Surf culture - Knowledge (XXG)

153: 1821: 583: 1493: 1162: 747:). Some waves reach speeds of over 60 km/h; personal watercraft enable surfers to catch up to the speed of the wave, thereby making them rideable. Personal watercraft also allow surfers to survive wipeouts. In many instances surfers would not otherwise survive the battering of the "sets" (groups of waves together). This spectacular activity is extremely popular with television crews, but because such waves rarely occur in heavily populated regions, and usually only a very long way out to sea on outer reefs, few spectators see such events directly. 609:

women held in the 1950s and 1960s but these were amateur events. The 1970s and 1980s saw a shift in this state of affairs as women entered into the world of professional surf competitions. This caused a positive change in the style with which women surfed at the time by focusing more on their power and speed as athletes rather than being aesthetically pleasing to the viewer. Today, professional female surfers continue to have a difficult time being recognized as athletes, and must deal with continued objectification and sexualization by the surf media.

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disputes are two issues, disposal of sewage and toxic waste into near shore waters and the formation of harbors, breakwaters and jetties. Sewage and toxic waste almost always affects mammals in a negative way. Coastal construction and engineering projects can have either good or bad effects on surf breaks. While some sources suspect the effectiveness of surfing environmentalist groups, notable victories have been achieved by surfers championing their issues. Some examples of these victories include:

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arises. Regular surfers who live around a desirable surf break may often guard it jealously, hence the expression "locals only". The expression is common in beach towns, especially those that attract seasonal vacationers who live outside the area. Localism is expressed when surfers are involved in verbal or physical threats or abuse to deter people from surfing at certain spots. It is based in part on the belief that fewer people mean more waves per surfer.

832: 671: 766: 1237: 1482: 495: 193:(taboos) that determined all aspects of the islander's lives—political, social, and religious. It dictated everything from which foods to eat to the manner of making a surfboard. Consequently, society was divided into two social classes, the royal class and the commoner class. The best surfing spots were reserved for royalty, while commoners were relegated to locations with smaller, less well-formed breaks. The code of 51: 1110:

themselves have long labeled the stoke, in its most heightened form the plenitude when time stands still and intense physical presentness means out of body otherness." Another widely used term for surfers is "YEW!", which is an indicator that a large wave has been spotted, however mostly shouted while a surfer is catching or has recently finished riding a wave. Surfers have often been associated with being

1387: 1624:. For many years women did not have the option to not wear the bikini as there were not other pieces of surf wear being tailored to their need. This changed as the style of surf clothes was adopted by those who were not part of the culture. Companies began to create board shorts specifically for women's bodies, thus giving them an option besides the bikini to wear while surfing in competitions. 269: 894:

reason, these groups were resentful of outsiders, particularly those who were well-to-do and came to their beaches to surf recreationally rather than as a way of life. Australia has its own history of surfers being openly treated with hostility from local governments in the sport's early days, and the tension never truly vanished, despite the sport's enormous increase in popularity.

172:; literally, wave sliding) history places its origins in the South Pacific, where the practice became ritualized over the course of centuries. The consensus among anthropologists and historians is that surfing was practiced throughout Polynesia and elsewhere in the Pacific in premodern times, and that surfing has been culturally significant in Hawaiʻi for at least 1,500 years. 613: 2027: 1251:

greater access to traveling accommodations, surf tourism has created large impacts on local communities and environments in developing countries as well as in established areas around the world. Tourism is not always the main reason for fast expansion in developing countries, but under those circumstances groups of activists and non-profits such as

1069: 1223:. President Silva "acknowledged the significance of preserving the surfing coastline ... for the vitality of Portugal's economy, the health of the coastal and marine environment, and maintaining a high quality of life for the residents." The preservation of this pristine surf spot was accomplished by the Save the Waves Coalition and its 1040:, a documentary about the bonds and struggles of the many gang members. The "Bra Boys" name originates both from the slang word for brother, and as a reference to the gang's home suburb, Maroubra. Gang members tattoo "My Brothers Keeper" across the front of their chests and the Maroubra area code across their back. 1707:

Although competitive surfing has become an extremely popular and lucrative activity, both for its participants and its sponsors, the sport does not have its origins as a competitive pursuit. It is common to hear debate rage between purists of the sport, who still maintain the ideal of "soul surfing",

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The surf industry is a billion dollar industry whose popularity as a recreational sport has gained momentum in many coastal areas around the world over the past decades. With the publicizing of new surf destinations through television, movies, magazines, and the Internet, and other media, as well as

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surfing has long been a significant part of global surf culture, but surfing in the rest of Africa has been primarily seen as a tourist attraction, rather than a local culture, until now; "these places are adopting surfing as their own and then injecting their culture into it," according to Masekela.

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Professional female surfers have also noted that they face pay inequality when compared to their male counterparts—women do not win prize monies equal to those won by men in contests. These women have also indicated that the issue of pay equality arises when it comes to corporate sponsorships by surf

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created its own surf terms as well that include "groovy", "hella", and "tight". One of the primary terms used by surfers around the world is the word "stoked". This refers to a feeling of enthusiasm or exhilaration towards the waves breaking, or as John Engle wrote, "This is, of course, what surfers

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The Wolfpak's territorial enforcement has drawn attention because of its violent means. In an incident where a tourist cut off a friend of Alexander's in a typical 2 metres (6.6 ft) swell, the Wolfpak leader assaulted the tourist. Comments from anonymous locals show that the presence of Wolfpak

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whom they dub "vallies" or "valley kooks". The expression "surf nazi" arose in the 1960s to describe territorial, aggressive, and obsessive surfers, often involved in surf gangs or surf clubs. The term "surf nazi" was originally used simply to denote the strict territorialism, violence, hostility to

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Along with the rarity of what surfers consider truly perfect surf conditions (due to changing weather and surf condition) and the inevitable hunt for great waves, surfers often become dedicated to their sport in a way that precludes a more traditional life. Surfing, instead, becomes their lifestyle.

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board and catch the large waves that break at Castles on a south swell and ride them. Until the 1830s women were still actively engaged in Hawaiian surfing, but this changed after American missionaries had come to the islands and taught the Hawaiians that it was improper for women to surf. Women did

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The worldwide diffusion of surfing from Hawaiʻi also began in the early 20th century, when Freeth and Kahanamoku gave demonstrations in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. Freeth and Kahanamoku were the original ambassadors of surfing; Freeth moved to southern California in 1907, where he

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is an iconic piece of swim clothing. It was popularized in Europe initially but then was popularized in the United States after it was seen being worn by famous Hollywood stars. Based on this popularity, films used the bikini to market their movies. The bikini created a connection between sexuality

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for surfing. Several have been built in recent years (one is at Cables in Western Australia), and there is widespread enthusiasm in the global surfing community for additional projects. However, environmental opposition and rigorous coastal permitting regulations is dampening prospects for building

284:) passed down since the 15th century. Many chiefs had a personal surf chant that celebrated their surfing prowess; this could be performed only by a professional chanter, one of which every chief maintained in his retinue. Despite claims by some historians that surfing was reserved strictly for the 1179:

Surfing, as a sport, is heavily dependent on a healthy environment. As a result, interest groups have blossomed to influence the utilization of coastal properties relevant to surfing. There is conflict between surfers and other user groups over the allocation of coastal resources. Common to most

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Localism often exists due to socioeconomic factors as well. Until relatively recently, surfers were looked down upon as lazy people on the fringe of society (hence the term "beach bum"). Many who surfed were locals who lived in a beach town year-round and were from a lower economic class. For that

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around their necks or with loose flowers (sometimes held between their teeth). The participants then get into a circular formation, hold hands, and silently pray. Sometimes they will raise their clasped hands skyward before tossing their flowers or leis into the center of the ring. Afterward, they

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make them dependent on conditions that may change rapidly, given the unpredictable nature of weather events and their effect on the surface of the ocean. Because surfing was limited by the geographical necessity of an ocean coastline with beaches, the culture of beach life often influenced surfers

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The goals of those who practice the sport vary, but throughout its history, many have seen surfing as more than a sport, as an opportunity to harness the waves and to relax and forget about their daily routines. Surfers have veered from even this beaten path, and foregone the traditional goals of

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are dedicated to bringing the sport of surfing to underserved youth of black and Latino backgrounds. Jeff Williams, who is the co-president of the Los Angeles Black Surfer's Collective (a similar organization to CSP), summarized the need for these programs by stating that "anytime you try to talk

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Due to the negative reactions women received because of their involvement in surfing, being labeled as 'masculine' or 'tomboys', women began to take ownership of their participation. This is seen in their working together to organize surfing competitions for women. There had been competitions for

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Even though waves break everywhere along a coast, good surf spots are rare. A surf break that forms great surfable waves may easily become a coveted commodity, especially if the wave breaks there only rarely. If this break is near a large population center with many surfers, territorialism often

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For specific surf spots, the state of the ocean tide can play a significant role in the quality of waves or hazards of surfing there. Tidal variations vary greatly among the various global surfing regions, and the effect the tide has on specific areas can vary greatly among the individual spots

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Competitive surfing is a comparison sport. Riders, competing in pairs or small groups, are allocated a certain amount of time to ride waves and display their prowess and mastery of the craft. Competitors are then judged according to how competently the wave is ridden, including the level of

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not begin surfing around the Hawaiian islands again until the late 1800s. By the end of World War II surfing would have a major revival that increased its popularity and participating membership. Women were encouraged to take up surfing by early water sports innovators Duke Kahanamoku and

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The waves at Pipeline can reach over 6 meters and its powerful disposition has taken the lives of professional surfers. If a visiting surfer collided with another surfer, this could result in serious harm or death. These observations led to the Wolfpak's proactive enforcement on the

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have begun working with locals and their governments to minimize the negative impacts of tourism upon host communities' environments and maximize and equitably distribute the positive impacts of tourism. Some of the negative impacts of tourism relevant to surf dominant communities are:

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popular culture term for a young woman who spends her free time at the beach. In surf culture it may also refer to a female surfer. Beach bunnies are known for the amount of time they spend sun tanning and are usually represented wearing bikinis. Examples in film and television include

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near San Clemente, California. This decision was a victory for surf environmentalists who led a grassroots campaign to "Save Trestles, Stop the Toll Road." At the time federal officials received 35,000 written statements on the issue, most in support of upholding the decision of the

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had been charged by his uncle Kamehameha I with responsibility for defending the gods, their temples, and their worship. Kekuaokalani challenged the overthrow of the old order, and assumed leadership of the priests, courtiers, and territorial chiefs who opposed the abolition of the

330:. He met Liholiho on the field of battle at Kuamo'o on the island of Hawaiʻi, where the king's forces, led by Kalanimoku, defeated the last upholders of the ancient religion. Belief in the power of the gods was undermined when those who opposed them suffered no divine punishment. 113:. The staff used to say that if they were hard at work and someone yelled "Surf's up!" the office would suddenly empty. Localism or territorialism is a part of the development of surf culture in which individuals or groups of surfers claim certain key surfing spots as their own. 4140: 869:

outsiders, and absolute obsession with surfing that was characteristic in the so-called "surf nazis". However, some surfers reclaimed and accepted the term, and a few actually embraced Nazism or Nazi symbolism. Some surf clubs in the 1960s, particularly at

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is home to one of the oldest and biggest surf gangs, called "Longos". Many surf gangs have been known to claim land territory and specific surfing waves as territory. Surf gangs have gained notoriety over the years, especially with the production of

954:. Kauai, according to a Wolfpak member, is a place where one is raised to honor the value of respect. This value is what led to the group's effort to manage the chaos associated with North Shore surfing. Some notable members have been pro surfers 558:. This was especially documented in the waters around Hawaii, where children, women, and men surfed. Queen Kaʻahumanu, the most powerful wife of Kamehameha, favored a surf break known today as Castles, an outer reef at Waikiki on the south shore of 530:, the service can take place near the end of the pier so that any non-surfers, such as elderly relatives, can watch and participate. Often the participants on the pier will throw down bouquets of flowers into the center of the ring. 1055:

and Dakota Abberton came from an especially difficult upbringing. To them the Bra Boys were much more than a gang, they were a group of friends, and a family of their own that loved to surf and always stood up for one another. The

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about diversity in surfing, it all boils down to access", meaning that the financial and cultural hurdles of getting in the water are what keep some individuals from minority communities from being able to participate in the sport.

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Business research on the evolution of multiple boardsports shows that multiple boardsport practices developed their own identity separate from surfing, and became distinct markets with their brands, consumers, and regulations.

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was one of the first novels to written about surf culture in a realistic way. Considered the pioneering work of the "surf noir" subgenre, it won silver in the California Book Award for First Fiction and earned Nunn a

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in La Jolla, embraced the term by using the swastika symbol on their boards and identified with Nazism as a counterculture (though this may have just been an effort to keep out or scare non-locals and may have been a

1449:. While the category surf music helped popularize surfing, most surfers at the time, such as Miki Dora, preferred R&B and blues. A newer wave of surf music has started in the acoustic riffs of artists such as 208:

has emphasized the demise of surf culture in Hawaiʻi that began with the arrival in 1820 of American missionaries, who disapproved of the customary nudity, gambling, and casual sexuality associated with surfing,

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There is currently a push from some surfing groups to include women of color more prominently in the overall culture of surfing. One of these organizations is "Textured Waves", a surfing collective dedicated to

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movie trilogy and TV series based on the book of the same title. In spite of this new popularity, the underlying theme of these works was that women should be viewers of surfing rather than participants in it.

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that surf in a certain break or beach and fiercely protect their "territory" from outsiders. These surfers are often referred to as "surf punks" or "surf nazis". The local surfer gangs in Southern California

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are Hawaiian places of worship where sacrifices were offered, they include actual temples as well as natural objects or features of the landscape. Every activity in Hawaiian culture was associated with a

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resulted in the creation of the Humboldt Area Recreation Enhancement and Water Quality Fund and $ 50 million was spent by the mills to reduce ocean discharges at their facilities near Eureka, California.

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within a given area. Locations such as Bali, Panama, and Ireland experience 2-3 meter tide fluctuations, whereas in Hawaii the difference between high and low tide is typically less than one meter.

5260: 79:. That initial culture directly influenced modern surfing, which began to flourish and evolve in the early 20th century, with its popularity peaking during the 1950s and 1960s (principally in 213:

scholars are reassessing their own history and assert that contrary to the prevailing narrative, Native Hawaiians have exercised agency and resisted colonial encroachment in the realm of the

2695:, meaning to "ride head-first", was coined by Hawaiian surfers in Waikiki around 1900 in reference to bodysurfing or surfing with a small wooden bodyboard. The word was often shortened to 781:

is different, since the underwater topography of one place is unlike any other. At beach breaks, the sandbanks can change shape from week to week, so it takes commitment to get good waves.

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Warren, A. (2006) "Ripping waves: exploring the surf as a natural domain for young men", Honours Thesis: School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia.

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In recent years, diversity in surfing has come to the fore as a new issue for the surfing community to handle. With the professional surfing world being led by Brazilian surfers like

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and other Hawaiians had taught Ford and London how to surf, they went on to found the segregated Outrigger Canoe Club (chartered in 1911), and proclaimed it "an organization for the

5117: 694:), surfing's professional realm may seem to be moving in the direction of inclusiveness. However, the same is not necessarily true for the world's casual surfers in places like the 878:

embrace of the "surf nazi" label as a form of rebellion). The "locals only" attitude and protectionism of the Santa Monica surf spots in the early 1970s was depicted in the movie

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The non-competitive adventure activity of riding the biggest waves possible (known as "rhino hunting") is popular with some surfers. A practice popularized in the 1990s has seen

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A global example can be found in the case of the newly formed World Surfing Reserve at Ericeira, Portugal that was dedicated in October 2011 and endorsed by Portuguese President

864:) have been known to threaten visitors with physical violence for invading their territory. In Southern California, local surfers are especially hostile to the surfers from the 4348: 197:

assigned the proper length of boards to be used, according to the status of the rider. Commoners rode boards 12 to 14 feet long, while royalty rode boards 16 to 24 feet long.

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there stands a fairly well-preserved surfing heiau called Kuʻemanu Heiau, a large structure built of black lava rock. Here the local ancient Hawaiians prayed for good surf.

629:. Their goal is to improve the accessibility of the sport and the acceptance of individuals who do not necessarily fit the "traditional" image of what a surfer looks like. 981:. Alexander found it necessary to dictate who would surf Pipeline to both preserve the value, and also protect surfers from the reef's potentially life-threatening waves. 5973: 4898: 2550:"The Search: Issues of Play, Identification, Agency, and Deviance in the Absence of Mainstream Sports: Towards a Discovery of the Social Meaning of the Sport of Surfing" 505:

Various surfing communities organize and take part in "paddle outs", i.e., memorial services for fallen surfers, sometimes on the anniversary of passing such as the

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to assert control of their status in the surf zone and preserve the ocean as a Hawaiian realm, defending it from the Western colonization that had taken their land.

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There would be another rise in the popularity of women's surfing just a decade later as women increasingly played roles in surfing films. Examples of this were the

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a mix of surfing and more conventional water sports in which the participant is towed behind the boat. Pineboarding and sandboarding are recreational boardsports.

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program whose goal is to, "proactively identifies, designates and preserves outstanding waves, surf zones and their surrounding environments, around the world...."

2456: 260:. Beginning in the 1960s, surfing was spread further by devoted surfers, mostly from California and Australia, searching for new wave breaks in far-flung places. 4213: 1650:

difficulty, as well as frequency of maneuvers. There is a professional surfing world surfing championship series held annually at surf breaks around the world.

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is aided by advances in information technology, whereby mathematical modeling graphically depicts the size and direction of swells moving around the globe.

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Meanwhile, the surfing world is witnessing surf culture in places that most surfers have been unaware of up to this point. One example of this come's from

1356:"Surf graphics" is the art style associated with the surfing subculture in posters, flyers, T-shirts and logos. It is heavily influenced by skate art, 2417: 2549: 5196: 4301: 1820: 6141: 4709:"Surfers Force Pulp Mills to Halt Ocean Pollution: Suit brings about precedent-setting accord. Firms to spend $ 56 million in fines, improvements" 5219: 2505: 758:

are also qualities that surfers may bring to what some observers have traditionally regarded as a commitment to a lifestyle as well as a sport.

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ventured into the island realm. Hawaiian royalty had ruled the ocean domain for hundreds of years, although the islands were not unified until

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Buckley, RC. (2002), "Surf tourism and sustainable development in Indo-Pacific islands: II. Recreational Capacity Management and Case Study",

313:). As a consequence of this action, temples and the resident images of the gods were destroyed; although many idols were hidden away when the 5392: 4435: 4330: 3781: 3699: 3636: 3609: 3522: 3478: 3448: 3421: 3394: 3367: 3340: 3313: 3267: 3238: 3191: 3164: 3108: 3029: 2997: 2970: 2943: 2916: 2889: 2856: 2829: 1036: 339:(priest) laid an offering of fish, said prayers, and performed other religious rites by a tree before it was felled to make a surfboard. The 5018:

Diaz Ruiz, Carlos; Makkar, Marian (January 2021). "Market bifurcations in board sports: How consumers shape markets through boundary work".

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Canniford, R. & Ormrod, J., "Surf Soundtracks", European Association for Consumer Research Conference, University of Bocconi Milan 2007.

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is well perceived, if not intimidating. Some locals who hold similar values of cultural respect support what the members are trying to do.

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has chosen not to accept surf label sponsorship, since an association of that sort could detract from the sentiment they wish to promote.

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Many people have incorporated the free spirited and hippie nature of many surfing lifestyles into their paintings and murals such as the

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actively tried to marginalize Native Hawaiians in their own cultural sphere and exploit surfing as a means to attract tourists. Although

1911:(2011), is a film about a California rich girl who travels to South Africa to find out more about her mother and herself. The 1991 film 3715: 6121: 3829: 4988: 1060:, written and directed by the gang members themselves, showed the raw gritty side of a surf life previously glamorized by Hollywood. 6334: 6126: 5461: 4882: 4615: 4096: 4037: 3996: 3958: 3135: 2793: 2270: 2249: 2228: 522:

paddle back toward the beach to begin their surf session. Often these services take place at sunrise or sunset. In locations with a

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Fall in Line: How Surfers' Perceptions of Localism, Territoriality and Waves as Limited Resources Influence Surf-related Aggression

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Waitt, G and Warren, A. (2008), "Talking shit over a brew after a good session with your mates: surfing, space and masculinity",

935: 3982: 819:" are a vibrant and long-standing sub-group. Competitive surf culture, centered around surf contests and endorsement deals, and 570:). Standing 6 feet tall and weighing over three hundred pounds, Ka'ahumanu had the physical strength and the skill to paddle an 6018: 4540: 3948: 4906: 4549: 2552:, Honors Thesis for the Undergraduate Research Program in the Department of Sociology at the University of California, Irvine. 784:

The saying "You should have been here yesterday" became a commonly used phrase to refer to bad conditions. Nowadays, however,

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to tow them out to a position where they can catch waves previously unrideable because of the speed at which they travel (see

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Brohman, J. 1996 "New Directions in Tourism for Third World Development", Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 23, No 1: pp 48-70

3922: 3558: 3539: 5943: 5855: 4281: 3256:"Surfing in Early Twentieth-Century Hawaiʻi: The Appropriation of a Transcendent Experience to Competitive American Sport" 2514:

Buckley, RC. (2002), "Surf tourism and sustainable development in Indo-Pacific islands: I. The industry and the islands".

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brands. Brands prioritize hiring women surfers who appear more conventionally attractive rather than those more talented.

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devoted to a deity or the activity itself, such as surfing. When the ocean was calm and there were no waves to surf, the

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and surfers who engage in the competitive and, consequently, commercial side of the activity. An organisation called the

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in search of job opportunities, and found disorganization and lack of respect in the surf lineup at the surf reef break,

754:/ surf bum stereotype comes from the exuberant enthusiasm for their sport that surfers often demonstrate. Dedication and 6136: 6028: 5867: 5643: 5361: 4580: 2528: 2483:, College of Arts and Sciences, Economics Program, California State University, San Marcos, California, 92096-0001, U.S. 1973: 1861: 1208: 466: 5408: 3050:"Hui Nalu, Beachboys, and the Surfing Boarder-lands of Hawai Nalu, Beachboys, and the Surfing Boarder-lands of Hawaiʻi" 2558:

Canniford, R. & Shankar, A., "Marketing the Savage", Book Chapter in Cova, B., Shankar, A. and Kozinets, R. (2007)

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glorified surfing in a round-the-world search for the perfect wave. John Milius's homage to the Malibu of his youth in

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was founded in the 1960s when surfing had gained popularity and was the initial voice for surf culture which included

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Robin Canniford (2006), "Civilising Surfers: Exploring Subculture Through Historical Consumer Research", PhD Thesis.

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The quest for perfect surf has given rise to a field of tourism based on the surfing adventure. Yacht charters and

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A pie graph showing the proportion of surfers' country of origin in the World Surf League Men's Championship Tour

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during the 50s. The author drew inspiration for his novel on the similar real-life experiences of his daughter,

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serve as mainstream introductions to teenage, light-hearted, superficial surf life. Beach movies such as the

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in popular culture. The number of surfers throughout the world continues to increase as the culture spreads.

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Wheaton, B (2007). "Identity, Politics, and the Beach: Environmental Activism in Surfers Against Sewage".

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remains a metaphor for the similarities between the changing surf and life. The 1980s cult classics

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Many surfers today combine their love of the sport with their own religious or spiritual beliefs. In

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Surfing was of profound religious importance to the ancient Hawaiians. The study of waves was called

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or Hawaiian hereditary rulers, Hawaiians of all classes and sexes, young or old, practiced the art.

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The Wetsand Wavecast Guide to Surf Forecasting: A Simple Approach to Planning the Perfect Sessions

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Ancient surfboard and hill sled dating to the 1600s discovered in Chiefess Kaneamuna's burial cave

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finalist for First Work of Fiction. Nunn would write several other surf-themed novels, including

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Evers, C. (2005), "Becoming-Man Becoming-Wave", Doctoral Thesis, University of Sydney, Australia

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Environmental damage and increasing development may continue to increase pressure on the sport.

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Many of the Bra Boys came from impoverished homes and families torn apart by drug use. Brothers

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in Australia became infamous for localism and other violence chronicled in the documentary film

792: 5432: 4056: 2821: 2494: 727: 6201: 6176: 6103: 5850: 5845: 5785: 5780: 4878: 4611: 4431: 4425: 4326: 4320: 4166: 4119: 4092: 4033: 3992: 3954: 3825: 3777: 3695: 3687: 3632: 3626: 3605: 3518: 3474: 3468: 3444: 3417: 3411: 3390: 3363: 3336: 3309: 3303: 3263: 3255: 3234: 3187: 3181: 3160: 3152: 3131: 3125: 3104: 3025: 3017: 2993: 2966: 2939: 2933: 2912: 2885: 2873: 2852: 2825: 2789: 2783: 2509:'Just the lemon next to the pie': Apocalypse, History and the Limits of Myth in Big Wednesday" 2266: 2245: 2224: 2204: 2071: 2057: 1969: 1726: 1709: 1644: 1536:

An early Australian surf fashion company was Kuta Lines, founded by Tony Brown after visiting

1085:

Surfing (particularly in Southern California) has its own sociolect, which has comingled with

997: 912:

Surf gangs often form to preserve cultural identity through the protection of beach towns and

691: 679: 670: 318: 184: 3599: 3512: 3438: 3384: 3330: 3284: 3228: 2987: 2960: 2846: 1548:

weaving and dyeing techniques, adapted to a heavier, fleecy fabric for cool climate surfing.

5953: 5800: 5790: 5502: 5447: 5095: 5027: 4970: 4937: 4681: 4644: 3871: 3662: 3153:"Surfing Beyond Racial and Colonial Imperatives in Early Modern Atlantic Africa and Oceania" 3072: 3064: 2672: 2334: 2136: 2099: 1950: 1797: 1514: 1485: 1236: 1001: 904:

about the eponymous group, although the surfers in the film maintain they are not a "gang".

880: 785: 765: 736: 3797: 2327:

Surf Culture: The Art History of Surfing. Laguna Art Museum in association with Ginko Press

1923:

features surfer gangs in the wake of an earthquake that destroys the California coastline.

1887:(2002) is an avant-garde surf film that focuses solely on the fluid forms of tubing waves. 1481: 494: 6298: 6053: 5911: 5883: 5830: 5750: 4996: 3289:

A Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites on the West Coast of Hawai'i Island

2662: 2545:

Lueras, Leonard. "Surfing, the Ultimate Pleasure". Honolulu: Emphasis International, 1984.

2139:

is a fictional first-person account of Franziska Hofer's experiences with surf culture in

2085: 1995: 1621: 1584: 1466: 1405:, with subgenres such as surf rock and surf pop. This includes works from such artists as 1333:

Generation of jobs for skilled labor as well as local managers, technicians, and personnel

1298: 1287: 1189: 1149: 978: 931: 875: 857: 853: 831: 707: 626: 241: 210: 105: 6277: 6272: 5285: 4516:"Polynesian Cultural Center's New Hukilau Marketplace Brings Back The Spirit of Old Laie" 3540:"'Surfing padre' Christian Mondor of Huntington Beach dies just before his 93rd birthday" 3213:

Occasional Papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History

795:

offer surfers access to the high quality surf found in remote, tropical locations, where

916:. If known territory is trespassed by members of another surf gang, violence may occur. 710:

new book project, AfroSurf, which details the prevalence of surfing and surf culture in

303:

system that regulated the islanders' lives at the urging of Kamehameha's favorite wife,

5684: 5562: 4026: 3688:"Media representations of women in action sports; more than 'sexy bad girls' on boards" 2814: 2427: 2387: 2262:

Eddie Would Go: The Story of Eddie Aikau, Hawaiian Hero and Pioneer of Big Wave Surfing

2196: 1580: 1410: 1390: 1357: 1320:

Some of the positive impacts of tourism relevant to surf dominant communities include:

1294: 1102: 1044: 970: 895: 744: 683: 340: 205: 187:

in 1810. Traditional Hawaiian society was organized by a system of prohibitions called

4491: 6313: 5968: 5921: 5891: 5730: 5725: 5557: 5537: 5507: 5039: 4693: 4322:

Witnessing Australian Stories: History, Testimony, and Memory in Contemporary Culture

3207: 2726:"Surfer magazine, iconic touchstone of Southern California beach culture, shuts down" 2149: 1939: 1849: 1824: 1801: 1785: 1753: 1564: 1240: 1169: 1052: 951: 947: 820: 699: 695: 642: 517:. Participants in the memorial service paddle out to a suitable location with flower 479:

occasionally meets on the beach for Sunday early-morning services. After the closing

317:

was broken, they were later sought ought out and burned, often at the instigation of

304: 296: 233: 175:

Surfing culture in Hawaiʻi is very different now to what it was in 1778 when Captain

4658: 2445: 1929:

is an animated film made in 2007 about competitive penguin surfing loosely based on

6267: 6048: 5983: 5577: 5547: 5532: 5522: 5512: 3683: 2357: 2325:

Colburn, B.; Finney, B.; Stallings, T.; Stecyk, C.; Stillman, D.; Wolfe, T (2002).

1907: 1793: 1781: 1777: 1769: 1765: 1757: 1673: 1600: 1572: 1509:

is a popular style of casual clothing, inspired by surf culture. Many surf-related

1434: 1426: 1414: 1406: 1394: 1386: 1369: 1361: 1048: 715: 518: 470: 364: 322: 292: 180: 5916: 5031: 4966:

Making waves: Contesting the lifestyle marketing and sponsorship of female surfers

4254: 3658:

Making waves: Contesting the lifestyle marketing and sponsorship of female surfers

1953:, who lost an arm at age 13 in a 2003 shark attack in Hawaii; a 2018 documentary, 996:

Alexander does not view Wolfpak as a gang, but says they look out for every local

4084:

Soul Surfer: A True Story of Faith, Family, and Fighting to Get Back on the Board

3357: 3098: 2906: 2616: 6234: 5745: 5572: 5567: 3291:. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center. 1965: 1913: 1883: 1871: 1773: 1518: 1430: 1365: 1339:

Coordination of government policies and programs for locals and foreign visitors

1173: 1086: 1057: 816: 808: 648: 579:. Blake suggested that surfing would help women to keep their feminine figures. 506: 476: 455: 268: 229: 141: 129: 76: 4349:"Sydney's notorious surf gang turns tide of violence into big-screen adulation" 2026: 67:

includes the people, language, fashion, and lifestyle surrounding the sport of

6249: 6239: 5988: 5699: 5694: 5517: 4685: 4557: 1889: 1560: 1510: 1446: 1402: 1381: 1118: 1073: 963: 955: 796: 778: 770: 659: 510: 356: 309: 176: 157: 137: 133: 88: 1473:. Well known artists included Damian Fulton, Rick Reitveld and Phil Roberts. 1275:

Loss of local skills and failure to provide skilled jobs for local population

6229: 6083: 6073: 5740: 5720: 5704: 5689: 5420: 5412: 4633:"Sustainable Management of Surfing Breaks: Case Studies and Recommendations" 2282:

The Illustrated Discography of Surf Music (1961–1965), Riverside, California

2200: 1917:

involves a group of bank robbers who are also surfers. The 1987 comedy film

1836: 1687: 1526: 1438: 1422: 1138: 1094: 1090: 1031: 913: 870: 555: 344: 99: 84: 50: 4523: 2457:

Sick, "Filthy, and Delirious: surf film and video and the documentary mode"

1336:

Equitable social, sectorial and regional distribution of costs and benefits

1034:. They gained international fame and attention in 2007 with the release of 612: 381:, the longest and heaviest surfboards, were made from the lighter and more 280:

and the memory of notable surfing feats was preserved in chants and songs (

3897: 6219: 6166: 5735: 4974: 3666: 3068: 2631: 2192: 2162: 2092: 2014: 1805: 1789: 1556: 1522: 1496: 1442: 1142: 1111: 1013: 923: 900: 387: 382: 5377: 812: 17: 6259: 6078: 5470: 4949: 3076: 2642: 2576: 2468:"Putting up your Dukes: Statues Social Memory and Duke Paoa Kahanamoku" 1692: 1256: 1068: 68: 4789: 4649: 4632: 2203:. The phrase "surfing the Internet" was first popularized in print by 1192:

lawsuit in history. A $ 5.4 million lawsuit against two paper mills,

140:

to be able to "surf" on land, as well as developing a number of other

4210:"Lunada Bay Boys Surfers Are Criminal Street Gang, Class Action Says" 3773:

The Bias-Free Word Finder: a dictionary of nondiscriminatory language

3100:

Waves of Resistance: Surfing and History in Twentieth-century Hawaiʻi

2908:

Waves of Resistance: Surfing and History in Twentieth-century Hawaiʻi

2533:, Masters Thesis, Department of Sociology, San Jose State University. 2530:

A Sociological Study of the Surfing Subculture in the Santa Cruz Area

2127: 2106: 1898: 1894: 1866: 1616: 1588: 1576: 1264: 1126: 1027: 711: 654: 600: 514: 480: 335: 160:, Prime Minister of the King; fabric making. In the foreground is an 125: 92: 80: 4941: 2380:, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University. 91:). It has affected music, fashion, literature, film, art, and youth 4735:"Federal officials struggle to maintain order at toll road hearing" 1841:

The surf culture is reflected in film. Bruce Brown's classic movie

823:'s disturbance of the peace, are often seen in opposition to this. 5073: 4928:

Rutsky, R. L. (1999). "Surfing the Other: Ideology on the Beach".

4388: 3470:

Sport as Symbol: Images of the Athlete in Art, Literature and Song

2025: 1819: 1530: 1500: 1491: 1385: 1211:

that would have impacted the popular and world-renowned surf site

1160: 1067: 830: 764: 726: 669: 611: 581: 537: 493: 373: 267: 219: 151: 49: 38: 5345: 3383:

Marcus, Ben; Morais, Juliana; Divine, Jeff; Linden, Gary (2007).

3155:. In Dexter Zavalza Hough-Snee; Alexander Sotelo Eastman (eds.). 1620:

and the exoticism that was seen in the people and culture of the

3984:

The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English

3581:"Paddle Outs Are Surfing's Most Hallowed (And Beautiful) Ritual" 1804:

all now competitive sports. Another fast growing boardsport is

1604: 1545: 1537: 1122: 844: 559: 523: 5443: 5357: 4028:

Soul surfing: tune in your power to live the movie of your life

2486:

Rutsky, RL (1999), "Surfing the Other: Ideology on the Beach",

164:

board, the largest of the Hawaiian wooden surfboards. (c. 1819)

98:

Surfers' desire for the best possible waves to ride with their

5135: 4905:. National Museum of Australia. March 29, 2011. Archived from 4550:"How Four Small-Town Oahu Natives Went on to Change the World" 4541:"Everything You Wanted to Know About the History of the Shaka" 1544:

for his surfwear. From the 1980s, Kuta Lines used traditional

333:

Since ancient times among the Native Hawaiians, the appointed

3022:

Deep Blue: Critical Reflections on Nature, Religion and Water

2300:

Cowabunga: The Complete Book of Surfing. Avon Books, New York

2241:

Australian Beach Cultures: The History of Sun, Sand, and Surf

1316:

Short-term focus undermining long-term goals for development

1286:

Fast, unstable development of infrastructure which can cause

1283:

Inequitable distribution of the costs and benefits of tourism

1114:

or 'beach bums' (with women being known as 'beach bunnies').

4588: 3716:"Female pro surfers pushing for end to 'sexualised' culture" 3661:(Griffith thesis), Griffith University, pp. 66–67, 71, 3413:

Kingship and Sacrifice: Ritual and Society in Ancient Hawaii

3260:

Sport in the Pacific: Colonial and Postcolonial Consequences

5159:"The Real-Life Gidget Looks Back From 80: "I Lived It All"" 4607:

The surfin'ary: a dictionary of surfing terms and surfspeak

4566:

from the original on December 12, 2021 – via YouTube.

3742:"Textured Waves: A Conversation About Diversity in Surfing" 3628:

The World in the Curl: An Unconventional History of Surfing

815:', harmony with life, their surfing, and the ocean. These " 5439: 4969:(Griffith thesis), Griffith University, pp. 151–152, 3440:

The Ancient Hawaiian State: Origins of a Political Society

3018:"12 Sea spirituality, surfing and aquatic nature religion" 2618:

West of Jesus: Surfing, Science, and the Origins of Belief

1272:

Failure to create adequate levels of employment and income

946:

The Wolfpak was originally composed of a few surfers from

4989:"Billion Dollar Breakers: The Professional Surfing World" 4631:

Scarfe, B.E.; T.R. Healy; H.G. Rennie; S.T. Mead (2009).

3690:. In Clarissa Smith; Feona Attwood; Brian McNair (eds.). 2446:"Good to the last drop! Understanding surfer motivations" 2318:

Stoked! A History of Surf Culture. Gibbs Smith, Publisher

1153:

such reefs in some countries, such as the United States.

244:

started the multiracial Hui Nalu Club (Club of Waves) at

3923:"Exploring African Surf Culture in New Book, 'AfroSurf'" 2816:

Skateboarding: Instruction, Programming, and Park Design

2480:

Hangin' ten: The common-pool resource problem of surfing

938:) became the subject of a class action lawsuit in 2016. 5220:"Surf Noir: A Salt-Streaked Lens On The American Dream" 4760:"Ericeira, Portugal Dedicated as World Surfing Reserve" 3950:

Surfing Newport Beach: The Glory Days of Corona Del Mar

3305:

Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian

2935:

Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian

2848:

Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian

2362:, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Technical Report. 4860: 4858: 4081:

Bethany Hamilton; Sheryl Berk; Rick Bundschuh (2004).

3016:

Sylvie Shaw; Andrew Francis, eds. (December 5, 2014).

1148:

Some of these stresses may be overcome by building of

438:

The powerful, curling waves, arise with the pohuehue,

3821:

Speaking of Animals: A Dictionary of Animal Metaphors

2758:(internet video). X17online.com. 2008. Archived from 2371:, Faculty of Information Technology, Bond University. 3559:"Surfing with spirituality at blessing of the waves" 2377:

A numerical study of breaking waves in the surf zone

1330:

Fostering of genuine appropriate technology transfer

417: 6291: 6258: 6210: 6112: 5934: 5876: 5766: 5759: 5713: 5672: 5591: 5495: 4899:"National Museum of Australia - Gallery highlights" 4190:"The Long, Strange Tale of California's Surf Nazis" 3872:"Why Surf Culture Desperately Needs More Diversity" 3692:

The Routledge Companion to Media, Sex and Sexuality

3678: 3676: 2291:

A Pictorial History of Surfing. Paul Hamlyn, Sydney

2195:; having multiple, related meanings. "Surfing" the 406:lashed the surface of the sea with long strands of 4455:"Wherever it came from, shaka sign part of Hawaii" 4347: 4025: 3625:Peter J. Westwick; Peter Neushul (July 23, 2013). 3416:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 173, 179. 3011: 3009: 2813: 2461:Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies 2439:To the Extreme: Alternative Sports, Inside and Out 295:'s death in 1819, his son, crown prince Liholiho ( 252:demonstrated the sport at many beaches, including 5974:Duke Kahanamoku Invitational Surfing Championship 4476:"Honoring the Founder of the Shaka Hamana Kalili" 2691:According to John R. Kukeakalani Clark, the word 2418:"Waves of Semiosis: Surfing's Iconic Progression" 2411:Ocean Surface Waves: Their Physics and Prediction 1203:In 2008 the U.S. Department of Commerce upheld a 1188:and the EPA won, at the time, the second largest 414:) vines and chanted, in unison with the surfers: 5250:"The California Book Awards Winners 1931 - 2012" 4841:"Managing the Mentawai Surfing Tourism Industry" 3230:Surfing: A History of the Ancient Hawaiian Sport 2724:Freeman, Mike; Robbins, Gary (October 6, 2020). 2220:Surfing: A History of the Ancient Hawaiian Sport 1881:are less reverential depictions of the culture. 1207:decision to deny the $ 1.3 Billion extension of 1018:The Bra Boys are a popular surf gang founded in 750:Though surfers come from all walks of life, the 32:"Beach bum" redirects here. For other uses, see 4835: 4833: 3650: 3648: 2703:, was coined by Hawaiian surfer Wally Froiseth. 2560:Consumer Tribes: Theory, Practice and Prospects 2432:International Review for the Sociology of Sport 2359:The Science of Surfing Waves and Surfing Breaks 1635:celebrates the sport and lifestyle on June 20. 1243:showing the beach bar setup ready for the 2010 4508:"The history of the famous surfing shaka sign" 3302:Pukui, Mary Kawena; Elbert, Samuel H. (1986). 3180:Robert Edelman; Wayne Wilson (April 6, 2017). 2986:Gregory Borne; Jess Ponting (March 16, 2017). 1324:The extent of linkages to the domestic economy 156:Alphonse Pellion, Sandwich Islands: houses of 120:, where it was first popularized, include the 5455: 4589:"Hamana Kalili, Originator of the Shaka Sign" 4571:Shawn Young (November 2008). "Shaka, Brah!". 3846:"This Is How You Create Diversity In Surfing" 3462: 3460: 3043: 3041: 2472:International Journal of the History of Sport 2466:Osmond, G. Phillips, MG. O'Neill, M. (2006), 1968:, Sydney, Australia. the Surf Film Festival, 1933:and parodying surfing documentaries, such as 698:. Organizations such as City Surf Project in 391:, and were used exclusively by the nobility. 8: 4814:. Prweb.com. August 25, 2011. Archived from 3947:Burnett, Claudine E.; Burnett, Paul (2013). 3813: 3811: 2932:Mary Kawena Pukui; Samuel H. Elbert (1986). 2845:Mary Kawena Pukui; Samuel H. Elbert (1986). 2428:"The Aesthetics of Risk: A Study of Surfing" 1457:, who are both former professional surfers. 228:In the early 1900s, Alexander Hume Ford and 6064:Smirnoff World Pro-Am Surfing Championships 4733:Rosenblatt, Susannah (September 23, 2008). 4295: 4293: 4291: 3574: 3572: 3308:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 363. 3159:. Duke University Press. pp. 149–150. 2938:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 132. 2911:. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 16. 2807: 2805: 962:, as well as the reality show 808 star and 429:Ku mai! Ku mai! Ka nalu nui mai Kahiki mai, 5763: 5462: 5448: 5440: 4788:. Save the Waves Coalition. Archived from 4762:. Save the Waves Coalition. Archived from 3824:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 17. 3818:Palmatier, Robert Allen (April 30, 1995). 3694:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 384–385. 3517:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 32. 3494:Finney, Ben R.; Houston, James D. (1966). 3389:. MBI Publishing Company. pp. 17–19. 3359:Hawaiian Surfing: Traditions from the Past 3285:"5, Changes After the Death of Kamehameha" 3227:Finney, Ben R.; Houston, James D. (1996). 3130:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 278. 3103:. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 2. 3063:(1). University of Hawaiʻi Press: 89, 96. 2851:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 63. 2788:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 552. 1437:. The music inspired dance crazes such as 1129:, is a common greeting in surfer culture. 843:Some locals have been known to form loose 5118:"INTERNATIONAL SURF FILM FESTIVAL FRANCE" 4648: 4427:Surfing in the Movies: A Critical History 1756:to be able to "surf" on land. Later came 1310:Lack of resources both human and economic 436:Arise, arise you great surfs from Kahiki, 321:American missionaries. Liholiho's cousin 27:Culture associated with the sport surfing 4275: 4273: 4271: 3186:. Oxford University Press. p. 225. 2884:. Oxford University Press. p. 225. 2309:The History of Surfing. Palm Beach Press 1949:is a 2011 biopic about real-life surfer 1480: 1259:, IJourneyGreen, Surf Resource Network, 1235: 377:surfboards were made from koa; however, 343:believed that the trees they made their 6142:National Scholastic Surfing Association 5218:Sternbergh, Adam (September 20, 2020). 4707:Paddock, Richard (September 10, 1991). 4019: 4017: 4015: 2748: 2746: 2716: 2684: 2259:Holmes Coleman, S. (February 7, 2004). 1313:Central and local government corruption 690:(the first black African surfer on the 686:, and the presence of athletes such as 3557:Connelly, Laylan (September 6, 2013). 3216:. Bishop Museum Press. pp. 20–22. 2133:Gidget, The Little Girl with Big Ideas 1101:", "dude", "tubular", "radical", and " 5409:"History of surfing and surf culture" 5266:from the original on October 19, 2023 5199:from the original on February 5, 2024 3579:Herreria, Carla (December 14, 2014). 3262:. Taylor & Francis. p. 124. 3183:The Oxford Handbook of Sports History 2882:The Oxford Handbook of Sports History 2511:, Manchester Metropolitan University. 2147:. It was later adapted into the film 1037:Bra Boys: Blood Is Thicker than Water 884:, which was based on the documentary 811:culture in the hunt for a continual ' 751: 224:Duke Kahanamoku and the Hui Nalu Club 168:The prevailing narrative of surfing ( 7: 5429:"The origins and history of surfing" 5312:"Kem Nunn: Surf Fiction's Dark Lord" 5053:Jinman, Richard (October 30, 2003). 4591:. hamanakalili.info. March 24, 2013. 4188:Duane, Daniel (September 28, 2019). 4160:Weiss, Kenneth (December 24, 1996). 3981:Victor, Terry; Dalzell, Tom (2015). 3497:Surfing, the sport of Hawaiian kings 3437:Hommon, Robert J. (April 25, 2013). 2992:. Taylor & Francis. p. 63. 2441:, State University of New York Press 2017:: Blood is Thicker than Water (2007) 5157:Liebenson, Donald (March 4, 2021). 5076:. Surfilmfestibal.com. June 5, 2014 4411:"Bra Boys breaks box office record" 4319:Kelly Jean Butler (July 28, 2017). 4212:. December 20, 2016. Archived from 4057:"I should have been here yesterday" 1984:TV documentary series about surfing 1551:Some other clothing brands include 1364:. Popular artists in the genre are 1145:can also threaten surfing regions. 307:, who had declared herself regent ( 6122:International Professional Surfers 5322:from the original on July 15, 2022 5230:from the original on July 11, 2021 5169:from the original on April 1, 2023 4478:. This Week Hawaii. June 16, 2017. 4413:. ABC News Online. March 26, 2007. 4227:Higgins, Matt (January 22, 2009). 4024:Dawnea Adams (December 29, 1997). 3538:Vega, Priscella (April 28, 2018). 3335:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 10. 2965:. Voyageur Press. pp. 17–19. 2586:Evers, C. (2004), "Men who Surf", 2570:Journal of Sport and Social Issues 2499:MC: a journal of media and culture 1957:, explores Hamilton's adult life. 969:Wolfpak began in 2001 when leader 554:Like men, women surfed in ancient 509:memorial service held annually at 491:paddle out for a morning session. 25: 6127:International Surfing Association 4877:. Korero Press. 2012. p. 7. 4453:Watanabe, June (March 31, 2002). 4360:from the original on May 25, 2022 4255:"Kai Garcia-The Surfer Interview" 3631:. Crown Publishers. p. 263. 3410:Valeri, Valerio (June 15, 1985). 3097:Isaiah Helekunihi Walker (2011). 3048:Isaiah Helekunihi Walker (2008). 2905:Isaiah Helekunihi Walker (2011). 2874:"15 Surfing: A Global Phenomenon" 2437:Rinehart, RE. Sydnor, S. (2003), 2422:The American Journal of Semiotics 2131:(originally published in 1957 as 1304:Lack of political will to pursue 498:A surfer memorial service at the 451:, after the morning glory vines. 431:Alo po ʻi pu! Ku mai ka pohuehue, 116:Aspects of 1960s surf culture in 5979:East Coast Surfing Championships 5189:"Interview with author Kem Nunn" 4995:. April 13, 1997. Archived from 4304:. Outside Online. Archived from 4300:Melekian, Brad (November 2008). 3953:. History Press. p. PT120. 3598:Ann Rayson; Helen Bauer (1997). 3511:Kona Historical Society (1998). 3467:Womack, Mari (January 1, 2003). 3386:The Surfboard: Art, Style, Stoke 3157:The Critical Surf Studies Reader 3151:Kevin Dawson (August 17, 2017). 2962:The Surfboard: Art, Style, Stoke 2568:Evers, C. (2006), How to Surf", 936:Palos Verdes Estates, California 731:Surf in southern California 2008 5421:"History of the term surf nazi" 4963:Franklin, Roslyn (April 2012), 4346:Marks, Kathy (March 19, 2007). 3655:Franklin, Roslyn (April 2012), 3362:. University of Hawaiʻi Press. 3329:Timothy Tovar DeLaVega (2011). 3024:. Routledge. pp. 217–219. 2872:Douglas Booth (April 6, 2017). 2289:Finney, B.; Margan, F. (1970). 2010:"I'm a Big Wave Surfer" (2004) 1542:Indonesian textiles and designs 1517:, supplying local surfers with 1372:, Bill Ogden and Jim Phillips. 1121:, credited to Hamana Kalili of 739:revolutionized, as surfers use 5358:"International Surfing Museum" 4581:"The Origin of the Shaka Sign" 4539:Dylan Heyden (June 15, 2016). 4229:"Rough Waves, Tougher Beaches" 4162:"Territorial Surfer Wipes Out" 3500:. C. E. Tuttle Co. p. 55. 2755:Malibu Surfers Fight Paparazzi 2522:Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2516:Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2339:Barbarian Days: A Surfing Life 1978:New York Surfing Film Festival 1342:Infrastructure and incentives 1290:and safety and health problems 566:) to everyone except royalty ( 128:and other beach wear, such as 43:2010 Mavericks competition at 1: 5944:Australian Boardriders Battle 5346:"Surfing Heritage Foundation" 5310:Sievers, Drew (May 4, 2011). 5032:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.08.039 4843:. Mentawai.org. July 11, 2012 4552:. Polynesian Cultural Center. 4118:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 3332:Surfing in Hawaiʻi: 1778-1930 3258:. In King, C. Richard (ed.). 1960:Some film events include the 1955:Bethany Hamilton: Unstoppable 1732:Pleasure Point Night Fighters 1533:, as well as other hardware. 1401:Surf culture is reflected in 1205:California Coastal Commission 1194:Louisiana-Pacific Corporation 6137:International Surfing Museum 6029:Pipeline Bodysurfing Classic 6019:O'Neill World Cup of Surfing 5362:Huntington Beach, California 5020:Journal of Business Research 4786:"Inspire. Activate. Empower" 4548:Joe Kukura (July 30, 2015). 4280:Borow, Zev (July 10, 2012). 4139:Comley, Cassie (June 2011). 3776:. Beacon Press. p. 46. 3254:Nendel, Jim (July 5, 2017). 3208:Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum 1974:Wavescape Surf Film Festival 1862:Fast Times at Ridgemont High 1209:California State Highway 241 1157:Surfing and environmentalism 1105:" are associated with both. 1022:, a beachside suburb in the 799:ensure offshore conditions. 526:, such as Huntington Beach, 467:Huntington Beach, California 447:The chant itself was called 6147:New York Surf Film Festival 6014:O'Neill Sebastian Inlet Pro 5999:Lion Foundation Surf League 5370:"Santa Cruz Surfing Museum" 4637:Journal of Coastal Research 4253:Surfermag (July 22, 2010). 4115:The Encyclopedia of Surfing 3233:. Pomegranate. p. 40. 3127:The Encyclopedia of Surfing 2959:Ben Marcus (May 15, 2007). 2785:The Encyclopedia of Surfing 2699:. The spelling used today, 2527:Stephen Wayne Hull (1976), 2368:Mathematics and bodysurfing 950:who believed in respecting 546:surfing after a drawing by 440:Well up, long raging surf. 240:". In response, Freeth and 6351: 5959:Billabong Pipeline Masters 5949:Australian Open of Surfing 4559:A Tribute to Hamana Kalili 4520:Polynesian Cultural Center 4488:Polynesian Cultural Center 4325:. Routledge. p. 218. 3604:. Bess Press. p. 33. 3601:Hawaiʻi, the Pacific State 3473:. McFarland. p. 182. 3356:Clark, John R. K. (2011). 2820:. Human Kinetics. p. 2629: 2007:"Surfing 50 States" (2006) 1834: 1743:Spin-offs & influences 1642: 1379: 1327:The creation of employment 1261:World Tourism Organization 1078: 1011: 355:), and used the trunks of 34:Beach bum (disambiguation) 31: 6152:Santa Cruz Surfing Museum 6132:International Surfing Day 6039:Quiksilver Pro Gold Coast 6009:Noosa Festival of Surfing 6004:MEO Rip Curl Pro Portugal 5477: 5136:"Surfing in South Africa" 4686:10.1080/02614360601053533 3283:Greene, Linda W. (1993). 2581:Everyday Multiculturalism 2079:Wave Action Surf Magazine 1976:in South Africa, and the 1633:International Surfing Day 658:. The male equivalent is 528:Orange County, California 45:Half Moon Bay, California 6335:Australian youth culture 6197:Welsh Surfing Federation 6187:The Moonshine Conspiracy 6044:Red Bull Big Wave Africa 5350:San Clemente, California 5290:National Book Foundation 5055:"Baiting Bondi's fringe" 4145:(Thesis). Archived from 3057:The Contemporary Pacific 2880:; Wilson, Wayne (eds.). 2605:39(3), pp. 353–365. 2579:Conference Proceedings, 2244:. Taylor & Francis. 2199:is the act of following 2065:Australia's Surfing Life 1683:Red Bull Big Wave Africa 1133:Issues affecting surfers 136:. Surfers developed the 6192:Uruguayan Surfing Union 6089:Triple Crown of Surfing 3443:. OUP USA. p. 92. 2668:List of surfing records 2588:Cultural Studies Review 2583:, Macquarie University. 2539:Waves of Transformation 1893:(2002) is a film about 1540:in 1973. Brown adapted 966:actor, Kala Alexander. 586:Hawaiian surfer on the 75:began with the ancient 60:, used by early surfers 6162:Surfers Against Sewage 6059:Shark Island Challenge 5964:Billabong Pro Teahupoo 5553:Standup paddleboarding 5403:on September 15, 2008. 5374:Santa Cruz, California 4604:Trevor Cralle (2001). 4460:Honolulu Star-Bulletin 4308:on September 20, 2010. 2658:List of surfing topics 2653:World surfing champion 2615:Kotler, Steven (2008) 2474:, Taylor & Francis 2182:Surfing in non-fiction 2145:Kathy Kohner-Zuckerman 2033: 1962:Sydney Fringe Festival 1827: 1752:Surfers developed the 1563:, Town & Country, 1503: 1489: 1398: 1247: 1225:World Surfing Reserves 1176: 1166:Surfers Against Sewage 1076: 836: 774: 732: 675: 617: 595: 551: 502: 273: 225: 165: 111:environmental activism 61: 47: 6157:SurfAid International 6034:Quiksilver Pro France 5098:. Surfilmfestibal.com 5059:Sydney Morning Herald 4216:on December 20, 2016. 4112:Matt Harshaw (2005). 3124:Matt Warshaw (2005). 2782:Matt Warshaw (2005). 2602:Australian Geographer 2029: 1823: 1816:Surfing in multimedia 1737:SurfAid International 1716:Surfing organizations 1698:Boardmasters Festival 1495: 1484: 1455:Donavon Frankenreiter 1389: 1245:Boardmasters Festival 1239: 1198:Simpson Paper Company 1164: 1071: 834: 768: 730: 673: 615: 585: 541: 500:Huntington Beach Pier 497: 469:for example, a local 359:to build them. Their 271: 223: 155: 53: 42: 6182:Surfing South Africa 6172:Surfrider Foundation 5380:on December 25, 2003 5286:"Tapping the Source" 5074:"Surfilmfestibal 12" 4818:on September 8, 2011 4573:The Surfer's Journal 4424:Engle, John (2015). 4149:on November 3, 2023. 4089:Simon & Schuster 3989:Taylor & Francis 3069:10.1353/cp.2008.0026 2455:Beattie, K. (2001), 2452:, physed.otago.ac.nz 2395:Science Study Series 2374:Pengzhi, L. et al., 2365:Neville de Mestre, 2316:Kampion, D. (2003). 2298:Wardlaw, L. (1991). 1972:Surf Film Festival, 1722:Surfrider Foundation 1253:Surfrider Foundation 1186:Surfrider Foundation 562:that was forbidden ( 6283:Surfer's myelopathy 6099:World Surfing Games 5994:Ku Ikaika Challenge 5193:The Soul Of A Clown 4999:on December 3, 2007 4903:Australian Journeys 4766:on November 4, 2011 4378:Butler 2017, p. 230 4032:. Delacorte Press. 3898:"afrosurf-the-book" 3748:. February 14, 2020 3514:A Guide to Old Kona 2989:Sustainable Surfing 2812:Wixon, Ben (2009). 2504:Ormrod, J. (1978), 2444:Butts, SE. (2001), 2426:M Stranger (1999), 2217:Finney, B. (1996). 2191:The word "surf" is 2187:Conceptual metaphor 2168:National Book Award 1920:Surf Nazis Must Die 1878:Beach Blanket Bingo 1831:Films about surfing 1306:sustainable tourism 1221:Aníbal Cavaco Silva 1107:Northern California 1097:). Words such as " 1081:Glossary of surfing 1074:Shaka greeting sign 866:San Fernando Valley 741:personal watercraft 408:beach morning glory 118:Southern California 6094:US Open of Surfing 5690:Ocean surface wave 5397:City of Santa Cruz 5393:"museum panoramas" 5063:Nude Night Surfing 4975:10.25904/1912/2170 4233:The New York Times 4195:The New York Times 3686:(August 9, 2017). 3667:10.25904/1912/2170 2648:History of surfing 2575:Evers, C. (2006), 2562:, Oxford: Elsevier 2450:Sociology of Sport 2416:Flynn, PJ (1987), 2307:Young, N. (1983). 2280:Blair, J. (1983). 2238:Booth, D. (2001). 2158:Tapping the Source 2121:Surfing in fiction 2034: 1935:The Endless Summer 1844:The Endless Summer 1828: 1504: 1490: 1399: 1279:Labor exploitation 1248: 1177: 1143:toxic algae growth 1077: 887:Dogtown and Z-Boys 850:Malibu Locals Only 837: 775: 733: 676: 618: 596: 552: 548:Charles de Varigny 503: 474:non-denominational 433:Hu! Kai koʻo loa. 351:) from had souls ( 274: 226: 185:Kingdom of Hawaiʻi 166: 73:history of surfing 62: 48: 6307: 6306: 6225:Fictional surfers 6202:World Surf League 6177:Surfing Australia 6104:World Surf League 5930: 5929: 5435:on March 2, 2012. 5415:on July 16, 2008. 5257:Commonwealth Club 5195:. June 20, 2020. 4909:on March 15, 2011 4739:Los Angeles Times 4713:Los Angeles Times 4650:10.2112/08-0999.1 4562:. July 28, 2001. 4526:on 27 August 2017 4437:978-0-7864-9521-4 4391:. SurfingGangs.TK 4332:978-1-351-47148-0 4167:Los Angeles Times 4061:SoulSurfing.co.uk 3783:978-0-8070-6003-2 3701:978-1-351-68555-9 3638:978-0-307-71948-5 3611:978-1-57306-062-2 3524:978-0-8248-2010-7 3480:978-0-7864-1579-3 3450:978-0-19-991612-2 3423:978-0-226-84560-9 3396:978-0-7603-2753-1 3369:978-0-8248-3414-2 3342:978-0-7385-7488-2 3315:978-0-8248-0703-0 3269:978-1-351-54793-2 3240:978-0-87654-594-2 3193:978-0-19-985892-7 3166:978-0-8223-7282-0 3110:978-0-8248-3547-7 3031:978-1-317-48818-7 2999:978-1-317-39656-7 2972:978-1-61673-117-5 2945:978-0-8248-0703-0 2918:978-0-8248-3547-7 2891:978-0-19-985892-7 2858:978-0-8248-0703-0 2831:978-0-7360-7426-1 2762:on July 14, 2008. 2730:Los Angeles Times 2542:, Masters thesis. 2524:, Vol. 10, No. 5. 2493:Scott, P.(2003), 2490:, Vol. 52, No. 4. 2463:, Vol. 15, No. 3. 2434:, irs.sagepub.com 2384:Waves and Beaches 2335:Finnegan, William 2205:Jean Armour Polly 2072:Pitpilot magazine 2051:The Surfer's Path 2037:Surfing magazines 1991:This Is Your Life 1970:Saint Jean de Luz 1727:World Surf League 1710:Spirit of Surfing 1705: 1704: 1645:World Surf League 1368:, Damian Fulton, 708:Selema Masekela's 692:Championship Tour 444: 443: 341:ancient Hawaiians 319:Congregationalist 299:), abolished the 16:(Redirected from 6342: 5954:Beachley Classic 5907:Puerto Escondido 5764: 5543:Shoulder surfing 5464: 5457: 5450: 5441: 5436: 5431:. Archived from 5424: 5416: 5411:. Archived from 5404: 5399:. Archived from 5389: 5387: 5385: 5376:. Archived from 5365: 5353: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5265: 5254: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5124:on June 4, 2011. 5120:. Archived from 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5070: 5064: 5062: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4985: 4979: 4977: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4837: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4652: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4601: 4595: 4592: 4584: 4576: 4567: 4553: 4544: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4522:. Archived from 4511: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4494:on June 22, 2011 4490:. Archived from 4479: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4351: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4297: 4286: 4285: 4277: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4031: 4021: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3991:. p. 2194. 3978: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3815: 3806: 3805: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3722:. April 15, 2016 3712: 3706: 3705: 3680: 3671: 3669: 3652: 3643: 3642: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3576: 3567: 3566: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3464: 3455: 3454: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3054: 3045: 3036: 3035: 3013: 3004: 3003: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2819: 2809: 2800: 2799: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2750: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2721: 2704: 2689: 2673:Surf forecasting 2508: 2391:Anchor Doubleday 2342: 2341:. Penguin Books. 2330: 2321: 2312: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2255: 2234: 2137:Frederick Kohner 2100:Surfing Magazine 2044:Surfer's Journal 2031:Surfing Magazine 1951:Bethany Hamilton 1798:mountainboarding 1653: 1652: 1639:Surfing contests 1515:cottage industry 1488:wearing surfwear 1486:Bethany Hamilton 1150:artificial reefs 1064:Surf terminology 1002:Hawaiian culture 881:Lords of Dogtown 786:surf forecasting 769:Mick Corbett at 737:big wave surfing 723:Big wave culture 688:Michael February 534:Women in surfing 418: 200:Although white ( 183:established the 132:or baggies, and 103:and vice versa. 21: 6350: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6339: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6303: 6299:Surf lifesaving 6287: 6254: 6245:Surfwear brands 6206: 6108: 6054:Roxy Pro France 5926: 5912:Shipstern Bluff 5884:Banzai Pipeline 5872: 5755: 5751:Surfboard leash 5709: 5668: 5587: 5583:Women's surfing 5491: 5473: 5468: 5427: 5419: 5407: 5391: 5383: 5381: 5368: 5356: 5344: 5341: 5336: 5335: 5325: 5323: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5252: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5141: 5139: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5101: 5099: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5079: 5077: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4942:10.2307/1213771 4927: 4926: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4856: 4846: 4844: 4839: 4838: 4831: 4821: 4819: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4795: 4793: 4792:on June 1, 2009 4784: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4767: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4743: 4741: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4717: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4674:Leisure Studies 4671: 4670: 4666: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4618: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4587: 4578: 4570: 4556: 4547: 4538: 4529: 4527: 4514: 4506: 4497: 4495: 4482: 4474: 4465: 4463: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4389:"Surfing Gangs" 4387: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4354:The Independent 4345: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4302:"Rough Justice" 4299: 4298: 4289: 4279: 4278: 4269: 4259: 4257: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4023: 4022: 4013: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3881: 3879: 3876:SURFER Magazine 3870: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3852:. July 28, 2020 3844: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3817: 3816: 3809: 3802:Merriam-Webster 3796: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3770:(August 1992). 3766: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3682: 3681: 3674: 3654: 3653: 3646: 3639: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3585:Huffington Post 3578: 3577: 3570: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3466: 3465: 3458: 3451: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3370: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3052: 3047: 3046: 3039: 3032: 3015: 3014: 3007: 3000: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2878:Edelman, Robert 2871: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2832: 2811: 2810: 2803: 2796: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2772:Harshaw, p. 708 2771: 2767: 2752: 2751: 2744: 2734: 2732: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2707: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2663:List of surfers 2639: 2634: 2628: 2612: 2506: 2501:, Vol. 6, No.1. 2388:Bascom, Willard 2349: 2347:Natural science 2333: 2324: 2315: 2306: 2297: 2288: 2279: 2273: 2258: 2252: 2237: 2231: 2223:. Pomegranate. 2216: 2213: 2189: 2184: 2176:Tijuana Straits 2123: 2086:Surfer Magazine 2039: 2024: 1996:Duke Kahanamoku 1986: 1839: 1833: 1818: 1760:(also known as 1750: 1745: 1718: 1647: 1641: 1630: 1622:Pacific Islands 1613: 1479: 1467:Surfing Madonna 1463: 1461:Surf visual art 1384: 1378: 1354: 1349: 1234: 1190:Clean Water Act 1159: 1135: 1083: 1066: 1024:Eastern Suburbs 1016: 1010: 944: 932:Lunada Bay Boys 910: 876:tongue-in-cheek 856:) and those on 854:Lunada Bay Boys 829: 725: 668: 635: 536: 445: 439: 437: 432: 430: 266: 242:Duke Kahanamoku 211:Native Hawaiian 150: 106:Surfer Magazine 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6348: 6346: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6312: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6295: 6293: 6292:Related topics 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6264: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6216: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6118: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5940: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5886: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5856:United Kingdom 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5772: 5770: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5685:Hawaiian scale 5682: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5459: 5452: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5425: 5417: 5405: 5366: 5354: 5340: 5339:External links 5337: 5334: 5333: 5302: 5277: 5241: 5210: 5180: 5149: 5127: 5109: 5087: 5065: 5045: 5010: 4980: 4955: 4930:Film Quarterly 4920: 4890: 4883: 4866: 4854: 4829: 4803: 4777: 4751: 4725: 4699: 4680:(3): 279–302. 4664: 4643:(3): 684–703. 4623: 4616: 4610:. Quiksilver. 4596: 4594: 4593: 4585: 4575:. p. 135. 4568: 4554: 4545: 4543:. The Inertia. 4536: 4512: 4510:. SurferToday. 4504: 4480: 4472: 4443: 4436: 4416: 4402: 4380: 4371: 4338: 4331: 4311: 4287: 4282:"Surf N' Turf" 4267: 4245: 4219: 4201: 4180: 4152: 4131: 4124: 4104: 4097: 4073: 4048: 4038: 4011: 3997: 3973: 3959: 3939: 3914: 3902:Mami Wata - UK 3889: 3878:. June 2, 2018 3863: 3837: 3831:978-0313294907 3830: 3807: 3789: 3782: 3768:Rosalie Maggio 3759: 3733: 3707: 3700: 3672: 3644: 3637: 3617: 3610: 3590: 3568: 3549: 3530: 3523: 3503: 3486: 3479: 3456: 3449: 3429: 3422: 3402: 3395: 3375: 3368: 3348: 3341: 3321: 3314: 3294: 3275: 3268: 3246: 3239: 3219: 3199: 3192: 3172: 3165: 3143: 3136: 3116: 3109: 3089: 3037: 3030: 3005: 2998: 2978: 2971: 2951: 2944: 2924: 2917: 2897: 2890: 2864: 2857: 2837: 2830: 2801: 2794: 2774: 2765: 2742: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2638: 2635: 2630:Main article: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2622: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2584: 2573: 2566: 2563: 2556: 2553: 2546: 2543: 2534: 2525: 2518: 2512: 2502: 2491: 2488:Film Quarterly 2484: 2475: 2464: 2453: 2442: 2435: 2424: 2414: 2406: 2398: 2381: 2372: 2363: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2331: 2322: 2313: 2304: 2295: 2286: 2277: 2271: 2256: 2250: 2235: 2229: 2212: 2209: 2197:World Wide Web 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2172:Dogs of Winter 2122: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2110: 2103: 2096: 2089: 2082: 2075: 2068: 2061: 2054: 2047: 2038: 2035: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2011: 2008: 2005: 1999: 1985: 1982: 1905:. The sequel, 1875:films such as 1835:Main article: 1832: 1829: 1817: 1814: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1717: 1714: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1643:Main article: 1640: 1637: 1629: 1626: 1612: 1609: 1599:, Von Zipper, 1513:originated as 1478: 1475: 1462: 1459: 1411:The Beach Boys 1391:The Beach Boys 1380:Main article: 1377: 1374: 1358:Kustom Kulture 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1302: 1295:waste disposal 1291: 1284: 1281: 1276: 1273: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1217: 1201: 1158: 1155: 1134: 1131: 1079:Main article: 1065: 1062: 1012:Main article: 1009: 1006: 971:Kala Alexander 943: 940: 909: 906: 896:Maroubra Beach 828: 825: 745:tow-in surfing 724: 721: 684:Gabriel Medina 680:Italo Ferreira 667: 664: 643:North American 634: 631: 627:women of color 535: 532: 442: 441: 434: 426: 425: 422: 416: 349:papa heʻe nalu 265: 262: 206:historiography 149: 146: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6347: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6114:Organizations 6111: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5969:Copa Movistar 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5868:United States 5866: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5659:South African 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5558:Surf kayaking 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5538:River surfing 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5508:Bellyboarding 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5472: 5465: 5460: 5458: 5453: 5451: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5384:September 19, 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5306: 5303: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5278: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5245: 5242: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5211: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5184: 5181: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5150: 5137: 5131: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5110: 5097: 5091: 5088: 5075: 5069: 5066: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5011: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4959: 4956: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4921: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4891: 4886: 4884:9781907621086 4880: 4876: 4875:Surf Graphics 4870: 4867: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4842: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4804: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4752: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4726: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4627: 4624: 4619: 4617:9781580081931 4613: 4609: 4608: 4600: 4597: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4579:Shawn Young. 4574: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4439: 4433: 4430:. McFarland. 4429: 4428: 4420: 4417: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4342: 4339: 4334: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4315: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4256: 4249: 4246: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4202: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4184: 4181: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4156: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4135: 4132: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4108: 4105: 4100: 4098:9780743499224 4094: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4077: 4074: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4044:Soul surfing. 4041: 4039:9780385319331 4035: 4030: 4029: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4000: 3998:9781317372523 3994: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3977: 3974: 3962: 3960:9781614239567 3956: 3952: 3951: 3943: 3940: 3932:September 24, 3928: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3907:September 24, 3903: 3899: 3893: 3890: 3882:September 24, 3877: 3873: 3867: 3864: 3856:September 24, 3851: 3850:Stab Magazine 3847: 3841: 3838: 3833: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3798:"beach bunny" 3793: 3790: 3785: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3752:September 24, 3747: 3743: 3737: 3734: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3703: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3684:Thorpe, Holly 3679: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3621: 3618: 3613: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3594: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3531: 3526: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3507: 3504: 3499: 3498: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3433: 3430: 3425: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3406: 3403: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3379: 3376: 3371: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3352: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3325: 3322: 3317: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3298: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3276: 3271: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3247: 3242: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3223: 3220: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3195: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3176: 3173: 3168: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3144: 3139: 3137:0-15-603251-1 3133: 3129: 3128: 3120: 3117: 3112: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3093: 3090: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2955: 2952: 2947: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2928: 2925: 2920: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2901: 2898: 2893: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2865: 2860: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2841: 2838: 2833: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2817: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2795:0-15-603251-1 2791: 2787: 2786: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2756: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2717: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2625: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2613: 2610:Philosophical 2609: 2604: 2603: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548:Ehrlich, JN, 2547: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2536:Crawford, C. 2535: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2272:9780312327187 2268: 2265:. Macmillan. 2264: 2263: 2257: 2253: 2251:9780714681788 2247: 2243: 2242: 2236: 2232: 2230:9780876545942 2226: 2222: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2129: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1941: 1940:Riding Giants 1936: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1851: 1850:Big Wednesday 1846: 1845: 1838: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1802:carveboarding 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786:riverboarding 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1669:Billabong Pro 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1646: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1618: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1565:Ocean Pacific 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1487: 1483: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1352:Surf graphics 1351: 1346: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1288:beach erosion 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1246: 1242: 1241:Fistral Beach 1238: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1175: 1171: 1170:beach cleanup 1167: 1163: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1082: 1075: 1070: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1015: 1007: 1005: 1003: 999: 994: 990: 988: 982: 980: 976: 973:moved to the 972: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 952:surf localism 949: 948:Kauai, Hawaii 941: 939: 937: 933: 928: 926: 925: 919: 915: 907: 905: 903: 902: 897: 891: 889: 888: 883: 882: 877: 872: 867: 863: 859: 858:Hawaii island 855: 851: 846: 841: 833: 826: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 804: 800: 798: 794: 789: 787: 782: 780: 772: 767: 763: 759: 757: 756:perfectionism 753: 748: 746: 742: 738: 729: 722: 720: 717: 716:South African 713: 709: 704: 701: 700:San Francisco 697: 696:United States 693: 689: 685: 681: 672: 665: 663: 661: 657: 656: 651: 650: 644: 641:is a general 640: 633:Beach bunnies 632: 630: 628: 622: 616:Beach bunnies 614: 610: 606: 603: 602: 593: 589: 584: 580: 578: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 549: 545: 542:Engraving of 540: 533: 531: 529: 525: 520: 516: 512: 508: 501: 496: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 475: 472: 468: 463: 461: 457: 452: 450: 435: 428: 427: 423: 420: 419: 415: 413: 409: 405: 401: 396: 392: 390: 389: 384: 380: 376: 375: 370: 367:) as well as 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 337: 331: 329: 324: 320: 316: 312: 311: 306: 302: 298: 297:Kamehameha II 294: 289: 287: 283: 279: 270: 263: 261: 259: 255: 249: 247: 246:Waikīkī Beach 243: 239: 235: 234:George Freeth 231: 222: 218: 217:(surf zone). 216: 212: 207: 203: 198: 196: 192: 191: 186: 182: 178: 173: 171: 163: 159: 154: 147: 145: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 114: 112: 108: 107: 101: 96: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 59: 56: 52: 46: 41: 35: 30: 19: 6320:Surf culture 6278:Surfer's ear 6273:Surfer's eye 6268:Shark attack 6211: 6049:Rip Curl Pro 5984:Hawaiian Pro 5936:Competitions 5836:South Africa 5578:Wing foiling 5548:Skimboarding 5533:Lake surfing 5528:Kneeboarding 5523:Kiteboarding 5513:Bodyboarding 5433:the original 5413:the original 5401:the original 5396: 5382:. 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