지교회 대남병원서만 확진자 58명, 1명 사망"
1122:
Majra D, Benson J, Pitts J, Stebbing J (January 2021).
656:
Province of China. This was followed by an outbreak in
1571:
Enserink M, Kupferschmidt K, Desai N (February 2020).
715:
is a human-specific disease caused by the bacterium
2754:"Bacteria study offers clues to Typhoid Mary mystery"
2363:
Erdbrink T, Libell HP, Frost N, Yoon J (2021-12-03).
1901:
Eric Levenson and Kristina Sgueglia (10 March 2020).
1875:
Sheena Jones and Christina Maxouris (11 March 2020).
1257:. National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc.
888:
886:
884:
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2419:"How SARS changed the world in less than six months"
2031:"Now, police's Moose Wala song blames 1st causality"
296:, epidemiologists have identified superspreaders in
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3438:
3370:
3337:
3330:
3294:
3287:
3199:
3190:
3077:
2974:
2868:
2861:
2727:"Typhoid Mary case may be cracked, a century later"
788: – Sudden increase in occurrences of a disease
2216:Villegas P, Chason R, Knowles H (8 January 2021).
2056:"India 'super spreader' quarantines 40,000 people"
538:, where around 30 people attentively watched. The
2629:"Revisiting caspase-11 function in host defense"
2459:. National Academies Press (US). pp. 63–71.
1456:Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, eds. (2006).
392:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Korea
232:
1416:
1414:
385:The South Korean spread of confirmed cases of
2833:
530:announced his Supreme Court Justice nominee,
156:, for the disease and population in question;
8:
1173:Computational Modeling of Infectious Disease
1124:"SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) superspreader events"
992:International Journal of Infectious Diseases
952:Computational Modeling of Infectious Disease
829:"Epidemiology: dimensions of superspreading"
415:was held at the Mariott Long Wharf Hotel in
373:Superspreaders during outbreaks or pandemics
152:estimate the effective reproductive number,
81:Some cases of superspreading conform to the
2081:"Vilification of Baldev based on falsehood"
1046:"Superspreading SARS events, Beijing, 2003"
822:
820:
34:9th floor layout of the Hotel Metropole in
4006:
3460:
3334:
3291:
3196:
2865:
2840:
2826:
2818:
2800:at the US Center for Disease Control (CDC)
1530:Fine P, Eames K, Heymann DL (April 2011).
462:were traced back to the mosque gathering.
38:, showing where a superspreading event of
2701:
2652:
2487:
2003:
1954:
1944:
1826:
1816:
1775:
1547:
1394:
1301:
1229:
1147:
1069:
1013:
1003:
981:
979:
926:
860:
592:attended by 120 people, all of whom were
549:Public health experts have said that the
282:= Number of contacts × Shedding potential
2025:
2023:
1039:
1037:
988:"Super-spreaders in infectious diseases"
3914:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
3087:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
1677:"신천지 관련 확진자 76명으로 늘어...대구 교인 의심자만 544명"
816:
4497:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
4389:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
2453:(2004). "Sars: Lessons from Toronto".
1996:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.4.2000058
1460:Section: Vaccine-preventable Diseases"
604:and a country where the company has a
576:, a Norwegian company specializing in
2511:Highfield, Roger (28 November 2006).
2211:
2209:
1719:
1717:
1435:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036121
652:occurred in mid-November 2002 in the
534:. The announcement took place at the
186:is the nth percentile of the Poisson(
167:, representing the expected range of
7:
3744:Compartmental models in epidemiology
2584:Marr JS (May 1999). "Typhoid Mary".
2336:Fouche G, Adomaitis N (2021-12-03).
827:Galvani AP, May RM (November 2005).
780:Compartmental models in epidemiology
217:Western African Ebola virus epidemic
1978:Riou J, Althaus CL (January 2020).
1933:The New England Journal of Medicine
954:. Academic Press. pp. 93–119.
602:SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant outbreak
544:Federal Emergency Management Agency
2789:Past pandemics that ravaged Europe
2489:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009588
1290:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
1181:10.1016/b978-0-32-395389-4.00011-6
1175:. Academic Press. pp. 19–91.
960:10.1016/b978-0-32-395389-4.00012-8
426:at Masjid Jamek, Seri Petaling in
328:Co-infections with other pathogens
25:
594:fully vaccinated against COVID-19
551:2021 United States Capitol attack
422:Between 27 February and 1 March,
219:to reduce funerary transmission.
40:severe acute respiratory syndrome
4493:Economics of Infectious Diseases
2752:McNeil Jr DG (August 26, 2013).
2476:American Journal of Epidemiology
1702:from the original on 16 May 2020
1532:""Herd immunity": a rough guide"
759:
526:On 26 September 2020, President
72:context of a human-borne illness
2783:World Health Organisation (WHO)
1679:. Chosun.com. 21 February 2020.
1633:from the original on 2020-02-20
1573:"The science of superspreading"
1375:Sexually Transmitted Infections
775:Amoy Gardens 2003 SARS outbreak
729:. The most famous carriers are
378:COVID-19 pandemic: 2020–present
4502:Infectious disease informatics
4333:Transmission-based precautions
2627:Ng TM, Monack DM (July 2013).
2105:Bukola Adebayo (11 May 2020).
287:Individual reproductive number
1:
3919:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
3694:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
3055:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
2598:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77031-8
2555:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)11315-6
1597:(in Korean). 20 February 2020
1340:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)02190-9
1095:Encyclopedia of School Health
175:without individual variation;
3481:Aerosol-generating procedure
3259:Silent/Subclinical infection
2959:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
2513:"Typhoid is with us to stay"
1724:Wines M (12 December 2020).
1621:Shin H, Cha S (2020-02-20).
1536:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1222:10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100309
1050:Emerging Infectious Diseases
334:sexually transmitted disease
226:reported in relation to the
4145:Vaccine-preventable disease
4093:Monoclonal antibody therapy
2725:Mohan G (August 14, 2013).
2272:Perfil I (22 August 2021).
1690:Park Han-na (11 May 2020).
1466:. World Bank Publications.
725:is susceptible to creating
4591:
4286:Respiratory source control
2694:10.1016/j.chom.2013.07.010
2645:10.1016/j.chom.2013.06.009
1805:Journal of Travel Medicine
1140:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.11.021
1093:Wiley DC, Cory AC (2013).
1005:10.1016/j.ijid.2010.06.020
744:persists in infected mice
54:) is an event in which an
4430:Global Health Initiatives
4420:Evolutionary epidemiology
4115:Post-exposure prophylaxis
4051:Antimicrobial stewardship
3774:Multiplicity of infection
3739:Basic reproduction number
3515:Percutaneous inoculation
2999:Host–pathogen interaction
2798:Influenza pandemic phases
1097:. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
680:respiratory secretions."
674:type II diabetes mellitus
475:basic reproduction number
263:basic reproduction number
257:Basic reproductive number
4248:Protective sequestration
4110:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
3401:Generational difference
2954:Horizontal gene transfer
2944:Antimicrobial resistance
2301:Hinshaw D (2021-12-03).
1128:The Journal of Infection
986:Stein RA (August 2011).
569:Delta variant in Spain.
4435:Microbial phylogenetics
4353:Wastewater surveillance
3874:Geographic distribution
3749:Critical community size
3547:Surgical site infection
3395:Iatrogenic/Medical care
3314:Microbial translocation
3310:Endogenous reactivation
3305:Normal flora overgrowth
3254:Opportunistic infection
3026:Opportunistic infection
2682:Cell Host & Microbe
2633:Cell Host & Microbe
2308:The Wall Street Journal
1768:10.1126/science.abe3261
1253:Kay J (30 April 2020).
740:It has been found that
600:, the epicenter of the
536:White House Rose Garden
424:a Tablighi Jamaat event
367:herd immunity threshold
240:Factors in transmission
213:International Red Cross
202:2002–2004 SARS outbreak
42:(SARS) occurred in 2003
4507:Microbial bioterrorism
4130:efficacy/effectiveness
3538:Surgical intervention
3430:Breakthrough infection
3052:Genetic predisposition
3036:Susceptible individual
2883:Germ theory of disease
2163:Says AG (2020-11-02).
1501:10.1542/peds.2004-2718
1062:10.3201/eid1002.030732
700:
687:Measles outbreak: 1989
645:
320:hemorrhagic fever and
249:
237:
43:
4343:Universal precautions
3301:Endogenous overgrowth
3153:Poultry and livestock
1946:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
1423:Epidemiologic Reviews
1303:10.1093/infdis/jis923
727:asymptomatic carriers
694:
643:
612:On 3 April 2022, the
572:On 26 November 2021,
417:Boston, Massachusetts
394:(KCDC). According to
353:Lack of herd immunity
247:
109:nosocomial infections
33:
4445:Genomic reassortment
4425:Genetic epidemiology
4264:Health communication
4192:Flattening the curve
4182:Disease surveillance
3965:Systemic/Generalized
3729:Animal disease model
3209:Asymptomatic carrier
2813:How pandemics spread
1387:10.1136/sti.75.4.261
618:Cabinet of Joe Biden
161:Poisson distribution
48:superspreading event
4565:Infectious diseases
4512:Pandemic prevention
4468:Viral phylodynamics
4449:Re-emerging disease
4338:Travel restrictions
3542:Postoperative wound
3511:Blood-borne disease
3493:Respiratory droplet
3405:Vertical/Congenital
3390:Nosocomial/Hospital
3347:Spillover infection
2809:TED-Education video
2549:(9161): 1354–1356.
2523:on 13 February 2011
2517:The Daily Telegraph
2222:The Washington Post
1818:10.1093/jtm/taaa059
1334:(9069): 1868–1873.
1272:Modern Epidemiology
919:10.1038/nature04153
911:2005Natur.438..355L
845:2005Natur.438..293G
697:measles vaccination
648:The first cases of
636:SARS outbreak: 2003
362:dependent happening
18:Superspreader event
4545:Biological hazards
4458:Selection pressure
3754:Force of infection
3382:Contagious disease
3317:Endogenous seeding
3214:Chain of infection
3138:Injection drug use
3049:Vaccination status
2932:Case fatality rate
2850:infectious disease
2759:The New York Times
2370:The New York Times
2085:The Times of India
2035:The Times of India
1730:The New York Times
1658:. 20 February 2020
1549:10.1093/cid/cir007
804:Scale-free network
701:
646:
562:Córdoba, Argentina
250:
129:immune suppression
91:secondary contacts
56:infectious disease
44:
4532:
4531:
4522:Tropical medicine
4463:Synthetic biology
4364:
4363:
4323:Social distancing
4276:Outbreak response
3897:
3896:
3724:Agent-based model
3710:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3249:Natural reservoir
3239:Infectious period
3229:Incubation period
3186:
3185:
3142:Natural disaster
3111:Tropical diseases
3094:Biodiversity loss
3031:Risk of infection
3021:Microbiome health
3014:Immunosuppression
2732:Los Angeles Times
2482:(11): 1103–1110.
1984:Euro Surveillance
1939:(13): 1199–1207.
1190:978-0-323-95389-4
969:978-0-323-95389-4
905:(7066): 355–359.
839:(7066): 293–295.
699:worldwide in 2010
532:Amy Coney Barrett
228:COVID-19 pandemic
16:(Redirected from
4582:
4517:Tropical disease
4453:Reverse zoonosis
4440:One Health Model
4269:Health education
4258:Community health
4177:Cordon sanitaire
4150:Ring vaccination
4120:Repurposed drugs
4007:
3926:Gastrointestinal
3769:Machine learning
3573:Gastrointestinal
3524:Intravenous line
3461:
3375:/Cross-infection
3362:Reverse zoonosis
3335:
3292:
3197:
3178:War and conflict
3046:Nutrition status
3009:Immunodeficiency
2866:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2819:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2656:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2519:. Archived from
2508:
2502:
2501:
2491:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2431:on April 5, 2012
2430:
2424:. Archived from
2423:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2407:. 10 April 2022.
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2169:News-Medical.net
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2007:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1948:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1830:
1820:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1779:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1696:The Korea Herald
1687:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1618:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1577:Science Magazine
1568:
1562:
1561:
1551:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1495:(6): 1287–1291.
1484:
1478:
1477:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1281:
1275:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1233:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1151:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1017:
1007:
998:(8): e510–e513.
983:
974:
973:
947:
941:
940:
930:
890:
875:
874:
864:
824:
786:Disease outbreak
769:
764:
763:
762:
742:Salmonella typhi
718:Salmonella typhi
580:systems, held a
578:renewable energy
494:Sidhu Moose Wala
436:Malaysia's total
346:herpes simplex 2
283:
125:airflow dynamics
21:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4472:
4385:Antigenic shift
4380:Antigenic drift
4371:
4360:
4224:Barrier nursing
4172:Contact tracing
4163:
4156:
4001:
3999:
3992:
3903:
3893:
3794:
3788:
3779:Serial interval
3698:
3682:
3673:Cervico-vaginal
3668:
3659:Trans-placental
3654:
3638:
3606:
3568:
3504:Vascular system
3503:
3497:
3452:
3440:
3434:
3374:
3366:
3326:
3283:
3201:
3182:
3073:
3004:Immune response
2970:
2949:Drug resistance
2893:Infectious dose
2857:
2846:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2764:
2762:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2737:
2735:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2526:
2524:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2383:
2381:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2346:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2319:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2282:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2252:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2198:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2173:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2142:Washington Post
2134:
2133:
2129:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2021:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1860:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1661:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1634:
1627:Thomson Reuters
1620:
1619:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1269:
1262:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1105:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1043:
1042:
1035:
985:
984:
977:
970:
949:
948:
944:
892:
891:
878:
853:10.1038/438293a
826:
825:
818:
813:
767:Medicine portal
765:
760:
758:
755:
735:Brothers Island
710:
689:
638:
622:Merrick Garland
614:Gridiron Dinner
509:Tablighi Jamaat
490:State of Punjab
456:the Philippines
380:
375:
355:
330:
294:contact tracing
289:
281:
277:
268:
259:
242:
190:) distribution.
145:
98:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4588:
4586:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4537:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4491:
4486:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4415:Emergent virus
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4387:
4382:
4376:
4374:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4350:
4348:Vector control
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4291:N95 respirator
4283:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4233:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4164:pharmaceutical
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4013:
4011:
4010:Pharmaceutical
4004:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3961:Cardiovascular
3959:
3954:
3949:
3946:
3941:
3940:Nervous system
3938:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3764:Infection rate
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3519:Injection site
3513:
3507:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3488:Dental aerosol
3485:
3484:
3483:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3410:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3372:Human-to-human
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3269:Super-spreader
3266:
3264:Superinfection
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3173:Vector control
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3102:Climate zones
3100:
3098:Climate change
3095:
3092:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2914:
2912:Quorum sensing
2909:
2908:
2907:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2786:
2778:
2777:External links
2775:
2772:
2771:
2744:
2717:
2688:(2): 171–182.
2668:
2619:
2592:(9165): 1714.
2576:
2533:
2503:
2462:
2442:
2410:
2390:
2355:
2328:
2293:
2264:
2234:
2205:
2180:
2155:
2127:
2097:
2072:
2047:
2019:
1970:
1919:
1893:
1867:
1855:www.abc.net.au
1842:
1791:
1742:
1713:
1682:
1668:
1643:
1608:
1582:
1563:
1542:(7): 911–916.
1522:
1479:
1472:
1448:
1429:(2): 265–302.
1410:
1381:(4): 261–263.
1361:
1317:
1296:(6): 990–998.
1276:
1260:
1245:
1196:
1189:
1163:
1114:
1104:978-1412996006
1103:
1085:
1056:(2): 256–260.
1033:
975:
968:
942:
876:
815:
814:
812:
809:
808:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
770:
754:
751:
709:
706:
688:
685:
670:kidney failure
637:
634:
564:, brought the
555:face coverings
540:outbreak event
379:
376:
374:
371:
354:
351:
329:
326:
288:
285:
279:
266:
258:
255:
241:
238:
222:In April 2020
192:
191:
176:
157:
144:
141:
96:
66:is known as a
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4587:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:Global health
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4367:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4328:Sterilization
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4296:Surgical mask
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:Public health
4251:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4159:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4105:Phage therapy
4103:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4088:Immunotherapy
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4046:Antimicrobial
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4003:
3995:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3937:Genitourinary
3936:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3900:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:in population
3791:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3759:Herd immunity
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:Genitourinary
3641:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3585:Contamination
3583:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3553:Vector-borne
3552:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3339:Cross-species
3336:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3279:Window period
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:Latent period
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3123:Deforestation
3121:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3068:Stress levels
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2900:Pathogenicity
2898:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2748:
2745:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1473:0-8213-6260-7
1469:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
982:
980:
976:
971:
965:
961:
957:
953:
946:
943:
938:
934:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
877:
872:
868:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:
821:
817:
810:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
768:
757:
752:
750:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:
714:
713:Typhoid fever
708:Typhoid fever
707:
705:
698:
693:
686:
684:
681:
677:
675:
671:
666:
664:
659:
655:
651:
642:
635:
633:
631:
627:
626:Gina Raimondo
623:
619:
615:
610:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
567:
566:Delta variant
563:
558:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
520:
518:
513:
510:
505:
502:
499:
496:to release a
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
398:
393:
388:
383:
377:
372:
370:
368:
363:
359:
358:Herd immunity
352:
350:
347:
343:
339:
335:
327:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
286:
284:
275:
272:
264:
256:
254:
246:
239:
236:
231:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
208:
205:
203:
200:
195:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
173:stochasticity
170:
166:
162:
158:
155:
151:
150:
149:
142:
140:
138:
135:with another
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:herd immunity
101:
99:
92:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
68:superspreader
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
32:
19:
4555:Epidemiology
4236:Notification
4207:Hand washing
4202:Food hygiene
4187:Disinfection
4083:Immunization
4034:Anthelmintic
4022:prophylactic
3910:Respiratory
3834:Hyperendemic
3784:WAIFW matrix
3439:Environment-
3192:Transmission
3168:Urbanization
2966:Host tropism
2862:Determinants
2848:Concepts in
2763:. Retrieved
2757:
2747:
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2221:
2197:. Retrieved
2195:. 2020-10-10
2192:
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2168:
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2110:
2100:
2089:. Retrieved
2087:. 2020-03-30
2084:
2075:
2064:. Retrieved
2062:. 2020-03-27
2059:
2050:
2039:. Retrieved
2037:. 2020-03-28
2034:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1936:
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1906:
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1880:
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1859:. Retrieved
1857:. 2020-03-18
1854:
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1134:(1): 36–40.
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678:
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647:
611:
598:South Africa
571:
559:
548:
528:Donald Trump
525:
521:
514:
506:
479:
471:New Rochelle
464:
428:Kuala Lumpur
421:
410:
395:
384:
381:
366:
361:
356:
331:
302:tuberculosis
290:
276:
260:
251:
233:
224:Jonathan Kay
221:
209:
206:
196:
193:
187:
183:
179:
168:
164:
159:construct a
153:
146:
133:co-infection
121:misdiagnosis
102:
94:
80:
76:epidemiology
67:
51:
47:
45:
4489:Eradication
4400:Biosecurity
4125:Vaccination
4100:Inoculation
4078:Drug safety
4073:Combination
4000:and Control
3948:Soft tissue
3902:Anatomical
3869:Seasonality
3849:Mesoendemic
3829:Holoendemic
3822:Farr's laws
3734:Attack rate
3532:Animal bite
3528:Insect bite
3464:Respiratory
3091:Air quality
3079:Environment
2989:Comorbidity
2905:Attack rate
2888:Infectivity
2639:(1): 9–14.
2451:Low, Donald
2435:February 4,
746:macrophages
731:Mary Mallon
630:Tom Vilsack
606:solar panel
517:Tema, Ghana
501:music video
342:hepatitis C
274:potential.
197:During the
4539:Categories
4372:infections
4313:Sanitation
4281:Quarantine
4140:resistance
4058:Antiseptic
4039:Ascaricide
4029:Antifungal
4017:Antibiotic
3998:Prevention
3931:Intestinal
3864:Prevalence
3844:Inequality
3793:Occurrence
3592:Breastmilk
3476:Bioaerosol
3448:Sapronosis
3423:Horizontal
3295:Endogenous
3274:Viral load
3234:Index case
2765:2015-03-03
2738:2015-03-03
2527:2015-03-03
2384:2021-12-03
2349:2021-12-03
2322:2021-12-03
2242:Ámbito I.
2227:January 8,
2199:2021-03-03
2174:2021-03-03
2091:2020-08-17
2066:2020-03-27
2041:2020-08-17
1861:2020-12-29
1735:9 November
1662:2020-02-21
1637:2020-02-20
1489:Pediatrics
1216:: 100309.
1210:One Health
811:References
792:Index case
574:Scatec ASA
387:SARS-CoV-2
336:, such as
199:SARS-CoV-1
163:with mean
143:Definition
117:viral load
83:80/20 rule
4570:Pandemics
4550:Epidemics
4484:Discovery
4410:Disease X
4370:Emerging
4318:Screening
4219:Isolation
4063:Antiviral
3889:Twindemic
3839:Incidence
3716:Modelling
3679:Perinatal
3611:Cutaneous
3502:Linked to
3412:Perinatal
3331:Exogenous
3323:formation
3065:Pregnancy
2922:Endotoxin
2917:Virulence
2379:0362-4331
2317:0099-9660
2283:23 August
1110:symptoms.
695:Rates of
658:Hong Kong
654:Guangdong
584:party in
582:Christmas
444:Indonesia
338:gonorrhea
310:monkeypox
113:virulence
87:epidemics
70:. In the
36:Hong Kong
4575:Zoonoses
4393:EARS-Net
4308:Safe sex
4260:services
4231:Lockdown
4002:measures
3904:location
3884:Syndemic
3879:Sporadic
3859:Pandemic
3854:Outbreak
3812:Epidemic
3665:Prenatal
3557:Mosquito
3441:to-human
3416:Neonatal
3409:Prenatal
3357:Zoonosis
3202:concepts
3133:Humidity
3118:Commerce
2994:Diabetes
2927:Exotoxin
2712:23954156
2663:23870309
2606:10335825
2571:37788256
2563:10218549
2404:NBC News
2253:9 August
2193:BBC News
2060:BBC News
2014:32019669
1965:31995857
1912:13 March
1886:13 March
1837:32307549
1786:33303686
1762:(6529).
1700:Archived
1656:NBC News
1631:Archived
1601:16 March
1558:21427399
1517:27236339
1509:16322148
1405:10615314
1312:23264672
1240:34458545
1158:33245943
1080:15030693
1024:21737332
937:16292310
871:16292292
798:Pandemic
753:See also
723:S. typhi
467:New York
460:Thailand
440:Cambodia
432:Malaysia
314:smallpox
182:, where
180:Z others
137:pathogen
60:infected
4197:Hygiene
4135:booster
4068:Asepsis
3807:Endemic
3802:Cluster
3386:Source
3321:Biofilm
3158:Poverty
3128:Ecology
3106:El Niño
3059:Smoking
2937:factors
2878:Biofilm
2854:Outline
2791:at the
2703:3785333
2654:3785303
2614:1482311
2498:9850133
2343:Reuters
2148:18 July
2135:Cha A.
2123:Sunday.
2005:7001239
1956:7121484
1828:7188142
1777:7857412
1756:Science
1595:글로벌경제신문
1443:8174658
1396:1758225
1356:9723768
1348:9217758
1231:8379334
1149:7685932
1071:3322930
1015:7110524
928:7094981
907:Bibcode
862:7095140
841:Bibcode
663:Kowloon
486:Germany
448:Vietnam
404:at the
397:Reuters
306:rubella
298:measles
271:average
269:is the
171:due to
64:disease
62:with a
4405:CRISPR
4357:Zoning
4212:Gloves
3623:Fomite
3457:Routes
3352:Vector
3219:Fomite
3200:Basic
3163:Travel
3043:Gender
2710:
2700:
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2604:
2586:Lancet
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2260:people
2248:Ámbito
2116:11 May
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628:, and
590:Norway
452:Brunei
413:Biogen
344:, and
131:, and
4477:Other
3985:Fetus
3980:Mouth
3975:Tooth
3970:Blood
3957:Joint
3817:Curve
3687:Other
3634:wound
3632:Open
3602:Feces
3597:Water
3288:Modes
3146:Flood
2870:Agent
2610:S2CID
2567:S2CID
2429:(PDF)
2422:(PDF)
1990:(4).
1811:(3).
1513:S2CID
1352:S2CID
482:Italy
402:Daegu
318:Ebola
4241:list
4162:Non-
3952:Bone
3944:Skin
3628:Soil
3618:Burn
3580:Food
3562:Tick
3224:Host
2984:Burn
2976:Host
2708:PMID
2659:PMID
2602:PMID
2559:PMID
2494:PMID
2437:2016
2375:ISSN
2313:ISSN
2285:2021
2255:2021
2229:2021
2150:2020
2118:2020
2010:PMID
1961:PMID
1914:2020
1888:2020
1833:PMID
1782:PMID
1737:2022
1708:2020
1603:2020
1554:PMID
1505:PMID
1468:ISBN
1439:PMID
1401:PMID
1344:PMID
1308:PMID
1236:PMID
1185:ISBN
1154:PMID
1099:ISBN
1076:PMID
1020:PMID
964:ISBN
933:PMID
867:PMID
672:and
650:SARS
586:Oslo
484:and
458:and
322:SARS
261:The
52:SSEV
4301:PPE
3989:Eye
3650:Sex
3471:Air
3040:Age
2793:BBC
2698:PMC
2690:doi
2649:PMC
2641:doi
2594:doi
2590:353
2551:doi
2547:353
2484:doi
2480:148
2111:CNN
2000:PMC
1992:doi
1951:PMC
1941:doi
1937:382
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1881:CNN
1823:PMC
1813:doi
1772:PMC
1764:doi
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