2258:; Professor Yuji Yamada and Associate Professor Yuya Yoshimaru of the Faculty of Humanities of Mie university; and Toshitsune Watanabe, former chairman of the Koga Ninjutsu Research Association. The symposium discussed about the allegedy rivalry about the two most famous ninja groups based in Iga and Kōka. It was though that the reason of perceived rivalries between them due to the Iga ninja mostly known for their service to the Tokugawa clan, while the Kōka due to their service to the Toyotomi clan. The battles between two groups has been fictionalized and dramatized by modern media and entertainments, such as Yamada Futaro's novel "Koga Ninpocho," published in 1959. Ikeda Yutaka, a senior ninja at the Iga Ninja Research Group, who organized the symposium, said that the Iga and Koga ninja were actually allied and sometimes started uprisings. He further added that there were also many marriages between the two groups, and the Hattori family name, which represents Iga, is also found in many Koga families.
2172:
1973:
994:
753:
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44:
1530:
2304:). There are approximately 3 student enrollments per year. Students must pass an admission test about Japanese history and be able to read historical ninja documents. Scientific researchers and scholars of different disciplines study ancient documents and how it can be used in the modern world. Another medieval document that Mie professor Tatsuo Fujita is paying attention to is the "Koka-gun Magistrate-General and Iga Magistrate-General Rensho Kishomon" from 1573 (the first year of the Tensho era).
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620:, demands for such unconventional operations increased. Meanwhile, Turnbull also stated there is no evidence to prove that Ninja were actively employed as professional assassins and it could be argued that they were just hired bandits. Modern historian Tatsuo Fujita opined that, based on the historical texts in 16th century by Naito Munekatsu, vassal of the
1165:
1436:(possibly Kirigakure Shikaemon) attempted to assassinate Hideyoshi with a spear, but was unsuccessful, as his attempt was foiled by a ninja worked under the command of Hideyoshi who smoked his place. However, the reliability of this story was considered fictional publications as it was the same publisher which depicted Saizō as one of the legendary
964:
1142:, which was owned by Rokkaku Yoshitaka, who was also the employer of Iga Ninja previously. However, those ninja agents refused to take orders and threatened to desert the operation if they were not allowed to conduct the operation in their own way. The fire was eventually set, allowing Nagamasa's army to capture the castle.
624:, ninja warriors were actually feared as mercenaries who were proficient in the castle siege warfare. Buildings were constructed with traps and trip wires attached to alarm bells to prevent enemy ninja infiltrations. In battle, the ninja were also used to cause confusion amongst the enemy. A degree of
2319:
released the copy of "Kanrinseiyo", the source of a ninjitsu art record called "Bansenshukai" from 1676 which was found
Kazuraki Shrine warehouse. The copy was produced in 1748. The book describes 48 types of ninjutsu. It contains information about some ninjitsu techniques such as attaching layers of
2307:
In 2020, the 45-year-old
Genichi Mitsuhashi was the first student to graduate from the master course of ninja studies at Mie University. For 2 years he studied historical records and the traditions of the martial art. Similar to the original ninja, by day he was a farmer and grew vegetables while he
1412:
secret police institution whose members hailed from the confederation warriors of Koka and Iga areas. It has been argued that the circulation of the myth about
Hattori Hanzō ninja army helping Ieyasu were created as propaganda to increase the prestige of Iga and Koka clan confederations in Tokugawa
1633:
castle—volunteered despite being warned that chances of survival were slim. A volley of shots was fired into the sky, causing the defenders to extinguish the castle lights in preparation. Under the cloak of darkness, ninja disguised as defenders infiltrated the castle, capturing a banner of the
1378:
The local Koka-Ikki ninjas and Iga-Ikki ninjas under Hanzo who helped leyasu to travel to safety consisted of three hundred Ninjas. Furthermore, Uejima
Hidetomo, a researcher of Iga Ninja history, has stated there is research which revealed that Hattori Yasuji, one of the ninjas who accompanied
544:
as evidence that ninja were not simple mercenaries because texts contained not only information on combat training, but also information about daily needs, which even included mining techniques. The guidance provided for daily work also included elements that enable the ninja to understand the
345:
asserts that the ninja were mostly recruited from the lower class, and therefore little literary interest was taken in them. The social origin of the ninja is seen as the reason they agree to operate in secret, trading their service for money without honor and glory. The scarcity of historical
2261:
In 2016, on
December Iga city Mayor Sakae Okamoto, who is also a collector of local materials, discovered a catalog sent to him by a used bookstore in Kyoto. It was purchased with city funds, and designated a city cultural property in March of this year. This is a written pledge made when 10
1628:
ordered a raid on the castle's provisions. Here, the Kōga captured bags of enemy provisions, and infiltrated the castle by night, obtaining secret passwords. Days later, Nobutsuna ordered an intelligence gathering mission to determine the castle's supplies. Several Kōga ninja—some apparently
1510:, heir of Naomasa who also given control of Ii clan's Red Demons ninja squad after Naomasa died. Later in 1615, during the summer phase of Osaka siege, The Ii clan Red Demons ninjas led by Miura Yo'emon, Shimotani Sanzo, Okuda Kasa'emon, and Saga Kita'emon saw action once again during the
2253:
In 2015 report, a "Ninja
Symposium" held in Iga City which involved forefront researchers of ninja and ninjutsu history, including Atsumi Nakajima, chairman of the Koryu Martial Arts Association; Jinichi Kawakami, the 21st head of the Koga Party and a professor of social cooperation at
1383:. The attacks from Ochimusha-gari finally ended as they reached the former territory of the Kōka ikki, who were friendly to the Tokugawa clan. The Koka ninja assisted the Tokugawa escort group in eliminating the threats of Ochimusha-gari outlaws, then escorting them until they reached
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stated that the Iga and Kōka ninja usually infiltrated enemy castles. Turnbull further added that Ninja gained notability as hired mercenaries during the 15th century to use many asymmetrical warfare tactics such as scouting operations, raiding operations, arson, and even
1642:
We dispersed spies who were prepared to die inside Hara castle. ... those who went on the reconnaissance in force captured an enemy flag; both
Arakawa Shichirobei and Mochizuki Yo'emon met extreme resistance and suffered from their serious wounds for 40
506:. Physical training involved long-distance runs, climbing, and stealth methods of walking. Training in techniques of disguise was also taught. Some evidence of medical training can be derived from one account, where an Iga ninja provided medical attention to
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1995:(13th–14th centuries): a youth whose exiled father was ordered to death by the monk Homma Saburō. Kumakawa took his revenge by sneaking into Homma's room while he was asleep, and assassinating him with his own sword. He was son of a high counselor to
364:, which focus mainly on the aristocratic samurai, whose deeds were apparently more appealing to the audience. Historian Kiyoshi Watatani states that the ninja were trained to be particularly secretive about their actions and existence:
1131:) belongs to the enemy clan, and recreated replica lanterns with the similar crest. By wielding these lanterns, they were allowed to enter the castle by the guards. As they entered the castle, they immediately set fire to the castle.
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said the flat throwing stones were used to prevent the chasing enemies from moving. The clay caltrops also believed could stop the besieging enemies. These weapons were hastily constructed yet effective and used by a squad of ninja.
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to fly and warfare to drop bombs from the sky also became another subject of legends. Turnbull suggests that kites lifting a man into midair might have been technically feasible, but states that the use of kites to form a human
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as their weapon of choice, which was carried on the back. The scabbard of the katana sword of a ninja could be extended out of the sword and used as a long probing device. The sword could also be used to scale a wall, using
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Many famous people in
Japanese history have been associated or identified as ninja, but their status as ninja is difficult to prove and may be the product of later imagination. Rumors surrounding famous warriors, such as
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was the chief role of the ninja. With the aid of disguises, the ninja gathered information on enemy terrain and building specifications as well as obtaining passwords and communiques. The aforementioned supplement to the
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1695:(domain), or change their profession. Many lords still hired ninja, not for battle but as bodyguards or spies. Their duties included spying on other domains, guarding the daimyō, and fire patrol. A few domains like
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temple— describes a sabotaging operation in which an Iga ninja squad entered Kasagi castle in secret and set fire to a few of the priests' quarters. They also set fire to outbuildings in various places inside the
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Takino
Jurobei (16th century): The commander of some of the final resistance against Oda Nobunaga in his invasion of Iga. Momochi Sandayu, Fujibayashi Nagato no Kami, and Hattori Hanzō served as his officers.
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books described specifically what tactics ninja should use to fight, and the scenarios in which a ninja might find themselves can be deduced from those tactics. For example, in the manuscript of volume 2 of
1502:. Takatora brought the Musokunin auxiliaries from Iga province to besiege the Osaka castle during the winter phase. Meanwhile the ninja units of Iga province were deployed under several commanders such as
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Momochi Sandayū (16th century): a leader of the Iga ninja clans, who supposedly perished during Oda
Nobunaga's attack on Iga province. There is some belief that he escaped death and lived as a farmer in
1489:
Ninjas. Aside from Ninjas, he also employs local clans of Iga province as "Musokunin", which is a class of part time Samurai who has been allowed to retain their clan name but does not own any land or
590:, military historian Hanawa Hokinoichi writes of the ninja that they travelled in disguise into foreign territories to scout enemy forces, set enemy castles on fire, and carry out assassinations using
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techniques recorded in scrolls and manuals revolve around ways to avoid detection and methods of escape. These techniques were loosely grouped under corresponding natural elements. Some examples are:
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representatives each from the Iga Sokoku Ikki and Koka Gunchuso, autonomous organizations of the Iga and Koka clans which gathered together to jointly adjudicate on the right to use the common land.
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who has been displaced by war. They formed self-defense forces which operates outside the law, while in actuality they often resorted to hunt samurais or soldiers who has been defeated in wars.
1485:. The domain at first worth of to the 220,000, then grow further in productivity to the total revenue of 320,000 koku under Takatora governance. It was reported that Tōdō Takatora employs the
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and grass. This desperation would mount to futile charges by the rebels, where they were eventually defeated by the shogunate army. The Kōga would later take part in conquering the castle:
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4444:..; Nihon Yoso-kai Annual Report", Japanese historical materials also show that Ieyasu distributed a large amount of gold and silver to his subordinates) A certain " Ishikawa Tadashi Sosho
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What we can conclude from the writing is that it was already well-known among people in the end of Sengoku period that sneaking and making night attacks were Ninja's favorite tactics.
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to walk on water. This footwear distributed the wearer's weight over the shoes' wide bottom surface, allowing the wearer to walk on the surface of water. The name of this equipment
405:
from bamboo, how to make footwear that makes no sound, fighting techniques when surrounded by many enemies, precautions when using swords at night, how to listen to small sounds,
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5667:
716:) facilitated travel, as they were common and could travel freely between political boundaries. The loose robes of Buddhist priests also allowed concealed weapons, such as the
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cotton to the bottom of straw sandals to prevent noise when sneaking, self defense when surrounded by multiple opponents, throwing charred powder to hide one's presence, and
1522:
in an effort to spread rumors and misinformation to weaken the enemy forces internally. Later On the Osaka battles, these hired ninja fought alongside regular troops at the
2246:
806:(jackets) made with armour hidden between layers of cloth. Shin and arm guards along with metal-reinforced hoods are also speculated to have made up the ninja's armor.
1213:
The clans of Iga and Kōla became professionals which specifically trained for the asymmetrical warfare tactics of the ninja. These ninja mercenary were often hired by
2499:). From ancient Japan to the modern world media, popular depictions range from the realistic to the fantastically exaggerated, both fundamentally and aesthetically.
1514:, as they were reportedly fought together with the Tokugawa regular army storming on the south gate of Osaka castle. In 1614, the initial "winter campaign" at the
4019:
831:, featuring spikes at both ends to anchor the ladder. Spiked or hooked climbing gear worn on the hands and feet also doubled as weapons. Other implements include
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Many ubiquitous stereotypes about ninja were developed within Edo theatre. These include their black clothing, which was supposed to imitate the outfits worn by
1732:
knowledge to become doctors, medicine sellers, merchants, martial artists, and fireworks manufacturers. Some unemployed ninja were reduced to banditry, such as
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1259:
rifles. However, his attempts was failed as his shots failed to penetrate the armor of Nobunaga. Sugitani was captured 4 years later and tortured to death.
1202:
stated that the origin of those ninja clans were traced to the family of Kawai Aki-no-kami of Iga. This is also supported by the supplementary record to the
710:
states that their missions were to disguise themselves as firewood gatherers in order to gain information about the enemy. The attire of a mountain ascetic (
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to communicate, so they could recognize their allies during their covert operations and when in disguise, as they dressed in the same clothes as the enemy.
5783:
The history of science and technology: a browser's guide to the great discoveries, inventions, and the people who made them, from the dawn of time to today
1125:(ninja term for a squad's captain). To conduct their operation, the ninja squad also stole a lantern which based on the drawing of the family crest on it (
310:
had become a topic of popular culture in Japan which featured in many legend and folklore, where they were associated with many supernatural abilitiles.
1931:
manuals were written by descendants of Hattori Hanzō as well as members of the Fujibayashi clan, an offshoot of the Hattori. Major examples include the
3913:
Goshiki-mai: These dyed rice grains were used to create discreet trails that could be followed either by the original dropper or by sharp-eyed comrades
2352:
theatre, ninja were "dishonorable and often sorcerous counterparts" to samurai, and possessed "almost, if not outright, magical means of camouflage."
2205:
and plays about ninja were conceived. Stories about the ninja are usually based on historical figures. For instance, many similar tales exist about a
1299:
continued until 1581, when Nobunaga attacked the Iga Province and destroyed those clans who rebelled against him. The Iga clans survivors fled to the
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1683:. These written accounts are the last mention of ninja in war. After the Shimabara Rebellion, there were almost no major wars or battles until the
7813:
5992:
Maekawa, Tomohide (2019). "藤堂藩伊賀者の系譜『冨治林家由緒書』をひもとく/ Unraveling the Genealogy of the Iga Clan's Todo Domain: The History of the Fujibayashi clan".
1518:
saw the ninja in use once again. Miura Yoemon, a ninja in Tokugawa's service, recruited agents from Iga province, and sent 10 of his members into
1064:
group. Although its unlikely related to the commonly known ninja of later era. Earliest recorded ninja activities were traced during the reign of
3312:
940:) was also used by the ninja. Variant explosives such as soft-cased grenades designed to release smoke or poison gas, along with iron or ceramic
787:) during their work, as depicted in modern media, there is no evidence for such attire. Instead, ninja usually operated disguised as civilians.
5636:
2841:
2109:(16th century): a samurai of the Sengoku period, in the 16th century of the common era, who served as an important retainer of the Sanada clan.
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Ninja usually worked in a team to scale a wall by providing a human platform to assist their team members in reaching the top of the wall. The
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since at least 1487. After the suppression of the Iga province by Nobunaga, some of them escaped from the province and sought refuge with the
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1387:, where they were further protected by another group from Iga-ikki which accompanied the Ieyasu group until they safely reached Mikawa. The
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The use of disguises was common and is well documented. Ninjas disguised themselves as priests, entertainers, fortune tellers, merchants,
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However, modern scholars such as Tatsuo Fujita doubted the credibility of Hattori Hanzō's ninja army theory, since it first appeared in
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The Ukai diary, written by a descendant of Ukai Kanemon, has several entries describing the reconnaissance actions taken by the Kōga.
1023:, stagehands in black suits, to make their attacks seem more surprising. This practice gave rise to their stereotypical black outfits.
894:) colored (red, blue, yellow, black, purple) rice grains were used in a code system, and to make trails that could be followed later.
650:: The practice of distracting guards by starting a fire away from the ninja's planned point of entry. Falls under "fire techniques" (
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1972:
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1459:, stealing his battle standard, which later hoisted on the Hasedō Castle's gate, demoralized the Uesugi troops greatly in effect.
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382:, which have the aims of ensuring that one's opponent does not know of one's existence, and for which there was special training.
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1451:, while the Kōka acted as a police force and assisted in guarding the outer gate. It was said that at one occasion, a group of
1240:, Tokugawa dispatched a group of 80 Kōka ninja under the command of Tomo Sukesada, which was tasked to raid an outpost of the
4402:
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were uncovered which experts say are ninja weapons. Ninja were spies and saboteurs and likely participated in the siege. The
483:). The ninja clans organized into a larger confederation, with their own respective territories. A system of rank existed: a
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rank ("lower person"), field agents drawn from the lower class for field operations. Ninja trainees also studied survival,
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founded the world's first research centre devoted to the ninja. A graduate master course opened in 2018. It is located in
1903:—along with the earlier tradition of using Iga and Kōga clan members as palace guards—have led some sources to define the
1661:
More and more general raids were begun, the Kōga ninja band under the direct control of Matsudaira Nobutsuna captured the
1389:
1281:, three ninja attempted to assassinate him with rifles, but failed and instead killed seven of Nobunaga's attendants. The
795:
2324:. It also contain practical methods to manufacture and use tools such as cane swords and "makibishi" (Japanese caltrop).
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Ninja are believed to have used a large variety of tools and weaponries, including climbing equipment, extending spears,
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Based on the combination of colors they dropped, or the number of grains, the Ninja could make over 100 different codes.
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They were ordered to reconnoitre the plan of construction of Hara Castle, and surveyed the distance from the defensive
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2561:. These mythical stories believed to be stemmed from popular imagination of mysterious status and Japanese art of the
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52:
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journal records that the escort group of Ieyasu had suffered roughly 200 casualties during their journey from Osaka.
1340:
253:) means "to steal away; to hide" and—by extension—"to forbear", hence its association with stealth and invisibility.
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2068:(16th century): the wife of Mochizuke Moritoki. Chiyome created a school for girls, which taught skills required of
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Accounts about ninjas' armor cannot be verified. Depictions of famous persons later deemed ninja often show them in
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between 1485 and 1581. Specifically, the Iga professionals were sought after for their skill at siege warfare, or "
2056:(d. 1603): a ninja rumored to have killed Hattori Hanzō, with whom he was supposedly rivals. The fictional weapon
823:
Tools used for infiltration and espionage are some of the most abundant artifacts related to the ninja. Ropes and
43:
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5488:[A historic reconciliation on "Ninja Day"... "Iga vs. Koga" is a fiction created by anime and novels!?].
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and historian Nakanishi Gō announced that they had identified three people who were successful in early modern
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leyasu on his journey in Iga province, also served as a bodyguard and espionage officer under Muromachi Shogun
941:
906:
776:-propelled arrows, and small collapsible boats, which are described and illustrated in the 17th century record
214:
35:
1327:
After the assassination of Oda Nobunaga, Iga and Kōka ninja, according to tradition, helped Ieyasu undergo an
1223:", which included night attacks and ambush. By the 1460s, the leading families in the regions had established
2097:(1503–1569): a famed 16th-century ninja master during the Sengoku period who was also known as "Flying Katō".
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1495:. The Musokunin also worked as farmer during peace, while they are obliged to take arms in the time of war.
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744:, were also effective, as the large "basket" hats traditionally worn by them concealed the head completely.
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With the fall of Hara Castle, the Shimabara Rebellion came to an end, and Christianity in Japan was forced
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There is also recorded non Japanese ninja in history. On February 25, 2018, Yamada Yūji, the professor of
1963:
1603:), the depth of the moat, the conditions of roads, the height of the wall, and the shape of the loopholes.
31:
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outfits could have allowed the ninja to spy in enemy buildings without rousing suspicion. Disguises as a
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Shimotsuge no Kizaru (16th century): an influential Iga ninja who in 1560 successfully led an attack on
2087:, the other two being Hattori Hanzō and Momochi Sandayū. Fujibayashi's descendants wrote and edited the
1584:
who concealed their appearance would steal up to the castle every night and go inside as they pleased."
1557:
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Yamato Takeru dressed as a maidservant, preparing to kill the Kumaso leaders. Woodblock print on paper.
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625:
357:
164:
6194:, vol. 4: Early Modern Japan, translated by Harold Bolitho, New York: Cambridge University Press,
4521:["Iga Cross" The history of the accompanying ninja is known to Ieyasu and Yoshiaki Ashikaga?].
2717:
2569:. For example, Nakagawa Shoshunjin, the 17th century founder of Nakagawa-ryū, claimed in his own work (
2507:
332:. According to traditional evaluation, the ninja were stealth soldiers and mercenaries hired mostly by
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1273:, although the mission failed and Rokurō was forced to commit suicide. According to a document, the
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DH Publishing is Tokyo's #1 publisher of Japanese pop culture books for the English speaking world.
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after the Eastern Army's victory at Sekigahara, the Iga acted as guards for the inner compounds of
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hunter) gangs to secure the way for Ieyasu, while sometimes also bribing some of the more amenable
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challenging a ninja to prove his worth, usually by stealing his pillow or weapon while he slept.
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1198:. The remote location of Iga may have contributed to ninja's secretive development. The chronicle
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school. Muneyoshi's grandson, Jubei Muneyoshi, told tales of his grandfather's status as a ninja.
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1909:
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1429:
1428:, although it ended in failure. There is a record that there is an assassination attempt were on
1405:
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1207:
459:. During this time, there are some definitive terms to classify their activities such as spying (
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In 1603, a group of ninja from Iga clan led by Miura Yo'emon were assigned under the command of
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Japan: its history, traditions, and religions: With the narrative of a visit in 1879, Volume 2
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evolved to describe what would later be dubbed ninja. The first known English use of the word
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451:, at a time when the Shogunate used the ninja in an intelligence network to monitor regional
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Invisible armor: An Introduction to the Esoteric Dimension of Japan's Classical Warrior Arts
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Japanese capitals in historical perspective: place, power and memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo
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or "fallen warrior hunter" groups has emerged. these groups were disenfranchised peasant or
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2154:
2027:
1996:
1776:
1561:
1553:
1503:
1195:
122:
4437:
3142:
2094:
1172:, nested in secluded mountains, gave rise to villages specialized in the training of ninja.
7224:
7109:
7040:
6987:
6835:
6754:
6413:
4041:
3109:
2375:
2131:
2124:
2043:
2031:
1806:
1737:
1700:
1635:
1573:
1421:
In an undisclosed time, a ninja named Hachisuka Tenzō was sent by Nobunaga to assassinate
1356:
1352:
1336:
1304:
1266:
1135:
1118:
1034:
799:
791:
533:
280:
6627:
6150:
Satake, Akihiro; Yasumada, Hideo; Kudō, Rikio; Ōtani, Masao; Yamazaki, Yoshiyuki (2003),
3126:
Yorozu yo ni / Kokoro ha tokete / Waga seko ga / Tsumishi te mitsutsu / Shinobi kanetsumo
2021:
1939:
1927:
were allowed to employ ninja or shinobi. In the two centuries that followed, a number of
1766:
1653:
As the siege went on, the extreme shortage of food later reduced the defenders to eating
1581:
778:
420:
295:), which make up the form of kanji for "woman" (女). In fiction written in the modern era
185:
4422:
3811:
414:
283:
which means "woman"; it supposedly comes from the characters くノ一 (respectively hiragana
7793:
7326:
7114:
7075:
7012:
6849:
6664:
6255:
6212:
5918:
5660:"First copy of centuries-old ninja training manual discovered, doesn't understand dogs"
5411:
4350:
4269:
4251:
3318:
3193:
3102:
2941:
2630:
2566:
2387:
2312:
2301:
2293:
2286:
2277:
has no place in modern times. Instead, Kawakami serves as the honorary director of the
2255:
2146:
2142:
2106:
2100:
2011:
1992:
1976:
1886:
1836:
1786:
1718:, though the role of espionage was transferred to newly created organizations like the
1613:
1569:
1515:
1499:
1456:
1425:
1187:
1139:
921:
824:
689:
633:
617:
561:
464:
341:
Despite many popular folktales, historical accounts of the ninja are scarce. Historian
324:
145:
138:
4243:
Lecture No. 4: "The Samurai Powers in the Kinai (Capital Region) and Iga" – (2nd term)
7787:
7543:
7504:
7266:
7119:
6097:
5822:
4478:
2550:
2546:
2363:. Ninja appear in many forms of Japanese and Western popular media, including books (
2112:
1846:
1826:
1796:
1467:
1372:
1312:
1300:
1270:
1051:
443:
266:
48:
5335:
2040:
manuals published by his descendants have led some sources to define him as a ninja.
434:
7610:
7319:
7238:
7134:
7124:
7104:
6208:
4498:. Translated by Atsuko Oda. Mie University Faculty of Humanities, Law and Economics
4462:
2865:
2809:
2582:
2542:
2534:
2455:
2421:
2149:, including the ninja Benkei Musō (弁慶夢想). Musō is thought to be the same person as
2120:
2077:
2047:
2007:
1816:
1630:
1519:
1482:
1384:
1289:
1241:
1183:
1169:
1127:
827:
were common, and were tied to the belt. A collapsible ladder is illustrated in the
621:
155:
6976:
4832:. Translated by Atsuko Oda. Mie University Facultyof Humanities, Law and Economics
2273:, decided against passing on his teaching to any student, stating that the art of
1543:
A final but detailed record of ninja employed in open warfare occurred during the
1282:
1255:
In 1571, a Kōka ninja Sugitani Zenjubō attempted to assassinate Nobunaga with two
1155:
1090:
239:
appears in the written record as far back as the late 8th century in poems in the
6543:
5781:
5682:
4827:
4669:
4632:
4599:
4493:
4247:
1966:
sometimes describe them as ninja, but there is little evidence for these claims.
7717:
7652:
7273:
7259:
7252:
6969:
6806:
6684:
5895:
4884:
3839:
2521:
seal, which allows him to transform into a giant rat. Woodblock print on paper.
2321:
2083:
Fujibayashi Nagato (16th century): considered to be one of three "greatest" Iga
1945:
1704:
1624:
Suspecting that the castle's supplies might be running low, the siege commander
1618:
1565:
1452:
688:: The practice of curling into a ball and remaining motionless to appear like a
579:
gives an account of a coordinated team of infiltrators, who usually made use of
567:
399:(万川集海), there are 48 points of ninja's fighting techniques, such as how to make
5512:
2565:. Such magical powers stories were believed to be the works in the ninja's own
7696:
7571:
7557:
7518:
7476:
7351:
7312:
7099:
7068:
7019:
6916:
6902:
6828:
6733:
6719:
6677:
2855:
2837:
2792:
2625:
2562:
2530:
2198:
1754:
1696:
1691:
1507:
1491:
1486:
1478:
1463:
1448:
1401:
1348:
1039:
936:
912:
740:
675:
550:
507:
425:
5323:
4105:
318:
It was believed the espionage activities of Ninja were attributed to Chinese
7738:
7645:
7564:
7455:
7333:
7298:
7164:
7061:
6881:
6874:
6761:
6026:
Classical weaponry of Japan: special weapons and tactics of the martial arts
2775:
2724:
2590:
2461:
2348:, which was meant to contrast with the use of swords by onstage samurai. In
2242:
2230:
2000:
1689:
era. To earn a living, ninja had to be employed by the governments of their
1685:
1249:
1178:
712:
609:
595:
503:
407:
401:
150:
130:
118:
110:
7365:
7231:
6726:
6610:
6276:
Religion in Japan: arrows to heaven and earth, article 1: Notes on the kuji
6143:
5900:
The first samurai: the life and legend of the warrior rebel, Taira Masakado
5637:"Copy of legendary book on art of ninja found at shrine in west Japan city"
4409:
Akira Imatani"Practice of attacking fallen warriors"; 2000; p.153 chapter 4
3873:
1895:
734:
678:
over water to conceal underwater movement. Falls under "water techniques" (
545:
martial qualities of even the most menial task. These factors show how the
6616:
6490:
6345:
5534:
2237:
forces. The uncovered flat throwing stones are likely predecessors of the
7731:
7724:
7703:
7682:
7670:
7585:
7469:
7418:
7404:
7245:
7157:
6948:
6895:
6888:
6784:
6747:
6712:
6691:
6586:
6571:
6535:
6520:
6505:
6390:
2949:
2888:
2873:
2757:
2740:
2690:
2602:
2522:
2341:
2297:
2238:
2036:
1933:
1865:
1724:
1409:
1315:. One of the most prominent members was Fujibayashi Yasumasa, son of the
1307:. Prior to the conquest of Kōka in 1574, the two confederacies worked in
1293:
1151:
1078:
974:
953:
930:
852:
815:
728:
723:
718:
702:
580:
519:
491:
rank ("middle person"), whose task was to be a personal assistant to the
476:
370:
275:
6099:
Encyclopedia of Japan: Japanese History and Culture, from Abacus to Zori
3457:
Ninja: Ancient Shadow Warriors of Japan (The Secret History of Ninjutsu)
3153:
is 志乃備, its meaning and characters are unrelated to the later mercenary
1347:
groups across the route. During this journey, Tokugawa generals such as
442:
Later in history, the Kōga ninja would become regarded as agents of the
192:
7710:
7617:
7511:
7425:
7305:
7199:
7185:
7005:
6962:
6867:
6705:
5993:
4601:
Ninja Ancient Shadow Warriors of Japan (The Secret History of Ninjutsu)
4574:
4094:"Reenacting Japan's Past That Never Was: The Ninja in Tourism and Larp"
2908:
2596:
2517:
2393:
2175:
2115:(1536–1571): a powerful Kōka samurai ninja who in 1568 allied with the
2003:
Daizenboh who helped Kumawakamaru's revenge was Suppa, a kind of ninja.
1164:
844:
636:
and hoisted it to next day to demoralize Kanetsugu's army in the war.
329:
2221:
A copy of the legendary 40-page book called "Kanrinseiyo" made in 1748
2046:(1558–1594): Goemon reputedly tried to drip poison from a thread into
660:: The practice of climbing a tree and camouflaging oneself within the
258:
250:
141:, although antecedents may have existed as early as the 12th century.
7638:
7631:
7550:
7448:
7372:
7280:
7206:
7178:
7171:
7033:
6955:
6941:
6698:
4098:
Reenactment Case Studies: Global Perspectives on Experiential History
3265:
Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies
2538:
2449:
2433:
2427:
2349:
2333:
2069:
1980:
1871:
1549:
1215:
1061:
1056:
1016:
1012:
899:
873:
836:
832:
773:
499:
447:
334:
17:
6446:
Takeda Shinobi Hiden: Unveiling Takeda Shingen's Secret Ninja Legacy
6274:
Waterhouse, David (1996), Peter F. Kornicki; James McMullen (eds.),
6118:
Secrets of the samurai: a survey of the martial arts of feudal Japan
1339:. However, their journey was very dangerous due to the existence of
963:
920:
appeared in a booklet by Heishichirō Okuse in 1956. Ninja also used
5920:
The analysis of performance art: a guide to its theory and practice
2340:, stagehands meant to be ignored by the audience; and their use of
1248:
chronicle, where those Kōka set fire to its towers, and killed the
7578:
7462:
7411:
7397:
7358:
6842:
6740:
6217:
Buddhas and kami in Japan: honji suijaku as a combinatory paradigm
2506:
2483:
2466:
2444:
2356:
2216:
2170:
1971:
1612:
1528:
1332:
1229:
1163:
1033:
925:
840:
808:
751:
560:
413:
223:
218:
209:
197:
191:
126:
42:
1138:
generals hired three Iga ninja during the capture of a castle in
783:
Although it is commonly believed that the ninja wore black garb (
628:
in the capturing of enemy banners can be seen illustrated in the
175:
in the 17th century, the ninja faded into obscurity. A number of
7483:
7192:
6923:
4492:
Yamada Yuji (2017). "7. Tokugawa Ieyasu's passing through Iga".
2577:
2103:(16th century): a purported Iga ninja during the Sengoku period.
1923:
1654:
1592:
1060:, Takeru disguised as woman and assassinated two leaders of the
661:
183:, were written in the 17th and 18th centuries, most notably the
6631:
4879:
4877:
4875:
3928:
More Secrets of the Ninja: Their Training, Tools and Techniques
2573:) that he had the ability to transform into birds and animals.
2359:
medium also growing during 1960-1970s, with the series such as
1481:, a newly established domain which covered portions of Iga and
1288:
persisted until 1574, when it was forced to become a vassal of
549:
established among the ninja class the fundamental principle of
5940:
Martial arts of the world: an encyclopedia, Volume 2: Ninjutsu
3342:
1050:
was attributed retrospectively to 2nd-century prince of Japan
910:. There is no known historical information about the straight
510:, a general of Tokugawa who was injured by gunfire during the
2511:
Actor portraying Nikki Danjō, a villain from the kabuki play
2308:
did ninja studies and trained martial arts in the afternoon.
27:
Covert agent, mercenary, or guerrilla warrior in feudal Japan
3898:
Ninja Attack!: True Tales of Assassins, Samurai, and Outlaws
1408:. During his rule, Yoshimune was known for establishing the
612:. These tactics were considered abhorrent by members of the
438:) to instruct on the ideal time for taking certain actions.
6483:
Hisshō no heihō ninjutsu no kenkyū: gendai o ikinuku michi
1714:
Many former ninja were employed as security guards by the
5582:"Japan university awards first-ever ninja studies degree"
3730:
3728:
3726:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3390:
3388:
1498:
In 1614, The Iga province warriors saw action during the
1005:, Ashikaga Mitsuuji is approached unknowingly by a ninja.
632:, in which a ninja once stole the banner of samurai lord
6168:
Takagi, Ichinosuke; Gomi, Tomohide; Ōno, Susumu (1962),
5576:
5574:
4261:
Lecture No.2: Activities of Igashu in the Sengoku Period
3593:
3591:
3589:
2006:
Kumawaka (the 16th century): a suppa (ninja) who served
1629:
descended from those involved in the 1562 assault on an
517:
The skill sets of ninja agents known in modern times as
168:– "revolts" or "leagues" – as a means of self-defense.
137:. They often appear in the historical record during the
5026:
harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFStephen_Turnbull2012 (
5007:
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4988:
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4912:
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4792:
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4773:
harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFStephen_Turnbull2008 (
4754:
harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFStephen_Turnbull2012 (
4266:
Conference with the Cooperation of Iga on Ninja Culture
4248:
Conference with the Cooperation of Iga on Ninja Culture
3137:
1015:
plays. In Japanese theatre, ninja are often dressed as
5604:"Japan university to set up ninja research facilities"
4950:
harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFIwata_Nishizawa1917 (
4546:"(Editorial) Regarding the original of Ietada's diary"
4199:
4197:
3498:
3496:
3405:
3403:
2342:
2334:
2197:
The image of the ninja entered popular culture in the
1979:
escapes his pursuers by swinging across the moat on a
1899:
and government officials. The secretive nature of the
1277:, when Nobunaga was inspecting Iga province after the
1017:
982:
975:
5492:(in Japanese). The Sankei Shimbun. 2018. pp. 1–4
4725:
4124:
4122:
3605:(in Japanese). The Sankei Shimbun. 2018. pp. 1–3
2178:
battles a giant python with the help of his summoned
5557:"'Last Ninja' Becomes University Ninjutsu Professor"
5535:"Study/Circles|Ninja Iga-ryu - Iga-ryu Ninja Museum"
5283:
5281:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5066:
5064:
5039:
5037:
4634:
Samurai An Encyclopedia of Japan's Cultured Warriors
1269:, attempted to assassinate Nobunaga by infiltrating
603:
briefly describes the ninja's role in espionage, as
7662:
7595:
7535:
7493:
7435:
7389:
7343:
7290:
7216:
7147:
7092:
6986:
6933:
6859:
6820:
6771:
6663:
6368:
Edojō oniwaban : Tokugawa Shōgun no mimi to me
6152:
Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Man'yōshū Volume 4
5843:
Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan
3745:
3743:
3701:
3699:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3483:
3481:
3460:. North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing. pp.
3432:
3430:
3231:
3229:
2971:
2969:
1359:fought their way through raids and harassment from
1089:(16th century) —a diary written by abbot Eishun of
346:accounts is also demonstrated in war epics such as
47:Drawing of the archetypical ninja from a series of
6042:Morton, William Scott; Olenik, J. Kenneth (2004),
5917:
5513:"BBC News – Japan's ninjas heading for extinction"
4969:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFKenji_Fukui2018 (
4931:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFKenji_Fukui2018 (
3375:
3373:
3371:
3196:) (April 2017). "くのいちとは何か". In 吉丸雄哉、山田雄司 編 (ed.).
2606:schools, where it was said to have many purposes.
2247:Saitama Prefectural Museum of History and Folklore
1893:were agents involved in collecting information on
1068:in the 6th century. An adolescent espionage agent
794:, including concealable types of armour made with
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
6336:Fujibayashi, Masatake; Nakajima, Atsumi. (1996).
3872:. Japan: Ninja Lurking in History. Archived from
3557:
3555:
3358:
3356:
1711:era, although their precise numbers are unknown.
536:with each its own unique characteristic for each
411:that prevents guard dogs from barking, and more.
5464:"430-year-old ninja weapons possibly identified"
5021:
5002:
4983:
4907:
4889:(in Japanese). Rekishi Kaido Promotional Council
4787:
4768:
4749:
4637:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 2019. p. 203.
3070:
3068:
3066:
3053:
3051:
1303:, but others escaped to enter the service under
6548:. Barnsley, S. Yorkshire, UK: Frontline Books.
5631:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5445:
4945:
3528:, an alternate reading for the same title. The
2080:. Momochi is also a branch of the Hattori clan.
1659:
1640:
1589:
366:
6170:Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Man'yōshū Volume 4
6044:Japan: its history and culture, fourth edition
5780:Bunch, Bryan H.; Hellemans, Alexander (2004),
3840:"10 Stealthy Ninja Tools You Haven't Heard Of"
3561:
3362:
3220:
2553:, splitting images, the summoning of animals (
2225:Between 1960 and 2010 artifacts dating to the
2050:'s mouth through a hiding spot in the ceiling,
1547:(1637–1638). The Kōga ninja were recruited by
1072:was executed for spying against the insurgent
571:(1681), detailing a list of possible disguises
525:
6643:
5764:Encyclopedia of contemporary Japanese culture
4576:家康家臣の戦と日常 松平家忠日記をよむ (角川ソフィア文庫) Kindle Edition
3177:, 4th ed.; Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1).
3121:
1707:continued to employ their own ninja into the
1371:gangs. As they reached Kada, an area between
802:that could have been worn by ninja including
8:
5681:Robert Squillace; Angela Jane Weisl (2024).
5135:
3734:
3666:
3623:
3394:
3077:, p. 358; based on different readings,
2936:, and Ishikawa Tadashi, assistant professor
916:pre-20th century. The first photograph of a
876:, although this may have been less stable.
6008:The Taiheiki: A Chronicle of Medieval Japan
5859:Draeger, Donn F.; Smith, Robert W. (1981),
5412:"嬉野忍者調査結果 弁慶夢想 (べんけいむそう) 【武術家・山伏 / 江戸時代初期】"
5406:
5404:
4964:
4926:
4811:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNakayama2015 (
4397:. 新人物往来社. pp. 152–153, 157–158, 、167.
4140:
2034:. His ancestry in Iga province, along with
872:, also existed in the form of a flat round
6992:
6669:
6650:
6636:
6628:
5726:
5311:
5299:
5182:
5180:
4128:
4018:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2585:" falls squarely in the realm of fantasy.
2355:The growing popularity of Ninja ethics in
1742:
1432:, although it was thwarted. A ninja named
1252:along with 200 defenders of the garrison.
5272:
4456:
4454:
4452:
3532:cited here is a much more common reading.
2932:According to Imatani Akira, professor of
2020:(1529–1606): a renowned swordsman of the
1747:Ninja employed in each domain, Edo period
860:was derived from the native name for the
738:, a mendicant monk known for playing the
5824:The enemy within: a history of espionage
5714:
5486:"「忍者の日」に歴史的和解…「伊賀VS甲賀」はアニメや小説が創りあげた虚構!?"
5436:
5287:
5123:
5111:
5099:
5082:
5070:
5055:
5043:
4806:
4713:
4701:
4309:
4285:
4227:
4203:
4188:
4176:
4164:
4143:, pp. 249–253; Volume 2, section 80
3931:. Tokyo: DH Publishing Inc. p. 95.
3797:
3773:
3761:
3749:
3717:
3705:
3647:
3635:
3580:
3546:
3521:
3502:
3487:
3436:
3409:
3379:
3299:
3287:
3247:
3235:
3042:
2975:
2245:caltrops. Archeologist Iwata Akihiro of
1533:Ninja historic illustration, Meiwa era,
265:was uncommon, and a variety of regional
6116:Ratti, Oscar; Westbrook, Adele (1991),
5260:
4321:
4087:
4085:
2965:
2944:a particularly dangerous groups called
2925:
2613:
487:rank ("upper person"), followed by the
374:techniques, in short are the skills of
6658:Japanese weapons, armour and equipment
6292:Yamada, Yūji (2019), Yōko Ymda (ed.),
6062:Unsolved Mysteries of Japanese History
5805:The Kojiki: records of ancient matters
5248:
5236:
5224:
5212:
5171:
5159:
5147:
4369:(in Japanese). 学研プラス. pp. 218–9.
4152:
4011:
3925:Bull, Brett; Kuroi, Hiromitsu (2008).
3812:"7 Things you didn't know about Ninja"
3678:
3030:
2285:as a specially appointed professor at
1917:was considered as profession, as only
944:explosives were also reportedly used.
6080:Zuketsu Rekishi no Igai na Ketsumatsu
5418:from the original on 14 February 2019
5395:
5383:
5371:
5359:
4737:
4297:
4076:
3991:
3979:
3810:Runnebaum, Achim (22 February 2016).
3524:, p. 17; Turnbull uses the name
3449:
3447:
3445:
3421:
3258:
3256:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3074:
3057:
2030:(1542–1596): a samurai serving under
1477:was assigned by Ieyasu to control of
1331:to escape the enemies of Nobunaga in
1176:The Iga and Kōga ninja were actually
1117:employed a squad of 48 ninja to burn
532:comprised a variety of espionage and
395:(間林清陽) which is the original book of
104:
79:
7:
5877:Fiévé, Nicolas; Waley, Paul (2003),
5687:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 56.
4829:THE NINJA BOOK: The New Mansenshukai
4495:THE NINJA BOOK: The New Mansenshukai
4338:(in Japanese). 岩波書店. p. 29・30.
4215:
3690:
1262:In 1573, Manabe Rokurō, a vassal of
1194:named after a village in modern day
5194:from the original on 20 August 2018
4517:Kenshiro Kawanishi (川西賢志郎) (2023).
4064:
3785:
1400:record which circulated during the
819:, showing a tool for breaking locks
768:(chain armour) concealed underneath
6420:Ninja of the Warring States Period
3314:甲賀で忍術書の原典発見 番犬に吠えられない呪術も「間林清陽」48カ条
1969:Some well known examples include:
1572:. A diary kept by a member of the
1244:. This assault is recorded in the
934:as weapons, The chain and sickle (
692:. Falls under "earth techniques" (
25:
6381:Hokinoichi, Hanawa. (1923–1933).
5861:Comprehensive Asian fighting arts
5610:from the original on 26 June 2020
4604:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 65.
4525:(in Japanese). The Sankei Shimbun
3124:, p. 191; the full poem is "
2213:Modern era historical evaluations
2153:(伝林坊頼慶), the Chinese disciple of
2123:, at which point he relocated to
1455:'s ninja infiltrated the camp of
664:. Falls under "wood techniques" (
6615:
5606:. Telangana Today. 11 May 2017.
5584:. AFP, Yahoo! News. 26 June 2020
5188:"嬉野に忍者3人いた! 江戸初期-幕末 市が委託調査氏名も特定"
4519:"「伊賀越え」同行忍者の経歴判明 家康と足利義昭の二重スパイか"
4479:10.24707/aichikenshikenkyu.9.0_1
3956:"Bujinkan Budo Taijutsu Weapons"
3895:Yoda, Hiroko; Alt, Matt (2013).
2899:Order of Musashi Shinobi Samurai
2858:
2830:
2818:
2801:
2784:
2767:
2750:
2733:
2716:
2699:
2682:
2667:
2652:
2637:
2616:
1674:Entry: 24th day of the 2nd month
1648:Entry: 27th day of the 1st month
1082:recorded many ninja activities.
1076:. Later, 14th century chronicle
992:
962:
245:. The underlying connotation of
179:manuals, often based on Chinese
78:'one who is invisible';
7436:Projectile and throwing weapons
6513:Ninjutsu: sono rekishi to ninja
6422:] (in Japanese). Kadokawa.
6412:Masaru Hirayama (平山優 ) (1964).
6340:. Tokyo: Shinjinbutsu Ōraisha.
5511:Oi, Mariko (23 November 2012).
5462:Owen Jarus (14 February 2022).
3012:from the original on 6 May 2012
2233:failed to save the castle from
1608:Entry: 6th day of the 1st month
215:Early Middle Chinese–influenced
7814:Mercenary units and formations
6278:, Cambridge University Press,
6192:The Cambridge history of Japan
6078:Nihon Hakugaku Kurabu (2004),
6060:Nihon Hakugaku Kurabu (2006),
5746:Ninja: The Invisible Assassins
5643:. 21 June 2022. Archived from
5559:. Crunchyroll. 31 January 2012
4598:Kacem Zoughari, Ph.D. (2013).
4427:(in Japanese). 春秋社. p. 65
4008:. Osaka, Kinki Nippon Tetsudō.
3345:. 19 June 2022. Archived from
3321:. 19 June 2022. Archived from
3267:. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
2529:Ninja were depicted with some
2072:, as well as espionage skills.
1921:with an income of over 10,000
1323:Tokugawa Ieyasu's Iga crossing
868:). Similar footwear, known as
125:. They were often employed in
1:
6577:Yamaguchi, Masayuki. (1968).
6528:Ninpō: sono hiden to jitsurei
6485:. Tokyo: Nichibō Shuppansha.
6385:. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan.
5786:, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,
5748:, Black Belt Communications,
5658:Casey Baseel (27 June 2022).
4421:Mitsuhisa Takayanagi (1958).
4353:"History of Japanese Farmers"
3599:"服部半蔵は「不本意な忍者の最終形態」、三重大教授が論考"
3338:忍者の里 甲賀市で忍術書の基となった書の写本初めて見つかる
2938:University of Central Florida
2490:Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu
2269:, the last authentic heir of
2241:. The clay caltrops preceded
2187:
1913:law on military service, The
1580:, relates: "Men from Kōga in
1534:
1506:, and Yamaoka Kagetsuge, and
1466:of Ii Naomasa, the daimyo of
1417:Further activities after 1582
1206:, a historical record of the
796:Kusari (Japanese mail armour)
261:) means "a person". The word
154:clans of peasant-warriors in
109:) was an infiltration agent,
7536:Improvised and other weapons
6526:Okuse, Heishichirō. (1964).
6511:Okuse, Heishichirō. (1967).
6396:Ishikawa, Masatomo. (1982).
6046:, McGraw-Hill Professional,
5684:Medievalisms in a Global Age
3192:吉丸雄哉(associate professor of
3174:American Heritage Dictionary
2496:Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
2493:) and American comic books (
2182:. Woodblock print on paper.
1983:. Woodblock print on paper.
1907:as "ninja". In 1649 record
1564:, who made a final stand at
1322:
866:Argyroneta aquatica japonica
146:Japan's warring state period
7773:Military equipment of Japan
6562:Watatani, Kiyoshi. (1972).
6530:. Tokyo: Jinbutsu Ōraisha.
6515:. Tokyo: Jinbutsu Ōraisha.
6500:. Tokyo: Jinbutsu Ōraisha.
6467:. Eibusha. pp. 1–160.
6448:. Eibusha. pp. 1–192.
6134:Reed, Edward James (1880),
5974:Kawakami, Jin'ichi (2016),
5845:, Oxford University Press,
4004:Okuse, Heishichirō (1956).
3122:Takagi, Gomi & Ōno 1962
2825:Various concealable weapons
2343:
2335:
1870:In the early 18th century,
1319:from the Fujibayashi clan.
1190:) and the nearby region of
1018:
983:
976:
674:: The practice of throwing
7840:
7809:Japanese words and phrases
6542:Turnbull, Stephen (2017).
6257:Warriors of Medieval Japan
6254:Turnbull, Stephen (2007),
6082:, PHP Research Institute,
6064:, PHP Research Institute,
5998:. Vol. 29. 伊賀百筆編集委員会.
5960:, PHP Research Institute,
4726:Nihon Hakugaku Kurabu 2006
4573:Morimoto Masahiro (1999).
4240:Nakagawa, Takaaki (2015).
3562:Ratti & Westbrook 1991
3363:Ratti & Westbrook 1991
3221:Ratti & Westbrook 1991
2879:Modern schools of ninjutsu
2779:, chain and weight weapons
2164:
2010:(1504– 1565), a vassal of
1863:
1470:under Tokugawa shogunate.
1404:during the rule of Shogun
1149:
951:
227:reading, it is pronounced
103:'one who sneaks';
29:
7824:Pre-modern special forces
7748:
6995:
6672:
6545:Ninja: Unmasking the Myth
6398:Shinobi no sato no kiroku
6353:Saigo no Ninja Dorondoron
6338:Shōninki: Ninjutsu densho
6096:Perkins, Dorothy (1991),
5956:Kawaguchi, Sunao (2008),
5938:Green, Thomas A. (2001),
5841:Deal, William E. (2007),
4674:. Pen & Sword Books.
4544:Masahiko Iwasawa (1968).
4038:Ninja: Unmasking the Myth
3168:Oxford English Dictionary
2988:Stephen Turnbull (2003).
2904:Pre-modern special forces
2167:Ninjas in popular culture
1745:
1638:. The Ukai diary writes,
1070:Hasetsukabe no Koharumaru
1002:Nise Murasaki Inaka Genji
971:Sakura doki onna gyoretsu
526:
279:(くノ一) is, originally, an
93:
68:
55:on paper. Vol. six, 1817.
7768:National Treasure swords
6370:. Tokyo: Chūō Kōronsha.
6366:Fukai, Masaumi. (1992).
6310:Frederic, Louis (2002),
5916:Howell, Anthony (1999),
5766:, Taylor & Francis,
5762:Buckley, Sandra (2002),
5136:Morton & Olenik 2004
4671:Ninja Unmasking the Myth
4106:10.4324/9780429445668-10
4092:Kamm, Björn-Ole (2022).
3866:"Communication of ninja"
3735:Draeger & Smith 1981
3667:Draeger & Smith 1981
3624:Draeger & Smith 1981
3454:Zoughari, Kacem (2010).
3395:Draeger & Smith 1981
3337:
3313:
2557:), and control over the
2515:. Shown with hands in a
1473:In 1608, a daimyo named
1227:independence from their
760:(travel cape) and cloth
36:Shinobi (disambiguation)
6566:. Tokyo: Akita Shoten.
6351:Fujita, Seiko. (2004).
6296:, Chiyoda,Tokyo: G.B.,
6294:Sengoku Shinobi no Sahō
6186:Tatsuya, Tsuji (1991),
6004:McCullough, Helen Craig
5801:Chamberlain, Basil Hall
4334:Fujiki Hisashi (2005).
2559:five classical elements
2227:Siege of Odawara (1590)
1881:("garden keepers"), an
1669:(outer bailey) ...
7291:Chain and rope weapons
5821:Crowdy, Terry (2006),
5744:Adams, Andrew (1970),
5022:Stephen Turnbull (2012
5003:Stephen Turnbull (2012
4984:Stephen Turnbull (2008
4908:Stephen Turnbull (2008
4788:Stephen Turnbull (2012
4769:Stephen Turnbull (2008
4750:Stephen Turnbull (2012
4424:戦国戦記本能寺の変・山崎の戦 (1958年)
4393:Akira Imatani (1993).
4381:Tadashi Ishikawa quote
4365:Kirino Sakuto (2001).
3263:Axelrod, Alan (2015).
2884:Ninja Museum of Igaryu
2677:, iron climbing cleats
2662:, iron climbing cleats
2526:
2487:), Western animation (
2222:
2194:
1988:
1964:Minamoto no Yoshitsune
1677:
1651:
1621:
1611:
1540:
1173:
1043:
820:
769:
748:Tools & weaponries
572:
439:
418:This diagram from the
384:
299:means "female ninja".
231:, a shortened form of
201:
56:
32:Ninja (disambiguation)
7217:Samurai accoutrements
7130:Mail and plate armour
6496:Nawa. Yumio. (1967).
6481:Nawa, Yumio. (1972).
6260:, Osprey Publishing,
6240:, Osprey Publishing,
6120:, Tuttle Publishing,
6010:, Tuttle Publishing,
5827:, Osprey Publishing,
5807:, Tuttle Publishing,
4946:Iwata Nishizawa (1917
4855:. Chuokoron-Shinsha.
4367:真説本能寺 (学研M文庫 R き 2-2)
4258:Kenji, Kasai (2012).
3901:. Tuttle Publishing.
2576:The ninja's usage of
2510:
2220:
2174:
1975:
1616:
1532:
1167:
1037:
1011:Two prints depicting
981:is attended by three
897:Ninja often used the
862:Japanese water spider
812:
755:
626:psychological warfare
564:
417:
358:The Tale of the Heike
195:
46:
7819:Obsolete occupations
7344:Clubs and truncheons
6624:at Wikimedia Commons
6581:. Tokyo: Yūzankaku.
6564:Bugei ryūha hyakusen
6355:. Tokyo: Shinpūsha.
5958:Super Ninja Retsuden
4851:Oishi, Gaku (2020).
4826:Yuji Yamada (2017).
3103:Origin of word Ninja
2796:, a chain and sickle
2762:, with linen flights
2694:, iron climbing hook
2594:passed onto certain
2382:Revenge of the Ninja
2279:Iga-ryu Ninja Museum
1728:. Others used their
1626:Matsudaira Nobutsuna
1443:In 1600, during the
1317:Fujibayashi Yasutoyo
1192:Kōka District, Shiga
1098:. They captured the
592:infiltration tactics
221:"忍者". In the native
196:The word "ninja" in
6860:Polearms and spears
6463:Mol, Serge (2008).
6444:Mol, Serge (2016).
6400:. Tokyo: Suiyōsha.
6314:, Belknap Harvard,
6219:, RoutledgeCurzon,
6024:Mol, Serge (2003),
5641:Mainichi Daily News
5326:Sado Tourist Bureau
3960:Online Martial Arts
3140:, p. 108; the
2600:(martial arts) and
2503:Legendary abilities
2062:is named after him.
1883:intelligence agency
1545:Shimabara Rebellion
1445:Sekigahara Campaign
1238:Battle of Okehazama
1236:In 1560, after the
302:By the time of the
181:military philosophy
49:sketches by Hokusai
7799:Combat occupations
6821:Knives and daggers
6312:Japan Encyclopedia
6238:Ninja AD 1460–1650
6172:, Iwanami Shoten,
6154:, Iwanami Shoten,
5227:, pp. 178–179
5215:, pp. 174–175
5174:, pp. 188–189
5162:, pp. 176–177
4853:江戸五百藩-ご当地藩のすべてがわかる
3870:Ninja Encyclopedia
3846:. 28 February 2017
3626:, pp. 128–129
3424:, pp. 359–360
3138:Satake et al. 2003
3108:2011-05-02 at the
2991:Ninja Ad 1460–1650
2894:Order of Assassins
2571:Okufuji Monogatari
2527:
2311:In 2022, on June,
2235:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
2223:
2195:
2161:In popular culture
2117:Ashikaga shogunate
1989:
1960:Kusunoki Masashige
1910:Tokugawa shogunate
1875:Tokugawa Yoshimune
1716:Tokugawa shogunate
1622:
1541:
1464:Red Demon brigades
1430:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
1406:Tokugawa Yoshimune
1398:Iga-sha yuishogaki
1208:Ashikaga shogunate
1174:
1146:Iga and Kōga clans
1110:(second bailey).
1044:
821:
770:
616:class. During the
573:
540:school. Some view
440:
430:esoteric cosmology
362:(Heike Monogatari)
353:(Hōgen Monogatari)
202:
173:Tokugawa shogunate
135:military deception
57:
7804:Japanese warriors
7781:
7780:
7677:Edo period police
7143:
7142:
7000:Auxiliary armours
6816:
6815:
6620:Media related to
6606:Samurai and Ninja
6579:Ninja no seikatsu
6555:978-1-4738-5042-2
6474:978-90-813361-0-9
6455:978-90-813361-3-0
6429:978-4-04-082359-1
6406:978-4-88066-110-0
6376:978-4-12-101073-5
6361:978-4-7974-9488-4
6303:978-4-906993-76-5
6285:978-0-521-55028-4
6267:978-1-84603-220-2
6247:978-1-84176-525-9
6234:Turnbull, Stephen
6226:978-0-415-29747-9
6201:978-0-521-22355-3
6188:John Whitney Hall
6127:978-0-8048-1684-7
6109:978-0-8160-1934-2
6102:, Facts on File,
6089:978-4-569-64061-7
6071:978-4-569-65652-6
6053:978-0-07-141280-3
6035:978-4-7700-2941-6
6017:978-0-8048-3538-1
5985:978-4-04-082106-1
5967:978-4-569-67073-7
5949:978-1-57607-150-2
5931:978-90-5755-085-0
5909:978-0-471-76082-5
5888:978-0-7007-1409-4
5870:978-0-87011-436-6
5852:978-0-19-533126-4
5834:978-1-84176-933-2
5814:978-0-8048-3675-3
5793:978-0-618-22123-3
5773:978-0-415-14344-8
5755:978-0-89750-030-2
5474:on 11 March 2022.
4965:Kenji Fukui (2018
4927:Kenji Fukui (2018
4886:254: 藤堂藩を裏で支えた無足人
4051:978-1-4738-5042-2
4034:Turnbull, Stephen
3938:978-1-932897-51-7
3908:978-1-4629-0882-0
3471:978-0-8048-3927-3
3274:978-1-4833-6467-4
3207:978-4-585-22151-7
3081:is also known as
3005:978-1-84176-525-9
2996:Osprey Publishing
2478:Ninja Hattori-kun
2440:Ghost of Tsushima
2066:Mochizuki Chiyome
1999:, not ninja. The
1889:. Members of the
1855:
1854:
1524:Battle of Tennōji
1512:Battle of Tennōji
1438:Sanada Ten Braves
1381:Ashikaga Yoshiaki
1309:alliance together
1257:Tanegashima (gun)
1160:Iga–Kōka alliance
1115:Rokkaku Yoshikata
1074:Taira no Masakado
756:Antique Japanese
706:, and monks. The
512:Sekigahara battle
349:The Tale of Hōgen
320:military strategy
304:Meiji Restoration
235:(忍びの者). The word
158:and the adjacent
115:guerrilla warfare
102:
81:[ɲiꜜɲdʑa]
77:
16:(Redirected from
7831:
7758:Weapons of Japan
6993:
6934:Practice weapons
6910:Torimono sandōgu
6670:
6652:
6645:
6638:
6629:
6619:
6559:
6478:
6459:
6440:
6438:
6436:
6324:
6306:
6288:
6270:
6250:
6229:
6204:
6182:
6164:
6146:
6130:
6112:
6092:
6074:
6056:
6038:
6020:
5999:
5988:
5970:
5952:
5934:
5923:
5912:
5891:
5873:
5855:
5837:
5817:
5796:
5776:
5758:
5730:
5729:, pp. 31–33
5724:
5718:
5717:, pp. 22–23
5712:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5670:on 28 June 2022.
5666:. Archived from
5655:
5649:
5648:
5647:on 21 June 2022.
5633:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5578:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5482:
5476:
5475:
5470:. Archived from
5459:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5408:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5381:
5375:
5369:
5363:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5285:
5276:
5270:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5184:
5175:
5169:
5163:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5139:
5133:
5127:
5126:, pp. 54–55
5121:
5115:
5109:
5103:
5097:
5086:
5080:
5074:
5068:
5059:
5053:
5047:
5041:
5032:
5031:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4881:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4666:Stephen Turnbull
4662:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4550:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4458:
4447:
4446:
4442:History of Japan
4434:
4432:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4288:, pp. 31–32
4283:
4277:
4276:
4255:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4206:, pp. 43–44
4201:
4192:
4186:
4180:
4174:
4168:
4162:
4156:
4155:, pp. 58–60
4150:
4144:
4141:Chamberlain 2005
4138:
4132:
4126:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4089:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4017:
4009:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3738:
3732:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3595:
3584:
3578:
3565:
3559:
3550:
3544:
3533:
3519:
3506:
3505:, pp. 44–46
3500:
3491:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3451:
3440:
3434:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3412:, pp. 14–15
3407:
3398:
3392:
3383:
3377:
3366:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3349:on 19 June 2022.
3333:
3327:
3326:
3325:on 20 June 2022.
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3260:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3189:
3178:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3135:
3129:
3119:
3113:
3100:
3094:
3072:
3061:
3055:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2953:
2946:"Ochimusha-gari"
2934:Tsuru University
2930:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2834:
2822:
2813:, a chain weapon
2805:
2788:
2771:
2754:
2745:, throwing darts
2737:
2720:
2703:
2686:
2671:
2656:
2641:
2629:, on display in
2620:
2346:
2338:
2317:Shiga Prefecture
2267:Jinichi Kawakami
2192:
2189:
2155:Marume Nagayoshi
1997:Emperor Go-Daigo
1943:(1675), and the
1777:Kishiwada Domain
1761:Number of ninja
1743:
1675:
1649:
1609:
1554:Tokugawa Iemitsu
1539:
1536:
1434:Kirigakure Saizō
1246:Mikawa Go Fudoki
1200:Go Kagami Furoku
1196:Shiga Prefecture
1182:clans inhabited
1021:
996:
986:
979:
966:
850:Ninja also used
813:A page from the
666:mokuton-no-jutsu
605:Stephen Turnbull
577:Mikawa Go Fudoki
565:A page from the
531:
529:
528:
376:shinobi-no-jutsu
343:Stephen Turnbull
108:
106:[ɕinobi]
97:
95:
83:
72:
70:
21:
7839:
7838:
7834:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7829:
7828:
7784:
7783:
7782:
7777:
7763:Japanese swords
7753:Japanese armour
7744:
7658:
7591:
7531:
7489:
7431:
7385:
7339:
7286:
7212:
7139:
7088:
6982:
6929:
6855:
6812:
6796:Sword polishing
6791:Sword mountings
6767:
6659:
6656:
6597:
6592:
6556:
6541:
6498:Shinobi no buki
6475:
6462:
6456:
6443:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6411:
6383:Buke Myōmokushō
6332:
6330:Further reading
6327:
6322:
6309:
6304:
6291:
6286:
6273:
6268:
6253:
6248:
6232:
6227:
6213:Rambelli, Fabio
6207:
6202:
6185:
6180:
6167:
6162:
6149:
6138:, John Murray,
6133:
6128:
6115:
6110:
6095:
6090:
6077:
6072:
6059:
6054:
6041:
6036:
6023:
6018:
6002:
5991:
5986:
5973:
5968:
5955:
5950:
5937:
5932:
5915:
5910:
5896:Friday, Karl F.
5894:
5889:
5876:
5871:
5858:
5853:
5840:
5835:
5820:
5815:
5799:
5794:
5779:
5774:
5761:
5756:
5743:
5739:
5734:
5733:
5727:Waterhouse 1996
5725:
5721:
5713:
5709:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5657:
5656:
5652:
5635:
5634:
5623:
5613:
5611:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5587:
5585:
5580:
5579:
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5562:
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5555:
5554:
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5540:
5538:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5518:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5495:
5493:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5461:
5460:
5443:
5435:
5431:
5421:
5419:
5410:
5409:
5402:
5394:
5390:
5382:
5378:
5370:
5366:
5358:
5354:
5346:
5342:
5334:
5330:
5322:
5318:
5312:McCullough 2004
5310:
5306:
5300:McCullough 2004
5298:
5294:
5286:
5279:
5271:
5267:
5259:
5255:
5247:
5243:
5235:
5231:
5223:
5219:
5211:
5207:
5197:
5195:
5186:
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5170:
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5158:
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5142:
5134:
5130:
5122:
5118:
5110:
5106:
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5069:
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5042:
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5016:
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5001:
4997:
4987:
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4772:
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4708:
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4516:
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4459:
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4420:
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4415:
4405:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4377:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4346:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4320:
4316:
4312:, pp. 9–10
4308:
4304:
4296:
4292:
4284:
4280:
4257:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4226:
4222:
4214:
4210:
4202:
4195:
4187:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4163:
4159:
4151:
4147:
4139:
4135:
4129:Waterhouse 1996
4127:
4120:
4110:
4108:
4091:
4090:
4083:
4075:
4071:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4042:Frontline Books
4032:
4031:
4027:
4010:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3990:
3986:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3962:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3879:
3877:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3847:
3844:All About Japan
3838:
3837:
3833:
3820:
3818:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3796:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3748:
3741:
3733:
3724:
3716:
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3704:
3697:
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3646:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3606:
3597:
3596:
3587:
3579:
3568:
3560:
3553:
3545:
3536:
3530:Buke Myōmokushō
3526:Buke Meimokushō
3520:
3509:
3501:
3494:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3453:
3452:
3443:
3435:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3401:
3393:
3386:
3378:
3369:
3361:
3354:
3341:(in Japanese).
3339:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3317:(in Japanese).
3315:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3262:
3261:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3191:
3190:
3181:
3165:
3161:
3150:
3136:
3132:
3120:
3116:
3110:Wayback Machine
3101:
3097:
3073:
3064:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3006:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2864:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2847:
2843:Kusari katabira
2835:
2826:
2823:
2814:
2806:
2797:
2789:
2780:
2772:
2763:
2755:
2746:
2738:
2729:
2728:, iron caltrops
2721:
2712:
2704:
2695:
2687:
2678:
2672:
2663:
2657:
2648:
2642:
2633:
2621:
2612:
2505:
2391:), television (
2376:Enter the Ninja
2361:Ninja Bugei-cho
2330:
2281:and researches
2215:
2190:
2169:
2163:
2151:Denrinbō Raikei
2125:Settsu Province
2044:Ishikawa Goemon
2032:Tokugawa Ieyasu
2018:Yagyū Munetoshi
1955:
1868:
1862:
1807:Hirosaki Domain
1738:Ishikawa Goemon
1676:
1673:
1650:
1647:
1636:Christian cross
1610:
1607:
1574:Matsudaira clan
1537:
1419:
1357:Honda Tadakatsu
1353:Sakai Tadatsugu
1329:arduous journey
1325:
1305:Tokugawa Ieyasu
1267:Hatano Hideharu
1162:
1150:Main articles:
1148:
1136:Kizawa Nagamasa
1119:Sawayama Castle
1032:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1008:
1007:
1006:
997:
989:
988:
967:
956:
950:
825:grappling hooks
800:Karuta (armour)
792:Japanese armour
785:shinobi shōzoku
750:
708:Buke Myōmokushō
680:suiton-no-jutsu
588:Buke Myōmokushō
559:
534:survival skills
523:
455:as well as the
316:
233:shinobi-no-mono
53:Woodblock print
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7837:
7835:
7827:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7786:
7785:
7779:
7778:
7776:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7749:
7746:
7745:
7743:
7742:
7735:
7728:
7721:
7714:
7707:
7700:
7693:
7686:
7679:
7674:
7666:
7664:
7660:
7659:
7657:
7656:
7649:
7642:
7635:
7628:
7621:
7614:
7607:
7599:
7597:
7596:Signal devices
7593:
7592:
7590:
7589:
7582:
7575:
7568:
7561:
7554:
7547:
7539:
7537:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7529:
7522:
7515:
7508:
7500:
7498:
7491:
7490:
7488:
7487:
7480:
7473:
7466:
7459:
7452:
7445:
7439:
7437:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7422:
7415:
7408:
7401:
7393:
7391:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7383:
7376:
7369:
7362:
7355:
7347:
7345:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7337:
7330:
7327:Kyoketsu-shoge
7323:
7316:
7309:
7302:
7294:
7292:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7284:
7277:
7270:
7263:
7256:
7249:
7242:
7235:
7228:
7220:
7218:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7203:
7196:
7189:
7182:
7175:
7168:
7161:
7153:
7151:
7145:
7144:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7096:
7094:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7086:
7079:
7072:
7065:
7058:
7051:
7044:
7037:
7030:
7023:
7016:
7009:
7002:
6996:
6990:
6984:
6983:
6981:
6980:
6973:
6966:
6959:
6952:
6945:
6937:
6935:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6927:
6920:
6913:
6906:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6871:
6863:
6861:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6846:
6839:
6832:
6824:
6822:
6818:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6810:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6781:
6775:
6773:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6765:
6758:
6751:
6744:
6737:
6730:
6723:
6716:
6709:
6702:
6695:
6688:
6681:
6673:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6654:
6647:
6640:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6613:
6611:Ninja magazine
6608:
6603:
6596:
6595:External links
6593:
6591:
6590:
6575:
6560:
6554:
6539:
6524:
6509:
6494:
6479:
6473:
6460:
6454:
6441:
6428:
6409:
6394:
6379:
6364:
6349:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6325:
6320:
6307:
6302:
6289:
6284:
6271:
6266:
6251:
6246:
6230:
6225:
6205:
6200:
6183:
6178:
6165:
6160:
6147:
6131:
6126:
6113:
6108:
6093:
6088:
6075:
6070:
6057:
6052:
6039:
6034:
6021:
6016:
6000:
5989:
5984:
5976:Ninja no okite
5971:
5966:
5953:
5948:
5935:
5930:
5913:
5908:
5892:
5887:
5874:
5869:
5856:
5851:
5838:
5833:
5818:
5813:
5797:
5792:
5777:
5772:
5759:
5754:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5719:
5707:
5694:978-1843847038
5693:
5673:
5650:
5621:
5595:
5570:
5548:
5526:
5503:
5490:Sankei Oneline
5477:
5441:
5429:
5400:
5388:
5376:
5364:
5352:
5340:
5328:
5316:
5304:
5292:
5277:
5273:Kawaguchi 2008
5265:
5253:
5241:
5229:
5217:
5205:
5176:
5164:
5152:
5140:
5128:
5116:
5104:
5087:
5075:
5060:
5048:
5033:
5014:
4995:
4976:
4967:, p. 165)
4957:
4948:, p. 695)
4938:
4929:, p. 165)
4919:
4900:
4871:
4862:978-4128001354
4861:
4843:
4818:
4799:
4780:
4761:
4742:
4730:
4718:
4706:
4694:
4680:
4657:
4643:
4624:
4610:
4590:
4565:
4536:
4509:
4484:
4448:
4413:
4403:
4385:
4375:
4357:
4351:Kunio Yanagita
4344:
4336:刀狩り: 武器を封印した民衆
4326:
4314:
4302:
4290:
4278:
4270:Mie University
4252:Mie University
4232:
4220:
4208:
4193:
4181:
4169:
4157:
4145:
4133:
4118:
4081:
4069:
4057:
4050:
4025:
3996:
3984:
3972:
3947:
3937:
3917:
3907:
3887:
3876:on 3 July 2022
3857:
3831:
3802:
3790:
3778:
3766:
3754:
3739:
3722:
3710:
3695:
3683:
3671:
3652:
3640:
3628:
3616:
3603:Sankei Oneline
3585:
3566:
3551:
3534:
3507:
3492:
3477:
3470:
3441:
3426:
3414:
3399:
3384:
3367:
3352:
3328:
3319:Sankei Shimbun
3304:
3302:, p. 144.
3292:
3280:
3273:
3252:
3240:
3225:
3213:
3206:
3194:Mie University
3179:
3159:
3130:
3114:
3095:
3062:
3047:
3035:
3023:
3004:
2980:
2978:, pp. 5–6
2964:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2942:Sengoku period
2924:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2836:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2817:
2815:
2807:
2800:
2798:
2790:
2783:
2781:
2773:
2766:
2764:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2732:
2730:
2722:
2715:
2713:
2711:, a cane sword
2705:
2698:
2696:
2688:
2681:
2679:
2673:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2631:Iwakuni Castle
2622:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2567:misinformation
2504:
2501:
2388:Ninja Assassin
2329:
2328:Entertainments
2326:
2302:Mie Prefecture
2294:Mie University
2287:Mie University
2256:Mie University
2214:
2211:
2165:Main article:
2162:
2159:
2143:Mie University
2139:
2138:
2135:
2128:
2110:
2107:Karasawa Genba
2104:
2101:Tateoka Doshun
2098:
2092:
2081:
2073:
2063:
2051:
2041:
2025:
2015:
2012:Takeda Shingen
2004:
1954:
1951:
1887:secret service
1864:Main article:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1837:Okayama Domain
1833:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1787:Kawagoe Domain
1783:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1671:
1645:
1605:
1570:Hizen Province
1560:rebels led by
1516:Siege of Osaka
1500:siege of Osaka
1457:Naoe Kanetsugu
1426:Takeda Shingen
1418:
1415:
1369:Ochimusha-gari
1361:Ochimusha-gari
1343:Ochimusha-gari
1335:and return to
1324:
1321:
1279:Tenshō Iga War
1188:Mie Prefecture
1168:The plains of
1147:
1144:
1087:Tamon-in Nikki
1066:Prince Shōtoku
1031:
1028:
1010:
1009:
998:
991:
990:
968:
961:
960:
959:
958:
957:
949:
946:
749:
746:
698:
697:
694:doton-no-jutsu
683:
672:Ukigusa-gakure
669:
655:
652:katon-no-jutsu
634:Naoe Kanetsugu
630:Ōu Eikei Gunki
618:Sengoku period
558:
555:
457:Imperial court
386:However, some
325:The Art of War
315:
312:
267:colloquialisms
171:Following the
139:Sengoku period
133:missions, and
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7836:
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7409:
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7395:
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7390:Staff weapons
7388:
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6833:
6831:
6830:
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6823:
6819:
6809:
6808:
6804:
6802:
6801:Swordsmithing
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6786:
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6780:
6777:
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6457:
6451:
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6431:
6425:
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6416:
6410:
6407:
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6399:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6334:
6329:
6323:
6321:0-674-01753-6
6317:
6313:
6308:
6305:
6299:
6295:
6290:
6287:
6281:
6277:
6272:
6269:
6263:
6259:
6258:
6252:
6249:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6209:Teeuwen, Mark
6206:
6203:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6184:
6181:
6179:4-00-060007-9
6175:
6171:
6166:
6163:
6161:4-00-240004-2
6157:
6153:
6148:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6132:
6129:
6123:
6119:
6114:
6111:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6094:
6091:
6085:
6081:
6076:
6073:
6067:
6063:
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6049:
6045:
6040:
6037:
6031:
6027:
6022:
6019:
6013:
6009:
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5997:
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5987:
5981:
5977:
5972:
5969:
5963:
5959:
5954:
5951:
5945:
5941:
5936:
5933:
5927:
5924:, Routledge,
5922:
5921:
5914:
5911:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5890:
5884:
5881:, Routledge,
5880:
5875:
5872:
5866:
5862:
5857:
5854:
5848:
5844:
5839:
5836:
5830:
5826:
5825:
5819:
5816:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5795:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5778:
5775:
5769:
5765:
5760:
5757:
5751:
5747:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5728:
5723:
5720:
5716:
5715:Turnbull 2003
5711:
5708:
5696:
5690:
5686:
5685:
5677:
5674:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5654:
5651:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5609:
5605:
5599:
5596:
5583:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5558:
5552:
5549:
5537:. Iganinja.jp
5536:
5530:
5527:
5514:
5507:
5504:
5491:
5487:
5481:
5478:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5437:Turnbull 2003
5433:
5430:
5417:
5413:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5392:
5389:
5386:, p. 671
5385:
5380:
5377:
5374:, p. 160
5373:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5341:
5337:
5332:
5329:
5325:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5305:
5301:
5296:
5293:
5289:
5288:Turnbull 2003
5284:
5282:
5278:
5275:, p. 215
5274:
5269:
5266:
5263:, p. 443
5262:
5257:
5254:
5251:, p. 176
5250:
5245:
5242:
5239:, p. 180
5238:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5221:
5218:
5214:
5209:
5206:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5153:
5149:
5144:
5141:
5138:, p. 122
5137:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5124:Turnbull 2003
5120:
5117:
5113:
5112:Turnbull 2003
5108:
5105:
5101:
5100:Turnbull 2003
5096:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5083:Turnbull 2003
5079:
5076:
5072:
5071:Turnbull 2003
5067:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5056:Turnbull 2003
5052:
5049:
5045:
5044:Turnbull 2003
5040:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5024:, p. 48)
5023:
5018:
5015:
5010:
5005:, p. 48)
5004:
4999:
4996:
4991:
4986:, p. 55)
4985:
4980:
4977:
4972:
4966:
4961:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4942:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4923:
4920:
4915:
4910:, p. 55)
4909:
4904:
4901:
4888:
4887:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4868:(in Japanese)
4864:
4858:
4854:
4847:
4844:
4831:
4830:
4822:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4807:Nakayama 2015
4803:
4800:
4795:
4790:, p. 48)
4789:
4784:
4781:
4776:
4771:, p. 55)
4770:
4765:
4762:
4757:
4752:, p. 58)
4751:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4734:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4714:Turnbull 2003
4710:
4707:
4703:
4702:Turnbull 2003
4698:
4695:
4683:
4681:9781473850439
4677:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4661:
4658:
4646:
4644:9781440842719
4640:
4636:
4635:
4628:
4625:
4613:
4611:9781462902873
4607:
4603:
4602:
4594:
4591:
4578:
4577:
4569:
4566:
4554:
4553:東京大学史料編纂所報第2号
4547:
4540:
4537:
4524:
4523:Sankei online
4520:
4513:
4510:
4497:
4496:
4488:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4473:. 愛知県: 1–15.
4472:
4468:
4464:
4461:藤田達生 (2005).
4457:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4426:
4425:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4400:
4396:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4347:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4310:Turnbull 2003
4306:
4303:
4300:, p. 357
4299:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4286:Turnbull 2003
4282:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4236:
4233:
4230:, pp. 23
4229:
4228:Turnbull 2003
4224:
4221:
4218:, p. 165
4217:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4204:Turnbull 2003
4200:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4189:Turnbull 2003
4185:
4182:
4178:
4177:Turnbull 2003
4173:
4170:
4166:
4165:Turnbull 2003
4161:
4158:
4154:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4134:
4131:, pp. 34
4130:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4067:, p. 119
4066:
4061:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4007:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3973:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3891:
3888:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3798:Turnbull 2003
3794:
3791:
3788:, p. 121
3787:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3774:Turnbull 2003
3770:
3767:
3763:
3762:Turnbull 2003
3758:
3755:
3751:
3750:Turnbull 2003
3746:
3744:
3740:
3737:, p. 128
3736:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3718:Turnbull 2003
3714:
3711:
3707:
3706:Turnbull 2003
3702:
3700:
3696:
3693:, p. 161
3692:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3672:
3669:, p. 125
3668:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3650:, p. 149
3649:
3648:Turnbull 2007
3644:
3641:
3637:
3636:Turnbull 2003
3632:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3617:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3581:Turnbull 2003
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3564:, p. 325
3563:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3547:Turnbull 2003
3543:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3522:Turnbull 2003
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3503:Turnbull 2003
3499:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3488:Turnbull 2003
3484:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3437:Turnbull 2003
3433:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3410:Turnbull 2003
3406:
3404:
3400:
3397:, p. 121
3396:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3380:Turnbull 2003
3376:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3365:, p. 327
3364:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3300:Turnbull 2007
3296:
3293:
3289:
3288:Turnbull 2003
3284:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3248:Turnbull 2003
3244:
3241:
3237:
3236:Turnbull 2003
3232:
3230:
3226:
3223:, p. 324
3222:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3083:Shinobi Hiden
3080:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3060:, p. 355
3059:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3045:, p. 715
3044:
3043:Frederic 2002
3039:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:. p. 5.
2997:
2993:
2992:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2976:Turnbull 2003
2972:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2828:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2551:teleportation
2548:
2547:shapeshifting
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2406:Ninja Warrior
2402:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2366:Kōga Ninpōchō
2362:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2322:spellcastings
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2133:
2132:Tōichi Castle
2129:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2113:Wada Koremasa
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:Fūma shuriken
2055:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2028:Hattori Hanzō
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1953:Notable Ninja
1952:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1827:Hikone Domain
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1797:Matsue Domain
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1620:
1617:The ruins of
1615:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1578:Amakusa Gunki
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:Amakusa Shirō
1559:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:Hattori Hanzō
1501:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:Tōdō Takatora
1471:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1373:Kameyama town
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1313:Tokugawa clan
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:Kii Mountains
1298:
1297:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:Azuchi Castle
1268:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1085:In 1541, the
1083:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1052:Yamato Takeru
1049:
1041:
1036:
1030:Early history
1029:
1022:
1020:
1014:
1004:
1003:
995:
985:
980:
978:
972:
965:
955:
947:
945:
943:
939:
938:
933:
932:
927:
923:
919:
915:
914:
909:
908:
902:
901:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
854:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
818:
817:
811:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
780:
775:
767:
763:
759:
754:
747:
745:
743:
742:
737:
736:
731:
730:
725:
721:
720:
715:
714:
709:
705:
704:
695:
691:
687:
684:
681:
677:
673:
670:
667:
663:
659:
658:Tanuki-gakure
656:
653:
649:
646:
645:
644:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
602:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
570:
569:
563:
556:
554:
552:
548:
543:
539:
535:
522:
521:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:
445:
437:
436:
431:
427:
423:
422:
416:
412:
410:
409:
404:
403:
398:
394:
389:
383:
381:
377:
373:
372:
365:
363:
360:
359:
354:
351:
350:
344:
339:
337:
336:
331:
327:
326:
321:
313:
311:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:
273:was in 1964.
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
212:
211:
206:
199:
194:
190:
188:
187:
182:
178:
174:
169:
167:
166:
161:
160:Kōka District
157:
153:
152:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
100:
91:
87:
82:
75:
66:
62:
54:
50:
45:
41:
37:
34: and
33:
19:
7737:
7730:
7723:
7716:
7709:
7702:
7695:
7689:
7688:
7681:
7669:
7651:
7644:
7637:
7630:
7623:
7616:
7611:Hata-jirushi
7609:
7602:
7584:
7577:
7570:
7563:
7556:
7549:
7542:
7524:
7517:
7510:
7503:
7482:
7475:
7468:
7461:
7454:
7447:
7424:
7417:
7410:
7403:
7396:
7378:
7371:
7364:
7357:
7350:
7332:
7325:
7320:Kusari-fundo
7318:
7311:
7304:
7297:
7279:
7272:
7265:
7258:
7251:
7244:
7237:
7230:
7223:
7205:
7198:
7191:
7184:
7177:
7170:
7163:
7156:
7081:
7074:
7067:
7060:
7053:
7046:
7039:
7032:
7025:
7018:
7011:
7004:
6975:
6968:
6961:
6954:
6947:
6940:
6922:
6915:
6908:
6901:
6894:
6887:
6880:
6873:
6866:
6848:
6841:
6834:
6827:
6805:
6783:
6772:Construction
6760:
6753:
6746:
6739:
6732:
6725:
6718:
6711:
6704:
6697:
6690:
6683:
6676:
6601:Bansenshukai
6578:
6563:
6544:
6527:
6512:
6497:
6482:
6464:
6445:
6433:. Retrieved
6419:
6414:
6397:
6382:
6367:
6352:
6337:
6311:
6293:
6275:
6256:
6237:
6216:
6191:
6169:
6151:
6135:
6117:
6098:
6079:
6061:
6043:
6028:, Kodansha,
6025:
6007:
5994:
5978:, Kadokawa,
5975:
5957:
5942:, ABC-CLIO,
5939:
5919:
5899:
5878:
5863:, Kodansha,
5860:
5842:
5823:
5804:
5782:
5763:
5745:
5737:Bibliography
5722:
5710:
5698:. Retrieved
5683:
5676:
5668:the original
5663:
5653:
5645:the original
5640:
5612:. Retrieved
5598:
5586:. Retrieved
5561:. Retrieved
5551:
5539:. Retrieved
5529:
5517:. Retrieved
5506:
5494:. Retrieved
5489:
5480:
5472:the original
5468:Live Science
5467:
5439:, p. 14
5432:
5420:. Retrieved
5398:, p. 42
5391:
5379:
5367:
5362:, p. 34
5355:
5343:
5331:
5319:
5314:, p. 48
5307:
5302:, p. 49
5295:
5290:, p. 13
5268:
5261:Tatsuya 1991
5256:
5244:
5232:
5220:
5208:
5196:. Retrieved
5167:
5155:
5150:, p. 52
5143:
5131:
5119:
5114:, p. 54
5107:
5102:, p. 53
5085:, p. 52
5078:
5073:, p. 51
5058:, p. 55
5051:
5046:, p. 50
5017:
4998:
4979:
4960:
4941:
4922:
4903:
4891:. Retrieved
4885:
4852:
4846:
4834:. Retrieved
4828:
4821:
4802:
4783:
4764:
4745:
4740:, p. 43
4733:
4728:, p. 36
4721:
4716:, p. 32
4709:
4704:, p. 30
4697:
4685:. Retrieved
4670:
4660:
4648:. Retrieved
4633:
4627:
4615:. Retrieved
4600:
4593:
4581:. Retrieved
4575:
4568:
4556:. Retrieved
4552:
4539:
4527:. Retrieved
4522:
4512:
4500:. Retrieved
4494:
4487:
4470:
4466:
4463:"「神君伊賀越え」再考"
4441:
4436:
4429:. Retrieved
4423:
4416:
4408:
4394:
4388:
4380:
4366:
4360:
4349:
4335:
4329:
4322:Maekawa 2019
4317:
4305:
4293:
4281:
4273:
4260:
4242:
4235:
4223:
4211:
4191:, p. 43
4184:
4179:, p. 28
4172:
4160:
4148:
4136:
4109:. Retrieved
4097:
4079:, p. 55
4072:
4060:
4037:
4028:
4005:
3999:
3994:, p. 49
3987:
3982:, p. 52
3975:
3963:. Retrieved
3959:
3950:
3942:
3927:
3920:
3912:
3897:
3890:
3878:. Retrieved
3874:the original
3869:
3860:
3848:. Retrieved
3843:
3834:
3826:
3819:. Retrieved
3815:
3805:
3800:, p. 62
3793:
3781:
3776:, p. 20
3769:
3764:, p. 16
3757:
3752:, p. 19
3720:, p. 60
3713:
3708:, p. 18
3686:
3681:, p. 51
3674:
3643:
3638:, p. 42
3631:
3619:
3607:. Retrieved
3602:
3583:, p. 31
3549:, p. 27
3529:
3525:
3490:, p. 22
3456:
3439:, p. 48
3417:
3347:the original
3331:
3323:the original
3307:
3295:
3283:
3264:
3243:
3238:, p. 29
3216:
3197:
3172:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3147:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3098:
3091:Mansenshukai
3090:
3089:can also be
3087:Bansenshukai
3086:
3082:
3078:
3038:
3033:, p. 50
3026:
3014:. Retrieved
2990:
2983:
2928:
2866:Japan portal
2842:
2810:Kusari-fundo
2808:
2791:
2774:
2758:
2741:
2723:
2706:
2689:
2674:
2659:
2647:, hand claws
2644:
2624:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2575:
2570:
2554:
2543:invisibility
2535:supernatural
2528:
2516:
2512:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2460:
2456:Ninja Scroll
2454:
2448:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2422:Ninja Gaiden
2420:
2414:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2331:
2310:
2306:
2291:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2224:
2206:
2196:
2140:
2121:Oda Nobunaga
2089:Bansenshukai
2088:
2084:
2078:Kii Province
2057:
2048:Oda Nobunaga
2035:
2022:Shinkage-ryū
2008:Obu Toramasa
1993:Kumawakamaru
1987:, 1842–1843.
1977:Kumawakamaru
1968:
1956:
1944:
1940:Bansenshūkai
1938:
1937:(1655), the
1932:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1878:
1877:founded the
1869:
1858:
1817:Fukui Domain
1767:Kishū Domain
1753:
1746:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1708:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1652:
1641:
1631:Imagawa clan
1623:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1582:Ōmi Province
1577:
1548:
1542:
1520:Osaka Castle
1497:
1490:
1483:Ise Province
1472:
1461:
1442:
1422:
1420:
1397:
1395:
1390:Ietada nikki
1388:
1385:Iga Province
1377:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1342:
1326:
1295:
1290:Oda Nobunaga
1284:
1274:
1263:
1261:
1254:
1245:
1242:Imagawa clan
1235:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1204:Nochi Kagami
1203:
1199:
1184:Iga Province
1177:
1175:
1133:
1126:
1122:
1121:, led by a
1112:
1107:
1100:ichi-no-maru
1099:
1095:
1086:
1084:
1077:
1055:
1047:
1046:The term of
1045:
1000:
970:
935:
929:
917:
911:
905:
898:
896:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:
869:
865:
857:
851:
849:
829:Bansenshukai
828:
822:
814:
803:
789:
784:
779:Bansenshūkai
777:
771:
765:
764:(hood) with
761:
757:
739:
733:
727:
717:
711:
707:
701:
699:
693:
686:Uzura-gakure
685:
679:
671:
665:
657:
651:
647:
640:
638:
629:
622:Miyoshi clan
613:
601:Nochi Kagami
600:
587:
585:
576:
574:
566:
546:
541:
537:
518:
516:
495:
492:
488:
484:
480:
472:
468:
460:
452:
446:
441:
433:
421:Bansenshūkai
419:
406:
400:
397:Bansenshūkai
396:
393:Kanrin Seiyō
392:
387:
385:
380:shinobijutsu
379:
375:
369:
367:
361:
356:
352:
347:
340:
333:
323:
317:
307:
301:
296:
292:
288:
284:
274:
270:
262:
254:
246:
240:
236:
232:
228:
222:
208:
204:
203:
186:Bansenshūkai
184:
176:
170:
163:
156:Iga Province
149:
143:
123:feudal Japan
85:
60:
58:
40:
7718:Shinsengumi
7653:Uma-jirushi
7526:Tanegashima
7274:Uchi-bukuro
7260:Kubi bukuro
7253:Kate-bukuro
6850:Yoroi-dōshi
6807:Tameshigiri
5664:Soranews 24
5515:. Bbc.co.uk
5249:Yamada 2019
5237:Yamada 2019
5225:Yamada 2019
5213:Yamada 2019
5172:Yamada 2019
5160:Yamada 2019
5148:Crowdy 2006
4558:16 November
4167:, p. 7
4153:Friday 2007
4100:: 146–170.
3816:Japan Daily
3679:Crowdy 2006
3382:, p. 9
3290:, p. 6
3250:, p. 5
3171:, 2nd ed.;
3031:Crowdy 2006
2759:Bo-shuriken
2742:Bo-shuriken
2588:The use of
2583:hang glider
2513:Sendai Hagi
2411:video games
2191: 1843
2054:Fūma Kotarō
1905:oniwabanshū
1734:Fūma Kotarō
1681:underground
1667:san-no-maru
1619:Hara Castle
1566:Hara Castle
1538: 1770
1453:Mogami clan
1413:Shogunate.
1096:San-no-maru
880:Goshiki-mai
471:), ambush (
287:, katakana
144:During the
7788:Categories
7697:Onna-musha
7558:Metsubushi
7505:Bajō-zutsu
7313:Kusarigama
7100:Brigandine
6903:Sodegarami
6829:Kabutowari
6734:Shikomizue
5563:30 October
5541:30 October
5519:30 October
5396:Adams 1970
5384:Green 2001
5372:Adams 1970
5360:Adams 1970
4738:Adams 1970
4579:. KADOKAWA
4438:Luís Fróis
4404:4404020732
4376:4059010421
4345:4004309654
4298:Green 2001
4077:Adams 1970
3992:Adams 1970
3980:Adams 1970
3422:Green 2001
3146:used for "
3143:Man'yōgana
3075:Green 2001
3058:Green 2001
2960:References
2838:Chain mail
2793:Kusarigama
2708:Shikomizue
2645:Tekko-kagi
2626:kusarigama
2623:A pair of
2563:Edo period
2531:Superhuman
2400:The Master
2199:Edo period
2095:Katō Danzō
1847:Akō Domain
1663:ni-no-maru
1597:ni-no-maru
1508:Ii Naotora
1449:Edo Castle
1402:Edo period
1375:and Iga,
1349:Ii Naomasa
1108:ni-no-maru
1106:) and the
1040:Yoshitoshi
952:See also:
937:kusarigama
924:, spikes,
741:shakuhachi
551:adaptation
508:Ii Naomasa
504:explosives
493:jōnin, and
426:divination
368:So-called
322:, such as
291:and kanji
217:) the two
121:expert in
117:and later
7739:Yamabushi
7646:Sashimono
7625:Kabura-ya
7456:Makibishi
7443:Artillery
7352:Hachiwari
7299:Chigiriki
7165:Hachimaki
7062:Men-yoroi
6977:Tanren bō
6882:Kama-yari
6875:Hoko yari
6762:Wakizashi
6491:122985441
6346:222455224
5902:, Wiley,
5422:20 August
5198:20 August
4216:Deal 2007
4014:cite book
3691:Deal 2007
3016:1 October
2940:, during
2920:Footnotes
2776:Chigiriki
2725:Makibishi
2591:Kuji-kiri
2555:kuchiyose
2462:Gatchaman
2292:in 2017,
2265:In 2012,
2243:makibishi
2231:Hojo clan
2203:folktales
2184:Kuniyoshi
2001:yamabushi
1985:Kuniyoshi
1758:(domain)
1709:bakumatsu
1686:bakumatsu
1558:Christian
1250:castellan
1221:shirotori
1179:jizamurai
1156:Kōka ikki
1134:In 1561,
1113:In 1558,
1091:Kōfuku-ji
1054:. In the
886:; shiki,
713:yamabushi
610:terrorism
596:Espionage
581:passwords
408:kuji-kiri
402:makibishi
306:in 1868,
242:Man'yōshū
151:jizamurai
131:espionage
119:bodyguard
111:mercenary
7732:Yabusame
7683:Kunoichi
7671:Ashigaru
7586:Suntetsu
7497:and guns
7495:Firearms
7470:Shuriken
7246:Kaginawa
7158:Fundoshi
7149:Clothing
7110:Lamellar
7027:Haramaki
6970:Suburitō
6896:Sasumata
6889:Naginata
6785:Horimono
6779:Glossary
6713:Nagamaki
6685:Dōtanuki
6587:20045825
6572:66598671
6536:51008989
6521:22727254
6506:22358689
6391:42921561
6236:(2003),
6215:(2002),
6006:(2004),
5898:(2007),
5803:(2005),
5608:Archived
5416:Archived
5338:Kotobank
5192:Archived
4668:(2017).
4065:Mol 2003
4036:(2018).
4006:Ninjutsu
3965:14 April
3880:14 April
3850:14 April
3821:14 April
3786:Mol 2003
3200:. 勉誠出版.
3106:Archived
3079:Ninpiden
3010:Archived
2915:Appendix
2889:Khevtuul
2874:Kunoichi
2852:See also
2691:Kaginawa
2603:ninjutsu
2537:such as
2523:Kunisada
2472:Basilisk
2344:shuriken
2315:city in
2283:ninjutsu
2275:ninjutsu
2271:ninjutsu
2239:shuriken
2147:Ureshino
2037:ninjutsu
1949:(1681).
1946:Shōninki
1934:Ninpiden
1929:ninjutsu
1901:oniwaban
1891:oniwaban
1879:oniwaban
1866:Oniwaban
1859:Oniwaban
1730:ninjutsu
1725:oniwaban
1722:and the
1701:Hirosaki
1672:—
1665:and the
1646:—
1606:—
1599:(second
1556:against
1410:Oniwaban
1225:de facto
1186:(modern
1152:Iga ikki
1079:Taiheiki
977:onnagata
954:Ninjutsu
942:shrapnel
931:shuriken
858:mizugumo
853:mizugumo
816:Ninpiden
804:katabira
729:sarugaku
724:Minstrel
676:duckweed
641:ninjutsu
568:Shōninki
547:ninjutsu
542:ninjutsu
538:ninjutsu
520:ninjutsu
477:Agitprop
469:teisatsu
444:Tokugawa
388:ninjutsu
371:ninjutsu
314:Overview
297:kunoichi
276:Kunoichi
224:kun'yomi
189:(1676).
90:Japanese
65:Japanese
7711:Samurai
7618:Horagai
7572:Ōtsuchi
7519:Ōdzutsu
7512:Bo-hiya
7426:Yubi-bo
7306:Kubotan
7200:Uwa-obi
7186:Shitagi
7115:Laminar
7069:Ō-yoroi
7020:Dō-maru
6963:Shinken
6917:Tsukubō
6868:Bisento
6755:Tsurugi
6720:Ninjatō
6706:Kodachi
6678:Chokutō
6435:14 July
6190:(ed.),
6144:1309476
5700:30 June
5614:26 June
5588:26 June
5496:27 June
4529:24 June
4111:7 March
3609:27 June
3155:shinobi
3148:shinobi
2909:Sicarii
2840:shirt (
2610:Gallery
2597:bujutsu
2525:, 1857.
2518:kuji-in
2416:Shinobi
2394:Akakage
2201:, when
2176:Jiraiya
1919:daimyōs
1915:shinobi
1720:onmitsu
1595:to the
1487:Iga-ryū
1365:samurai
1216:daimyōs
1140:Maibara
1102:(inner
1042:, 1886.
973:, this
948:History
918:ninjatō
913:ninjatō
890:; mai,
870:ukidari
837:hammers
833:chisels
662:foliage
648:Hitsuke
614:samurai
586:In his
557:Tactics
500:poisons
453:daimyōs
435:onmyōdō
335:daimyōs
330:Sun Tzu
308:shinobi
247:shinobi
237:shinobi
229:shinobi
210:on'yomi
207:is the
177:shinobi
162:formed
101:
86:shinobi
76:
7639:Saihai
7632:Nobori
7604:Gunbai
7551:Kiseru
7449:Fukiya
7380:Tessen
7373:Tekkan
7366:Kanabō
7281:Yebira
7232:Daishō
7207:Waraji
7179:Kyahan
7172:Hakama
7083:Tatami
7055:Kusari
7041:Karuta
7034:Kabuto
6988:Armour
6956:Shinai
6942:Bokken
6836:Kaiken
6727:Ōdachi
6699:Katana
6665:Swords
6585:
6570:
6552:
6534:
6519:
6504:
6489:
6471:
6452:
6426:
6404:
6389:
6374:
6359:
6344:
6318:
6300:
6282:
6264:
6244:
6223:
6198:
6176:
6158:
6142:
6124:
6106:
6086:
6068:
6050:
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5906:
5885:
5867:
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5811:
5790:
5770:
5752:
5691:
4893:11 May
4859:
4836:11 May
4687:10 May
4678:
4650:10 May
4641:
4617:10 May
4608:
4583:10 May
4502:10 May
4467:愛知県史研究
4401:
4395:天皇と天下人
4373:
4342:
4048:
3935:
3905:
3468:
3271:
3204:
3085:, and
3002:
2675:Ashiko
2660:Ashiko
2539:flight
2450:Naruto
2434:Sekiro
2428:Tenchu
2371:movies
2350:kabuki
2336:kuroko
2207:daimyō
2070:geisha
1981:bamboo
1896:daimyō
1872:shogun
1601:bailey
1576:, the
1550:shōgun
1468:Hikone
1423:daimyō
1337:Mikawa
1292:. The
1275:Iranki
1264:daimyō
1158:, and
1123:chūnin
1104:bailey
1062:Kumaso
1057:Kojiki
1019:kuroko
1013:kabuki
984:kuroko
928:, and
926:knives
900:katana
874:bucket
843:, and
841:drills
774:rocket
766:kusari
735:komusō
489:chūnin
481:konran
475:), and
461:kanchō
448:bakufu
200:script
7794:Ninja
7725:Sōhei
7704:Rōnin
7690:Ninja
7663:Users
7579:Shobo
7463:Oyumi
7419:Tanbō
7405:Hanbō
7359:Jitte
7334:Jōhyō
7225:Abumi
7135:Scale
7125:Plate
7093:Types
7076:Sangu
7048:Kikko
6949:Iaitō
6843:Kunai
6748:Tantō
6741:Tachi
6692:Guntō
6622:Ninja
6418:[
6415:戦国の忍び
4549:(PDF)
4431:9 May
3198:忍者の誕生
2950:Rōnin
2578:kites
2484:Azumi
2467:manga
2445:anime
2357:manga
2300:(now
2085:jōnin
1771:200+
1643:days.
1568:, in
1333:Sakai
1283:Kōka
1230:shugo
1048:ninja
922:darts
907:tsuba
888:color
882:(go,
845:picks
762:zukin
758:gappa
719:tantō
703:rōnin
690:stone
639:Most
496:genin
485:jōnin
473:kishu
465:scout
424:uses
281:argot
271:ninja
263:ninja
219:kanji
205:Ninja
198:kanji
127:siege
113:, or
84:) or
61:ninja
18:Suppa
7544:Kama
7484:Yumi
7267:Kura
7239:Horo
7193:Tabi
7120:Mail
7105:Lame
7006:Bōgu
6924:Yari
6583:OCLC
6568:OCLC
6550:ISBN
6532:OCLC
6517:OCLC
6502:OCLC
6487:OCLC
6469:ISBN
6450:ISBN
6437:2024
6424:ISBN
6402:ISBN
6387:OCLC
6372:ISBN
6357:ISBN
6342:OCLC
6316:ISBN
6298:ISBN
6280:ISBN
6262:ISBN
6242:ISBN
6221:ISBN
6196:ISBN
6174:ISBN
6156:ISBN
6140:OCLC
6122:ISBN
6104:ISBN
6084:ISBN
6066:ISBN
6048:ISBN
6030:ISBN
6012:ISBN
5995:伊賀百筆
5980:ISBN
5962:ISBN
5944:ISBN
5926:ISBN
5904:ISBN
5883:ISBN
5865:ISBN
5847:ISBN
5829:ISBN
5809:ISBN
5788:ISBN
5768:ISBN
5750:ISBN
5702:2024
5689:ISBN
5616:2020
5590:2020
5565:2013
5543:2013
5521:2013
5498:2024
5424:2018
5350:忍者名鑑
5324:大膳神社
5200:2018
5028:help
5009:help
4990:help
4971:help
4952:help
4933:help
4914:help
4895:2024
4857:ISBN
4838:2024
4813:help
4794:help
4775:help
4756:help
4689:2024
4676:ISBN
4652:2024
4639:ISBN
4619:2024
4606:ISBN
4585:2024
4560:2022
4531:2024
4504:2024
4433:2024
4399:ISBN
4371:ISBN
4340:ISBN
4113:2023
4046:ISBN
4020:link
3967:2022
3933:ISBN
3903:ISBN
3882:2022
3852:2022
3823:2022
3611:2024
3466:ISBN
3269:ISBN
3202:ISBN
3018:2011
3000:ISBN
2313:Kōka
2180:toad
2119:and
1924:koku
1885:and
1736:and
1705:Saga
1703:and
1655:moss
1593:moat
1355:and
1296:ikki
1294:Iga
1285:ikki
892:rice
884:five
798:and
502:and
428:and
378:and
355:and
293:ichi
255:Mono
165:ikki
99:lit.
74:lit.
7565:Ono
4475:doi
4102:doi
3343:NHK
2533:or
2465:),
2443:),
2409:),
2369:),
2298:Iga
1962:or
1841:10
1831:10
1821:12
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1801:30
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1781:50
1755:Han
1697:Tsu
1692:Han
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