38:
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643:(AFM). These microscopies have considerably increased the ability and desire of surface scientists to measure the physical structure of many surfaces. For example, they make it possible to follow reactions at the solid–gas interface in real space, if those proceed on a time scale accessible by the instrument.
980:
Fischer-Wolfarth, Jan-Henrik; Farmer, Jason A.; Flores-Camacho, J. Manuel; Genest, Alexander; Yudanov, Ilya V.; Rösch, Notker; Campbell, Charles T.; Schauermann, Swetlana; Freund, Hans-Joachim (2010). "Particle-size dependent heats of adsorption of CO on supported Pd nanoparticles as measured with a
558:
works in solid–gas, solid–liquid, liquid–gas surfaces and can detect even sub-nanometer layers. It probes the interaction kinetics as well as dynamic structural changes such as liposome collapse or swelling of layers in different pH. Dual-polarization interferometry is used to quantify the order and
631:
of only a few nanometers. This technique has been extended to operate at near-ambient pressures (ambient pressure XPS, AP-XPS) to probe more realistic gas-solid and liquid-solid interfaces. Performing XPS with hard X-rays at synchrotron light sources yields photoelectrons with kinetic energies of
1431:
Sing, M.; Berner, G.; Goß, K.; Müller, A.; Ruff, A.; Wetscherek, A.; Thiel, S.; Mannhart, J.; Pauli, S. A.; Schneider, C. W.; Willmott, P. R.; Gorgoi, M.; Schäfers, F.; Claessen, R. (2009). "Profiling the
Interface Electron Gas ofLaAlO3/SrTiO3Heterostructures with Hard X-Ray Photoelectron
338:
Electrochemistry is the study of processes driven through an applied potential at a solid-liquid or liquid-liquid interface. The behavior of an electrode-electrolyte interface is affected by the distribution of ions in the liquid phase next to the interface forming the
302:
are often used as model catalysts. Multi-component materials systems are used to study interactions between catalytically active metal particles and supporting oxides; these are produced by growing ultra-thin films or particles on a single crystal surface.
566:, is used for time-resolved measurements of solid-vacuum, solid-gas and solid-liquid interfaces. The method allows for analysis of molecule-surface interactions as well as structural changes and viscoelastic properties of the adlayer.
535:, it only takes on the order of 1 second to cover a surface with a one-to-one monolayer of contaminant to surface atoms, so much lower pressures are needed for measurements. This is found by an order of magnitude estimate for the (number)
1319:
Mashaghi, A; Swann, M; Popplewell, J; Textor, M; Reimhult, E (2008). "Optical
Anisotropy of Supported Lipid Structures Probed by Waveguide Spectroscopy and Its Application to Study of Supported Lipid Bilayer Formation Kinetics".
530:
pressure or better, it is necessary to reduce surface contamination by residual gas, by reducing the number of molecules reaching the sample over a given time period. At 0.1 mPa (10 torr) partial pressure of a contaminant and
1026:
Lewandowski, M.; Groot, I.M.N.; Shaikhutdinov, S.; Freund, H.-J. (2012). "Scanning tunneling microscopy evidence for the Mars-van
Krevelen type mechanism of low temperature CO oxidation on an FeO(111) film on Pt(111)".
402:
adsorption onto mineral surfaces reveal molecular-scale details of adsorption, enabling more accurate predictions of how these contaminants travel through soils or disrupt natural dissolution-precipitation cycles.
411:
Surface physics can be roughly defined as the study of physical interactions that occur at interfaces. It overlaps with surface chemistry. Some of the topics investigated in surface physics include
1284:
Granqvist, Niko; Yliperttula, Marjo; Välimäki, Salla; Pulkkinen, Petri; Tenhu, Heikki; Viitala, Tapani (18 March 2014). "Control of the
Morphology of Lipid Layers by Substrate Surface Chemistry".
563:
619:(XPS) is a standard tool for measuring the chemical states of surface species and for detecting the presence of surface contamination. Surface sensitivity is achieved by detecting
671:
590:
343:. Adsorption and desorption events can be studied at atomically flat single crystal surfaces as a function of applied potential, time, and solution conditions using
1665:
546:
Purely optical techniques can be used to study interfaces under a wide variety of conditions. Reflection-absorption infrared, dual polarisation interferometry,
258:
that produce various desired effects or improvements in the properties of the surface or interface. Surface science is of particular importance to the fields of
559:
disruption in birefringent thin films. This has been used, for example, to study the formation of lipid bilayers and their interaction with membrane proteins.
206:
is used to model monolayer adsorption where all surface adsorption sites have the same affinity for the adsorbing species and do not interact with each other.
1175:
Catalano, Jeffrey G.; Park, Changyong; Fenter, Paul; Zhang, Zhan (2008). "Simultaneous inner- and outer-sphere arsenate adsorption on corundum and hematite".
1766:
569:
X-ray scattering and spectroscopy techniques are also used to characterize surfaces and interfaces. While some of these measurements can be performed using
1771:
1493:
Wintterlin, J.; Völkening, S.; Janssens, T. V. W.; Zambelli, T.; Ertl, G. (1997). "Atomic and
Macroscopic Reaction Rates of a Surface-Catalyzed Reaction".
1580:
555:
522:. Many of these techniques require vacuum as they rely on the detection of electrons or ions emitted from the surface under study. Moreover, in general
1357:
Renaud, Gilles; Lazzari, Rémi; Leroy, Frédéric (2009). "Probing surface and interface morphology with
Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-Ray Scattering".
483:
1540:
594:
1749:
242:'s advancements in surface chemistry, specifically his investigation of the interaction between carbon monoxide molecules and platinum surfaces.
153:. Interfacial chemistry and physics are common subjects for both. The methods are different. In addition, interface and colloid science studies
1793:
728:
551:
1744:
1805:
1658:
547:
460:
1611:
1590:
519:
294:). However, it is difficult to study these phenomena in real catalyst particles, which have complex structures. Instead, well-defined
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532:
499:
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487:
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of new catalysts. Reaction mechanisms can also be clarified due to the atomic-scale precision of surface science measurements.
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311:
219:
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several keV (hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, HAXPES), enabling access to chemical information from buried interfaces.
290:, and the strength of molecular adsorption to a catalyst surface is critically important to the catalyst's performance (see
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and their environment. The atomic-scale structure and chemical properties of mineral-solution interfaces are studied using
1932:
1686:
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610:
391:
315:
150:
41:
1601:
578:
348:
904:; Van Hove, M. A.; Weinberg, W. H. (May 1, 1979). "Chemisorption geometry of hydrogen on Ni(111): Order and disorder".
37:
2637:
2209:
1696:
507:
491:
323:
250:
Surface chemistry can be roughly defined as the study of chemical reactions at interfaces. It is closely related to
2135:
2106:
2086:
2039:
1392:
Bluhm, Hendrik; Hävecker, Michael; Knop-Gericke, Axel; Kiskinova, Maya; Schlögl, Robert; Salmeron, Miquel (2007).
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31:
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Relationships between the composition, structure, and chemical behavior of these surfaces are studied using
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177:
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130:
945:; Matsushima, T. (May 2, 1982). "Phase transitions of a two-dimensional chemisorbed system: H on Fe(110)".
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254:, which aims at modifying the chemical composition of a surface by incorporation of selected elements or
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2001:
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82:
59:
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Xu, Man; Kovarik, Libor; Arey, Bruce W.; Felmy, Andrew R.; Rosso, Kevin M.; Kerisit, Sebastien (2014).
2474:
2429:
2204:
2024:
1954:
1711:
1691:
1504:
1451:
1394:"In Situ X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Studies of Gas-Solid Interfaces at Near-Ambient Conditions"
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Scientific
Background on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007 Chemical Processes on Solid Surfaces
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can be used to probe solid–vacuum as well as solid–gas, solid–liquid, and liquid–gas surfaces.
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1085:
785:; Latta, E.E. (February 1974). "Adsorption of hydrogen on palladium single crystal surfaces".
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2006:
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1212:"Kinetics and mechanisms of cadmium carbonate heteroepitaxial growth at the calcite surface"
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The study and analysis of surfaces involves both physical and chemical analysis techniques.
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was also one of the founders of this field, and the scientific journal on surface science,
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2301:
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2111:
2074:
1917:
1800:
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1011:
863:; Neumann, M. (June 1, 1974). "Adsorption of hydrogen on nickel single crystal surfaces".
691: – Study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases
679: – Range of processes that alter the surface of an item to achieve a certain property
593:(SEXAFS) measurements reveal the coordination structure and chemical state of adsorbates.
327:
193:
121:
1245:"Surface plasmon resonance for characterization of large-area atomic-layer graphene film"
1538:
Waldmann, T.; et al. (2012). "Oxidation of an
Organic Adlayer: A Bird's Eye View".
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1064:
Gewirth, Andrew A.; Niece, Brian K. (1997). "Electrochemical
Applications ofin Situ
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Study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases
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17:
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824:; Pignet, T. (February 1976). "Adsorption of hydrogen on a Pt(111) surface".
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1243:
Jussila, Henri; Yang, He; Granqvist, Niko; Sun, Zhipei (5 February 2016).
700: – Science and engineering of interacting surfaces in relative motion
2530:
432:
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372:
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223:
211:
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63:
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followed. Most recent developments in surface sciences include the 2007
2550:
1105:"Applications of surface X-ray scattering to electrochemistry problems"
656: – Boundary between volumes of matter of different types or states
436:
428:
74:
1553:
1335:
1297:
1136:"Surface X-ray diffraction studies of single crystal electrocatalysts"
1081:
886:
927:
451:
on surfaces. Techniques to investigate processes at surfaces include
227:
106:
102:
94:
1211:
1104:
351:. These studies link traditional electrochemical techniques such as
278:
The adhesion of gas or liquid molecules to the surface is known as
1446:
90:
2525:
231:
1647:
2535:
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as well as scanning probe microscopy. For example, studies of
110:
98:
326:. Results can be fed into chemical models or used toward the
639:(STM) and a family of methods descended from it, including
573:, many require the high intensity and energy tunability of
1633:
1582:
Surface
Science: Foundations of Catalysis and Nanoscience
478:
Several modern methods probe the topmost 1–10 nm of
693:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
564:
Quartz Crystal Microbalance with dissipation monitoring
539:
of materials and the impingement rate formula from the
210:
in 1974 described for the first time the adsorption of
1134:
GrĂĽnder, Yvonne; Lucas, Christopher A. (2016-11-01).
662: – Noncontact variant of atomic force microscopy
518:, and other surface analysis methods included in the
125:. Some related practical applications are classed as
597:(GISAXS) yields the size, shape, and orientation of
2467:
2228:
2144:
2065:
2015:
1891:
1834:
1710:
298:surfaces of catalytically active materials such as
685: – Act of modifying the surface of a material
672:Surface modification of biomaterials with proteins
668: – Science and technology of small particles
355:to direct observations of interfacial processes.
591:Surface-extended X-ray absorption fine structure
585:(XSW) measurements probe changes in surface and
595:Grazing-incidence small angle X-ray scattering
1659:
746:Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science
8:
1600:Attard, Gary; Barnes, Colin (January 1998).
172:The field of surface chemistry started with
164:systems due to peculiarities of interfaces.
129:. The science encompasses concepts such as
1666:
1652:
1644:
556:Multi-parametric surface plasmon resonance
1445:
1268:
1227:
1151:
1048:
1010:
941:Imbihl, R.; Behm, R. J.; Christmann, K.;
635:Modern physical analysis methods include
589:structures with sub-Ångström resolution.
484:angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
371:are controlled by the interfaces between
1541:Journal of the American Chemical Society
609:of thin films can be investigated using
149:. Surface science is closely related to
36:
1628:"Ram Rao Materials and Surface Science"
711:
623:with kinetic energies of about 10-1000
345:spectroscopy, scanning probe microscopy
218:surface using a novel technique called
113:interfaces. It includes the fields of
1630:, a video from the Vega Science Trust
552:sum frequency generation spectroscopy
310:techniques, including adsorption and
7:
2581:
2605:
611:grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction
548:surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
461:surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
1579:Kolasinski, Kurt W. (2012-04-30).
1103:Nagy, Zoltán; You, Hoydoo (2002).
981:single-crystal microcalorimeter".
520:list of materials analysis methods
482:exposed to vacuum. These include
25:
759:Wennerström, Håkan; Lidin, Sven.
500:electron energy loss spectroscopy
312:temperature-programmed desorption
2604:
2592:
2580:
2569:
2568:
748:. Vol. 1–5. Academic Press.
617:X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
516:dual-polarization interferometry
488:X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
465:X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
135:semiconductor device fabrication
1216:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1177:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
907:The Journal of Chemical Physics
866:The Journal of Chemical Physics
721:Introduction to Surface Physics
512:secondary ion mass spectrometry
504:thermal desorption spectroscopy
496:low-energy electron diffraction
320:low energy electron diffraction
1464:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.176805
1050:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-50F9-9
1012:11858/00-001M-0000-0011-29F8-F
1:
1933:Interface and colloid science
1687:Glossary of chemical formulae
1634:Surface Chemistry Discoveries
1517:10.1126/science.278.5345.1931
1379:10.1016/j.surfrep.2009.07.002
1121:10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00223-2
900:Christmann, K.; Behm, R. J.;
859:Christmann, K.; Schober, O.;
660:Kelvin probe force microscope
637:scanning-tunneling microscopy
579:X-ray crystal truncation rods
562:Acoustic techniques, such as
392:X-ray absorption spectroscopy
316:scanning tunneling microscopy
151:interface and colloid science
1606:. Oxford Chemistry Primers.
1153:10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.05.043
1041:10.1016/j.cattod.2011.08.033
967:10.1016/0039-6028(82)90506-4
846:10.1016/0039-6028(76)90232-6
807:10.1016/0039-6028(74)90060-0
282:. This can be due to either
204:Langmuir adsorption equation
81:phenomena that occur at the
2210:Bioorganometallic chemistry
1697:List of inorganic compounds
723:. Oxford University Press.
627:, which have corresponding
508:ion scattering spectroscopy
492:Auger electron spectroscopy
447:, and the self-assembly of
363:Geologic phenomena such as
324:Auger electron spectroscopy
2654:
2136:Dynamic covalent chemistry
2107:Enantioselective synthesis
2087:Physical organic chemistry
2040:Organolanthanide chemistry
1003:10.1103/PhysRevB.81.241416
29:
2564:
1725:Electroanalytical methods
1682:
1229:10.1016/j.gca.2013.11.036
1197:10.1016/j.gca.2008.02.013
744:Luklema, J. (1995–2005).
629:inelastic mean free paths
457:scanning probe microscopy
382:X-ray techniques such as
143:self-assembled monolayers
32:Surface Science (journal)
2480:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2396:Supramolecular chemistry
2035:Organometallic chemistry
719:Prutton, Martin (1994).
571:laboratory X-ray sources
453:surface X-ray scattering
349:surface X-ray scattering
236:Nobel prize of Chemistry
2418:Combinatorial chemistry
2329:Food physical chemistry
2292:Environmental chemistry
2176:Bioorthogonal chemistry
2102:Retrosynthetic analysis
1923:Chemical thermodynamics
1906:Spectroelectrochemistry
1849:Computational chemistry
1639:Surface Metrology Guide
1434:Physical Review Letters
1359:Surface Science Reports
1270:10.1364/OPTICA.3.000151
641:atomic force microscopy
541:kinetic theory of gases
341:electrical double layer
260:heterogeneous catalysis
222:. Similar studies with
174:heterogeneous catalysis
131:heterogeneous catalysis
2490:of element discoveries
2336:Agricultural chemistry
2324:Carbohydrate chemistry
2215:Bioinorganic chemistry
2080:Alkane stereochemistry
2025:Coordination chemistry
1854:Mathematical chemistry
1720:Instrumental chemistry
425:surface reconstruction
202:, bears his name. The
67:
2485:Timeline of chemistry
2382:Post-mortem chemistry
2367:Clandestine chemistry
2297:Atmospheric chemistry
2220:Biophysical chemistry
2052:Solid-state chemistry
2002:Equilibrium chemistry
1911:Photoelectrochemistry
1585:(3 ed.). Wiley.
575:synchrotron radiation
537:specific surface area
526:, in the range of 10
60:organic semiconductor
40:
30:For the journal, see
2475:History of chemistry
2430:Chemical engineering
2205:Bioorganic chemistry
1955:Structural chemistry
1692:List of biomolecules
1323:Analytical Chemistry
683:Surface modification
533:standard temperature
388:X-ray standing waves
2498:The central science
2452:Ceramic engineering
2377:Forensic toxicology
2350:Chemistry education
2248:Radiation chemistry
2230:Interdisciplinarity
2183:Medicinal chemistry
2121:Fullerene chemistry
1997:Microwave chemistry
1866:Molecular mechanics
1861:Molecular modelling
1509:1997Sci...278.1931W
1456:2009PhRvL.102q6805S
1410:10.1557/mrs2007.211
1371:2009SurSR..64..255R
1261:2016Optic...3..151J
1189:2008GeCoA..72.1986C
1109:Electrochimica Acta
1068:Probe Microscopy".
995:2010PhRvB..81x1416F
959:1982SurSc.117..257I
920:1979JChPh..70.4168C
879:1974JChPh..60.4528C
838:1976SurSc..54..365C
799:1974SurSc..41..435C
583:X-ray standing wave
471:Analysis techniques
439:, the emission and
252:surface engineering
127:surface engineering
2638:Physical chemistry
2541:Chemical substance
2403:Chemical synthesis
2372:Forensic chemistry
2253:Actinide chemistry
2195:Clinical chemistry
1876:Molecular geometry
1871:Molecular dynamics
1826:Elemental analysis
1779:Separation process
689:Surface phenomenon
654:Interface (matter)
384:X-ray reflectivity
369:soil contamination
353:cyclic voltammetry
292:Sabatier principle
101:interfaces, solid–
97:interfaces, solid–
68:
62:are adsorbed on a
2620:
2619:
2556:Quantum mechanics
2521:Chemical compound
2504:Chemical reaction
2442:Materials science
2360:General chemistry
2355:Amateur chemistry
2283:Photogeochemistry
2268:Stellar chemistry
2238:Nuclear chemistry
2159:Molecular biology
2126:Polymer chemistry
2097:Organic synthesis
2092:Organic reactions
2057:Ceramic chemistry
2047:Cluster chemistry
1977:Chemical kinetics
1965:Molecular physics
1844:Quantum chemistry
1757:Mass spectrometry
1554:10.1021/ja302593v
1548:(21): 8817–8822.
1404:(12): 1022–1030.
1336:10.1021/ac800027s
1298:10.1021/la4046622
1292:(10): 2799–2809.
1115:(19): 3037–3055.
1082:10.1021/cr960067y
983:Physical Review B
887:10.1063/1.1680935
873:(11): 4528–4540.
730:978-0-19-853476-1
677:Surface finishing
603:crystal structure
601:on surfaces. The
524:ultra-high vacuum
421:surface diffusion
308:ultra-high vacuum
256:functional groups
116:surface chemistry
16:(Redirected from
2645:
2608:
2607:
2596:
2584:
2583:
2572:
2571:
2516:Chemical element
2171:Chemical biology
2030:Magnetochemistry
2007:Mechanochemistry
1960:Chemical physics
1901:Electrochemistry
1806:Characterization
1668:
1661:
1654:
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1617:
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1528:
1503:(5345): 1931–4.
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1183:(8): 1986–2004.
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1165:
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1125:
1124:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1076:(4): 1129–1162.
1070:Chemical Reviews
1061:
1055:
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1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
977:
971:
970:
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928:10.1063/1.438041
914:(9): 4168–4184.
897:
891:
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856:
850:
849:
820:Christmann, K.;
817:
811:
810:
778:
772:
771:
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756:
750:
749:
741:
735:
734:
716:
694:
334:Electrochemistry
264:electrochemistry
105:interfaces, and
73:is the study of
21:
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2643:
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2633:Surface science
2623:
2622:
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2457:Polymer science
2413:Click chemistry
2408:Green chemistry
2302:Ocean chemistry
2278:Biogeochemistry
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2112:Total synthesis
2075:Stereochemistry
2061:
2011:
1928:Surface science
1918:Thermochemistry
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1801:Crystallography
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1573:Further reading
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1432:Spectroscopy".
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1330:(10): 3666–76.
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613:(GIXD, GIXRD).
473:
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361:
336:
328:rational design
276:
248:
194:Irving Langmuir
170:
122:surface physics
71:Surface science
35:
28:
23:
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18:Surface Science
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11:
5:
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2314:Carbochemistry
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2309:Clay chemistry
2306:
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2264:Astrochemistry
2260:Cosmochemistry
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2250:
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2243:Radiochemistry
2234:
2232:
2226:
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2223:
2222:
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2207:
2202:
2200:Neurochemistry
2197:
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2168:
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2131:Petrochemistry
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2027:
2021:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1992:Spin chemistry
1989:
1987:Photochemistry
1984:
1979:
1974:
1972:Femtochemistry
1969:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1952:
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1828:
1823:
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1808:
1803:
1798:
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1784:Chromatography
1781:
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1769:
1764:
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1747:
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1737:
1727:
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1708:
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1702:Periodic table
1699:
1694:
1689:
1683:
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1679:
1673:
1671:
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1663:
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1648:
1642:
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1636:
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1623:
1622:External links
1620:
1619:
1618:
1613:978-0198556862
1612:
1597:
1592:978-1119990352
1591:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1530:
1485:
1440:(17): 176805.
1423:
1384:
1365:(8): 255–380.
1349:
1311:
1276:
1235:
1202:
1167:
1126:
1095:
1056:
1018:
989:(24): 241416.
972:
953:(1): 257–266.
933:
892:
851:
832:(2): 365–392.
812:
793:(2): 435–446.
773:
751:
736:
729:
710:
709:
707:
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695:
686:
680:
674:
669:
663:
657:
650:
648:
645:
621:photoelectrons
472:
469:
449:nanostructures
443:of electrons,
417:surface states
408:
405:
360:
357:
335:
332:
314:of molecules,
296:single crystal
275:
272:
247:
244:
169:
166:
160:that occur in
58:chains of the
56:supramolecular
53:self-assembled
26:
24:
14:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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2546:Chemical bond
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2435:Stoichiometry
2433:
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2116:Semisynthesis
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1938:Micromeritics
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666:Micromeritics
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284:chemisorption
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195:
191:
190:Haber process
187:
183:
182:hydrogenation
179:
178:Paul Sabatier
176:pioneered by
175:
167:
165:
163:
162:heterogeneous
159:
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47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
2609:
2597:
2585:
2573:
2423:Biosynthesis
2273:Geochemistry
2188:Pharmacology
2164:Cell biology
2154:Biochemistry
1982:Spectroscopy
1927:
1881:VSEPR theory
1730:Spectroscopy
1674:Branches of
1602:
1581:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1401:
1398:MRS Bulletin
1397:
1387:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1252:
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1143:
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1032:
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1021:
986:
982:
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950:
946:
936:
911:
905:
895:
870:
864:
854:
829:
825:
815:
790:
786:
781:Conrad, H.;
776:
762:
754:
745:
739:
720:
714:
634:
615:
568:
561:
545:
477:
474:
410:
376:
365:iron cycling
362:
359:Geochemistry
337:
305:
277:
268:geochemistry
249:
240:Gerhard Ertl
208:Gerhard Ertl
197:
171:
120:
114:
89:, including
70:
69:
46:quinacridone
2611:WikiProject
1836:Theoretical
1821:Calorimetry
1222:: 221–233.
1146:: 378–393.
1140:Nano Energy
445:spintronics
396:heavy metal
380:synchrotron
186:Fritz Haber
155:macroscopic
44:image of a
2627:Categories
2447:Metallurgy
2146:Biological
1712:Analytical
1255:(2): 151.
706:References
581:(CTR) and
427:, surface
280:adsorption
139:fuel cells
2509:Catalysis
2017:Inorganic
1811:Titration
1676:chemistry
1447:0809.1917
1162:2211-2855
1035:: 52–55.
698:Tribology
587:adsorbate
486:(ARPES),
441:tunneling
274:Catalysis
246:Chemistry
216:palladium
158:phenomena
147:adhesives
83:interface
49:adsorbate
2575:Category
2531:Molecule
2468:See also
1893:Physical
1603:Surfaces
1562:22571820
1480:43739895
1472:19518810
1418:55577979
1344:18422336
1306:24564782
1286:Langmuir
1090:11851445
1066:Scanning
943:Ertl, G.
902:Ertl, G.
861:Ertl, G.
822:Ertl, G.
783:Ertl, G.
647:See also
502:(EELS),
498:(LEED),
480:surfaces
433:plasmons
413:friction
400:actinide
373:minerals
300:platinum
224:platinum
212:hydrogen
199:Langmuir
79:chemical
75:physical
66:surface.
64:graphite
2587:Commons
2551:Alchemy
2067:Organic
1525:9395392
1505:Bibcode
1496:Science
1452:Bibcode
1367:Bibcode
1257:Bibcode
1185:Bibcode
991:Bibcode
955:Bibcode
916:Bibcode
875:Bibcode
834:Bibcode
795:Bibcode
607:texture
510:(ISS),
506:(TPD),
494:(AES),
490:(XPS),
437:epitaxy
429:phonons
407:Physics
377:in situ
238:winner
188:on the
168:History
85:of two
2599:Portal
1745:UV-Vis
1610:
1589:
1560:
1523:
1478:
1470:
1416:
1342:
1304:
1249:Optica
1160:
1088:
727:
528:pascal
390:, and
322:, and
266:, and
230:, and
228:nickel
145:, and
107:liquid
103:vacuum
95:liquid
87:phases
51:. The
1772:MALDI
1740:Raman
1476:S2CID
1442:arXiv
1414:S2CID
768:(PDF)
214:on a
91:solid
2526:Atom
1794:HPLC
1608:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1558:PMID
1521:PMID
1468:PMID
1340:PMID
1302:PMID
1158:ISSN
1086:PMID
725:ISBN
605:and
550:and
463:and
431:and
367:and
347:and
232:iron
220:LEED
184:and
119:and
77:and
2536:Ion
1767:ICP
1750:NMR
1550:doi
1546:134
1513:doi
1501:278
1460:doi
1438:102
1406:doi
1375:doi
1332:doi
1294:doi
1265:doi
1224:doi
1220:134
1193:doi
1148:doi
1117:doi
1078:doi
1045:hdl
1037:doi
1033:181
1007:hdl
999:doi
963:doi
951:117
924:doi
883:doi
842:doi
803:doi
398:or
286:or
180:on
111:gas
99:gas
42:STM
2629::
2266:/
2262:/
2114:/
1789:GC
1762:EI
1735:IR
1556:.
1544:.
1519:.
1511:.
1499:.
1474:.
1466:.
1458:.
1450:.
1436:.
1412:.
1402:32
1400:.
1396:.
1373:.
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1361:.
1338:.
1328:80
1326:.
1300:.
1290:30
1288:.
1263:.
1251:.
1247:.
1218:.
1214:.
1191:.
1181:72
1179:.
1156:.
1144:29
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