31:
592:
196:
30:
1129:
916:
89:, but no operational systems were introduced. Further development in the 1940s and 1950s led to operational systems being introduced by most major forces during the second half of the 1950s. Smaller systems, suitable for close-range work, evolved through the 1960s and 1970s, to modern systems that are man-portable. Shipborne systems followed the evolution of land-based models, starting with long-range weapons and steadily evolving toward smaller designs to provide a layered defence. This evolution of design increasingly pushed gun-based systems into the shortest-range roles.
882:
537:: SA-1 "Guild"), which was designed, developed and deployed in a rush program. Early units entered operational service on 7 May 1955, and the entire system ringing Moscow was completely activated by June 1956. The system failed, however, to detect, track, and intercept the only overflight of the Soviet capital Moscow by a U-2 reconnaissance plane on July 5, 1956. The S-25 was a static system, but efforts were also put into a smaller design that would be much more mobile. This emerged in 1957 as the famous
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missiles (1,046 aircraft, or 5.6 missiles per one kill); 60% were shot down by anti-aircraft guns; and 9% were shot down by MiG fighters. The S-75 missile system significantly improved the effectiveness of North
Vietnamese anti-aircraft artillery, which used data from S-75 radar stations However, the U.S states only 205 of those aircraft were lost to North Vietnamese surface-to-air missiles.
443:
321:
959:, are specifically designed to be highly mobile with very fast, or zero, setup times. Many of these designs were mounted on armoured vehicles, allowing them to keep pace with mobile operations in a conventional war. Once a major group unto itself, medium-range designs have seen less development since the 1990s, as the focus has changed to unconventional warfare.
432:
2067:
773:
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1083:(SARH) concept became much more common. In SARH, the reflections of the tracking radar's broadcasts are picked up by a receiver in the missile, which homes in on this signal. SARH has the advantage of leaving most of the equipment on the ground, while also eliminating the need for the ground station to communicate with the missile after launch.
182:
outlined the growing problems with flak defences that he predicted would soon be dealing with "aircraft speeds and flight altitudes will gradually reach 1,000 km/h (620 mph) and between 10,000–15,000 m (33,000–49,000 ft)." This was seen generally; in
November 1943 the Director of
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All of these early systems were "heavyweight" designs with limited mobility and requiring considerable set-up time. However, they were also increasingly effective. By the early 1960s, the deployment of SAMs had rendered high-speed high-altitude flight in combat practically suicidal. The way to avoid
659:
to operate in a SAM saturated environment. Their first missions appeared to demonstrate the exact opposite, with the loss of three B-52s and several others damaged in a single mission. Dramatic changes followed, and by the end of the series, missions were carried out with additional chaff, ECM, Iron
284:
In general, these designs could be split into two groups. One set of designs would be boosted to altitude in front of the bombers and then flown towards them on a head-on approach at low speeds comparable to manned aircraft. These designs included the
Feuerlilie, Schmetterling and Enzian. The second
713:
Consequently, SAMs evolved rapidly in the 1960s. As their targets were now being forced to fly lower due to the presence of the larger missiles, engagements would necessarily be at short ranges, and occur quickly. Shorter ranges meant the missiles could be much smaller, which aided them in terms of
663:
During the war, The Soviet Union supplied 7,658 SAMs to North
Vietnam, and their defense forces conducted about 5,800 launches, usually in multiples of three. By the war's end, the U.S lost a total of 3,374 aircraft in combat operations. According to the North Vietnamese, 31% were shot down by S-75
978:
and aircraft making ground attacks. Against fixed wing aircraft, they can be very effective, forcing them to fly outside the missile's envelope and thereby greatly reducing their effectiveness in ground-attack roles. MANPAD systems are sometimes used with vehicle mounts to improve maneuverability,
169:
Bombers flying at higher altitudes require larger guns and shells to reach them. This greatly increases the cost of the system, and (generally) slows the rate of fire. Faster aircraft fly out of range more quickly, reducing the number of rounds fired against them. Against late-war designs like the
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guidance systems. These have the advantage of being "fire-and-forget", once launched they will home on the target on their own with no external signals needed. In comparison, SARH systems require the tracking radar to illuminate the target, which may require them to be exposed through the attack.
377:
to develop a ramjet-powered missile to destroy the launching aircraft at long range. The initial performance goal was to target an intercept at a horizontal range of 10 miles (16 km) and 30,000 feet (9,100 m) altitude, with a 300 to 600 pounds (140 to 270 kg) warhead for a 30 to 60
289:
for guidance, either by eye, or by comparing the returns of the missile and target on a single radar screen. Development of all these systems was carried out at the same time, and the war ended before any of them was ready for combat use. The infighting between various groups in the military also
136:
system was proposed whereby a rocket would follow a searchlight beam onto a target. A selenium cell was mounted on the tip of each of the rocket's four tail fins, with the cells facing backwards. When one selenium cell was no longer in the light beam, it would be steered in the opposite direction
552:
were successful, but further development was curtailed in the post-war era. These efforts picked up again with the opening of the Cold War, following the "Stage Plan" of improving UK air defences with new radars, fighters and missiles. Two competing designs were proposed for "Stage 1", based on
157:
of ever-increasing performance. The lethal radius of a flak shell is fairly small, and the chance of delivering a "hit" is essentially a fixed percentage per round. In order to attack a target, guns fire continually while the aircraft are in range in order to launch as many shells as possible,
907:
Missiles able to fly longer distances are generally heavier, and therefore less mobile. This leads to three "natural" classes of SAM systems; heavy long-range systems that are fixed or semi-mobile, medium-range vehicle-mounted systems that can fire on the move, and short-range
472:
was tested in production form in 1952, becoming the first operational SAM system when it was activated in March 1954. Concerns about Ajax's ability to deal with formations of aircraft led to greatly updated version of the same basic design entering service in 1958 as the
1179:. Likewise, the UK's Rapier system included a simple radar that displayed the rough direction of a target on a series of lamps arranged in a circle. The missile operator would point his telescope in that rough direction and then hunt for the target visually.
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back into the beam. The first historical mention of a concept and design of a surface-to-air missile in which a drawing was presented, was by inventor Gustav Rasmus in 1931, who proposed a design that would home in on the sound of an aircraft's engines.
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guidance, which has limited performance against high-speed aircraft, as the missile is unable to "lead" the target to a collision point. Examples were purchased by several nations for testing and training purposes, but no operational sales were made.
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illumination instead of radar. These have the advantage of being small and very fast acting, as well as highly accurate. A few older designs use purely optical tracking and command guidance, perhaps the best known example of this is the
British
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Hand, and other changes that dramatically changed the score. By the conclusion of the
Linebacker II campaign, the shootdown rate of the S-75 against the B-52s was 7.52% (15 B-52s were shot down, 5 B-52s were heavily damaged for 266 missiles)
216:
to prepare a study on a guided missile able to reach between 15,000 and 18,000 m (49,000 and 59,000 ft) altitude. Von Braun became convinced a better solution was a manned rocket interceptor, and said as much to the director of the
1155:
Long-range systems generally use radar systems for target detection, and depending on the generation of system, may "hand off" to a separate tracking radar for attack. Short range systems are more likely to be entirely visual for detection.
757:
quickly proliferated into a wide variety of designs fielded by most navies. Many of these are adapted from earlier mobile designs, but the special needs of the naval role has resulted in the continued existence of many custom missiles.
686:
944:, which required fixed sites of considerable size. Much of this performance increase is due to improved rocket fuels and ever-smaller electronics in the guidance systems. Some very long-range systems remain, notably the Russian
541:(SA-2 "Guideline"), a portable system, with very high performance, that remained in operation into the 2000s. The Soviet Union remained at the forefront of SAM development throughout its history; and Russia has followed suit.
1956:
966:
Stunner missile is designed to intercept the newest generation of tactical ballistic missiles at low altitude. The multi-stage interceptor consists of a solid-fuel, rocket motor booster, followed by an asymmetrical
654:
in 1972, the
Americans had gained critical information about the performance and operations of the S-75 (via Arab S-75 systems captured by Israel), and used these missions as a way to demonstrate the capability of
603:
The
Vietnam War was the first modern war in which guided antiaircraft missiles seriously challenged highly advanced supersonic jet aircraft. It would also be the first and only time that the latest and most modern
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systems, which have effective ranges on the order of 150 km (93 mi) and offer relatively good mobility and short unlimbering times. These compare with older systems with similar or less range, like the
1120:(IFF) systems to help identify the target before being engaged. While IFF is not as important with MANPADs, as the target is almost always visually identified prior to launch, most modern MANPADs do include it.
207:
The first serious consideration of a SAM development project was a series of conversations that took place in
Germany during 1941. In February, Friederich Halder proposed a "flak rocket" concept, which led
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mobility. By the mid-1960s, almost all modern armed forces had short-range missiles mounted on trucks or light armour that could move with the armed forces they protected. Examples include the
423:
ran into considerable difficulty and it never entered operational use. The end of the war led to the
British efforts being used strictly for research and development throughout their lifetime.
481:
had also considered collision-course weapons (like the German radio-controlled concepts) and launched Project Thumper in 1946. This was merged with another project, Wizard, and emerged as the
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started in 1947, and was a closely held secret until 1955. Early versions of the missile were available for purchase as early as 1952, but never entered operational service. The RSD 58 used
974:
MANPAD systems first developed in the 1960s and proved themselves in battle during the 1970s. MANPADS normally have ranges on the order of 3 km (1.9 mi) and are effective against
799:, but it entered operation only on a very limited scale. The performance gap between this weapon and jet fighters of the post-war era was so great that such designs would not be effective.
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Longer range missiles generally use radar for early detection and guidance. Early SAM systems generally used tracking radars and fed guidance information to the missile using
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As aircraft moved ever lower, and missile performance continued to improve, eventually it became possible to build an effective man-portable anti-aircraft missile. Known as
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with advanced steering for super-maneuverability during the kill-stage. A three-pulse motor provides additional acceleration and maneuverability during the terminal phase.
845:, but the missiles pushed them into ever shorter-range roles. By the 1980s, the only remaining widespread use was point-defense of airfields and ships, especially against
923:
Stunner missile is designed for super-maneuverability. A three-pulse motor activates only during the kill-stage, providing additional acceleration and maneuverability.
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group were high-speed missiles, typically supersonic, that flew directly towards their targets from below. These included Wasserfall and Rheintochter. Both types used
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concluded that guns would be useless against jets, stating "No projectile of which control is lost when it leaves the ship can be of any use to us in this matter."
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A JASDF soldier uses the optical sight on the Type 91 Kai MANPADS to acquire a mock airborne target. The prominent vertical metal devices on the left are the
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missile changed the situation dramatically. Feint and counterfeint followed as each side introduced new tactics to try to gain the upper hand. By the time of
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flak arm were not interested in manned aircraft, and the resulting disagreements between the teams delayed serious consideration of a SAM for two years.
232:
Von Axthelm published his concerns in 1942, and the subject saw serious consideration for the first time; initial development programs for liquid- and
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1812:
2002:
Vietnam Air Losses, United States Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps Fixed-Wing Aircraft Losses in Southeast Asia 1961–1973. Midland Publishing 2001.
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In the immediate post-war era, SAM developments were under way around the world, with several of these entering service in the early- and mid-1950s.
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can be armed with SAMs, and naval SAMs are a necessity for all front-line surface warships. Some warship types specialize in anti-air warfare e.g.
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The introduction of effective SAMs led to the cancellation of the B-70 bomber, and the prohibition of manned recce flights over the Soviet Union.
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missile system. Modern Warships may carry all three types (from long-range to short-range) of SAMs as a part of their multi-layered air defence.
830:, with dramatically improved performance. By the 1990s to the 2010s, the Chinese had developed designs drawing influence from these, notably the
2023:
1994:
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of the United States confronted each other in combat (if one does not count the Yom Kippur War wherein IAF was challenged by Syrian SA-3s).
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362:, Allied interest changed. These weapons were released from stand-off distances, with the bomber remaining outside the range of the ship's
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was fired optically, but normally operated with a short range early warning radar that displayed targets to the operator. This radar, the
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was especially supportive of missile development. In his opinion, had they been consistently developed from the start, the large scale
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This is a quote-of-a-quote and the original source is not available. Axthelm almost certainly stated these numbers in metric terms.
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529:, and, in 1951, he demanded that a missile system to counter a 900 bomber raid be built as quickly as possible. This led to the
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Typical of the "boost-glide" type weapons, the Fairey Stooge was an armed drone aircraft flown to a collision with the target.
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this was to fly lower, below the line-of-sight of missile's radar systems. This demanded very different aircraft, like the
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responded to this threat with increasingly effective means. Early efforts to directly attack the missiles sites as part of
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in the late 1960s and 1970s led to additional mid- and short-range designs for defence against these targets. The UK's
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are also considered to be SAMs, although in practice it is expected that they would be more widely used against
795:, used as a last-ditch weapon on smaller ships. The Germans also produced a similar short-range weapon known as
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system. These systems have encroached on the performance niche formerly filled by dedicated mid-range systems.
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A moment after an S-75 Dvina (SA-2) hits an F-105 over North Vietnam, the fighter-bomber starts to spew flame.
1893:"Русская "Двина", сбив сотни "Фантомов", довела американцев до психоза - Статьи - История - Свободная Пресса"
259:. None of these projects saw any real development until 1943, when the first large-scale raids by the Allied
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78:; in modern armed forces, missiles have replaced most other forms of dedicated anti-aircraft weapons, with
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1221:(SEAD), the mission of finding and destroying SAM and AA gun installations. The SEAD mission in the
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had a range of over 500 km, but it was quite expensive and somewhat unreliable. Development of
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percent kill probability. This weapon did not emerge for 16 years, when it entered operation as the
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The Osa was the first system to include search, track and missiles all on a single mobile platform.
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Steven Zaloga, "Red SAM: The SA-2 Guideline Anti-Aircraft Missile", Osprey Publishing, 2007, p. 22
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1708:"Intercept 1961: From Air Defense SA-1 to Missile Defense System A [Scanning our Past]"
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Zaloga, Steven J. Red SAM: The SA-2 Guideline Anti-Aircraft Missile. Osprey Publishing, 2007.
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SAM systems generally fall into two broad groups based on their guidance systems, those using
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149:, efforts were started to develop surface-to-air missiles as it was generally considered that
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By the 1960s, technology had closed this gap to a degree, leading to the introduction of the
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2053:Óêðà¿íñüêà Ñï³ëêà âåòåðàí³â Àôãàí³ñòàíó (âî¿í³â-³íòåðíàö³îíàë³ñò³â) - Âüåòíàì. Êàê ýòî áûëî
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Vol. 11, pp. 1175–1176, general editor Bernard Fitzsimons, Purnell & Sons Ltd. 1967/68.
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Fulghum, David A. (23 September 2010), "Missile-Killing Interceptors Eyed By Israel, US",
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became part of the Flak Development Program of 1942. By this point serious studies by the
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increasing the chance that one of these will end up within the lethal range. Against the
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usually held by the Allies meant that the demand for similar weapons was not as acute.
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team had been prepared, and several rocket designs had been proposed, including 1940's
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17:
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provided additional incentive for guided missile development. This led to the British
178:, flak would be essentially useless. This potential was already obvious by 1942, when
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ArtOfWar. Шеломытов Геннадий Яковлевич. Все считали, что такого не могло быть никогда
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Some newer short-range systems use a variation of the SARH technique, but based on
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gun on its mount, and became the first operational point-defense SAM. The American
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366:, and the missiles themselves were too small and fast to be attacked effectively.
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surface-to-air missiles, one of the most widely deployed SAM systems in the world
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started. As the urgency of the problem grew, new designs were added, including
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The British developed unguided antiaircraft rockets (operated under the name
132:
The first known idea for a guided surface-to-air missile was in 1925, when a
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efforts in terms of role and timeline, and entered service in 1961 as the
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100:
was the most-produced SAM system. Widely used modern examples include the
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to divert their course and line up exactly with the target's flight path.
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system, which was initially an all-optical system with high accuracy.
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Developments have also been made in onboard maneuverability. Israel's
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began development of a SAM system in earnest with the opening of the
494:
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265:
154:
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Through the evolution of SAMs, improvements were also being made to
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1116:
All SAM systems from the smallest to the largest generally include
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was an early example that was designed specifically to replace the
166:, an average of 2,805 rounds had to be fired per bomber destroyed.
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Coming to the same conclusions as the Germans regarding flak, the
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The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare
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common radar and control units, and these emerged as the RAF's
162:, which operated just within the range of the numerous German
116:
naval missiles, and short-range man-portable systems like the
70:
designed to be launched from the ground or the sea to destroy
579:
List of US aircraft losses to missiles during the Vietnam War
96:
was the first operational SAM system, and the Soviet Union's
290:
delayed development. Some extreme fighter designs, like the
1987:
F-105 Wild Weasel vs SA-2 "guideline" SAM, Vietnam 1965–73.
1171:
and set up behind the lines. Information was passed to the
1440:
Albert Speer, "Inside the Third Reich", Macmillan, p. 492.
1364:
1362:
1669:
Intercept 1961 : the birth of Soviet missile defense
1456:"A Brief History of White Sands Proving Ground 1941–1965"
791:, the first example was a Royal Navy system known as the
27:
Ground-launched missile designed to attack aerial targets
1214:
List of NATO reporting names for surface-to-air missiles
1095:
system on a missile using SARH are also known, like the
900:, the export version of the Chinese HQ-22 system of the
85:
The first attempt at SAM development took place during
993:
missiles rather than aircraft. Virtually all surface
1764:"Bloodhound: The SAGW System of the Royal Air Force."
635:
were generally unsuccessful, but the introduction of
1086:
Smaller missiles, especially MANPADS, generally use
302:, also overlapped with SAMs in their intended uses.
3868:
3621:
3414:
3397:
3354:
3239:
3086:
3069:
2946:
2704:
2609:
2500:
2300:
2235:
2138:
1915:"SEACAT – The Guided Missile To Defend Small Ships"
948:, which has a range of 400 km (250 mi).
2016:Clashes, Air Combat Over North Vietnam 1965–1972.
1425:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
861:Surface-to-air missiles are classified by their
332:were similar in concept, design and performance.
1408:. Archived from the original on 10 January 2004
351:When several Allied ships were sunk in 1943 by
2031:Flak: German Anti-Aircraft Defenses, 1914–1945
1810:"Seaslug: The Most Missile in the Least Space"
561:in 1959. A third design followed the American
2576:
2115:
1936:
1934:
1461:. New Mexico State University. Archived from
889:are an important part of modern naval forces.
8:
281:which was designed to be launched in waves.
1528:
1526:
1056:relative to the vehicle's motion, they use
779:laser-guided surface-to-air missile of the
693:Video of launch of Poliment-Redut naval SAM
521:would be subjected to American and British
3411:
3083:
2583:
2569:
2561:
2122:
2108:
2100:
1800:, 25 September 1959, pp. 295–299, 302–303.
1691:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1091:Systems combining an infrared seeker as a
599:. The crew ejected and were taken captive.
595:An S-75 detonates directly below an RF-4C
1561:
1559:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1353:
2095:RIM-2 Terrier SAM intercepts a F6f drone
2384:Semi-automatic command to line of sight
1957:"Israel upgrades its antimissile plans"
1450:
1448:
1446:
1284:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 254.
1272:
1244:
203:missile lifts off during a test flight.
1684:
1418:
1075:concepts, referred to in the field as
927:Modern long-range weapons include the
1575:, Flight International, 2 August 1962
1151:at a location indicated by a spotter.
438:was the first operational SAM system.
74:or other missiles. It is one type of
7:
2208:Submarine-launched ballistic missile
2186:Intermediate-range ballistic missile
1962:Aviation Week & Space Technology
1327:Corporation, Bonnier (1 July 1931).
1159:Hybrid systems are also common. The
1052:coverage. By measuring the seeker's
544:The early British developments with
1587:, National Air Defense Radar Museum
877:Mobility, maneuverability and range
477:, the first nuclear-armed SAM. The
2390:Automatic command to line of sight
2180:Intercontinental ballistic missile
1167:, was taken into the field with a
1068:and those using some other means.
25:
2214:Submarine-launched cruise missile
2089:Federation of American Scientists
1645:, Salamander Books, 1979, p. 156.
1335:from the original on 29 June 2016
1305:"Evolution of the Guided Missile"
1219:Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses
987:Ship-based anti-aircraft missiles
902:Serbian Air Force and Air Defence
2065:
1585:"The Boeing IM-99/CIM-10 BOMARC"
1199:Man-portable air-defense systems
1099:, but these are generally rare.
910:man-portable air-defense systems
851:RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile
225:, in July. The directors of the
174:or jet-powered designs like the
2538:List of surface-to-air missiles
2378:Manual command to line of sight
2291:Man-portable air-defense system
1823:, 21 November 1958, pp. 790–794
1777:, 23 October 1959, pp. 431–438.
1493:from the original on 2013-06-22
1189:List of surface-to-air missiles
951:Medium-range designs, like the
82:pushed into specialized roles.
2146:Air-launched ballistic missile
2033:. University Press of Kansas.
1895:(in Russian). 14 October 2018.
1512:"History of the Talos Missile"
1:
2192:Short-range ballistic missile
2078:Rest-of-World Missile Systems
2018:1997, Naval Institute Press.
1706:Gruntman, Mike (April 2016).
1209:List of anti-aircraft weapons
1147:antiaircraft gunner aims his
464:developments in 1944. Led by
393:Liberation of the Philippines
2465:Automatic target recognition
1671:(1st ed.). Reston, VA.
559:English Electric Thunderbird
312:would have been impossible.
60:surface-to-air guided weapon
2518:List of missiles by country
2261:Anti-ship ballistic missile
2152:Air-launched cruise missile
1955:Eshel, David (2010-02-12).
1928:, 5 September 1963, p. 438.
1754:, Encyclopedia Astronautica
1118:identified as friend or foe
1004:cruisers equipped with the
369:To combat this threat, the
4041:
2528:List of anti-tank missiles
2523:List of anti-ship missiles
2226:Surface-to-surface missile
2029:Westerman, Edward (2001).
1724:10.1109/JPROC.2016.2537023
1632:, 7 December 1956, p. 910.
1029:
765:
576:
275:, as well as the unguided
153:was of little use against
3672:SS-N-3a Shaddock 3b Sepal
2546:
2427:Global Positioning System
2372:Command off line of sight
1343:– via Google Books.
1079:. Through the 1960s, the
1054:line-of-sight propagation
885:Long-range SAMs like the
385:Heavy shipping losses to
172:Boeing B-29 Superfortress
2508:List of military rockets
2366:Command to line-of-sight
2332:Semi-active radar homing
1282:A Dictionary of Aviation
1280:Wragg, David W. (1973).
1081:semi-active radar homing
612:and the most modern jet
557:in 1958, and the Army's
340:) close to the start of
183:Gunnery Division of the
4015:Surface-to-air missiles
2491:Predicted line of sight
2445:Astro-inertial guidance
2072:Surface-to-air missiles
2014:Michel III, Marshal L.
1852:"The Christmas Bombing"
1712:Proceedings of the IEEE
1667:Gruntman, Mike (2015).
1609:, 7 January 1955, p. 7.
1487:"Talos Missile History"
1331:. Bonnier Corporation.
1223:United States Air Force
1058:proportional navigation
843:anti-aircraft artillery
652:Operation Linebacker II
38:missiles being launched
18:Surface-to-air-missiles
2273:Anti-submarine missile
2249:Anti-radiation missile
2243:Anti-ballistic missile
2220:Surface-to-air missile
2198:Shoulder-fired missile
2164:Air-to-surface missile
1643:Rockets & Missiles
1597:"Swiss Guided Missile"
1317:, May 4, 1951, p. 535.
1152:
1136:
1061:
924:
904:
890:
784:
694:
677:
600:
588:
450:
439:
333:
204:
44:surface-to-air missile
39:
4020:Anti-aircraft weapons
3512:SS-14 Scamp/Scapegoat
3206:SA-23 Gladiator/Giant
3151:SA-12 Gladiator/Giant
2449:Terrestrial guidance
2255:Anti-satellite weapon
1194:Anti-aircraft warfare
1142:
1131:
1039:
918:
896:
884:
775:
743:sea-skimming missiles
692:
675:
629:Operation Spring High
594:
586:
525:, like those against
445:
434:
323:
198:
52:ground-to-air missile
33:
3932:SSC-8 Stone KB 9M729
3929:SSC-7 Stone KS 9M728
2074:at Wikimedia Commons
1926:Flight International
1821:Flight International
1798:Flight International
1775:Flight International
938:MIM-14 Nike Hercules
741:The introduction of
608:technologies of the
597:reconnaissance plane
479:U.S. Army Air Forces
427:Post-war deployments
310:bomber raids of 1944
76:anti-aircraft system
3892:SSC-2 Salish/Samlet
3796:SS-N-25 Switchblade
3602:SS-X-32Zh Scalpel B
2326:Active radar homing
2285:Land-attack missile
1943:Aviation Week's DTI
1006:Aegis combat system
857:General information
633:Operation Iron Hand
535:NATO reporting name
391:attacks during the
375:Operation Bumblebee
180:Walther von Axthelm
108:wide-area systems,
50:), also known as a
2422:Satellite guidance
2158:Air-to-air missile
2083:2016-05-28 at the
1920:2013-11-01 at the
1857:2013-06-21 at the
1815:2013-11-01 at the
1792:2013-10-03 at the
1769:2013-11-01 at the
1750:2012-10-05 at the
1624:2013-05-15 at the
1602:2013-05-15 at the
1571:2013-09-28 at the
1517:2013-06-22 at the
1489:. Hays, Philip R.
1406:"Scheufeln Taifun"
1310:2013-05-15 at the
1153:
1137:
1124:Target acquisition
1062:
1015:cruisers with the
976:attack helicopters
925:
905:
891:
785:
695:
678:
639:aircraft carrying
601:
589:
555:Bristol Bloodhound
451:
440:
334:
234:solid-fuel rockets
205:
114:MBDA Aster Missile
80:anti-aircraft guns
40:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3791:SS-NX-24 Scorpion
3755:SS-N-19 Shipwreck
3705:SS-N-7 Starbright
3393:
3392:
3043:'Avtonomya' IR FF
2558:
2557:
2440:Inertial guidance
2407:Infrared guidance
2350:Track-via-missile
2279:Anti-tank missile
2267:Anti-ship missile
2170:Ballistic missile
2070:Media related to
2024:978-1-59114-519-6
1995:978-1-84908-471-0
1880:978-1-84603-062-8
1850:Marshall Michel,
1832:Michel III p. 1-4
1619:"Guided Missiles"
1532:Taylor 1975, p.45
1329:"Popular Science"
1093:terminal guidance
755:RIM-7 Sea Sparrow
690:
657:strategic bombers
517:was worried that
411:efforts, and the
397:Battle of Okinawa
364:antiaircraft guns
214:Wernher von Braun
210:Walter Dornberger
16:(Redirected from
4032:
3980:SSC-X-9 Stone AN
3938:Klub N/M 3M14/54
3920:SSC-X-5 Scorpion
3801:SS-N-26 Strobile
3760:SS-N-20 Sturgeon
3750:SS-N-18 Stingray
3740:SS-N-16 Stallion
3735:SS-N-15 Starfish
3682:SS-N-5 Sark/Serb
3667:SS-N-3c Shaddock
3613:SS-X-33 Stone AN
3597:SS-X-31 Sickle D
3552:SS-22 Scaleboard
3497:SS-12 Scaleboard
3412:
3322:SA-N-20 Gargoyle
3256:SA-N-2 Guideline
3084:
3047:Hermes A/M/K ATS
2920:AS-X-36 Stone AH
2884:AS-28 Strobile A
2592:NATO designation
2585:
2578:
2571:
2562:
2513:List of missiles
2396:Pursuit guidance
2361:Command guidance
2203:Standoff missile
2124:
2117:
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1277:
1261:
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1252:
1249:
1204:Missile guidance
1161:MIM-72 Chaparral
1077:command guidance
1032:Missile guidance
1026:Guidance systems
793:Holman Projector
691:
21:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3994:
3915:SSC-4 Slingshot
3871:
3864:
3860:SS-NX-38 Canyon
3806:SS-N-27 Sizzler
3770:SS-N-22 Sunburn
3765:SS-N-21 Sampson
3720:SS-N-12 Sandbox
3657:SS-N-1 Scrubber
3624:
3617:
3592:SS-X-30 Satan 2
3416:
3403:
3400:
3389:
3357:
3350:
3312:SA-N-12 Grizzly
3297:SA-N-9 Gauntlet
3242:
3235:
3201:SA-22 Greyhound
3088:
3075:
3072:
3065:
3024:AT-13 Saxhorn-2
2952:
2949:
2942:
2878:AS-27 Sunburn A
2763:AS-8 Kokon AT-6
2710:
2707:
2700:
2613:
2605:
2589:
2559:
2554:
2552:Sounding rocket
2542:
2496:
2481:Contrast seeker
2321:Radar altimeter
2296:
2231:
2134:
2128:
2085:Wayback Machine
2062:
2057:
2041:
2028:
2000:Hobson, Chris.
1985:Davies, Peter.
1976:
1967:
1965:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1922:Wayback Machine
1913:
1909:
1905:Davies p. 72-74
1904:
1900:
1891:
1890:
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1869:
1859:Wayback Machine
1849:
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1817:Wayback Machine
1808:
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1794:Wayback Machine
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1771:Wayback Machine
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1752:Wayback Machine
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1626:Wayback Machine
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1604:Wayback Machine
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1573:Wayback Machine
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1519:Wayback Machine
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1312:Wayback Machine
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1265:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1225:is designated "
1185:
1126:
1088:infrared homing
1044:missiles use a
1034:
1028:
929:MIM-104 Patriot
879:
859:
847:cruise missiles
770:
764:
708:Panavia Tornado
680:
670:
668:Smaller, faster
581:
575:
429:
353:Henschel Hs 293
346:air superiority
318:
254:Henschel Hs 117
193:
143:
130:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3925:SSC-6 Sennight
3922:
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3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3587:SS-29 Sickle C
3584:
3579:
3577:SS-27 Sickle B
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3537:SS-19 Stiletto
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3502:SS-X-13 Savage
3499:
3494:
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3324:
3319:
3317:SA-N-14 Grouse
3314:
3309:
3307:SA-N-11 Grison
3304:
3302:SA-N-10 Grouse
3299:
3294:
3292:SA-N-8 Gremlin
3289:
3284:
3282:SA-N-6 Grumble
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
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3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3191:SA-20 Gargoyle
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3166:SA-15 Gauntlet
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3101:SA-2 Guideline
3098:
3092:
3090:
3081:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3049:
3044:
3041:
3039:AT-16 Scallion
3036:
3034:АТ-15 Springer
3031:
3029:АТ-14 Spriggan
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
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2971:
2966:
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2915:Kh-74M2 "GZUR"
2912:
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2859:
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2810:
2805:
2803:AS-16 Kickback
2800:
2795:
2790:
2788:AS-13 Kingbolt
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2724:14Kh 18Kh RV-1
2718:
2716:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2690:
2689:K-74M2 (R-73M)
2687:
2682:
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2672:
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2662:
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2510:
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2502:
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2497:
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2494:
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2483:
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2473:
2471:Radio guidance
2468:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2419:
2414:
2412:Laser guidance
2409:
2404:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2358:
2356:Anti-radiation
2353:
2347:
2345:Passive homing
2342:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2316:Radar guidance
2313:
2307:
2305:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2239:
2237:
2236:By target type
2233:
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2230:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2175:Cruise missile
2172:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2142:
2140:
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2135:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2104:
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2097:
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2061:
2060:External links
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2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2026:
2012:
1998:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1947:
1930:
1907:
1898:
1884:
1867:
1865:, January 2001
1843:
1834:
1825:
1802:
1779:
1756:
1737:
1718:(4): 883–890.
1698:
1677:
1659:
1647:
1641:Bill Gunston,
1634:
1611:
1589:
1577:
1555:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1510:Phillip Hays,
1503:
1478:
1442:
1433:
1397:
1395:, p. 112.
1393:Westerman 2001
1385:
1381:Westerman 2001
1373:
1371:, p. 111.
1369:Westerman 2001
1358:
1356:, p. 197.
1354:Westerman 2001
1346:
1319:
1297:
1290:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1253:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1125:
1122:
1030:Main article:
1027:
1024:
878:
875:
858:
855:
816:FIM-92 Stinger
766:Main article:
763:
760:
669:
666:
614:fighter planes
574:
573:War in Vietnam
571:
447:SA-2 Guideline
428:
425:
317:
316:Allied efforts
314:
192:
191:German efforts
189:
142:
139:
129:
126:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4037:
4026:
4025:Missile types
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3905:Schuka KSShch
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:SS-N-23B Skif
3784:
3782:
3781:SS-N-23A Skif
3779:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:SS-N-17 Snipe
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:SS-N-14 Silex
3728:
3726:
3725:SS-NX-13 Serb
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3710:SS-N-8 Sawfly
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:SS-28 Saber 2
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3562:SS-24 Scalpel
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3527:SS-17 Spanker
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3517:SS-15 Scrooge
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3477:SS-8B Sasin 2
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3287:SA-N-7 Gadfly
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3267:SA-N-3 Goblet
3265:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3196:SA-21 Growler
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3176:SA-17 Grizzly
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:SA-14 Gremlin
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3141:SA-10 Grumble
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3062:Iz 85 Kh-MD-E
3061:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3019:AT-12 Swinger
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:AT-10 Stabber
3007:
3005:
3004:AT-9 Spiral-2
3002:
3000:
2999:AT-8 Songster
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:AT-5 Spandrel
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2926:AS-37 BrahMos
2924:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:Iz 85 Kh-MD-E
2910:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2890:AS-29 Sizzler
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2818:AS-X-19 Koala
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:AS-17 Krypton
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:AS-6 Kingfish
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:AS-3 Kangaroo
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2692:K-77M (R-77M)
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:List of ICBMs
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:Wire guidance
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2338:Passive radar
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2008:1-85780-115-6
2005:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:Osprey 2011.
1988:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1863:Air and Space
1860:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1787:"Thunderbird"
1783:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1680:
1678:9781624103490
1674:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1468:on 2014-10-28
1464:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1383:, p. 78.
1382:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1291:9780850451634
1287:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1134:IFF antennas.
1130:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1097:MIM-46 Mauler
1094:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:radio control
1069:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
982:
977:
972:
970:
965:
964:David's Sling
960:
958:
954:
949:
947:
943:
939:
934:
930:
922:
921:David's Sling
917:
913:
911:
903:
899:
895:
888:
883:
876:
874:
872:
868:
864:
856:
854:
852:
848:
844:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:9K34 Strela-3
817:
813:
809:
805:
804:FIM-43 Redeye
800:
798:
794:
790:
782:
778:
774:
769:
761:
759:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
711:
709:
705:
701:
674:
667:
665:
661:
658:
653:
649:
645:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
598:
593:
585:
580:
572:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:Joseph Stalin
512:
508:
503:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:in 1959. The
484:
483:CIM-10 Bomarc
480:
476:
475:Nike Hercules
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
448:
444:
437:
433:
426:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:
404:
403:
402:Fairey Stooge
398:
394:
390:
389:
383:
381:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
331:
330:Schmetterling
327:
322:
315:
313:
311:
307:
303:
301:
300:
295:
294:
288:
287:radio control
282:
280:
279:
274:
273:
268:
267:
262:
258:
257:Schmetterling
255:
251:
250:
246:, and 1941's
245:
244:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
215:
211:
202:
197:
190:
188:
186:
181:
177:
173:
167:
165:
164:eighty-eights
161:
156:
152:
148:
140:
138:
135:
127:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:The American
90:
88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
3990:Hermes K ATS
3985:Hermes M ATS
3954:SSC-5 Stooge
3886:SSC-1B Sepal
3775:SS-N-23 Skif
3715:SS-N-9 Siren
3567:SS-25 Sickle
3557:SS-23 Spider
3547:SS-21 Scarab
3522:SS-16 Sinner
3507:SS-13 Savage
3467:SS-7 Saddler
3462:SS-6 Sapwood
3447:SS-3 Shyster
3442:SS-2 Sibling
3424:SS-1 Scunner
3375:53T6 Gazelle
3366:ABM-1 Galosh
3346:Palash/Palma
3277:SA-N-5 Grail
3272:SA-N-4 Gecko
3211:SA-24 Grinch
3186:SA-19 Grison
3181:SA-18 Grouse
3171:SA-16 Gimlet
3156:SA-13 Gopher
3146:SA-11 Gadfly
3121:SA-6 Gainful
3070:
3014:AT-11 Sniper
2994:AT-7 Saxhorn
2969:AT-2 Swatter
2964:AT-1 Snapper
2896:Hermes A ATS
2868:AS-26 Kodiak
2835:Kh-59MK2S/69
2783:AS-12 Kegler
2778:AS-11 Kilter
2743:AS-4 Kitchen
2675:AA-11 Archer
2600:Soviet Union
2548:
2219:
2030:
2015:
2001:
1986:
1979:Bibliography
1966:. Retrieved
1960:
1950:
1942:
1925:
1910:
1901:
1887:
1870:
1862:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1820:
1805:
1797:
1782:
1774:
1759:
1740:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1668:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1629:
1614:
1606:
1592:
1580:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1506:
1495:. Retrieved
1481:
1470:. Retrieved
1463:the original
1436:
1431:, RAF Museum
1410:. Retrieved
1400:
1388:
1376:
1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1322:
1314:
1300:
1281:
1275:
1256:
1247:
1172:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1085:
1070:
1063:
1019:
1010:
999:
991:sea skimming
986:
985:
973:
969:kill vehicle
961:
950:
926:
906:
865:, mobility,
860:
840:
801:
797:Fliegerfaust
786:
781:British Army
751:Bofors 40 mm
740:
712:
696:
662:
648:Standard ARM
641:
622:
610:Soviet Union
602:
562:
549:
545:
543:
507:Soviet Union
504:
486:
462:Project Nike
460:started its
455:
452:
420:
417:SAM-N-2 Lark
406:
400:
386:
384:
368:
350:
342:World War II
335:
329:
325:
306:Albert Speer
304:
298:
292:
283:
277:
272:Rheintochter
270:
264:
256:
248:
241:
231:
226:
206:
200:
176:Arado Ar 234
168:
147:World War II
144:
141:World War II
131:
91:
87:World War II
84:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
41:
3956:Bastion P/S
3700:SS-N-6 Serb
3677:SS-N-4 Sark
3662:SS-N-2 Styx
3609:/ HGV Yu-7#
3572:SS-26 Stone
3542:SS-20 Saber
3532:SS-18 Satan
3487:SS-10 Scrag
3452:SS-4 Sandal
3216:SA-29 Gizmo
3136:SA-9 Gaskin
3116:SA-5 Gammon
2989:AT-6 Spiral
2979:AT-4 Spigot
2974:AT-3 Sagger
2934:(Kh-72) ASM
2823:AS-20 Kayak
2813:AS-18 Kazoo
2793:AS-14 Kedge
2773:AS-10 Karen
2733:AS-2 Kipper
2728:AS-1 Kennel
2685:AA-13 Arrow
2680:AA-12 Adder
2670:AA-10 Alamo
2625:AA-1 Alkali
2598:and former
2476:TV guidance
2401:Beam riding
2139:By platform
1566:"Nike Zeus"
1553:Parsch 2003
1544:1947, p.345
1339:25 November
1227:Wild Weasel
1145:U.S. Marine
1050:hemispheric
1048:seeker for
1000:Ticonderoga
912:(MANPADS).
724:MIM-23 Hawk
718:(SA-6) and
637:Wild Weasel
606:air defense
531:S-25 Berkut
499:beam riding
380:RIM-8 Talos
360:glide bombs
223:Roluf Lucht
160:Boeing B-17
134:beam riding
4009:Categories
3909:SSC-3 Styx
3898:P-20 Sokol
3644:P-20 Sokol
3639:KS-1 Komet
3492:SS-11 Sego
3482:SS-9 Scarp
3472:SS-8 Sasin
3457:SS-5 Skean
3401:to-surface
3251:SA-N-1 Goa
3231:Sosna-R/RA
3131:SA-8 Gecko
3126:SA-7 Grail
3111:SA-4 Ganef
3096:SA-1 Guild
2938:BrahMos-II
2798:AS-15 Kent
2758:AS-7 Kerry
2708:to-surface
2660:AA-8 Aphid
2650:AA-6 Acrid
2630:AA-2 Atoll
2611:Air-to-air
2040:0700614206
1968:2010-02-13
1497:2010-08-19
1472:2010-08-19
1412:2006-07-16
1234:References
942:S-75 Dvina
828:Starstreak
808:SA-7 Grail
777:Starstreak
577:See also:
539:S-75 Dvina
344:, but the
261:air forces
249:Wasserfall
243:Feuerlilie
238:Peenemünde
201:Wasserfall
185:Royal Navy
98:S-75 Dvina
34:A pair of
3903:SSC-K P-1
3695:D-7 R-15M
3635:15Kh 17Kh
3428:SS-1 Scud
3406:full list
3358:ballistic
3330:Greyhound
3078:full list
2955:full list
2948:Anti-tank
2768:AS-9 Kyle
2748:AS-5 Kelt
2713:full list
2665:AA-9 Amos
2655:AA-7 Apex
2635:AA-3 Anab
2616:full list
2549:See also:
2293:(MANPADS)
2130:Types of
2087:from the
1732:1558-2256
1687:cite book
1268:Citations
1177:data link
1173:Chaparral
1169:Gama Goat
1040:Israel's
979:like the
836:QW series
822:(SA-14),
563:Bumblebee
550:Brakemine
523:air raids
470:Nike Ajax
466:Bell Labs
458:U.S. Army
436:Nike Ajax
413:U.S. Navy
408:Brakemine
373:launched
371:U.S. Navy
338:Z Battery
227:Luftwaffe
94:Nike Ajax
3972:SSC-X-15
3966:SSC-X-11
3960:SSC-7/12
3855:SS-NX-37
3837:SS-NX-34
3832:SS-NX-33
3817:SS-NX-28
3811:SS-N-30A
3607:Avangard
3399:Surface-
3261:SA-NX-2C
3106:SA-3 Goa
3071:Surface-
3054:Izd. 305
2908:Izd. 305
2847:Kh-38/36
2645:AA-5 Ash
2640:AA-4 Awl
2603:missiles
2386:(SACLOS)
2311:Unguided
2303:guidance
2081:Archived
1918:Archived
1855:Archived
1813:Archived
1790:Archived
1767:Archived
1748:Archived
1622:Archived
1600:Archived
1569:Archived
1515:Archived
1491:Archived
1421:cite web
1333:Archived
1308:Archived
1183:See also
1046:gimbaled
995:warships
957:2K12 Kub
867:altitude
863:guidance
834:and the
812:Blowpipe
722:(SA-8),
720:9K33 Osa
716:2K12 Kub
646:and the
644:missiles
567:Sea Slug
533:system (
511:Cold War
491:Oerlikon
395:and the
388:kamikaze
122:Strela-3
72:aircraft
66:), is a
3962:3M-80MV
3945:BrahMos
3894:AS/KS-1
3872:to-ship
3850:SS-N-36
3845:SS-N-35
3827:SS-N-32
3822:SS-N-29
3438:/-C/-D)
3415:Ground-
3327:SA-N-21
3087:Ground-
2922:(Kh-76)
2828:AS-X-21
2596:Russian
2486:Compass
2433:GLONASS
2403:(LOSBR)
2392:(ACLOS)
2380:(MCLOS)
2374:(COLOS)
2132:missile
2091:website
1882:. p. 22
1149:Stinger
1042:Arrow 3
981:Avenger
887:RIM-161
789:MANPADS
768:MANPADS
762:MANPADS
747:Sea Cat
736:Crotale
618:bombers
357:Fritz X
212:to ask
155:bombers
145:During
128:History
118:Stinger
102:Patriot
68:missile
3968:"GZUR"
3950:SSC-10
3942:SSC-13
3936:SSC-14
3911:Rubezh
3633:14KhK1
3623:Naval-
3432:Scud-A
3241:Naval-
3221:Morfey
3073:to-air
2950:guided
2932:Zirkon
2892:Club A
2696:KS-172
2493:(PLOS)
2453:TERCOM
2368:(CLOS)
2334:(SARH)
2281:(ATGM)
2275:(ASuM)
2269:(AShM)
2263:(ASBM)
2257:(ASAT)
2216:(SLCM)
2210:(SLBM)
2194:(SRBM)
2188:(IRBM)
2182:(ICBM)
2154:(ALCM)
2148:(ALBM)
2037:
2022:
2006:
1993:
1878:
1745:"S-75"
1730:
1675:
1630:FLIGHT
1607:Flight
1542:Flight
1315:FLIGHT
1288:
1175:via a
1110:Rapier
1017:S-300F
1013:-class
1002:-class
953:Rapier
824:Igla-1
732:Roland
728:Rapier
706:, and
642:Shrike
546:Stooge
527:Berlin
519:Moscow
495:RSD 58
487:Bomarc
468:, the
419:. The
326:Enzian
299:Natter
278:Taifun
266:Enzian
3888:Redut
3870:Ship-
3813:3M-14
3777:R29RM
3625:based
3417:based
3385:A-235
3380:S-500
3371:ABM-3
3356:Anti-
3341:Redut
3243:based
3226:S-350
3089:based
3058:Kh-50
2901:Kh-50
2886:Kh-61
2880:Kh-41
2873:Kh-90
2864:Kh-50
2862:AS-25
2857:Kh-45
2853:Kh-36
2851:AS-24
2845:AS-23
2841:Kh-32
2839:AS-4M
2833:AS-22
2501:Lists
2467:(ATR)
2458:DSMAC
2429:(GPS)
2352:(TVM)
2328:(ARH)
2287:(LAM)
2251:(ARM)
2245:(ABM)
2228:(SSM)
2222:(SAM)
2166:(ASM)
2160:(AAM)
1466:(PDF)
1459:(PDF)
1239:Notes
1104:laser
1066:radar
1011:Kirov
946:S-400
933:S-300
871:range
704:TSR-2
700:F-111
293:Komet
219:T-Amt
106:S-300
58:) or
36:S-300
3975:Skif
3880:10Kh
3840:Skif
3690:D-6M
3652:P-47
3649:P-40
3052:LMUR
2906:LMUR
2722:10Kh
2706:Air-
2594:for
2035:ISBN
2020:ISBN
2004:ISBN
1991:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1728:ISSN
1693:link
1673:ISBN
1427:link
1341:2015
1286:ISBN
1165:FAAR
1020:Fort
955:and
931:and
919:The
898:FK-3
869:and
832:FN-6
826:and
810:and
734:and
631:and
625:USAF
623:The
616:and
548:and
505:The
421:Lark
405:and
355:and
328:and
296:and
269:and
252:and
151:flak
120:and
112:and
110:SM-6
104:and
64:SAGW
56:GTAM
3687:D-6
3263:M-3
2301:By
1720:doi
1716:104
1008:or
940:or
493:'s
415:'s
48:SAM
4011::
3436:-B
3338:96
3335:9K
2928:AL
1959:.
1933:^
1924:,
1861:,
1819:,
1796:,
1773:,
1726:.
1714:.
1710:.
1689:}}
1685:{{
1628:,
1558:^
1525:^
1445:^
1423:}}
1419:{{
1361:^
1229:".
1143:A
873:.
853:.
838:.
818:,
806:,
738:.
730:,
726:,
710:.
702:,
569:.
513:.
382:.
221:,
199:A
124:.
42:A
3952:/
3882:N
3434:/
3430:(
3426:/
3408:)
3404:(
3373:/
3080:)
3076:(
2957:)
2953:(
2715:)
2711:(
2618:)
2614:(
2584:e
2577:t
2570:v
2123:e
2116:t
2109:v
2043:.
2010:.
1997:.
1971:.
1734:.
1722::
1695:)
1681:.
1500:.
1475:.
1429:)
1415:.
1294:.
783:.
62:(
54:(
46:(
20:)
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