43:
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This cash payment would be higher than the market value of the goods that were nominally required; for instance, during the campaigns on the eastern frontier in 1637-1638, the market price of barley was 23
468:
would be obliged to deliver supplies to where they were needed - in other words, they bore the transportation costs, which would otherwise be a large part of the cost of maintaining an army in the field.
404:
428:; sürsat was initially an obligation for the public to provide food and other supplies at a pre-fixed price which was unlikely to be favourable, or might even be merely symbolic.
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price. Over time, nüzül, sürsat, and istira were all transformed into extraordinary cash taxes on people living near the route travelled by the army.
439:
During the late 17th and early 18th century - a period of continuous warfare for the
Ottoman Empire - these extraordinary taxes soon became routine.
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many
Christian settlements were exempted from sürsat, apparently to discourage rebellion during warfare with neighbouring Christian kingdoms.
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When goods were provided rather than cash, they might also include firewood and food for horses, as well as food for the army itself. The
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was subject to a complex family of overlapping fees and exemptions; some favoured groups were exempt from sürsat, and in the
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30:
550:"1680-1747 OTTOMAN BUDGETS AND DEFICITS SUSTAINABILITY IN A PERIOD OF FISCAL TRANSITION: WARS AND ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES"
461:. The easy convertibility of food supply obligations to cash payments makes it clear that sürsat was effectively a tax.
600:
Acun, Fatma (2002). "The Other Side of the Coin: Tax
Exemptions within the Context of Ottoman Taxation History".
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453:; but under the sürsat system, villagers were obliged to sell barley to the army for 12
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457:- and those who did not sell barley directly paid cash instead, varying from 20 to 60
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507:. Turkish Republic Ministry of Finance Strategy Development Unit. Archived from
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ACCOUNTING METHOD USED BY OTTOMANS FOR 500 YEARS: STAIRS (MERDIBAN) METHOD
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was a form of food requisitioning with price controls, used by the
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to provide consumables for its armed forces. It was related to
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was basically the same obligation, but supposedly at
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An economic and social history of the
Ottoman Empire
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579:. Cambridge University Press. p. 533.
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526:"Financing Development in Islam"
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626:Taxation in the Ottoman Empire
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602:Bulgarian Historical Review
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573:Faroqhi, Quataert (1997).
531:. 2009-10-04. p. 331
269:Evkaf-i Hümayun Nezareti
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556:. Retrieved
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533:. Retrieved
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509:the original
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304:Kanun-i Raya
213:Selamet isni
188:Resm-i ganem
178:Resm-i dönüm
103:Gümrük resmi
58:Adet-i Ağnam
173:Resm-i çift
148:Otlak resmi
98:Damga resmi
78:Bac-i pazar
535:2011-04-02
483:References
344:Mütesellim
218:Tapu resmi
153:Rav akçesi
339:Muqata'ah
309:Kanunname
233:Tuz resmi
620:Category
558:18 April
374:Tanzimat
334:Muhassil
329:Muafiyet
319:Merdiban
314:Malikâne
254:Ahidnâme
118:Ispendje
31:Taxation
477:Balkans
359:Siyakat
289:Iltizam
228:Temettu
113:Ihtisab
33:in the
583:
434:market
430:Istira
418:Sürsat
369:Tahrir
364:Sürsat
324:Millet
294:Istira
259:Defter
123:Istira
73:Avarız
18:Sursat
553:(PDF)
529:(PDF)
512:(PDF)
505:(PDF)
459:akçes
455:akçes
445:akçes
426:nüzül
238:Zakat
143:Nüzül
128:Maktu
108:Haraç
88:Cizye
68:Ashar
50:Taxes
608:(2).
581:ISBN
560:2011
466:raya
450:kile
447:per
379:Waqf
299:Kadı
284:Hane
264:Emin
622::
604:.
491:^
606:1
589:.
562:.
538:.
406:e
399:t
392:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
