3466:
644:
3434:
3465:
3433:
31:
2344:
657:
799:
784:
3972:
being chemically stable in natural environments making it well suited for plasmonic biosensors. However, an interband transition at ~470 nm greatly increases the losses in gold at wavelengths below 600 nm. Aluminum is the best plasmonic material in the ultraviolet regime (< 330 nm) and is also CMOS compatible along with copper.
6311:
6101:
5323:
838:
or grating to match the photon and SPP wave vectors (and thus match their momenta). A prism can be positioned against a thin metal film in the
Kretschmann configuration or very close to a metal surface in the Otto configuration (Figure 1). A grating coupler matches the wave vectors by increasing the
3575:
The ability to dynamically control the plasmonic properties of materials in these nano-devices is key to their development. A new approach that uses plasmon-plasmon interactions has been demonstrated recently. Here the bulk plasmon resonance is induced or suppressed to manipulate the propagation of
3593:
The wavelength and intensity of the plasmon-related absorption and emission peaks are affected by molecular adsorption that can be used in molecular sensors. For example, a fully operational prototype device detecting casein in milk has been fabricated. The device is based on monitoring changes in
3971:
Silver exhibits the lowest losses of current materials in both the visible, near-infrared (NIR) and telecom wavelengths. Gold and copper perform equally well in the visible and NIR with copper having a slight advantage at telecom wavelengths. Gold has the advantage over both silver and copper of
3629:
Unfortunately, metals suffer from ohmic losses that can degrade the performance of plasmonic devices. The need for lower loss has fueled research aimed at developing new materials for plasmonics and optimizing the deposition conditions of existing materials. Both the loss and polarizability of a
811:
SPPs can be excited by both electrons and photons. Excitation by electrons is created by firing electrons into the bulk of a metal. As the electrons scatter, energy is transferred into the bulk plasma. The component of the scattering vector parallel to the surface results in the formation of a
5737:
4895:
3707:. The table below shows the quality factors and SPP propagation lengths for four common plasmonic metals; Al, Ag, Au and Cu deposited by thermal evaporation under optimized conditions. The quality factors and SPP propagation lengths were calculated using the optical data from the
3413:
2338:
3524:
In addition to building functional devices based on SPPs, it appears feasible to exploit the dispersion characteristics of SPPs traveling in confined metallo-dielectric spaces to create photonic materials with artificially tailored bulk optical characteristics, otherwise known as
4222:
3516:
Current research is focused on the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of novel components for measurement and communications based on nanoscale plasmonic effects. These devices include ultra-compact plasmonic interferometers for applications such as
5117:
4457:
2597:, the SPP has a shorter wavelength than free-space radiation such that the out-of-plane component of the SPP wavevector is purely imaginary and exhibits evanescent decay. The surface plasma frequency is the asymptote of this curve, and is given by
2215:
1304:
751:. Perpendicular to the interface, they have subwavelength-scale confinement. An SPP will propagate along the interface until its energy is lost either to absorption in the metal or scattering into other directions (such as into free space).
3521:, optical positioning and optical switching, as well as the individual building blocks (plasmon source, waveguide and detector) needed to integrate a high-bandwidth, infrared-frequency plasmonic communications link on a silicon chip.
3513:. The resulting enhanced sensitivity of light to external parameters (for example, an applied electric field or the dielectric constant of an adsorbed molecular layer) shows great promise for applications in sensing and switching.
6910:
Minh Hiep, Ha; Endo, Tatsuro; Kerman, Kagan; Chikae, Miyuki; Kim, Do-Kyun; Yamamura, Shohei; Takamura, Yuzuru; Tamiya, Eiichi (2007). "A localized surface plasmon resonance based immunosensor for the detection of casein in milk".
2102:
2432:
2515:
1888:
2767:< 0, a condition which is satisfied in metals. Electromagnetic waves passing through a metal experience damping due to Ohmic losses and electron-core interactions. These effects show up in as an imaginary component of the
2673:
2011:
4645:
6315:
6105:
5565:
3705:
5576:
1448:
1127:
4756:
843:. Moreover, simple isolated surface defects such as a groove, a slit or a corrugation on an otherwise planar surface provide a mechanism by which free-space radiation and SPs can exchange energy and hence couple.
4029:. When a photon is incident on a surface, the wave vector of the photon in the dielectric material is smaller than that of the SPP. In order for the photon to couple into a SPP, the wave vector must increase by
743:, guided along the interface in much the same way that light can be guided by an optical fiber. SPPs have a shorter wavelength than light in vacuum at the same frequency (photons). Hence, SPPs can have a higher
5034:
As stated earlier, SPPs are non-radiative. When a SPP travels along a rough surface, it usually becomes radiative due to scattering. The
Surface Scattering Theory of light suggests that the scattered intensity
3150:
2226:
3614:, may be a metal or other material. It is more critical, as it tends to have a large effect on the wavelength, absorption length, and other properties of the SPP. Some plasmonic materials are discussed next.
2741:
789:
Figure 1: (a) Kretschmann and (b) Otto configuration of an
Attenuated Total Reflection setup for coupling surface plasmons. In both cases, the surface plasmon propagates along the metal/dielectric interface
5369:
at the metal/dielectric interface. If surface plasmons are excited in the
Kretschmann geometry and the scattered light is observed in the plane of incidence (Fig. 4), then the dipole function becomes
3293:
4099:
839:
parallel wave vector component by an amount related to the grating period (Figure 2). This method, while less frequently utilized, is critical to the theoretical understanding of the effect of surface
4087:
3278:
5913:
3422:
indicates the medium of propagation. SPPs are very sensitive to slight perturbations within the skin depth and because of this, SPPs are often used to probe inhomogeneities of a surface.
5318:{\displaystyle {\frac {dI}{d\Omega \ I_{0}}}={\frac {4{\sqrt {\varepsilon _{0}}}}{\cos {\theta _{0}}}}{\frac {\pi ^{4}}{\lambda ^{4}}}|t_{012}^{p}|^{2}\ |W|^{2}|s(k_{\text{surf}})|^{2}}
766:. It also enables the first steady-state micro-mechanical measurement of a fundamental property of light itself: the momentum of a photon in a dielectric medium. Other applications are
3471:
The E-field of an SPP at the silver-air interface, at a much lower frequency corresponding to a free-space wavelength of 10μm. At this frequency, the silver behaves approximately as a
3443:(E-field) of an SPP at the silver-air interface, at the frequency where the free-space wavelength is 370 nm. The animation shows how the E-field varies over an optical cycle. The
3283:
Likewise, the electric field falls off evanescently perpendicular to the metal surface. At low frequencies, the SPP penetration depth into the metal is commonly approximated using the
3220:
7390:
Kretschmann, E. (April 1974). "Die
Bestimmung der Oberflächenrauhigkeit dünner Schichten durch Messung der Winkelabhängigkeit der Streustrahlung von Oberflächenplasmaschwingungen".
5011:, resulting in a single narrow set of angles for coupling. If the surface contains many Fourier components, then coupling becomes possible at multiple angles. For a random surface,
3784:
3509:
properties (substantially shrinking the wavelength of light and the speed of light pulses for example), as well as field enhancements suitable for enabling strong interactions with
5009:
3576:
light. This approach has been shown to have a high potential for nanoscale light manipulation and the development of a fully CMOS- compatible electro-optical plasmonic modulator.
3155:
The wave vector gives us insight into physically meaningful properties of the electromagnetic wave such as its spatial extent and coupling requirements for wave vector matching.
4252:
2567:
3586:, the second harmonic signal is proportional to the square of the electric field. The electric field is stronger at the interface because of the surface plasmon resulting in a
1677:
1915:
4948:
3830:
2113:
823:(see below). This momentum mismatch is the reason that a free-space photon from air cannot couple directly to an SPP. For the same reason, an SPP on a smooth metal surface
688:
4279:
1585:
1133:
5857:
827:
emit energy as a free-space photon into the dielectric (if the dielectric is uniform). This incompatibility is analogous to the lack of transmission that occurs during
5082:
5814:
5780:
5363:
4744:
4668:
3661:
1800:
1767:
977:
6342:
Bashevoy, M.V.; Jonsson, F.; Krasavin, A.V.; Zheludev, N.I.; Chen Y.; Stockman M.I. (2006). "Generation of traveling surface plasmon waves by free-electron impact".
4495:
1510:
1484:
931:
905:
5760:
5109:
4724:
4527:
1734:
1620:
1543:
6326:
6116:
879:
5056:
5029:
4971:
4918:
4692:
4547:
5915:. Secondly, the scattered light has a measurable profile which is readily correlated to the roughness. This topic is treated in greater detail in reference.
2027:
3163:
As an SPP propagates along the surface, it loses energy to the metal due to absorption. The intensity of the surface plasmon decays with the square of the
2365:
2443:
1806:
2603:
1932:
4559:
4306:
5376:
5732:{\displaystyle A(\theta ,|\varepsilon _{1}|)={\frac {|\varepsilon _{1}|+1}{|\varepsilon _{1}|-1}}{\frac {4}{1+\tan {\theta }/|\varepsilon _{1}|}}}
3572:, have been proposed as a means of overcoming the size limitations of photonic circuits for use in high performance data processing nano devices.
4890:{\displaystyle |s(k_{\text{surf}})|^{2}={\frac {1}{4\pi }}\sigma ^{2}\delta ^{2}\exp \left(-{\frac {\sigma ^{2}k_{\text{surf}}^{2}}{4}}\right)}
3550:(SPR). In SPR, the maximum excitation of surface plasmons are detected by monitoring the reflected power from a prism coupler as a function of
681:
7634:
3622:
For visible and near-infrared light, the only plasmonic materials are metals, due to their abundance of free electrons, which leads to a high
3287:
formula. In the dielectric, the field will fall off far more slowly. The decay lengths in the metal and dielectric medium can be expressed as
643:
7515:
6957:
6571:
6540:
1310:
989:
7180:
McPeak, Kevin M.; Jayanti, Sriharsha V.; Kress, Stephan J. P.; Meyer, Stefan; Iotti, Stelio; Rossinelli, Aurelio; Norris, David J. (2015).
6832:
Wenshan Cai; Justin S. White & Mark L. Brongersma (2009). "Compact, High-Speed and Power-Efficient
Electrooptic Plasmonic Modulators".
2537:
2333:{\displaystyle k_{x}={\frac {\omega }{c}}\left({\frac {\varepsilon _{1}\varepsilon _{2}}{\varepsilon _{1}+\varepsilon _{2}}}\right)^{1/2}.}
6531:
7430:
Kretschmann, E. (1972). "The angular dependence and the polarisation of light emitted by surface plasmons on metals due to roughness".
2684:
815:
For a photon to excite an SPP, both must have the same frequency and momentum. However, for a given frequency, a free-space photon has
6709:
6478:
6453:
3583:
3408:{\displaystyle z_{i}={\frac {\lambda }{2\pi }}\left({\frac {|\varepsilon _{1}'|+\varepsilon _{2}}{\varepsilon _{i}^{2}}}\right)^{1/2}}
4217:{\displaystyle k_{SPP}=k_{x,{\text{photon}}}\pm n\ k_{\text{grating}}={\frac {\omega }{c}}\sin {\theta _{0}}\pm n{\frac {2\pi }{a}},}
674:
661:
7465:
Arakawa, E. T.; Williams, M. W.; Hamm, R. N.; Ritchie, R. H. (29 October 1973). "Effect of
Damping on Surface Plasmon Dispersion".
3984:
becomes. Therefore, at infrared and longer wavelengths, various other plasmonic materials also exist besides metals. These include
6980:
West, P.R.; Ishii, S.; Naik, G.V.; Emani, N.K.; Shalaev, V.M.; Boltasseva, A. (2010). "Searching for better plasmonic materials".
3666:
3610:, can be any transparent material such as air or (for visible light) glass. The negative-permittivity material, often called the
7106:
Blaber, M G; Arnold, M D; Ford, M J (2010). "A review of the optical properties of alloys and intermetallics for plasmonics".
436:
4032:
4010:). The resulting waves have the same optical properties as surface plasmon polaritons, but are called by a different term,
2833:
91:
3985:
611:
6203:
5989:
in metals. For lossy cases, the dispersion curve backbends after the reaching the surface plasmon frequency instead of
4022:
In order to understand the effect of roughness on SPPs, it is beneficial to first understand how a SPP is coupled by a
3569:
3551:
7694:
6403:
Zeng, Shuwen; Yu, Xia; Law, Wing-Cheung; Zhang, Yating; Hu, Rui; Dinh, Xuan-Quyen; Ho, Ho-Pui; Yong, Ken-Tye (2013).
5862:
3472:
728:-frequency. The term "surface plasmon polariton" explains that the wave involves both charge motion in the metal ("
616:
241:
5954:
5934:
3993:
3547:
828:
506:
181:
3497:
Nanofabricated systems that exploit SPPs demonstrate potential for designing and controlling the propagation of
3479:, with almost the same wavelength as the free-space wavelength. The permittivity of silver at this frequency is
501:
496:
22:
4953:
If the surface only has one
Fourier component of roughness (i.e. the surface profile is sinusoidal), then the
3232:
586:
6875:
V. K. Valev (2012). "Characterization of
Nanostructured Plasmonic Surfaces with Second Harmonic Generation".
7785:
7467:
4293:
3737:
3510:
596:
191:
4093:
of a periodic grating provide additional momentum parallel to the supporting interface to match the terms.
3579:
CMOS compatible electro-optic plasmonic modulators will be key components in chip-scale photonic circuits.
7800:
7790:
7288:
Etchegoin, P. G.; Le Ru, E. C.; Meyer, M. (2006). "An analytic model for the optical properties of gold".
5924:
4976:
3527:
852:
581:
521:
491:
441:
161:
51:
7578:
Hendry, E.; Garcia-Vidal, F.; Martin-Moreno, L.; Rivas, J.; Bonn, M.; Hibbins, A.; Lockyear, M. (2008).
7392:
4230:
3603:
3540:
2543:
709:
621:
236:
221:
2585:
called the "surface plasma frequency". Since the dispersion curve lies to the right of the light line,
1629:
6157:
Barnes, William L.; Dereux, Alain; Ebbesen, Thomas W. (2003). "Surface plasmon subwavelength optics".
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
2210:{\displaystyle k_{x}^{2}+k_{zn}^{2}=\varepsilon _{n}\left({\frac {\omega }{c}}\right)^{2}\qquad n=1,2}
1893:
7719:
7649:
7594:
7579:
7550:
7476:
7439:
7401:
7354:
7297:
7125:
7053:
7041:
6999:
6920:
6841:
6737:
6664:
6605:
6405:"Size dependence of Au NP-enhanced surface plasmon resonance based on differential phase measurement"
6361:
6228:
6166:
4926:
4297:
804:
Figure 2: Grating
Coupler for Surface Plasmons. The wave vector is increased by the spatial frequency
755:
211:
101:
3790:
3606:
material and a negative-permittivity material. The positive-permittivity material, often called the
3174:
7795:
7763:
7681:
7507:
6497:
Marques Lameirinhas, Ricardo A.; N. Torres, João Paulo; Baptista, António; M. Martins, Maria João.
6015:"Nanomaterials enhanced surface plasmon resonance for biological and chemical sensing applications"
5929:
4023:
4004:
3536:
2768:
2570:
2356:
1299:{\displaystyle E_{z,n}(x,y,z,t)=\pm E_{0}{\frac {k_{x}}{k_{z,n}}}e^{ik_{x}x+ik_{z,n}|z|-i\omega t}}
820:
451:
261:
111:
7580:"Optical Control over Surface-Plasmon-Polariton-Assisted THz Transmission through a Slit Aperture"
3222:. The propagation length is defined as the distance for the SPP intensity to decay by a factor of
7735:
7709:
7673:
7566:
7270:
7157:
7115:
7085:
7023:
6989:
6814:
6771:
6631:
6385:
6351:
6260:
6218:
6202:
Huidobro, Paloma A.; Nesterov, Maxim L.; Martín-Moreno, Luis; García-Vidal, Francisco J. (2010).
6190:
4257:
1550:
591:
566:
314:
305:
6499:"A new method to analyse the role of surface plasmon polaritons on dielectric-metal interfaces"
6133:
6110:
6069:
5819:
7665:
7620:
7511:
7372:
7321:
7313:
7262:
7254:
7219:
7201:
7149:
7141:
7077:
7069:
7015:
6953:
6892:
6857:
6806:
6789:
Akimov, Yu A; Chu, H S (2012). "Plasmon–plasmon interaction: Controlling light at nanoscale".
6763:
6705:
6682:
6623:
6596:
6567:
6536:
6474:
6449:
6377:
6252:
6182:
6045:
5064:
4921:
4747:
4550:
2220:
Solving these two equations, the dispersion relation for a wave propagating on the surface is
1519:
840:
834:
Nevertheless, coupling of photons into SPPs can be achieved using a coupling medium such as a
763:
561:
406:
296:
216:
6561:
Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Sensors. Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors,
5793:
5765:
5331:
4729:
4653:
3633:
2810:″ are the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function, respectively. Generally |
1772:
1739:
944:
7727:
7657:
7610:
7602:
7558:
7484:
7447:
7409:
7362:
7305:
7246:
7209:
7193:
7133:
7061:
7007:
6928:
6884:
6849:
6798:
6753:
6745:
6672:
6613:
6506:
6416:
6369:
6273:
6244:
6236:
6174:
6037:
6029:
4671:
4465:
3981:
3623:
3587:
2582:
1489:
1463:
910:
884:
759:
725:
266:
231:
226:
186:
156:
126:
86:
46:
5745:
5087:
4697:
4500:
1712:
1598:
6700:
Vo-Dinh, Tuan (2017). "Chapter 13 - Biomolecule Sensing Using Surface Plasmon Resonance".
5949:
3565:
2529:
1680:
1528:
748:
729:
576:
526:
396:
151:
63:
7137:
6802:
6702:
Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine Methods, Devices, and Applications, Second Edition
6651:"Controlling rejections of spoof surface plasmon polaritons using metamaterial particles"
858:
7723:
7653:
7598:
7554:
7480:
7443:
7405:
7358:
7301:
7129:
7057:
7003:
6924:
6845:
6741:
6668:
6609:
6365:
6232:
6170:
6139:. U.S. Department of Energy National Laboratory Operated by the University of California
5038:
2343:
7756:
7345:
7214:
7181:
6725:
6655:
6526:
5939:
5014:
4956:
4903:
4677:
4532:
3459:
across horizontally; the SPP wavelength is much smaller than the free-space wavelength.
3440:
3164:
2097:{\displaystyle {\frac {k_{z1}}{\varepsilon _{1}}}+{\frac {k_{z2}}{\varepsilon _{2}}}=0}
1926:
938:
934:
835:
648:
626:
606:
601:
556:
476:
411:
309:
196:
41:
30:
6085:
3590:. This larger signal is often exploited to produce a stronger second harmonic signal.
2827:″ so the wavenumber can be expressed in terms of its real and imaginary components as
7779:
7731:
7570:
7451:
7413:
7089:
6437:
6404:
5982:
5790:-plane. Two important consequences come out of these equations. The first is that if
4296:
of many gratings of different periodicities. Kretschmann proposed that a statistical
3999:
Some materials have negative permittivity at certain infrared wavelengths related to
3989:
3559:
2427:{\displaystyle \varepsilon (\omega )=1-{\frac {\omega _{\rm {P}}^{2}}{\omega ^{2}}},}
531:
337:
318:
300:
201:
121:
7739:
7274:
7161:
7027:
6635:
7606:
6818:
6775:
6389:
6320:
6292:
6264:
5959:
3476:
3444:
2510:{\displaystyle \omega _{\rm {P}}={\sqrt {\frac {ne^{2}}{{\varepsilon _{0}}m^{*}}}}}
1918:
1883:{\displaystyle {\frac {H_{0}}{E_{0}}}=-{\frac {\varepsilon _{1}\omega }{k_{z,1}c}}}
1693:; it is a complex vector, and in the case of a lossless SPP, it turns out that the
740:
551:
541:
511:
471:
466:
446:
291:
271:
131:
7677:
7237:
Homola, Jir (2003). "Present and future of surface plasmon resonance biosensors".
6194:
4549:
is the area of integration. Assuming that the statistical correlation function is
2668:{\displaystyle \omega _{\rm {SP}}=\omega _{\rm {P}}/{\sqrt {1+\varepsilon _{2}}}.}
2006:{\displaystyle {\frac {H_{0}}{E_{0}}}={\frac {\varepsilon _{2}\omega }{k_{z,2}c}}}
6947:
6728:(2006). "Plasmonics: Merging Photonics and Electronics at Nanoscale Dimensions".
4640:{\displaystyle G(x,y)=\delta ^{2}\exp \left(-{\frac {r^{2}}{\sigma ^{2}}}\right)}
3626:. (Materials have negative real permittivity only below their plasma frequency.)
7488:
6587:
6014:
5986:
5059:
3546:
The excitation of SPPs is frequently used in an experimental technique known as
3506:
1690:
571:
546:
516:
461:
456:
388:
7535:
6932:
6511:
6498:
6013:
S.Zeng; Baillargeat, Dominique; Ho, Ho-Pui; Yong, Ken-Tye; et al. (2014).
4452:{\displaystyle G(x,y)={\frac {1}{A}}\int _{A}z(x',y')\ z(x'-x,y'-y)\,dx'\,dy',}
7250:
6420:
3602:
Surface plasmon polaritons can only exist at the interface between a positive-
3555:
3518:
3284:
798:
717:
481:
323:
116:
7317:
7258:
7205:
7145:
7073:
7019:
5560:{\displaystyle |W|^{2}=A(\theta ,|\varepsilon _{1}|)\ \sin ^{2}{\psi }\ ^{2}}
3996:
infrared range. At longer wavelengths, semiconductors may also be plasmonic.
3501:
in matter. In particular, SPPs can be used to channel light efficiently into
7534:
Ebbesen, T. W.; Lezec, H. J.; Ghaemi, H. F.; Thio, T.; Wolff, P. A. (1998).
7065:
6749:
6618:
6591:
5990:
5944:
4090:
3532:
3502:
733:
536:
486:
359:
206:
106:
7669:
7624:
7376:
7341:"Plasmon polaritons in the near infrared on fluorine doped tin oxide films"
7325:
7266:
7223:
7153:
7081:
7011:
6896:
6861:
6810:
6767:
6686:
6627:
6381:
6256:
6248:
6186:
6049:
3980:
The fewer electrons a material has, the lower (i.e. longer-wavelength) its
2347:
Figure 3: Lossless dispersion curve for surface plasmon polaritons. At low
783:
7714:
7367:
7340:
6677:
6650:
855:. We use a coordinate system where the metal–dielectric interface is the
767:
721:
96:
7661:
6356:
6178:
7615:
7536:"Extraordinary optical transmission through sub-wavelength hole arrays"
6758:
6041:
6033:
1443:{\displaystyle H_{y,n}(x,y,z,t)=H_{0}e^{ik_{x}x+ik_{z,n}|z|-i\omega t}}
1122:{\displaystyle E_{x,n}(x,y,z,t)=E_{0}e^{ik_{x}x+ik_{z,n}|z|-i\omega t}}
416:
401:
364:
355:
350:
7309:
7197:
6888:
6853:
6373:
6240:
5366:
4000:
744:
369:
345:
76:
2351:, the surface plasmon curve (red) approaches the photon curve (blue)
6086:"Opto-mechanical Devices for Measuring Nanoplasmonic Metamaterials"
1626:-component of the magnetic field vector, and the other components (
7562:
7120:
6994:
6223:
3498:
2359:, which neglects attenuation, the metallic dielectric function is
2342:
713:
374:
71:
2736:{\displaystyle \omega _{\rm {SP}}=\omega _{\rm {P}}/{\sqrt {2}}.}
7693:
Pitarke, J M; Silkin, V M; Chulkov, E V; Echenique, P M (2007).
6084:
NIST researchers, Nanofabrication Research Group (2010-02-11).
6068:
NIST researchers, Nanofabrication Research Group (2009-08-20).
7633:
Barnes, William L.; Dereux, Alain; Ebbesen, Thomas W. (2003).
5031:
becomes continuous and the range of coupling angles broadens.
81:
7044:; Atwater, H. A. (2011). "Low-Loss Plasmonic Metamaterials".
6442:
Surface Plasmons on Smooth and Rough Surfaces and on Gratings
2581:
increases, the dispersion relation bends over and reaches an
4497:
is the height above the mean surface height at the position
3630:
material affect its optical performance. The quality factor
7695:"Theory of surface plasmons and surface-plasmon polaritons"
7339:
Dominici, L; Michelotti, F; Brown, TM; et al. (2009).
3700:{\displaystyle {\frac {\varepsilon '^{2}}{\varepsilon ''}}}
6649:
Pan, Bai Cao; Liao, Zhen; Zhao, Jie; Cui, Tie Jun (2014).
6590:; Martín-Moreno, L.; Garcia-Vidal, F. J. (6 August 2004).
5981:
This lossless dispersion relation neglects the effects of
7182:"Plasmonic Films Can Easily Be Better: Rules and Recipes"
732:") and electromagnetic waves in the air or dielectric ("
1701:
components are imaginary—the wave oscillates along the
3177:
6592:"Mimicking Surface Plasmons with Structured Surfaces"
5865:
5822:
5796:
5768:
5748:
5579:
5379:
5334:
5120:
5090:
5067:
5041:
5017:
4979:
4959:
4929:
4906:
4759:
4732:
4700:
4680:
4656:
4562:
4535:
4503:
4468:
4309:
4260:
4233:
4102:
4082:{\displaystyle \Delta k=k_{SP}-k_{x,{\text{photon}}}}
4035:
3793:
3740:
3669:
3636:
3594:
plasmon-related absorption of light by a gold layer.
3296:
3235:
2836:
2687:
2606:
2546:
2446:
2368:
2229:
2116:
2030:
2021:
on condition that the following equations also hold:
1935:
1896:
1809:
1775:
1742:
1715:
1632:
1601:
1553:
1531:
1492:
1466:
1313:
1136:
992:
947:
913:
887:
861:
7175:
7173:
7171:
6535:(8th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
6471:
Introduction to Surface and Superlattice Excitations
819:
momentum than an SPP because the two have different
16:
Electromagnetic waves that travel along an interface
7101:
7099:
6269:
Free PDF download for these peer reviewed articles.
3145:{\displaystyle k_{x}=k_{x}'+ik_{x}''=\left+i\left.}
770:data storage, light generation, and bio-photonics.
6291:NIST researchers, Nanofabrication Research Group.
5907:
5851:
5808:
5774:
5754:
5731:
5559:
5357:
5317:
5103:
5076:
5050:
5023:
5003:
4965:
4950:which help couple photons into a surface plasmon.
4942:
4912:
4889:
4738:
4718:
4686:
4662:
4639:
4541:
4521:
4489:
4451:
4281:is the angle of incidence of the incoming photon,
4273:
4246:
4216:
4081:
3824:
3778:
3699:
3655:
3407:
3272:
3214:
3144:
2771:. The dielectric function of a metal is expressed
2735:
2667:
2561:
2509:
2426:
2332:
2209:
2096:
2017:A wave of this form satisfies Maxwell's equations
2005:
1909:
1882:
1794:
1761:
1728:
1671:
1614:
1579:
1537:
1504:
1478:
1442:
1298:
1121:
971:
925:
899:
873:
3539:frequencies by metamaterials; these are known as
3505:scale volumes, leading to direct modification of
6975:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6286:
6284:
6063:
6061:
6059:
7425:
7423:
5908:{\displaystyle {\frac {dI}{d\Omega \ I_{0}}}=0}
3487:. The picture is 6 μm across horizontally.
2437:where the bulk plasma frequency in SI units is
7770:Submitted as coursework for AP272. Winter 2007
6704:. United States: CRC Press. pp. 259–288.
6327:National Institute of Standards and Technology
6298:. National Institute of Science and Technology
6117:National Institute of Standards and Technology
6088:. National Institute of Science and Technology
6072:. National Institute of Science and Technology
2678:In the case of air, this result simplifies to
1929:. As discussed below, this can also be written
5977:
5975:
3988:, which have typical plasma frequency in the
3171:, the intensity has decreased by a factor of
1705:direction and exponentially decays along the
851:The properties of an SPP can be derived from
682:
8:
6913:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials
3209:
3184:
1679:) are zero. In other words, SPPs are always
6070:"Three-Dimensional Plasmonic Metamaterials"
1736:is always the same for both materials, but
1460:indicates the material (1 for the metal at
720:or metal–air interface, practically in the
6112:Three-Dimensional Plasmonic Metamaterials
3531:. Artificial SPP modes can be realized in
3226:. This condition is satisfied at a length
1595:-components of the electric field vector,
689:
675:
29:
18:
7713:
7614:
7504:Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications
7366:
7213:
7119:
6993:
6757:
6676:
6617:
6554:
6552:
6510:
6432:
6430:
6355:
6222:
5890:
5866:
5864:
5837:
5832:
5823:
5821:
5795:
5767:
5747:
5721:
5715:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5678:
5664:
5658:
5649:
5636:
5630:
5621:
5618:
5607:
5601:
5592:
5578:
5551:
5542:
5523:
5519:
5510:
5504:
5495:
5490:
5478:
5454:
5445:
5430:
5424:
5415:
5394:
5389:
5380:
5378:
5349:
5344:
5335:
5333:
5309:
5304:
5294:
5279:
5273:
5268:
5259:
5250:
5245:
5238:
5233:
5224:
5216:
5206:
5200:
5190:
5185:
5169:
5163:
5157:
5145:
5121:
5119:
5095:
5089:
5066:
5040:
5016:
4986:
4978:
4958:
4934:
4928:
4905:
4870:
4865:
4855:
4848:
4828:
4818:
4799:
4790:
4785:
4775:
4760:
4758:
4731:
4699:
4679:
4655:
4624:
4614:
4608:
4588:
4561:
4534:
4502:
4467:
4434:
4422:
4345:
4331:
4308:
4265:
4259:
4238:
4232:
4196:
4183:
4178:
4162:
4153:
4133:
4126:
4107:
4101:
4072:
4065:
4049:
4034:
3798:
3792:
3767:
3745:
3739:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3641:
3635:
3568:-based circuits, including both SPPs and
3395:
3391:
3379:
3374:
3363:
3351:
3342:
3333:
3330:
3310:
3301:
3295:
3255:
3242:
3234:
3197:
3176:
3125:
3112:
3092:
3086:
3076:
3072:
3059:
3043:
3031:
3018:
3011:
2996:
2970:
2966:
2953:
2937:
2925:
2912:
2905:
2890:
2873:
2854:
2841:
2835:
2723:
2718:
2711:
2710:
2693:
2692:
2686:
2654:
2642:
2637:
2630:
2629:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2497:
2486:
2481:
2473:
2462:
2452:
2451:
2445:
2413:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2367:
2317:
2313:
2300:
2287:
2275:
2265:
2258:
2243:
2234:
2228:
2185:
2171:
2160:
2147:
2139:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2080:
2067:
2061:
2050:
2037:
2031:
2029:
1985:
1970:
1963:
1952:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1901:
1895:
1862:
1847:
1840:
1826:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1780:
1774:
1747:
1741:
1720:
1714:
1663:
1650:
1637:
1631:
1606:
1600:
1571:
1558:
1552:
1545:is + for the metal, − for the dielectric.
1530:
1491:
1465:
1421:
1413:
1401:
1382:
1374:
1364:
1318:
1312:
1277:
1269:
1257:
1238:
1230:
1212:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1141:
1135:
1100:
1092:
1080:
1061:
1053:
1043:
997:
991:
946:
912:
886:
860:
6473:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
4292:Rough surfaces can be thought of as the
3725:
3273:{\displaystyle L={\frac {1}{2k_{x}''}}.}
2577:, the SPP behaves like a photon, but as
2573:relation is plotted in Figure 3. At low
6492:
6490:
6005:
5971:
5365:is the radiation pattern from a single
3677:
3429:
2569:is the permittivity of free-space. The
21:
7635:"Surface plasmon subwavelength optics"
7239:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
6204:"Transformation Optics for Plasmonics"
3779:{\displaystyle Q_{SPP}(\times 10^{3})}
2357:free electron model of an electron gas
7:
7108:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter
6444:. Springer Tracts in Modern Physics
6274:Transformation Optics for Plasmonics
5004:{\displaystyle k={\frac {2\pi }{a}}}
4746:is the correlation length, then the
6532:Introduction to Solid State Physics
4920:is a measure of the amount of each
4254:is the wave vector of the grating,
5880:
5135:
5071:
4247:{\displaystyle k_{\text{grating}}}
4036:
3584:surface second harmonic generation
2760:> 0, then it must be true that
2712:
2697:
2694:
2631:
2616:
2613:
2562:{\displaystyle {\varepsilon _{0}}}
2453:
2398:
14:
6409:Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
3159:Propagation length and skin depth
1672:{\displaystyle E_{y},H_{x},H_{z}}
7755:White, Justin (March 19, 2007).
6314: This article incorporates
6309:
6104: This article incorporates
6099:
4003:rather than plasmons (so-called
3464:
3432:
1910:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{1}}
797:
782:
656:
655:
642:
7290:The Journal of Chemical Physics
4973:is discrete and exists only at
4943:{\displaystyle k_{\text{surf}}}
4750:of the correlation function is
4694:is the distance from the point
4300:be defined for a rough surface
4026:
3447:of silver at this frequency is
3215:{\textstyle \exp\{-2k_{x}''x\}}
2191:
1921:of material 1 (the metal), and
7702:Reports on Progress in Physics
7607:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.123901
7138:10.1088/0953-8984/22/14/143201
6949:Optical Waves in Layered Media
6803:10.1088/0957-4484/23/44/444004
5833:
5824:
5762:is the polarization angle and
5722:
5707:
5665:
5650:
5637:
5622:
5612:
5608:
5593:
5583:
5548:
5516:
5511:
5496:
5465:
5462:
5435:
5431:
5416:
5406:
5390:
5381:
5345:
5336:
5305:
5300:
5287:
5280:
5269:
5260:
5246:
5225:
4786:
4781:
4768:
4761:
4713:
4701:
4578:
4566:
4516:
4504:
4484:
4472:
4419:
4385:
4376:
4354:
4325:
4313:
3825:{\displaystyle L_{SPP}(\mu m)}
3819:
3810:
3773:
3757:
3352:
3334:
3122:
3105:
2378:
2372:
1422:
1414:
1354:
1330:
1278:
1270:
1177:
1153:
1101:
1093:
1033:
1009:
966:
948:
847:Fields and dispersion relation
1:
6982:Laser & Photonics Reviews
6448:. New York: Springer-Verlag.
3986:transparent conducting oxides
3890:Near-Infrared (1000 nm)
3507:resonate frequency dispersion
7757:"Surface Plasmon Polaritons"
7452:10.1016/0030-4018(72)90026-0
7414:10.1016/0030-4018(74)90362-9
3570:localized plasmon resonances
1769:is generally different from
1697:components are real and the
754:Application of SPPs enables
7489:10.1103/PhysRevLett.31.1127
6566:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
6469:Cottam, Michael G. (1989).
6132:Yarris, Lynn (2009-08-20).
4285:is the grating period, and
4274:{\displaystyle \theta _{0}}
1580:{\displaystyle E_{x},E_{z}}
1486:or 2 for the dielectric at
812:surface plasmon polariton.
7817:
7732:10.1088/0034-4885/70/1/R01
6946:Pochi Yeh (3 March 2005).
6933:10.1016/j.stam.2006.12.010
6512:10.1109/JPHOT.2022.3181967
3836:Ultraviolet (280 nm)
3475:, and the SPP is called a
3473:perfect electric conductor
941:as a function of position
702:Surface plasmon polaritons
242:Spin gapless semiconductor
7502:Maier, Stefan A. (2007).
7251:10.1007/s00216-003-2101-0
6421:10.1016/j.snb.2012.09.073
5991:asymptotically increasing
5955:Surface plasmon resonance
5935:Localized surface plasmon
5852:{\displaystyle |W|^{2}=0}
4012:surface phonon polaritons
3588:non-linear optical effect
3548:surface plasmon resonance
3493:Experimental applications
2524:is the electron density,
881:plane, with the metal at
829:total internal reflection
182:Electronic band structure
6022:Chemical Society Reviews
5859:and the scattered light
5077:{\displaystyle d\Omega }
3663:for a SPP is defined as
1927:speed of light in vacuum
1681:TM (transverse magnetic)
92:Bose–Einstein condensate
23:Condensed matter physics
7587:Physical Review Letters
7468:Physical Review Letters
7066:10.1126/science.1198258
6750:10.1126/science.1114849
6619:10.1126/science.1098999
5816:(s-polarization), then
5809:{\displaystyle \psi =0}
5775:{\displaystyle \theta }
5358:{\displaystyle |W|^{2}}
5084:per incident intensity
4739:{\displaystyle \sigma }
4663:{\displaystyle \delta }
3930:Telecom (1550 nm)
3656:{\displaystyle Q_{SPP}}
3477:Sommerfeld–Zenneck wave
1795:{\displaystyle k_{z,2}}
1762:{\displaystyle k_{z,1}}
972:{\displaystyle (x,y,z)}
7012:10.1002/lpor.200900055
6503:IEEE Photonics Journal
6316:public domain material
6106:public domain material
5925:Dyakonov surface waves
5909:
5853:
5810:
5782:is the angle from the
5776:
5756:
5733:
5561:
5359:
5319:
5105:
5078:
5052:
5025:
5005:
4967:
4944:
4914:
4891:
4740:
4720:
4688:
4664:
4641:
4543:
4523:
4491:
4490:{\displaystyle z(x,y)}
4453:
4275:
4248:
4218:
4083:
3850:Visible (650 nm)
3826:
3780:
3701:
3657:
3541:spoof surface plasmons
3409:
3274:
3216:
3146:
2737:
2669:
2563:
2511:
2428:
2352:
2334:
2211:
2098:
2007:
1911:
1884:
1796:
1763:
1730:
1673:
1616:
1581:
1539:
1506:
1505:{\displaystyle z>0}
1480:
1479:{\displaystyle z<0}
1444:
1300:
1123:
973:
927:
926:{\displaystyle z>0}
901:
900:{\displaystyle z<0}
875:
7766:. Physics department.
7432:Optics Communications
7393:Optics Communications
6559:Homola, Jiří (2006).
6272:PDF from arxiv.org –
6137:(Online news release)
5985:factors, such as the
5910:
5854:
5811:
5777:
5757:
5755:{\displaystyle \psi }
5734:
5562:
5360:
5320:
5106:
5104:{\displaystyle I_{0}}
5079:
5053:
5026:
5006:
4968:
4945:
4915:
4892:
4741:
4721:
4719:{\displaystyle (x,y)}
4689:
4665:
4642:
4544:
4524:
4522:{\displaystyle (x,y)}
4492:
4454:
4276:
4249:
4219:
4084:
3827:
3781:
3702:
3658:
3410:
3275:
3217:
3147:
2738:
2670:
2564:
2512:
2429:
2346:
2335:
2212:
2099:
2008:
1912:
1885:
1797:
1764:
1731:
1729:{\displaystyle k_{x}}
1674:
1617:
1615:{\displaystyle H_{y}}
1582:
1540:
1507:
1481:
1445:
1301:
1124:
974:
928:
902:
876:
749:local field intensity
710:electromagnetic waves
237:Topological insulator
7368:10.1364/OE.17.010155
6678:10.1364/OE.22.013940
5863:
5820:
5794:
5766:
5746:
5577:
5377:
5332:
5118:
5088:
5065:
5039:
5015:
4977:
4957:
4927:
4904:
4757:
4730:
4698:
4678:
4654:
4560:
4533:
4501:
4466:
4307:
4298:correlation function
4258:
4231:
4100:
4033:
4018:Effects of roughness
3791:
3738:
3667:
3634:
3294:
3233:
3175:
2834:
2685:
2604:
2544:
2540:of the electron and
2444:
2366:
2227:
2114:
2028:
1933:
1894:
1807:
1773:
1740:
1713:
1630:
1599:
1551:
1538:{\displaystyle \pm }
1529:
1490:
1464:
1311:
1134:
990:
945:
911:
885:
859:
821:dispersion relations
756:subwavelength optics
712:that travel along a
255:Electronic phenomena
102:Fermionic condensate
7764:Stanford University
7724:2007RPPh...70....1P
7662:10.1038/nature01937
7654:2003Natur.424..824B
7599:2008PhRvL.100l3901H
7555:1998Natur.391..667E
7508:Springer Publishing
7481:1973PhRvL..31.1127A
7444:1972OptCo...5..331K
7406:1974OptCo..10..353K
7359:2009OExpr..1710155D
7302:2006JChPh.125p4705E
7130:2010JPCM...22n3201B
7058:2011Sci...331..290B
7004:2010LPRv....4..795W
6925:2007STAdM...8..331M
6883:(44): 15454–15471.
6846:2009NanoL...9.4403C
6742:2006Sci...311..189O
6669:2014OExpr..2213940P
6663:(11): 13940–13950.
6610:2004Sci...305..847P
6366:2006NanoL...6.1113B
6233:2010NanoL..10.1985H
6179:10.1038/nature01937
6171:2003Natur.424..824B
5930:Graphene plasmonics
5243:
4875:
3608:dielectric material
3511:nonlinear materials
3384:
3350:
3263:
3205:
3167:, so at a distance
3120:
3100:
3051:
3026:
2945:
2920:
2881:
2862:
2769:dielectric function
2408:
2152:
2131:
874:{\displaystyle z=0}
853:Maxwell's equations
739:They are a type of
262:Quantum Hall effect
7744:Free PDF download.
7689:Free PDF download.
7629:Free PDF download.
6134:"GRIN Plasmonics…"
6034:10.1039/C3CS60479A
5905:
5849:
5806:
5772:
5752:
5729:
5557:
5355:
5315:
5229:
5101:
5074:
5051:{\displaystyle dI}
5048:
5021:
5001:
4963:
4940:
4910:
4887:
4861:
4736:
4716:
4684:
4660:
4637:
4539:
4519:
4487:
4449:
4271:
4244:
4214:
4079:
3822:
3776:
3729:Wavelength Regime
3697:
3653:
3612:plasmonic material
3405:
3370:
3338:
3270:
3251:
3212:
3193:
3142:
3108:
3088:
3039:
3014:
2933:
2908:
2869:
2850:
2746:If we assume that
2733:
2665:
2559:
2507:
2424:
2392:
2353:
2330:
2207:
2135:
2117:
2094:
2003:
1907:
1880:
1792:
1759:
1726:
1669:
1612:
1577:
1535:
1502:
1476:
1440:
1296:
1119:
969:
923:
907:and dielectric at
897:
871:
758:in microscopy and
649:Physics portal
7517:978-0-387-33150-8
7475:(18): 1127–1129.
7310:10.1063/1.2360270
7198:10.1021/ph5004237
7052:(6015): 290–291.
6959:978-0-471-73192-4
6889:10.1021/la302485c
6854:10.1021/nl902701b
6604:(5685): 847–848.
6573:978-3-540-33918-2
6542:978-0-471-41526-8
6374:10.1021/nl060941v
6241:10.1021/nl100800c
6028:(10): 3426–3452.
5897:
5885:
5727:
5676:
5461:
5440:
5297:
5258:
5222:
5198:
5175:
5152:
5140:
5024:{\displaystyle s}
4999:
4966:{\displaystyle s}
4937:
4922:spatial frequency
4913:{\displaystyle s}
4880:
4868:
4812:
4778:
4748:Fourier transform
4687:{\displaystyle r}
4630:
4542:{\displaystyle A}
4381:
4339:
4241:
4209:
4170:
4156:
4148:
4136:
4075:
3969:
3968:
3695:
3455:. The picture is
3385:
3323:
3265:
3132:
3066:
3004:
2960:
2898:
2728:
2660:
2532:of the electron,
2505:
2504:
2419:
2307:
2251:
2179:
2086:
2056:
2001:
1958:
1878:
1832:
1520:angular frequency
1224:
764:diffraction limit
699:
698:
407:Granular material
175:Electronic phases
7808:
7767:
7761:
7743:
7717:
7715:cond-mat/0611257
7699:
7688:
7686:
7680:. Archived from
7648:(6950): 824–30.
7639:
7628:
7618:
7584:
7574:
7540:
7522:
7521:
7499:
7493:
7492:
7462:
7456:
7455:
7427:
7418:
7417:
7387:
7381:
7380:
7370:
7353:(12): 10155–67.
7336:
7330:
7329:
7285:
7279:
7278:
7234:
7228:
7227:
7217:
7177:
7166:
7165:
7123:
7103:
7094:
7093:
7038:
7032:
7031:
6997:
6977:
6964:
6963:
6943:
6937:
6936:
6907:
6901:
6900:
6872:
6866:
6865:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6786:
6780:
6779:
6761:
6736:(5758): 189–93.
6722:
6716:
6715:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6680:
6646:
6640:
6639:
6621:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6556:
6547:
6546:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6494:
6485:
6484:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6434:
6425:
6424:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6359:
6339:
6333:
6330:
6313:
6312:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6297:
6293:"Nanoplasmonics"
6288:
6279:
6268:
6226:
6208:
6198:
6165:(6950): 824–30.
6154:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6138:
6129:
6123:
6120:
6103:
6102:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6065:
6054:
6053:
6019:
6010:
5994:
5987:intrinsic losses
5979:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5883:
5875:
5867:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5827:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5719:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5668:
5663:
5662:
5653:
5647:
5640:
5635:
5634:
5625:
5619:
5611:
5606:
5605:
5596:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5546:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5514:
5509:
5508:
5499:
5494:
5483:
5482:
5459:
5458:
5450:
5449:
5438:
5434:
5429:
5428:
5419:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5384:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5339:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5283:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5263:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5242:
5237:
5228:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5211:
5210:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5164:
5158:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5138:
5130:
5122:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5002:
5000:
4995:
4987:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4874:
4869:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4849:
4833:
4832:
4823:
4822:
4813:
4811:
4800:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4764:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4672:root mean square
4669:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4619:
4618:
4609:
4593:
4592:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4433:
4412:
4395:
4379:
4375:
4364:
4350:
4349:
4340:
4332:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4197:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4171:
4163:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4146:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4118:
4117:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4057:
4056:
3982:plasma frequency
3831:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3809:
3808:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3771:
3756:
3755:
3726:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3671:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3624:plasma frequency
3486:
3468:
3458:
3454:
3436:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3355:
3346:
3337:
3331:
3324:
3322:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3259:
3243:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3201:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3116:
3096:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3047:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3022:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2941:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2916:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2877:
2858:
2846:
2845:
2820:| >>
2819:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2643:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2583:asymptotic limit
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2391:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2312:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2259:
2252:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2165:
2164:
2151:
2146:
2130:
2125:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2032:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1937:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1655:
1654:
1642:
1641:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1563:
1562:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1387:
1386:
1369:
1368:
1329:
1328:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1281:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1243:
1242:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1207:
1206:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1152:
1151:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1104:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1066:
1065:
1048:
1047:
1008:
1007:
983:are as follows:
978:
976:
975:
970:
932:
930:
929:
924:
906:
904:
903:
898:
880:
878:
877:
872:
801:
786:
760:photolithography
691:
684:
677:
664:
659:
658:
651:
647:
646:
267:Spin Hall effect
157:Phase transition
127:Luttinger liquid
64:States of matter
47:Phase transition
33:
19:
7816:
7815:
7811:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7805:
7776:
7775:
7759:
7754:
7751:
7697:
7692:
7684:
7637:
7632:
7582:
7577:
7538:
7533:
7530:
7528:Further reading
7525:
7518:
7501:
7500:
7496:
7464:
7463:
7459:
7429:
7428:
7421:
7389:
7388:
7384:
7338:
7337:
7333:
7287:
7286:
7282:
7236:
7235:
7231:
7179:
7178:
7169:
7105:
7104:
7097:
7040:
7039:
7035:
6979:
6978:
6967:
6960:
6945:
6944:
6940:
6909:
6908:
6904:
6874:
6873:
6869:
6840:(12): 4403–11.
6831:
6830:
6826:
6788:
6787:
6783:
6724:
6723:
6719:
6712:
6699:
6698:
6694:
6648:
6647:
6643:
6586:
6585:
6581:
6574:
6558:
6557:
6550:
6543:
6527:Kittel, Charles
6525:
6524:
6520:
6496:
6495:
6488:
6481:
6468:
6467:
6463:
6456:
6436:
6435:
6428:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6357:physics/0604227
6341:
6340:
6336:
6319:
6310:
6301:
6299:
6295:
6290:
6289:
6282:
6206:
6201:
6156:
6155:
6151:
6142:
6140:
6136:
6131:
6130:
6126:
6109:
6100:
6091:
6089:
6083:
6075:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6057:
6017:
6012:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5998:
5997:
5980:
5973:
5968:
5950:Surface plasmon
5921:
5886:
5876:
5868:
5861:
5860:
5831:
5818:
5817:
5792:
5791:
5764:
5763:
5744:
5743:
5711:
5683:
5654:
5648:
5626:
5620:
5597:
5575:
5574:
5547:
5515:
5500:
5474:
5441:
5420:
5388:
5375:
5374:
5343:
5330:
5329:
5303:
5290:
5267:
5244:
5212:
5202:
5186:
5178:
5165:
5159:
5141:
5131:
5123:
5116:
5115:
5091:
5086:
5085:
5063:
5062:
5037:
5036:
5013:
5012:
4988:
4975:
4974:
4955:
4954:
4930:
4925:
4924:
4902:
4901:
4851:
4850:
4844:
4840:
4824:
4814:
4804:
4784:
4771:
4755:
4754:
4728:
4727:
4696:
4695:
4676:
4675:
4652:
4651:
4620:
4610:
4604:
4600:
4584:
4558:
4557:
4531:
4530:
4499:
4498:
4464:
4463:
4438:
4426:
4405:
4388:
4368:
4357:
4341:
4305:
4304:
4289:is an integer.
4261:
4256:
4255:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4198:
4179:
4149:
4122:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4061:
4045:
4031:
4030:
4020:
3978:
3976:Other materials
3794:
3789:
3788:
3763:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3687:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3664:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3620:
3600:
3566:Surface plasmon
3495:
3488:
3480:
3469:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3437:
3428:
3359:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3315:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3247:
3231:
3230:
3173:
3172:
3161:
3121:
3101:
3055:
3038:
3027:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2995:
2991:
2949:
2932:
2921:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2889:
2885:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2784:
2777:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2706:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2650:
2625:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2493:
2482:
2480:
2469:
2465:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2409:
2364:
2363:
2296:
2283:
2282:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2167:
2166:
2156:
2112:
2111:
2076:
2063:
2046:
2033:
2026:
2025:
1981:
1980:
1966:
1965:
1948:
1938:
1931:
1930:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1858:
1857:
1843:
1842:
1822:
1812:
1805:
1804:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1659:
1646:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1567:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1527:
1526:
1488:
1487:
1462:
1461:
1397:
1378:
1370:
1360:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1253:
1234:
1226:
1208:
1198:
1186:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1076:
1057:
1049:
1039:
993:
988:
987:
943:
942:
939:magnetic fields
909:
908:
883:
882:
857:
856:
849:
809:
808:
807:
806:
805:
802:
793:
792:
791:
787:
776:
730:surface plasmon
695:
654:
641:
640:
633:
632:
631:
431:
423:
422:
421:
397:Amorphous solid
391:
381:
380:
379:
358:
340:
330:
329:
328:
317:
315:Antiferromagnet
308:
306:Superparamagnet
299:
286:
285:Magnetic phases
278:
277:
276:
256:
248:
247:
246:
176:
168:
167:
166:
152:Order parameter
146:
145:Phase phenomena
138:
137:
136:
66:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7814:
7812:
7804:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7786:Quasiparticles
7778:
7777:
7774:
7773:
7750:
7749:External links
7747:
7746:
7745:
7690:
7687:on 2011-08-11.
7630:
7593:(12): 123901.
7575:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7523:
7516:
7494:
7457:
7438:(5): 331–336.
7419:
7400:(4): 353–356.
7382:
7346:Optics Express
7331:
7296:(16): 164705.
7280:
7245:(3): 528–539.
7229:
7192:(3): 326–333.
7167:
7114:(14): 143201.
7095:
7042:Boltasseva, A.
7033:
6988:(6): 795–808.
6965:
6958:
6938:
6902:
6867:
6824:
6797:(44): 444004.
6791:Nanotechnology
6781:
6717:
6711:978-1439893784
6710:
6692:
6656:Optics Express
6641:
6579:
6572:
6548:
6541:
6518:
6486:
6480:978-0750305884
6479:
6461:
6455:978-3540173632
6454:
6438:Raether, Heinz
6426:
6395:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6322:Nanoplasmonics
6280:
6278:
6277:
6270:
6217:(6): 1985–90.
6149:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6097:
6055:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5940:Plasmonic lens
5937:
5932:
5927:
5920:
5917:
5904:
5901:
5893:
5889:
5882:
5879:
5874:
5871:
5848:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5826:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5771:
5751:
5740:
5739:
5724:
5718:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5674:
5671:
5667:
5661:
5657:
5652:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5617:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5600:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5568:
5567:
5554:
5550:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5513:
5507:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5457:
5453:
5448:
5444:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5423:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5383:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5338:
5326:
5325:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5262:
5253:
5248:
5241:
5236:
5232:
5227:
5219:
5215:
5209:
5205:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5181:
5172:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5148:
5144:
5137:
5134:
5129:
5126:
5098:
5094:
5073:
5070:
5047:
5044:
5020:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4985:
4982:
4962:
4933:
4909:
4898:
4897:
4885:
4879:
4873:
4864:
4858:
4854:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4817:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4735:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4683:
4659:
4648:
4647:
4635:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4613:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4538:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4460:
4459:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4268:
4264:
4237:
4225:
4224:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4174:
4169:
4166:
4161:
4152:
4145:
4142:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4089:. The grating
4071:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4019:
4016:
3977:
3974:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3786:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3733:
3730:
3693:
3690:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3619:
3616:
3599:
3598:Materials used
3596:
3552:incident angle
3494:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3470:
3463:
3461:
3457:(0.3 × 370 nm)
3441:electric field
3438:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3416:
3415:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3329:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3281:
3280:
3269:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3165:electric field
3160:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3141:
3137:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3003:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2824:
2815:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2782:
2775:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2676:
2675:
2664:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2555:
2551:
2538:effective mass
2518:
2517:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2485:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2455:
2450:
2435:
2434:
2423:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2341:
2340:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2218:
2217:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2105:
2104:
2093:
2090:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2015:
2014:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1904:
1900:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1802:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1723:
1719:
1684:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1609:
1605:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1546:
1534:
1523:
1513:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1451:
1450:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1306:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1129:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1003:
1000:
996:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
922:
919:
916:
896:
893:
890:
870:
867:
864:
848:
845:
803:
796:
795:
794:
788:
781:
780:
779:
778:
777:
775:
772:
697:
696:
694:
693:
686:
679:
671:
668:
667:
666:
665:
652:
635:
634:
630:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
433:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
420:
419:
414:
412:Liquid crystal
409:
404:
399:
393:
392:
387:
386:
383:
382:
378:
377:
372:
367:
362:
353:
348:
342:
341:
338:Quasiparticles
336:
335:
332:
331:
327:
326:
321:
312:
303:
297:Superdiamagnet
294:
288:
287:
284:
283:
280:
279:
275:
274:
269:
264:
258:
257:
254:
253:
250:
249:
245:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
222:Thermoelectric
219:
217:Superconductor
214:
209:
204:
199:
197:Mott insulator
194:
189:
184:
178:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
165:
164:
159:
154:
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
135:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
68:
67:
62:
61:
58:
57:
55:
54:
49:
44:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7813:
7802:
7801:Surface waves
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7791:Metamaterials
7789:
7787:
7784:
7783:
7781:
7771:
7765:
7758:
7753:
7752:
7748:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7696:
7691:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7581:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7563:10.1038/35570
7560:
7556:
7552:
7549:(6668): 667.
7548:
7544:
7537:
7532:
7531:
7527:
7519:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7498:
7495:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7469:
7461:
7458:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7426:
7424:
7420:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7396:(in German).
7395:
7394:
7386:
7383:
7378:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7347:
7342:
7335:
7332:
7327:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7284:
7281:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7233:
7230:
7225:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7186:ACS Photonics
7183:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7168:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7102:
7100:
7096:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7037:
7034:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6976:
6974:
6972:
6970:
6966:
6961:
6955:
6951:
6950:
6942:
6939:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6906:
6903:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6871:
6868:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6828:
6825:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6785:
6782:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6721:
6718:
6713:
6707:
6703:
6696:
6693:
6688:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6657:
6652:
6645:
6642:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6598:
6593:
6589:
6588:Pendry, J. B.
6583:
6580:
6575:
6569:
6565:
6564:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6544:
6538:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6522:
6519:
6513:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6482:
6476:
6472:
6465:
6462:
6457:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6433:
6431:
6427:
6422:
6418:
6415:: 1128–1133.
6414:
6410:
6406:
6399:
6396:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6350:(6): 1113–5.
6349:
6345:
6338:
6335:
6328:
6324:
6323:
6317:
6308:
6307:
6294:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6275:
6271:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6249:10044/1/42407
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6205:
6200:
6199:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6153:
6150:
6135:
6128:
6125:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6107:
6098:
6087:
6082:
6081:
6071:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6016:
6009:
6006:
6000:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5965:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5916:
5902:
5899:
5891:
5887:
5877:
5872:
5869:
5846:
5843:
5838:
5828:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5789:
5786:-axis in the
5785:
5769:
5749:
5716:
5712:
5702:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5684:
5680:
5672:
5669:
5659:
5655:
5644:
5641:
5631:
5627:
5615:
5602:
5598:
5589:
5586:
5580:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5552:
5543:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5505:
5501:
5491:
5487:
5484:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5455:
5451:
5446:
5442:
5425:
5421:
5412:
5409:
5403:
5400:
5395:
5385:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5350:
5340:
5310:
5291:
5284:
5274:
5264:
5251:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5217:
5213:
5207:
5203:
5191:
5187:
5182:
5179:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5146:
5142:
5132:
5127:
5124:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5096:
5092:
5068:
5061:
5045:
5042:
5032:
5018:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4983:
4980:
4960:
4951:
4931:
4923:
4907:
4883:
4877:
4871:
4862:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4815:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4772:
4765:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4733:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4681:
4673:
4657:
4633:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4611:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4563:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4536:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4469:
4446:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4382:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4310:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4294:superposition
4290:
4288:
4284:
4266:
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4184:
4180:
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4017:
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4009:
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3997:
3995:
3991:
3987:
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3691:
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3577:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3528:metamaterials
3522:
3520:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3481:(−2700 + 1400
3478:
3474:
3467:
3462:
3452:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3387:
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3364:
3360:
3356:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3327:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3267:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3158:
3156:
3139:
3135:
3126:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
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3028:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2992:
2988:
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2975:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2954:
2950:
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2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2892:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2814:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2707:
2703:
2689:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2662:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2626:
2622:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2498:
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2487:
2483:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2448:
2440:
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2421:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2362:
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2360:
2358:
2350:
2345:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2091:
2088:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2020:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1902:
1898:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1721:
1717:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1625:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1590:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1532:
1524:
1522:of the waves;
1521:
1517:
1514:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1418:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1274:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1097:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1004:
1001:
998:
994:
986:
985:
984:
982:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
940:
936:
920:
917:
914:
894:
891:
888:
868:
865:
862:
854:
846:
844:
842:
837:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
800:
785:
773:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
692:
687:
685:
680:
678:
673:
672:
670:
669:
663:
653:
650:
645:
639:
638:
637:
636:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
437:Van der Waals
435:
434:
427:
426:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
390:
385:
384:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
339:
334:
333:
325:
322:
320:
316:
313:
311:
307:
304:
302:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
282:
281:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
252:
251:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
232:Ferroelectric
230:
228:
227:Piezoelectric
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
202:Semiconductor
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
172:
171:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
142:
141:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
122:Superfluidity
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
65:
60:
59:
53:
50:
48:
45:
43:
40:
39:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
24:
20:
7769:
7705:
7701:
7682:the original
7645:
7641:
7590:
7586:
7546:
7542:
7506:. New York:
7503:
7497:
7472:
7466:
7460:
7435:
7431:
7397:
7391:
7385:
7350:
7344:
7334:
7293:
7289:
7283:
7242:
7238:
7232:
7189:
7185:
7111:
7107:
7049:
7045:
7036:
6985:
6981:
6948:
6941:
6916:
6912:
6905:
6880:
6876:
6870:
6837:
6834:Nano Letters
6833:
6827:
6794:
6790:
6784:
6733:
6729:
6720:
6701:
6695:
6660:
6654:
6644:
6601:
6595:
6582:
6562:
6560:
6530:
6521:
6502:
6470:
6464:
6445:
6441:
6412:
6408:
6398:
6347:
6344:Nano Letters
6343:
6337:
6321:
6300:. Retrieved
6214:
6211:Nano Letters
6210:
6162:
6158:
6152:
6141:. Retrieved
6127:
6111:
6090:. Retrieved
6074:. Retrieved
6025:
6021:
6008:
5960:Surface wave
5787:
5783:
5741:
5569:
5327:
5033:
4952:
4899:
4649:
4553:of the form
4461:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4226:
4021:
4011:
4006:reststrahlen
4005:
3998:
3979:
3970:
3628:
3621:
3611:
3607:
3604:permittivity
3601:
3592:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3564:
3545:
3526:
3523:
3515:
3496:
3482:
3450:
3445:permittivity
3419:
3417:
3282:
3223:
3168:
3162:
3154:
2821:
2812:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2761:
2754:
2753:is real and
2747:
2745:
2677:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2436:
2354:
2348:
2219:
2106:
2018:
2016:
1922:
1919:permittivity
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1623:
1592:
1588:
1515:
1457:
1452:
980:
850:
833:
824:
816:
814:
810:
753:
741:surface wave
738:
705:
701:
700:
567:von Klitzing
272:Kondo effect
132:Time crystal
112:Fermi liquid
7616:10036/33196
6759:11693/38263
6276:. 15 pages.
6042:10220/18851
5060:solid angle
3449:(−2.6 + 0.6
1709:direction.
1691:wave vector
762:beyond the
389:Soft matter
310:Ferromagnet
7796:Plasmonics
7780:Categories
6919:(4): 331.
6302:2011-02-15
6143:2011-02-15
6092:2011-02-15
6076:2011-02-15
6001:References
3556:wavelength
3519:biosensing
3426:Animations
3285:skin depth
2571:dispersion
774:Excitation
718:dielectric
532:Louis Néel
522:Schrieffer
430:Scientists
324:Spin glass
319:Metamagnet
301:Paramagnet
117:Supersolid
7571:205024396
7318:0021-9606
7259:1618-2642
7206:2330-4022
7146:0953-8984
7121:1001.4867
7090:206530073
7074:0036-8075
7020:1863-8880
6995:0911.2737
6952:. Wiley.
6726:Ozbay, E.
6224:1003.1154
5945:Superlens
5881:Ω
5798:ψ
5770:θ
5750:ψ
5713:ε
5698:θ
5694:
5670:−
5656:ε
5628:ε
5599:ε
5587:θ
5544:θ
5540:
5534:−
5502:ε
5488:θ
5485:
5456:ψ
5452:
5422:ε
5410:θ
5214:λ
5204:π
5188:θ
5183:
5167:ε
5136:Ω
5072:Ω
4993:π
4853:σ
4846:−
4838:
4826:δ
4816:σ
4809:π
4734:σ
4658:δ
4622:σ
4606:−
4598:
4586:δ
4414:−
4397:−
4343:∫
4263:θ
4203:π
4191:±
4181:θ
4176:
4165:ω
4141:±
4091:harmonics
4059:−
4037:Δ
3814:μ
3761:×
3689:ε
3674:ε
3537:terahertz
3533:microwave
3503:nanometer
3372:ε
3361:ε
3340:ε
3320:π
3313:λ
3188:−
3182:
3110:ε
3090:ε
3057:ε
3041:ε
3029:ε
3016:ε
2999:ω
2951:ε
2935:ε
2923:ε
2910:ε
2893:ω
2708:ω
2690:ω
2652:ε
2627:ω
2609:ω
2550:ε
2499:∗
2484:ε
2449:ω
2411:ω
2394:ω
2388:−
2376:ω
2370:ε
2298:ε
2285:ε
2273:ε
2263:ε
2246:ω
2174:ω
2158:ε
2078:ε
2048:ε
1977:ω
1968:ε
1899:ε
1854:ω
1845:ε
1838:−
1533:±
1433:ω
1427:−
1289:ω
1283:−
1184:±
1112:ω
1106:−
979:and time
841:roughness
734:polariton
612:Abrikosov
527:Josephson
497:Van Vleck
487:Luttinger
360:Polariton
292:Diamagnet
212:Conductor
207:Semimetal
192:Insulator
107:Fermi gas
7760:(Online)
7740:46471088
7708:(1): 1.
7670:12917696
7625:18517865
7377:19506669
7326:17092118
7275:14370505
7267:12879189
7224:25950012
7162:26320849
7154:21389523
7082:21252335
7028:16887413
6897:22889193
6877:Langmuir
6862:19827771
6811:23080049
6768:16410515
6687:24921585
6636:44412157
6628:15247438
6529:(1996).
6440:(1988).
6382:16771563
6296:(Online)
6257:20465271
6187:12917696
6050:24549396
5919:See also
4674:height,
4551:Gaussian
4443:′
4431:′
4410:′
4393:′
4373:′
4362:′
3692:″
3678:′
3348:′
3261:″
3203:″
3118:′
3098:″
3049:′
3024:′
2943:′
2918:′
2879:″
2860:′
2796:″ where
1890:, where
1587:are the
935:electric
768:photonic
745:momentum
722:infrared
662:Category
617:Ginzburg
592:Laughlin
552:Kadanoff
507:Shockley
492:Anderson
447:von Laue
97:Bose gas
7720:Bibcode
7650:Bibcode
7595:Bibcode
7551:Bibcode
7477:Bibcode
7440:Bibcode
7402:Bibcode
7355:Bibcode
7298:Bibcode
7215:4416469
7126:Bibcode
7054:Bibcode
7046:Science
7000:Bibcode
6921:Bibcode
6842:Bibcode
6819:5384609
6776:2107839
6738:Bibcode
6730:Science
6665:Bibcode
6606:Bibcode
6597:Science
6390:9358094
6362:Bibcode
6265:1255444
6229:Bibcode
6167:Bibcode
5983:damping
4670:is the
4240:grating
4155:grating
4027:Figure2
4024:grating
4001:phonons
3723:films.
2536:is the
2528:is the
2355:In the
1925:is the
1917:is the
1689:is the
1622:is the
1518:is the
726:visible
622:Leggett
597:Störmer
582:Bednorz
542:Giaever
512:Bardeen
502:Hubbard
477:Peierls
467:Onsager
417:Polymer
402:Colloid
365:Polaron
356:Plasmon
351:Exciton
7738:
7678:116017
7676:
7668:
7642:Nature
7623:
7569:
7543:Nature
7514:
7375:
7324:
7316:
7273:
7265:
7257:
7222:
7212:
7204:
7160:
7152:
7144:
7088:
7080:
7072:
7026:
7018:
6956:
6895:
6860:
6817:
6809:
6774:
6766:
6708:
6685:
6634:
6626:
6570:
6539:
6477:
6452:
6388:
6380:
6263:
6255:
6195:116017
6193:
6185:
6159:Nature
6048:
5884:
5742:where
5460:
5439:
5367:dipole
5328:where
5257:
5139:
4900:where
4726:, and
4650:where
4529:, and
4462:where
4380:
4227:where
4147:
4135:photon
4074:photon
3732:Metal
3618:Metals
3418:where
2803:′ and
2530:charge
2520:where
1683:waves.
1591:- and
1453:where
933:. The
825:cannot
708:) are
660:
627:Parisi
587:Müller
577:Rohrer
572:Binnig
562:Wilson
557:Fisher
517:Cooper
482:Landau
370:Magnon
346:Phonon
187:Plasma
87:Plasma
77:Liquid
42:Phases
7736:S2CID
7710:arXiv
7698:(PDF)
7685:(PDF)
7674:S2CID
7638:(PDF)
7583:(PDF)
7567:S2CID
7539:(PDF)
7271:S2CID
7158:S2CID
7116:arXiv
7086:S2CID
7024:S2CID
6990:arXiv
6815:S2CID
6772:S2CID
6632:S2CID
6386:S2CID
6352:arXiv
6318:from
6261:S2CID
6219:arXiv
6207:(PDF)
6191:S2CID
6108:from
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