1301:
849:
1541:
1527:
1515:. Interest in biodegradable surfactants has led to much interest in "biosurfactants" such as those derived from amino acids. Biobased surfactants can offer improved biodegradation. However, whether surfactants damage the cells of fish or cause foam mountains on bodies of water depends primarily on their chemical structure and not on whether the carbon originally used came from fossil sources, carbon dioxide or biomass.
717:
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of the surfactant. As the interface is created, the adsorption is limited by the diffusion of the surfactant to the interface. In some cases, there can exist an energetic barrier to adsorption or desorption of the surfactant. If such a barrier limits the adsorption rate, the dynamics are said to be
784:
between air and water, or at the interface between oil and water in the case where water is mixed with oil. The water-insoluble hydrophobic group may extend out of the bulk water phase into a non-water phase such as air or oil phase, while the water-soluble head group remains bound in the water
1077:
Surfactants act to cause the displacement of air from the matrix of cotton pads and bandages so that medicinal solutions can be absorbed for application to various body areas. They also act to displace dirt and debris by the use of detergents in the washing of wounds and via the application of
461:
Non-ionic surfactants are less sensitive to water hardness than anionic surfactants, and they foam less strongly. The differences between the individual types of non-ionic surfactants are slight, and the choice is primarily governed having regard to the costs of special properties (e.g.,
1161:
Detergents have also been used to decellularise organs. This process maintains a matrix of proteins that preserves the structure of the organ and often the microvascular network. The process has been successfully used to prepare organs such as the liver and heart for transplant in rats.
1723:– "A new word, Surfactants, has been coined by Antara Products, General Aniline & Film Corporation, and has been presented to the chemical industry to cover all materials that have surface activity, including wetting agents, dispersants, emulsifiers, detergents and foaming agents."
1445:
application, wastewater irrigation, and remediation processes. Relatively high concentrations of surfactants together with multimetals can represent an environmental risk. At low concentrations, surfactant application is unlikely to have a significant effect on trace metal mobility.
2430:
Murphy MG, Al-Khalidi M, Crocker JF, Lee SH, O'Regan P, Acott PD (April 2005). "Two formulations of the industrial surfactant, Toximul, differentially reduce mouse weight gain and hepatic glycogen in vivo during early development: effects of exposure to
Influenza B Virus".
1457:
were sprayed directly into the ocean at the leak and on the sea-water's surface. The apparent theory was that the surfactants isolate droplets of oil, making it easier for petroleum-consuming microbes to digest the oil. The active ingredient in
Corexit is
1686:) is a substance that, when present at low concentration in a system, has the property of adsorbing onto the surfaces or interfaces of the system and of altering to a marked degree the surface or interfacial free energies of those surfaces (or interfaces).
899:
The dynamics of surfactant adsorption is of great importance for practical applications such as in foaming, emulsifying or coating processes, where bubbles or drops are rapidly generated and need to be stabilized. The dynamics of absorption depend on the
2059:
Bolan, Shiv; Padhye, Lokesh P.; Mulligan, Catherine N.; Alonso, Emilio Ritore; Saint-Fort, Roger; Jasemizad, Tahereh; Wang, Chensi; Zhang, Tao; Rinklebe, Jörg; Wang, Hailong; Siddique, Kadambot H. M.; Kirkham, M. B.; Bolan, Nanthi (5 February 2023).
33:
518:
Fatty acid ethoxylates are a class of very versatile surfactants, which combine in a single molecule the characteristic of a weakly anionic, pH-responsive head group with the presence of stabilizing and temperature responsive ethyleneoxide units.
739:
outer layer that forms a barrier between micelles. This inhibits the oil droplets, the hydrophobic cores of micelles, from merging into fewer, larger droplets ("emulsion breaking") of the micelle. The compounds that coat a micelle are typically
1286:: adding an inorganic salt to an aqueous solution of a weakly polar substance will cause the substance to precipitate. The substance may itself be a surfactant, which is one of the reasons why many surfactants are ineffective in sea water.
1478:
Because of the volume of surfactants released into the environment, for example laundry detergents in waters, their biodegradation is of great interest. Attracting much attention is the non-biodegradability and extreme persistence of
1186:
in order to manipulate their growth, assembly, and electrical properties, in addition to mediating reactions on their surfaces. Research is ongoing in how surfactants arrange themselves on the surface of the quantum dots.
871:, where the hydrophobic tails form the core of the aggregate and the hydrophilic heads are in contact with the surrounding liquid. Other types of aggregates can also be formed, such as spherical or cylindrical micelles or
2509:
Hernández-Soriano Mdel C, Peña A, Dolores
Mingorance M (2010). "Release of metals from metal-amended soil treated with a sulfosuccinamate surfactant: effects of surfactant concentration, soil/solution ratio, and pH".
1281:
Agents that increase surface tension are "surface active" in the literal sense but are not called surfactants as their effect is opposite to the common meaning. A common example of surface tension increase is
454:
Non-ionic surfactants have covalently bonded oxygen-containing hydrophilic groups, which are bonded to hydrophobic parent structures. The water-solubility of the oxygen groups is the result of
215:
surfactant has no charged groups in its head. The head of an ionic surfactant carries a net positive, or negative, charge. If the charge is negative, the surfactant is more specifically called
875:. The shape of the aggregates depends on the chemical structure of the surfactants, namely the balance in size between the hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. A measure of this is the
2357:
Metcalfe TL, Dillon PJ, Metcalfe CD (April 2008). "Detecting the transport of toxic pesticides from golf courses into watersheds in the
Precambrian Shield region of Ontario, Canada".
697:. Their properties vary and can be either anionic, cationic, or zwitterionic, depending on the amino acid used and which part of the amino acid is condensed with the alkyl/aryl chain.
47:
of oil in water. In this example, the surfactant molecules' oil-soluble tails project into the oil (blue), while the water-soluble ends remain in contact with the water phase (red).
134:; they can also be found in the secretions of some caterpillars. Today the most commonly used surfactants, above all anionic linear alkylbenzene sulfates (LAS), are produced from
96:, coined in 1950 . As they consist of a water-repellent and a water-attracting part, they enable water and oil to mix; they can form foam and facilitate the detachment of dirt.
1086:
In solution, detergents help solubilize a variety of chemical species by dissociating aggregates and unfolding proteins. Popular surfactants in the biochemistry laboratory are
2837:
1070:(to make "wet water" that more quickly soaks into flammable materials) and pipelines (liquid drag reducing agents). Alkali surfactant polymers are used to mobilize oil in
946:
Surface rheology can be characterized by the oscillating drop method or shear surface rheometers such as double-cone, double-ring or magnetic rod shear surface rheometer.
2549:
1981:
Percival, S.l.; Mayer, D.; Malone, M.; Swanson, T; Gibson, D.; Schultz, G. (2 November 2017). "Surfactants and their role in wound cleansing and biofilm management".
1827:
Chiappisi, Leonardo (December 2017). "Polyoxyethylene alkyl ether carboxylic acids: An overview of a neglected class of surfactants with multiresponsive properties".
1902:
1371:
therapy helps patients have normal respiration by using pharmaceutical forms of the surfactants. One example of a pharmaceutical pulmonary surfactant is
Survanta (
1438:
Surfactants are routinely deposited in numerous ways on land and into water systems, whether as part of an intended process or as industrial and household waste.
1431:
alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride has an LD50 of 0.35 g/kg. Prolonged exposure to surfactants can irritate and damage the skin because surfactants disrupt the
2024:
Mc
Callion, O. N. M.; Taylor, K. M. G.; Thomas, M.; Taylor, A. J. (8 March 1996). "The influence of surface tension on aerosols produced by medical nebulisers".
158:"tails." The "heads" of surfactants are polar and may or may not carry an electrical charge. The "tails" of most surfactants are fairly similar, consisting of a
1078:
medicinal lotions and sprays to surface of skin and mucous membranes. Surfactants enhance remediation via soil washing, bioremediation, and phytoremediation.
99:
Surfactants are among the most widespread and commercially important chemicals. Private households as well as many industries use them in large quantities as
2758:
Reznik GO, Vishwanath P, Pynn MA, Sitnik JM, Todd JJ, Wu J, et al. (May 2010). "Use of sustainable chemistry to produce an acyl amino acid surfactant".
458:. Hydrogen bonding decreases with increasing temperature, and the water solubility of non-ionic surfactants therefore decreases with increasing temperature.
2118:
Murray, C. B.; Kagan, C. R.; Bawendi, M. G. (2000). "Synthesis and
Characterization of Monodisperse Nanocrystals and Close-Packed Nanocrystal Assemblies".
1958:
413:
have a carboxylate with the ammonium. The most common biological zwitterionic surfactants have a phosphate anion with an amine or ammonium, such as the
1969:
1867:
2830:
2474:
Hernández-Soriano Mdel C, Degryse F, Smolders E (March 2011). "Mechanisms of enhanced mobilisation of trace metals by anionic surfactants in soil".
1663:
390:) surfactants have both cationic and anionic centers attached to the same molecule. The cationic part is based on primary, secondary, or tertiary
748:
solvents such as oil in water, or as protic solvents such as water in oil. When the droplet is aprotic it is sometimes known as a reverse micelle.
2259:
490:
1300:
2590:
2401:"Simultaneous analysis of cationic, anionic and neutral surfactants from different matrices using LC/MS/MS | SHIMADZU (Shimadzu Corporation)"
1657:
485:
2062:"Surfactant-enhanced mobilization of persistent organic pollutants: Potential for soil and sediment remediation and unintended consequences"
776:). As a result, a surfactant contains both a water-soluble component and a water-insoluble component. Surfactants diffuse in water and get
3178:
1435:
that protects skin and other cells. Skin irritancy generally increases in the series non-ionic, amphoteric, anionic, cationic surfactants.
1364:
917:
of surfactant layers, including the elasticity and viscosity of the layer, play an important role in the stability of foams and emulsions.
368:
703:
consist of two surfactant molecules linked together at or near their head groups. Compared to monomeric surfactants, they have much lower
2823:
2408:
2120:
2621:
3193:
3188:
1123:
2638:
Rebello, Sharrel; Asok, Aju K.; Mundayoor, Sathish; Jisha, M. S. (2014). "Surfactants: Toxicity, remediation and green surfactants".
2100:
1784:
1368:
1268:
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1091:
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1246:
930:
876:
704:
402:
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Vafaeezadeh, Majid; Wilhelm, Christian; Breuninger, Paul; Ernst, Stefan; Antonyuk, Sergiy; Thiel, Werner R. (20 May 2020).
3104:
1492:
1459:
2988:
2919:
2322:
Maldonado-Valderrama, Julia; Wilde, Pete; MacIerzanka, Adam; MacKie, Alan (2011). "The role of bile salts in digestion".
1894:
3183:
2545:
533:
300:
294:
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Ying, Guang-Guo (2006). "Fate, behavior and effects of surfactants and their degradation products in the environment".
2200:
3042:
2927:
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1242:
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1143:
2155:
Zherebetskyy D, Scheele M, Zhang Y, Bronstein N, Thompson C, Britt D, Salmeron M, Alivisatos P, Wang LW (June 2014).
1865:
Bordes, Romain; Holmberg, Krister (28 March 2015). "Amino acid-based surfactants – do they deserve more attention?".
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tails of the surfactant ions remain inside the oil because they interact more strongly with oil than with water. The
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1404:
1332:
341:
317:
1250:
1235:
1705:
690:
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at the liquid-air interface. The relation that links the surface tension and the surface excess is known as the
142:, like sugar, fatty alcohol from vegetable oils, by-products of biofuel production, or other biogenic material.
1546:
1095:
421:
356:
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Surfactant classification according to the composition of their head: non-ionic, anionic, cationic, amphoteric.
2707:
Mergel, Maria. "Nonylphenol and
Nonylphenol Ethoxylates." Toxipedia.org. N.p., 1 Nov. 2011. Web. 27 Apr. 2014.
848:
3168:
1710:
1139:
910:
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Sodium stearate, the most common component of most soap, which comprises about 50% of commercial surfactants
816:
543:
480:
261:
2809:
1736:
3173:
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1207:
Janus-type material is used as a surfactant-like heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of adipic acid.
735:"heads" of the surfactant molecules coating the micelle interact more strongly with water, so they form a
410:
325:
321:
283:
269:
1810:
Kurt
Kosswig "Surfactants" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, 2005, Weinheim.
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or quaternary ammonium cations. The anionic part can be more variable and include sulfonates, as in the
171:
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in the stabilization of the droplets, and the prevention of the fusion of droplets during incubation.
3163:
2571:
Committee on
Effectiveness of Oil Spill Dispersants (National Research Council Marine Board) (1989).
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2168:
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1622:
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1340:
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1163:
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4-(5-Dodecyl) benzenesulfonate, a linear dodecylbenzenesulfonate, one of the most common surfactants
2964:
1627:
1560:
1512:
1463:
1356:
1304:
650:
425:
417:
352:
190:
2546:"European Maritime Safety Agency. Manual on the Applicability of Oil Dispersants; Version 2; 2009"
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Interfacial and surface tension can be characterized by classical methods such as the -pendant or
811:
World production of surfactants is estimated at 15 million tons per year, of which about half are
2783:
2655:
2382:
2192:
1924:
Paria, Santanu (2008). "Surfactant-enhanced remediation of organic contaminated soil and water".
1167:
940:
312:
Carboxylates are the most common surfactants and comprise the carboxylate salts (soaps), such as
186:
55:
2104:
929:. Dynamic surface tensions, i.e. surface tension as a function of time, can be obtained by the
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2006:
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1990:
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1504:
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163:
138:. However, surfactants are (again) increasingly produced in whole or in part from renewable
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1780:
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1557: – Chemicals that prevent the condensation of water as small droplets on a surface
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1432:
1019:
888:
463:
2735:
2718:
2452:
1699:
196:
Surfactant molecules have either one tail or two; those with two tails are said to be
3157:
3073:
2196:
2037:
1442:
1408:
1099:
967:
872:
824:
793:
789:
429:
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245:
112:
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2141:
17:
2923:
2787:
1428:
1103:
1067:
936:
801:
507:
223:. If a surfactant contains a head with two oppositely charged groups, it is termed
167:
2077:
1146:
them. Non-solubilized material is harvested by centrifugation or other means. For
193:
conversely, may be inserted to increase the lipophilic character of a surfactant.
2686:
2487:
1994:
1647:
189:-like) sequences inserted to increase the hydrophilic character of a surfactant.
3112:
3012:
2960:
1508:
1376:
1283:
1220:
1183:
1150:, for example, proteins are classically treated with SDS to denature the native
1043:
1031:
831:
797:
769:
761:
757:
741:
736:
716:
677:
611:
443:
159:
27:
Substance that lowers the surface tension between a liquid and another material
3031:
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2771:
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1937:
1880:
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502:
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224:
155:
151:
120:
75:
32:
2815:
2308:
2247:
2157:"Hydroxylation of the surface of PbS nanocrystals passivated with oleic acid"
2085:
2045:
2002:
1815:
181:
Many important surfactants include a polyether chain terminating in a highly
3117:
3100:
3038:
2969:
2948:
2180:
2156:
2101:"Progress Toward an Artificial Liver Transplant – NIH Research Matters"
1372:
1316:
1047:
1027:
983:
975:
720:
555:
268:(sodium dodecyl sulfate, SLS, or SDS), and the related alkyl-ether sulfates
253:
249:
100:
36:
2779:
2744:
2694:
2531:
2495:
2460:
2378:
2343:
2299:
2282:
2255:
2188:
2010:
1945:
1848:
1387:, a surfactant produced in the liver, play an important role in digestion.
1098:
protein by lysis of the cells and tissues: They disorganize the membrane's
211:
Most commonly, surfactants are classified according to polar head group. A
2804:
1959:
Better Than Water? How Wet Water Outperforms Regular Water in Firefighting
1500:
3135:
3092:
3087:
3026:
2572:
2523:
1578:
1554:
1324:
1071:
1023:
1015:
1007:
999:
987:
971:
868:
760:, which means that this molecule, being as double-agent, each contains a
682:
633:
628:
623:
618:
588:
288:
175:
131:
127:
104:
44:
340:; primary and secondary amines become positively charged at pH < 10:
126:
Surfactants occur naturally in traditional plant-based detergents, e.g.
2899:
2239:
1652:(4th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 1.
1607:
1454:
1312:
1171:
1135:
1115:
1051:
1035:
1011:
955:
815:. Other surfactants produced on a particularly large scale are linear
745:
724:
406:
139:
108:
40:
800:
groups are usually lipophilic, for use in soaps and detergents, while
462:
effectiveness and efficiency, toxicity, dermatological compatibility,
2370:
1420:
744:
in nature, meaning that micelles may be stable either as droplets of
244:
surfactants contain anionic functional groups at their head, such as
63:
1970:
Firefighters Turn to "Wet Water" to Fight Larger, More Complex Fires
1616: – Mixture of emulsifiers and solvents used to treat oil spills
1307:, found in lecithin, is a pervasive biological surfactant. Shown in
237:
Anionic: sulfate, sulfonate, and phosphate, carboxylate derivatives
1597:
1488:
1119:
995:
847:
839:
715:
676:
391:
372:
337:
241:
202:
71:
31:
2582:
2283:"A Janus-type Heterogeneous Surfactant for Adipic Acid Synthesis"
1427:
have high LD50 (5 g/kg) and are essentially non-toxic, while the
3062:
1762:"Surfactant | Defination, Classification, Properties & Uses"
1416:
1400:
1396:
1352:
991:
867:
In the bulk aqueous phase, surfactants form aggregates, such as
812:
185:
anionic group. The polyether groups often comprise ethoxylated (
2819:
442:
are two commonly used zwitterionic surfactants of the tertiary
1601:
1214:
1003:
974:
agents in many practical applications and products, including
67:
1395:
Most anionic and non-ionic surfactants are non-toxic, having
1441:
Anionic surfactants can be found in soils as the result of
905:‘kinetically limited'. Such energy barriers can be due to
233:. Commonly encountered surfactants of each type include:
1166:
are also naturally secreted by type II cells of the lung
1154:, allowing the separation of proteins according to their
43:
of oil in aqueous suspension, such as might occur in an
1895:"Bubbles, Bubbles, Everywhere, But Not a Drop to Drink"
1618:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1466:(Span 80), and polyoxyethylenated sorbitan monooleate (
2719:"The biodegradation of surfactants in the environment"
1122:), and solubilize proteins. Milder detergents such as
2103:. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Archived from
1737:"Biobased Surfactants Market Report: Market Analysis"
1491:
treatment and biodegradation. Two major surfactants,
1022:, in flotation, washing and enzymatic processes, and
935:
The structure of surfactant layers can be studied by
1589:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1574:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1565:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
921:
Characterization of interfaces and surfactant layers
162:chain, which can be branched, linear, or aromatic.
1698:
1487:(PFOA). Strategies to enhance degradation include
1581: – Mixture of two or more immiscible liquids
1572: – mixture of chemicals used as a surfactant
1134:are used to solubilize membrane proteins such as
954:Surfactants play an important role as cleaning,
320:and carboxylate-based fluorosurfactants such as
1355:in order to facilitate breathing by increasing
2831:
1415:, varies. Dialkyldimethylammonium chlorides (
1375:) or its generic form Beraksurf, produced by
1347:The human body produces diverse surfactants.
796:("oil-avoiding") depending on its chemistry.
681:Gemini amino acid-based surfactant (based on
336:pH-dependent primary, secondary, or tertiary
8:
2224:"Surfactants in droplet-based microfluidics"
1604:surfactants in water with a bluing reaction.
1082:Detergents in biochemistry and biotechnology
150:Most surfactants are organic compounds with
1249:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
528:Ethoxylated amines and/or fatty acid amides
272:(sodium lauryl ether sulfate or SLES), and
3057:Giant bubbles, coloured bubbles, freezing
2838:
2824:
2816:
2222:Baret, Jean-Christophe (10 January 2012).
1610: – Non-ionic surfactant-based vesicle
1191:Surfactants in droplet-based microfluidics
562:Fatty acid esters of polyhydroxy compounds
219:; if the charge is positive, it is called
2734:
2324:Advances in Colloid and Interface Science
2298:
1926:Advances in Colloid and Interface Science
1868:Advances in Colloid and Interface Science
1829:Advances in Colloid and Interface Science
1806:
1804:
1802:
1269:Learn how and when to remove this message
1026:. Also agrochemical formulations such as
523:Special ethoxylated fatty esters and oils
2853:
1860:
1858:
1299:
1638:
1094:(CTAB). Detergents are key reagents to
857:Structure of surfactant phases in water
497:Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs or APEOs)
2574:Using Oil Spill Dispersants on the Sea
2026:International Journal of Pharmaceutics
1781:"Bordwell pKa Table (Acidity in DMSO)"
1731:
1729:
1596: – Scientific testing method, an
1195:Surfactants play an important role in
491:Pentaethylene glycol monododecyl ether
2411:from the original on 14 November 2021
2262:from the original on 14 February 2020
1787:from the original on 27 December 2012
1666:from the original on 8 January 2017.
1649:Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena
895:Dynamics of surfactants at interfaces
486:Octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether
7:
2717:Scott MJ, Jones MN (November 2000).
1719:participating institution membership
1247:adding citations to reliable sources
369:dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride
316:. More specialized species include
2599:from the original on 3 January 2019
2121:Annual Review of Materials Research
1563: – class of chemical compounds
788:The hydrophobic tail may be either
373:dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide
260:. Prominent alkyl sulfates include
62:or interfacial tension between two
2619:"2010/15 PFOA Stewardship Program"
2203:from the original on 26 March 2020
1905:from the original on 26 April 2012
1152:tertiary and quaternary structures
1046:). Personal care products such as
804:groups are lipophobic, for use in
25:
2872:Experiments and characterization
2453:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.084
931:maximum bubble pressure apparatus
466:) or permission for use in food.
2803:
2552:from the original on 5 July 2011
1539:
1525:
1219:
693:are surfactants derived from an
2640:Environmental Chemistry Letters
2142:10.1146/annurev.matsci.30.1.545
2099:Wein, Harrison (28 June 2010).
1668:A surfactant (a contraction of
1092:cetyl trimethylammonium bromide
705:critical micelle concentrations
291:(dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate)
2066:Journal of Hazardous Materials
1646:Rosen MJ, Kunjappu JT (2012).
1493:linear alkylbenzene sulfonates
1391:Safety and environmental risks
879:(HLB). Surfactants reduce the
877:hydrophilic-lipophilic balance
550:Terminally blocked ethoxylates
403:cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine
101:detergents and cleaning agents
1:
2736:10.1016/S0304-4157(00)00013-7
2078:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130189
1460:dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
1405:quaternary ammonium compounds
1365:respiratory distress syndrome
808:or reducing surface tension.
584:Fatty acid esters of sorbitol
567:Fatty acid esters of glycerol
74:. The word "surfactant" is a
2687:10.1016/j.envint.2005.07.004
2577:. National Academies Press.
2488:10.1016/j.envpol.2010.11.009
2038:10.1016/0378-5173(95)04279-2
1995:10.12968/jowc.2017.26.11.680
1511:, which is thought to be an
772:"water-avoiding" group (the
691:Amino acid-based surfactants
640:Fatty acid esters of sucrose
534:Polyethoxylated tallow amine
401:(3--1-propanesulfonate) and
3179:Cleaning product components
2760:Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol
1783:. University of Wisconsin.
1570:Disodium cocoamphodiacetate
1495:(LAS) and the alkyl phenol
1453:, unprecedented amounts of
1451:Deepwater Horizon oil spill
1197:droplet-based microfluidics
764:"water-seeking" group (the
305:Alkyl-aryl ether phosphates
3210:
2846:Foam scales and properties
2628:Accessed October 26, 2008.
1587: – chemical substance
1333:monounsaturated fatty acid
1293:
1182:Surfactants are used with
1066:. Surfactants are used in
860:
648:
342:octenidine dihydrochloride
318:sodium lauroyl sarcosinate
103:, but also for example as
3194:Underwater diving physics
3189:Environmental terminology
2851:
2772:10.1007/s00253-009-2431-8
2675:Environment International
2652:10.1007/s10311-014-0466-2
2336:10.1016/j.cis.2010.12.002
1938:10.1016/j.cis.2007.11.001
1881:10.1016/j.cis.2014.10.013
1841:10.1016/j.cis.2017.10.001
1706:Oxford English Dictionary
1211:Increased surface tension
712:Composition and structure
539:Cocamide monoethanolamine
475:Fatty alcohol ethoxylates
436:Lauryldimethylamine oxide
349:quaternary ammonium salts
1816:10.1002/14356007.a25_747
1741:Ceresana Market Research
1547:Underwater diving portal
911:electrostatic repulsions
752:Surfactants are usually
422:phosphatidylethanolamine
379:Zwitterionic surfactants
357:cetylpyridinium chloride
301:Perfluorobutanesulfonate
295:Perfluorooctanesulfonate
2624:27 October 2008 at the
2181:10.1126/science.1252727
1779:Reich, Hans J. (2012).
1711:Oxford University Press
1499:(APE) break down under
1203:Heterogeneous catalysis
1178:Quantum dot preparation
817:alkylbenzene sulfonates
544:Cocamide diethanolamine
481:Narrow-range ethoxylate
284:Alkylbenzene sulfonates
262:ammonium lauryl sulfate
2723:Biochim. Biophys. Acta
2359:Environ. Toxicol. Chem
2300:10.1002/cctc.202000140
1507:plants and in soil to
1485:perfluorooctanoic acid
1369:surfactant replacement
1344:
853:
845:
830:(700,000 tons/y), and
819:(1.7 million tons/y),
749:
686:
514:Fatty acid ethoxylates
411:cocamidopropyl betaine
308:Alkyl ether phosphates
270:sodium laureth sulfate
208:
48:
3001:double bubble theorem
2875:Transport properties
1983:Journal of Wound Care
1303:
1294:Further information:
1164:Pulmonary surfactants
1088:sodium lauryl sulfate
902:diffusion coefficient
851:
843:
719:
680:
673:Other classifications
601:Sorbitan monostearate
573:Glycerol monostearate
365:benzethonium chloride
361:benzalkonium chloride
274:sodium myreth sulfate
266:sodium lauryl sulfate
206:
35:
3052:double bubble theory
2812:at Wikimedia Commons
2524:10.2134/jeq2009.0242
1901:. 11 November 2011.
1899:The Lipid Chronicles
1766:www.esteem-india.com
1623:Surfactants in paint
1503:conditions found in
1349:Pulmonary surfactant
1341:saturated fatty acid
1296:Pulmonary surfactant
1243:improve this section
927:spinning drop method
645:Alkyl polyglucosides
606:Sorbitan tristearate
596:Sorbitan monolaurate
578:Glycerol monolaurate
347:Permanently charged
332:Cationic head groups
191:Polypropylene oxides
172:Siloxane surfactants
70:, or a liquid and a
18:Surface-Active Agent
3184:Colloidal chemistry
2965:disjoining pressure
2445:2005Chmsp..59..235M
2173:2014Sci...344.1380Z
2134:2000AnRMS..30..545M
1709:(Online ed.).
1628:Surfactant leaching
1561:Cleavable detergent
1513:endocrine disruptor
1464:sorbitan monooleate
1449:In the case of the
1357:total lung capacity
1351:is produced in the
1305:Phosphatidylcholine
1124:octyl thioglucoside
792:("oil-seeking") or
651:Alkyl polyglycoside
426:phosphatidylcholine
353:cetrimonium bromide
2240:10.1039/C1LC20582J
1403:. The toxicity of
1345:
1038:(sanitizers), and
941:X-ray reflectivity
854:
846:
837:(500,000 tons/y).
823:(600,000 tons/y),
750:
701:Gemini surfactants
687:
418:phosphatidylserine
326:perfluorooctanoate
322:perfluorononanoate
209:
187:polyethylene oxide
136:petroleum products
58:that decrease the
56:chemical compounds
49:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3145:
2989:Thin film balance
2808:Media related to
2592:978-0-309-03889-8
2293:(10): 2695–2701.
2107:on 5 August 2012.
1717:(Subscription or
1659:978-1-118-22902-6
1279:
1278:
1271:
1132:dodecyl maltoside
1060:hair conditioners
1014:, snowboard wax,
821:lignin sulfonates
756:that are akin to
754:organic compounds
446:structural type.
440:myristamine oxide
164:Fluorosurfactants
66:, a liquid and a
16:(Redirected from
3201:
3127:light scattering
3122:light scattering
3111:, bubble model,
3098:light scattering
2980:surface rheology
2932:surface rheology
2911:Surface rheology
2854:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2817:
2807:
2792:
2791:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2738:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2635:
2629:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2512:J. Environ. Qual
2506:
2500:
2499:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2405:www.shimadzu.com
2397:
2391:
2390:
2371:10.1897/07-216.1
2354:
2348:
2347:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2167:(6190): 1380–4.
2152:
2146:
2145:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1978:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1824:
1818:
1808:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1733:
1724:
1722:
1714:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1643:
1619:
1590:
1575:
1566:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1533:Chemistry portal
1530:
1529:
1528:
1505:sewage treatment
1481:fluorosurfactant
1425:fabric softeners
1338:
1330:
1322:
1310:
1274:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1223:
1215:
1156:molecular weight
980:fabric softeners
915:surface rheology
863:Wetting solution
806:repelling stains
662:Lauryl glucoside
464:biodegradability
456:hydrogen bonding
279:Others include:
21:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3109:Surface Evolver
3070:Liquid fraction
2957:Surface tension
2920:Langmuir trough
2847:
2844:
2800:
2795:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2729:(1–2): 235–51.
2716:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2626:Wayback Machine
2616:
2612:
2602:
2600:
2593:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2518:(4): 1298–305.
2508:
2507:
2503:
2476:Environ. Pollut
2473:
2472:
2468:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2023:
2022:
2018:
1989:(11): 680–690.
1980:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1953:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1809:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1716:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1660:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1617:
1614:Oil dispersants
1600:that indicates
1588:
1573:
1564:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1476:
1393:
1361:lung compliance
1336:
1328:
1320:
1308:
1298:
1292:
1275:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1240:
1224:
1213:
1205:
1193:
1180:
1148:electrophoresis
1128:octyl glucoside
1084:
1020:recycled papers
952:
923:
897:
881:surface tension
865:
859:
714:
675:
667:Octyl glucoside
657:Decyl glucoside
653:
647:
642:
586:
569:
564:
552:
530:
525:
516:
499:
477:
472:
452:
381:
334:
328:(PFOA or PFO).
314:sodium stearate
239:
148:
128:horse chestnuts
60:surface tension
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3207:
3205:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3169:Bioremediation
3166:
3156:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3129:
3124:
3115:
3095:
3090:
3082:, avalanches,
3077:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3036:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:Plateau's laws
3017:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2985:Interferometry
2982:
2973:
2967:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2917:
2908:
2906:
2897:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2799:
2798:External links
2796:
2794:
2793:
2766:(5): 1387–97.
2750:
2709:
2700:
2681:(3): 417–431.
2665:
2646:(2): 275–287.
2630:
2610:
2591:
2563:
2537:
2501:
2466:
2422:
2392:
2349:
2314:
2273:
2234:(3): 422–433.
2214:
2147:
2128:(1): 545–610.
2110:
2091:
2051:
2032:(1): 123–136.
2016:
1973:
1962:
1951:
1916:
1886:
1854:
1819:
1798:
1771:
1753:
1725:
1690:
1658:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1611:
1605:
1591:
1582:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1551:
1550:
1536:
1520:
1517:
1475:
1474:Biodegradation
1472:
1433:lipid membrane
1399:comparable to
1392:
1389:
1383:respectively.
1291:
1288:
1277:
1276:
1227:
1225:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1192:
1189:
1179:
1176:
1083:
1080:
951:
948:
922:
919:
896:
893:
889:Gibbs isotherm
873:lipid bilayers
861:Main article:
858:
855:
713:
710:
709:
708:
698:
674:
671:
670:
669:
664:
659:
649:Main article:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
636:
631:
626:
621:
609:
608:
603:
598:
585:
582:
581:
580:
575:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
558:
551:
548:
547:
546:
541:
536:
529:
526:
524:
521:
515:
512:
511:
510:
505:
498:
495:
494:
493:
488:
483:
476:
473:
471:
468:
451:
448:
430:sphingomyelins
380:
377:
333:
330:
310:
309:
306:
303:
298:
292:
286:
238:
235:
198:double-chained
147:
146:Classification
144:
119:additives, or
113:foaming agents
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3206:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Biotechnology
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3105:conductimetry
3102:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3048:Interferences
3046:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:Interferences
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2953:Frankel's law
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2884:Applications
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2567:
2564:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2482:(3): 809–16.
2481:
2477:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2439:(2): 235–46.
2438:
2434:
2426:
2423:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2228:Lab on a Chip
2225:
2218:
2215:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1537:
1534:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1443:sewage sludge
1439:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:antibacterial
1406:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1273:
1270:
1262:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1228:This section
1226:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:lipid bilayer
1097:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1079:
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836:
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825:fatty alcohol
822:
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809:
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771:
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738:
734:
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722:
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415:phospholipids
412:
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385:
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94:
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65:
61:
57:
53:
46:
42:
39:diagram of a
38:
34:
30:
19:
3113:Potts' model
3007:Giant films
2924:ellipsometry
2892:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2703:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2613:
2601:. Retrieved
2583:10.17226/736
2573:
2566:
2554:. Retrieved
2540:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2413:. Retrieved
2404:
2395:
2365:(4): 811–8.
2362:
2358:
2352:
2330:(1): 36–46.
2327:
2323:
2317:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2264:. Retrieved
2231:
2227:
2217:
2205:. Retrieved
2164:
2160:
2150:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2105:the original
2094:
2069:
2065:
2054:
2029:
2025:
2019:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1965:
1954:
1932:(1): 24–58.
1929:
1925:
1919:
1907:. Retrieved
1898:
1889:
1872:
1866:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1789:. Retrieved
1774:
1765:
1756:
1744:. Retrieved
1740:
1704:
1700:"surfactant"
1693:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1648:
1641:
1477:
1448:
1440:
1437:
1429:disinfectant
1407:, which are
1394:
1346:
1280:
1265:
1256:
1241:Please help
1229:
1206:
1194:
1184:quantum dots
1181:
1160:
1104:Triton X-100
1085:
1076:
1068:firefighting
1032:insecticides
972:anti-foaming
953:
950:Applications
945:
937:ellipsometry
934:
924:
898:
883:of water by
866:
810:
802:fluorocarbon
787:
773:
765:
751:
727: – the
610:
587:
517:
508:Triton X-100
460:
453:
444:amine oxides
434:
384:Zwitterionic
382:
346:
335:
311:
278:
258:carboxylates
240:
230:
226:zwitterionic
225:
220:
216:
212:
210:
197:
195:
180:
168:fluorocarbon
154:"heads" and
149:
125:
98:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:
51:
50:
29:
3164:Surfactants
3080:Coalescence
2893:Surfactants
2878:Irisations
2860:Generation
2810:Surfactants
2433:Chemosphere
2415:14 November
2287:ChemCatChem
1509:nonylphenol
1497:ethoxylates
1284:salting out
1064:toothpastes
1044:nonoxynol-9
1040:spermicides
964:emulsifying
835:ethoxylates
832:alkylphenol
828:ethoxylates
798:Hydrocarbon
770:hydrophobic
762:hydrophilic
758:amphiphilic
742:amphiphilic
737:hydrophilic
470:Ethoxylates
160:hydrocarbon
156:hydrophobic
152:hydrophilic
121:dispersants
105:emulsifiers
52:Surfactants
3158:Categories
3084:coarsening
3074:metastable
3032:T1 process
2972:, bursting
2915:adsorption
2866:Stability
2863:Structure
2603:31 October
2072:: 130189.
1721:required.)
1634:References
1594:MBAS assay
1585:Hydrotrope
1423:) used as
1413:antifungal
1401:table salt
1385:Bile salts
1290:In biology
1144:denaturing
1090:(SDS) and
1056:shower gel
1028:herbicides
984:motor oils
976:detergents
960:dispersing
794:lipophobic
790:lipophilic
782:interfaces
729:lipophilic
695:amino acid
556:Poloxamers
503:Nonoxynols
388:ampholytic
231:amphoteric
117:antistatic
3140:Aquafoams
3118:acoustics
3101:acoustics
3039:acoustics
2976:Marangoni
2970:dewetting
2309:1867-3880
2248:1473-0189
2197:206556385
2086:0304-3894
2046:0378-5173
2003:0969-0700
1875:: 79–91.
1835:: 79–94.
1746:5 January
1373:beractant
1317:phosphate
1259:June 2023
1230:does not
1140:receptors
1072:oil wells
1048:cosmetics
1024:laxatives
1012:ski waxes
1008:anti-fogs
1000:adhesives
988:emulsions
885:adsorbing
768:), and a
721:Schematic
450:Non-ionic
396:sultaines
375:(DODAB).
254:phosphate
250:sulfonate
213:non-ionic
132:soap nuts
37:Schematic
3136:topology
3093:rheology
3088:drainage
3043:electric
3027:drainage
2900:Micelles
2869:Dynamic
2780:20094712
2745:11090828
2695:16125241
2660:96787489
2622:Archived
2597:Archived
2550:Archived
2532:20830918
2496:21163562
2461:15722095
2409:Archived
2387:39914076
2379:18333674
2344:21236400
2266:18 April
2260:Archived
2256:22011791
2201:Archived
2189:24876347
2011:29131752
1946:18154747
1909:1 August
1903:Archived
1849:29056232
1785:Archived
1664:Archived
1579:Emulsion
1555:Anti-fog
1519:See also
1468:Tween-80
1462:(DOSS),
1367:or RDS,
1325:glycerol
1142:without
1052:shampoos
1036:biocides
1030:(some),
1016:deinking
869:micelles
778:adsorbed
683:cysteine
634:Tween 80
629:Tween 60
624:Tween 40
619:Tween 20
409:such as
407:Betaines
355:(CTAB),
289:Docusate
221:cationic
178:chains.
176:siloxane
170:chains.
111:agents,
45:emulsion
3132:Packing
3086:, foam
3019:shape,
3013:Bubbles
2788:3017826
2617:USEPA:
2441:Bibcode
2207:24 June
2169:Bibcode
2161:Science
2130:Bibcode
1791:2 April
1608:Niosome
1602:anionic
1501:aerobic
1483:, e.g.
1455:Corexit
1381:Tekzima
1319:group;
1313:choline
1251:removed
1236:sources
1172:mammals
1168:alveoli
1136:enzymes
1096:extract
968:foaming
956:wetting
785:phase.
746:aprotic
725:micelle
367:(BZT),
363:(BAC),
359:(CPC),
246:sulfate
242:Anionic
217:anionic
140:biomass
109:wetting
64:liquids
41:micelle
2881:Maths
2857:Scale
2786:
2778:
2743:
2693:
2658:
2589:
2556:19 May
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1421:DSDMAC
1377:Abbvie
1359:, and
1118:, and
1102:(SDS,
1062:, and
996:paints
913:. The
907:steric
612:Tweens
428:, and
392:amines
371:, and
338:amines
297:(PFOS)
256:, and
3076:state
3025:foam
2949:Films
2784:S2CID
2656:S2CID
2383:S2CID
2193:S2CID
1715:
1598:assay
1489:ozone
1363:. In
1353:lungs
1329:green
1321:black
1120:NP-40
1112:CHAPS
1108:X-114
992:soaps
813:soaps
733:polar
589:Spans
399:CHAPS
229:, or
183:polar
174:have
166:have
76:blend
72:solid
3134:and
3063:Foam
2961:DLVO
2928:Xray
2887:Fun
2776:PMID
2741:PMID
2727:1508
2691:PMID
2605:2015
2587:ISBN
2558:2017
2528:PMID
2492:PMID
2457:PMID
2417:2021
2375:PMID
2340:PMID
2305:ISSN
2268:2020
2252:PMID
2244:ISSN
2209:2019
2185:PMID
2082:ISSN
2042:ISSN
2007:PMID
1999:ISSN
1942:PMID
1911:2012
1845:PMID
1793:2013
1748:2024
1677:ive
1673:ace-
1671:surf
1654:ISBN
1417:DDAC
1411:and
1397:LD50
1379:and
1337:blue
1315:and
1234:any
1232:cite
1138:and
1004:inks
970:and
774:tail
766:head
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81:surf
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2768:doi
2731:doi
2683:doi
2648:doi
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2332:doi
2328:165
2295:doi
2236:doi
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2034:doi
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1991:doi
1934:doi
1930:138
1877:doi
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1837:doi
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1470:).
1309:red
1245:by
1170:in
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