196:" would send one representative. These "kingdoms" were defined as "the viceroyalties of New Spain, Peru, New Kingdom of Granada, and Buenos Aires, and the independent captaincies general of the island of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guatemala, Chile, Province of Venezuela, and Philippines" in the Junta's royal order of 22 January 1809. This scheme was criticized in America for providing unequal representation to the overseas territories. Several important and large cities were left without direct representation in the Supreme Central Junta. In particular
294:. Although the juntas claimed to carry out their actions in the name of the deposed king, just as the peninsular juntas had done earlier, their creation provided an opportunity for people who favored outright independence to publicly and safely promote their agenda, triggering the twenty-five-year-long conflict that resulted in the emancipation of most of Spanish America.
125:
This transformation, nevertheless, led to more confusion, since there was no central authority and most juntas did not recognize the presumptuous claim of some juntas to represent the monarchy as a whole. The Junta of
Seville, in particular, claimed authority over the overseas empire, because of the
112:. The Spanish population, however, almost uniformly rejected Napoleon's plans and expressed this opposition through the local municipal and provincial governments. Following traditional Spanish political theories, which held that the monarchy was a contract between the monarch and the people (see
184:
The Junta took over direction of the war effort and established war taxes, organized an Army of La Mancha and signed a treaty of alliance with the United
Kingdom on 14 January 1809. As it became apparent that the war would last longer than initially thought, the Junta again took up the issue of
274:. Most Spanish Americans saw no reason to recognize a rump government which was under the threat of being captured by the French at any moment, and began to work for the creation of local juntas to preserve the region's independence from the French. Junta movements were successful in
231:, the last redoubt available to it on Spanish soil. In light of this, the Central Junta dissolved itself on 29 January 1810 and set up a five-person Council of Regency of Spain and the Indies, charged with finalizing the convening the Cortes.
263:— for health reasons. Under its watch the Regency approved on a technicality the controversial decision to convene the Cortes as a unicameral body (the original royal decrees by the Junta had failed to mention the
259:, Pedro de Quevedo y Quintano, none of whom had served in the Supreme Central Junta. Fernández de León was replaced from the first day by Miguel de Lardizábal y Uribe—a substitute member of the Junta representing
216:.) Nevertheless, throughout early 1809 the governments of the capitals of the viceroyalties and captaincies general elected representatives to the Junta, although none arrived in time to serve on it.
170:. Early on, the Junta rejected the idea of establishing a regency, which would have meant the concentration of executive power in a small number of persons, and assumed that role, claiming the
104:
The
Supreme Central Junta grew out of political confusion that followed the abdication of the House of Bourbon. The Spanish government, including the Council of Castile, initially accepted
150:. The Junta served as surrogate for the absent king and royal government, and it succeeded in calling for representatives from local provinces and the overseas possessions to meet in an "
532:
248:
87:
498:
146:—called for the formation of a central one. After a series of negotiations between the juntas and the discredited Council of Castile, the Supreme Central Junta met in
167:
761:
82:
at
Bayonne earlier in May. It was active until 30 January 1810. It was initially formed by the representatives of the provincial juntas and first met in
162:
As agreed to in the negotiations, the
Supreme Central Junta was composed of two representatives chosen by the juntas of the capitals of the peninsular
483:
771:
208:. This unrest led to the establishment of juntas in these cities in 1809, which were eventually quashed by the authorities within the year. (See,
181:
from 16 December 1808 until 23 January 1810. (Hence the appellation of "Junta of
Seville," not to be confused with the earlier provincial junta.)
130:
of the empire. Realizing that unity was needed to coordinate efforts against the French and to deal with
British aid, several provincial juntas—
219:
The war took a turn for the worse under the Junta's watch. By the beginning of 1810, Spanish forces had suffered serious military reverses—the
766:
271:
154:," so called because it would be both the single legislative body for the whole empire and the body which would write a constitution for it.
601:
239:
The
Council of Regency of Spain and the Indies oversaw the almost complete recovery of the Spanish mainland and the formation of the
709:
668:
283:
252:
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227:—in which the French not only inflicted large losses, but also took control of southern Spain and forced the government to
17:
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331:
244:
213:
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99:
267:). Once the Cortes began functioning on 24 September 1810, it assumed legislative powers and oversight of the Regency.
279:
456:
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Juan de Vera y
Delgado, Archbishop of Laodicea and later Bishop of Cádiz (served as president of the Junta Central)
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convening a Cortes in April 1809 and issued a royal decree to the effect on 22 May. A committee presided by
751:
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204:, which saw themselves as the capitals of kingdoms, resented being subsumed in the larger "kingdom" of
178:
264:
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43:
42:; also known as Supreme Central Junta, the Supreme Council, or the Junta of Seville) was the Spanish
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116:), local governments responded to the crisis by transforming themselves into ad hoc governmental
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Joaquín Flórez-Osorio y
Teijeiro de la Carrera, Vizconde de Quintanilla de Florez
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270:
The dissolution of the Supreme Central Junta was a crucial turning point in the
127:
62:. It was established on 25 September 1808 following the Spanish victory at the
372:
118:
177:
The Junta was forced to abandon Madrid in November 1808 and resided at the
687:
Robertson, William Spence. "The Juntas of 1808 and the Spanish Colonies,"
323:
147:
83:
508:
256:
139:
692:
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290:. Less successful, though serious movements, also occurred in
189:
organized the legal and logistical efforts to carry this out.
50:) that assumed the executive and legislative powers of the
32:
Supreme Central and Governing Junta of Spain and the Indies
18:
Supreme Central and Governing Junta of the Kingdom (Spain)
152:
Extraordinary and General Cortes of the Spanish Nation
40:
Junta Suprema Central y Gubernativa de España e Indias
654:
652:
650:
108:decision to grant the Spanish crown to his brother
122:(Spanish for "council," "committee," or "board").
499:Vicente Osorio de Moscoso, 11th Count of Altamira
255:and Esteban Fernández de León; and the Bishop of
661:Historia de España: La España de Fernando VII
251:; the councilors of state Antonio de Escaño;
27:Spanish institution during the Peninsular War
8:
718:. New York: New York University Press, 1965.
235:Council of Regency of Spain and the Indies
126:province's historic role as the exclusive
602:Pedro Caro y Sureda, Marqués de la Romana
396:The Marqués de la Puebla de los Infantes
301:
627:
272:wars of independence in Spanish America
716:Napoleon and the Birth of Modern Spain
638:Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes
247:. The Council was composed of General
114:Philosophy of Law of Francisco Suárez
7:
659:Martínez de Velasco, Ángel (1999).
349:The Marqués de Villanueva del Prado
25:
762:Organizations established in 1808
484:Antonio Valdés y Fernández Bazán
192:The Junta also agreed that the "
772:1810 disestablishments in Spain
704:. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1999.
60:Napoleonic occupation of Spain
1:
767:1808 establishments in Spain
691:(1916) 31#124, pp. 573-585.
332:Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos
245:Spanish Constitution of 1812
214:Bolivian War of Independence
187:Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos
100:Revolution of April 19, 1810
90:, with 35 members in total.
635:Documents of the Junta Era.
399:Juan de Dios Gutiérrez Rabé
336:The Marqués de Camposagrado
288:Río de la Plata (Argentina)
70:declared null and void the
793:
533:The Count of Floridablanca
362:Lorenzo Bonifaz y Quintano
303:
174:of "Majesty" for itself.
97:
702:La España de Fernando VII
689:English Historical Review
453:
451:
315:Francisco Palafox y Melci
304:
249:Francisco Javier Castaños
225:Battle of Alba de Tormes
585:José García de la Torre
598:The Conde de Contamina
537:The Marqués del Villar
318:Lorenzo Calvo de Rozas
276:New Granada (Colombia)
88:Count of Floridablanca
39:
777:19th century in Spain
663:. Barcelona: Espasa.
607:Porter of the Junta:
383:The Barón de Sabasona
380:The Marqués de Villel
366:Francisco Javier Caro
519:The Conde de Ayamans
298:Members of the Junta
243:, which drafted the
732:Spanish governments
467:Sebastián de Jocano
464:Francisco Castanedo
428:El Conde de Gimonde
265:traditional estates
569:The Conde de Tilly
253:Francisco Saavedra
179:Alcázar of Seville
68:Council of Castile
714:Lovett, Gabriel.
619:
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553:Carlos de Amatria
550:Miguel de Balanza
194:overseas kingdoms
16:(Redirected from
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700:Artola, Miguel.
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632:
444:Rodrigo Riquelme
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229:retreat to Cádiz
168:Spanish Monarchy
144:Castile and León
64:Battle of Bailén
52:Kingdom of Spain
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412:Martín de Garay
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292:Central America
241:Cortes of Cádiz
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221:Battle of Ocaña
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86:chaired by the
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698:(in Spanish)
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682:Bibliography
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405:Extremadura
355:Old Castile
72:abdications
54:during the
726:Categories
642:In Spanish
622:References
158:Activities
106:Napoleon's
76:Charles IV
373:Catalonia
280:Venezuela
261:New Spain
172:treatment
693:in JSTOR
591:Valencia
324:Asturias
164:kingdoms
148:Aranjuez
136:Valencia
128:entrepôt
84:Aranjuez
58:and the
559:Seville
543:Navarre
509:Majorca
437:Granada
421:Galicia
389:Cordova
202:Charcas
166:of the
140:Seville
94:Origins
36:Spanish
708:
667:
575:Toledo
525:Murcia
491:Madrid
308:Aragon
257:Orense
223:, the
132:Murcia
119:juntas
110:Joseph
284:Chile
198:Quito
48:junta
44:organ
706:ISBN
665:ISBN
473:Leon
457:Jaen
286:and
212:and
206:Peru
200:and
142:and
78:and
30:The
74:of
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649:^
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46:(
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