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families were instrumental in the fashioning of
Swahili urban life by establishing a Muslim ancestry, embracing Islam, financing mosques in the region, stimulating trade, and practicing the seclusion of women. The majority of the people in the Swahili coast were less wealthy and engaged in such jobs as clerks, craftsmen, sailors, and artisans. The Swahili culture is predominantly Islamic by religion. Archeological records have shown that mosques in the Swahili cities were built as early as the eight century CE. Muslim burial grounds of similar age have also been discovered. Despite being predominantly Muslim, the culture was distinctly African as indicated by the Swahili language used. This language was largely African characterized by many Arab and Persian words. Irrespective of their economic status, the Swahili drew a clear difference between them and the people from interior of the continent whom they considered as uncultured. For the elite, this distinction was important in selling into slavery Africans from neighboring, non-Muslim communities.
965:. Some estimate that coins were minted on the Swahili coast as early as the mid 9th century until the end of the 15th century CE. The making of coins came comparatively late to this area with many other cultures starting to make coins several centuries earlier. There are archaeological records of foreign coins being used in the area but few coins of foreign origin have been excavated. Previously, it was believed that the coins from the Swahili coast were of Persian origin, but now it is recognized that these are in fact indigenous coins. The coins found on the coast only have inscriptions in Arabic, not Swahili. The coins from this region can be put into five categories: Shanga silver, Tanzanian silver, Kilwa copper, Kilwa gold and Zanzibar copper. Silver is not found locally on the Swahili coast, so the metal had to be imported.
877:
however, especially in the western part of the Indian Ocean, Swahili coast being included, Muslim merchants dominated trade due to their ability to fund the construction of vessels. The yearly monsoon winds carried ships from the
Swahili coast to the eastern Indian Ocean and back. These yearly winds were the catalyst for trade in the region as they reduced the risk associated with sailing and made it predictable. The monsoon winds were less strong and reliable as one travelled further South along Africa's coast resulting in settlements being smaller and less frequent towards the South. Trade was further encouraged by the invention of lateen sails which allowed merchants to travel apart from the
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under the leadership of Ali ibn
Muhammad, captured Basra and even threatened to raid the capital, Baghdad. The vast majority of the slave rebels were Black Africans, and the 9th century Zanj revolts in Iraq is some of the best evidence of a large number of people being sold into slavery from Eastern Africa. As a result of this uprising, Abbasid Caliphate largely abandoned the large-scale importation of slaves from East Africa.
323:
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1067:
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persons in the Asian World were as domestic servants and concubines. Most of the enslaved would have been absorbed into
Swahili households. The children of enslaved concubines were born as free members of their father's lineage without distinction and manumissions were a common act of piety for elderly Muslims. A series of slave uprisings took place between 869 and 883 CE in
51:
812:, with many destinations being linked through trade. It has been claimed that the Indian Ocean trade network actually connected more people than the Silk Road. The Swahili coast largely exported raw products like timber, ivory, animal skins, spices, and gold. Finished products were imported from as far as east Asia such as silk and porcelain from
1204:, but many people continue non-Islamic traditions. For example, spirits who bring illness and misfortune are appeased and people are buried with valuable items. In addition, teachers of Islam are allowed to become medicine men; having medicine men being a practice carried over from local tribal religions. Men wear protective
824:. Some of the other imports received from Asia and Europe include cottons, silks, woolens, glass and stone beads, metal wire, jewelry, sandalwood, cosmetics, fragrances, kohl, rice, spices, coffee, tea, other foods and flavorings, teak, iron and brass fittings, sailcloth, pottery, porcelain, silver, brass, glass,
1103:
The culture of the
Swahili coast had unique characteristics emerging from the diversity of its founders. The Swahili coast was essentially an urban civilization which revolved around trade activities. A few individuals in the Swahili coast were wealthy and made up the elite, ruling class. These elite
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was a guerilla war mounted by slaves against the
Abbasids. This revolt lasted 14 years. Slaves with numbers as high as 15,000 would raid towns, set slaves free, and seize weapons and food. These revolts greatly destabilized the grip that the Abbasids had over slaves. During the Rebellion, the slaves,
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to distant locations. As many as 5 million of these may have come from Africa, though most would have been from West Africa, rather than East Africa. Before the 18th
Century, the slave trade on the East African coast was fairly minor. Women and children were preferred since the main roles of enslaved
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to become Sultan, believing that he would be much easier to work with. The
British gave Khalid an hour to vacate the Sultan's palace in Stone Town. Khalid failed to do so, and instead assembled an army of 2,800 men to fight the British. The British launched an attack on the palace and other locations
1086:
moved his capital from Muscat to Stone Town, the main city of the
Zanzibar archipelago. He encouraged the creation of clove plantations as well as the settlement of Indian traders. Until 1890 the sultans of Zanzibar controlled part of the Swahili coast known as Zanj which included Mombasa and Dar es
795:
Trade along the
Eastern African coast started as early as the first century CE. Bantu farmers, who are considered the initial settlers within the region, built communities along the coast. These farmers eventually started trading with traders from southeast Asia, southern Arabia, and sometimes Rome
302:
people. The communities settling along the coast shared archaeological and linguistic features with those from the interior of the continent. Archeological data has revealed the use of Kwale and Urewe ceramics both along the coast and within the interior parts, showing that the regions had a shared
1034:
that stopped in Kilwa's port. In Kilwa's Husuni Kabwa, or Great Fort, there is evidence of gardens, a pool, and commercial activities. The fort served as a palace and area to store commercial goods and was built by sultan Al-Hasan Ibn Suleman. The fort consists of a public courtyard, and a private
997:
which is sometimes considered part of the Swahili coast. Several of these islands became very powerful through trade including Zanzibar and Kilwa. Before these islands became trade hubs, it is likely that the abundant local resources were very important to the islands' inhabitants. These resources
1077:
Today, Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous region of Tanzania made up of the Zanzibar Archipelago. The archipelago is 25-50 kilometers (16-31 mi) from the mainland. Its main industries are tourism, spice production such as cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, and black pepper, and raffia palm trees. In 1698,
740:
On 10 December 1963, the Protectorate that had existed over Zanzibar since 1890 was terminated by the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom did not grant Zanzibar independence, as such, because the UK never had sovereignty over Zanzibar. Rather, by the Zanzibar Act 1963 of the United Kingdom, the UK
314:
According to Berger et al., this shared way of life began to diverge at least around 13th century CE (362). In the wake of trading activities along the coast, Arab merchants would pour scorn on non-Muslims and some African practices. This attitude of scorn allegedly pushed African elites to deny
306:
From the earliest times of which there is any record the African seaboard from the Red Sea to an unknown distance southwards was subject to Arabian influence and dominion. At a later period the coast towns were founded or conquered by Persian and Arabs who, for the most part, fled to East Africa
876:
due to overland trade being cheaper during that period, however, trade by ships provided the advantage that the goods that were transported on them were in bulk, meaning they could be available to the mass market. Many different ethnic groups were involved in the Indian Ocean's trade network,
2257:
After Arabic, Swahili is the most widely used African language but the number of its speakers is another area in which there is little agreement. The most commonly mentioned numbers are 50, 80, and 100 million people. The number of its native speakers has been placed at just under 2
1175:
in addition to general interactions. Most likely, Swahili was around in some form before Arab contact but then was heavily influenced. Swahili syntax is very similar to that of other Bantu languages as, like other Bantu languages, Swahili has five vowels (a,e,i,o,u).
298:. The shallow coast was important as it provided seafood. Starting in the early 1st millennium CE, trade was crucial. Submerged river estuaries created natural harbors while yearly monsoons winds helped trade. Later in the 1st millennium there was a migration of
276:
describe the society, culture, and economy of the Swahili coast at various points in its history. The Swahili coast has a distinct culture, demography, religion, and geography, and as a result—along with other factors, including economic—has witnessed rising
1043:
explorer, described the town as "one of the most beautiful towns in the world." Although Kilwa had been trading for centuries, the city's wealth and control of the gold trade attracted the Portuguese who were in search of gold. During the period of
569:. Both powers leased coastal territory from Zanzibar and established trading stations and outposts. Over the next few years, all of the mainland possessions of Zanzibar came to be administered by European imperial powers, beginning in 1888 when the
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influence can be seen in the small cups of coffee that are available in the area and the sweet meats that can be tasted. The Arab influence is also seen in the Swahili language, architecture, and boat design including food as aforementioned.
307:
between the 8th and 11th centuries on account of the religious differences of the times, the refugees being schismatics. Various small states thus grew up along the coast. These states are sometimes referred to, collectively, as the
1025:
is in ruins, historically it was one of the most powerful city states on the Swahili coast. One of the main exports along the Swahili coast was gold and in the 13th century the city of Kilwa took control of the gold trade from
1991:
Crowther, Alison; Faulkner, Patrick; Prendergast, Mary E.; Morales, Eréndira M. Quintana; Horton, Mark; Wilmsen, Edwin; Kotarba-Morley, Anna M.; Christie, Annalisa; Petek, Nik; Tibesasa, Ruth; Douka, Katerina (2016-05-03).
267:
The Swahili people and their culture formed from a distinct mix of African and Arab origins. The Swahili were traders and merchants and readily absorbed influences from other cultures. Historical documents including the
289:
In the pre-Swahili period, the region was occupied by smaller societies whose main socioeconomic activities were pastoralism, fishing, and mixed farming. Early on, those living on the Swahili coast prospered because of
1002:
were important as they provided wood for boats. However, archaeological digs reveal that the culture of the Swahili people living on these islands was adapted to trade and their maritime surroundings quite early on.
1166:
with the word "Swahili" itself descending from the Arabic word "sahil," meaning "coast"; "Swahili" meaning "people of the coast." Some hold that Swahili is a completely Bantu language with only a few Arabic
719:) remained a Protectorate under an agreement with the Sultan of Zanzibar. That coastal strip, remaining under the sovereignty of the Sultan of Zanzibar, was constituted as the Protectorate of Kenya in 1920.
1030:
in modern-day Somalia. By the mid-14th century the sultan of Kilwa was able to assert his power over several other city states. Kilwa levied a customs duty on the gold that was shipped north from
1232:
or inner courtyards. Domestic housing was usually constructed of mud-bricks and were mostly one storey high. Often, they had two long and narrow rooms. Housing is often decorated by carved
711:
On 23 July 1920, the inland areas of the East Africa Protectorate were annexed as British dominions by Order in Council. That part of the former Protectorate was thereby constituted as the
1200:
fleeing persecution in their homelands may have settled in the region, but it is likely that the religion took hold through Arab traders. The majority of Muslims on the Swahili coast are
741:
ended the Protectorate and made provision for full-self government in Zanzibar as an independent country within the Commonwealth. Upon the Protectorate being abolished, Zanzibar became a
1926:
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in addition to being one of the languages of the African Union. Estimates of the number of speakers vary greatly but are usually around 50, 80 and 100 million people. Swahili is a
319:
and to have already converted to Islam. The interactions that ensued led to the formation of the unique Swahili culture and city states, especially those facilitated by trade.
1171:, while others suggest that Bantu and Arabic mixed to form Swahili. It has been hypothesized that the mixing of languages was facilitated by intermarriage between natives and
523:
When Said ibn Sultan died in 1856, his sons quarrelled over the succession. As a result of this struggle, the empire was divided in 1861 into two separate principalities:
715:
and from that time, the Sultan of Zanzibar ceased to be sovereign over that territory. The remaining 16 km (10 mi) wide coastal strip (with the exception of
417:
to reach the eastern Mediterranean. Initially, Portuguese rule in East Africa focused mainly on a coastal strip centred in Mombasa. With voyages led by Vasco da Gama,
645:
being chartered in 1888 and given the original grant to administer the territory. It administered about 240 km (150 mi) of coastline stretching from the
2353:
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A slave boy in Zanzibar punished by his master for a slight offence. The log weighed 32 pounds, and the boy could only move by carrying it on his head, circa 1890
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verses. The historian P. Curtis said about Islam and the Swahili coast, "The Muslim religion ultimately became one of the central elements of Swahili identity."
61:
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into the Indian Ocean in 1498 marked the Portuguese entry into trade, politics, and society in the Indian Ocean world. The Portuguese gained control of the
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and window grilles. Larger houses sometimes have gardens and orchards. Houses were constructed close together which resulted in twisty narrow streets.
881:
winds. Evidence for Indian Ocean trade includes the presence of pot shards on coastal archaeological sites that can be traced back to China and India.
1738:
Philippe Beaujard "East Africa, the Comoros Islands and Madagascar before the sixteenth century, Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa" (2007)
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LaViolette, Adria. Swahili Coast, In: Encyclopedia of Archaeology, ed. by Deborah M. Pearsall. (2008): 19-21. New York, NY: Academic Press.
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on the Swahili coast were built of wood and date back to the 9th century CE. Swahili Mosques are typically smaller than elsewhere in the
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acquired formal direct rule over the coastal area previously submitted to German protection. This resulted in a native uprising, the
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in Middle Eastern, Indian, and Chinese literature from the 7th to the 14th century. The word "Swahili" means people of the coasts in
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The Colony of Kenya came to an end in 1963 when an ethnic Kenyan majority government was elected for the first time and eventually
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Until 1884, the Sultans of Zanzibar controlled a substantial portion of the Swahili Coast, known as Zanj. That year, however, the
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which were leased from the Sultan. However, the company began to fail, and on 1 July 1895 the British government proclaimed a
3523:
1723:
836:, gold, silver, brass, bronze, religious specialists, and craftsmen. Other places that traded with the Swahili coast include
269:
1819:
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Kenya Protectorate Order in Council, 1920 S.R.O. 1920 No. 2343, S.R.O. & S.I. Rev. VIII, 258, State Pp., Vol. 87 p. 968
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1911:
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Salaam. At the end of the 19th century, the British and German empires brought Zanzibar into their spheres of influence.
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944:. The uprising grew to more than 500,000 slaves and free men as well, who were used in strenuous agriculture labor. The
630:
around the city after which Khalid retreated and later went into exile. Hamoud was then peacefully installed as Sultan.
1536:
Berger, Eugene, et al. World History: Cultures, States, and Societies to 1500. University of North Georgia Press, 2016.
3895:
3005:
2285:
758:
723:
1927:"Revisiting the Zanj and Re-Visioning Revolt: Complexities of the Zanj Conflict – 868-883 Ad – slave revolt in Iraq"
3925:
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3183:
3168:
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2451:
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1994:"Coastal Subsistence, Maritime Trade, and the Colonization of Small Offshore Islands in Eastern African Prehistory"
1391:
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1890:
3905:
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557:, with spheres of influence already agreed upon the year before, with the British to take what would become the
3935:
3153:
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940:, referred to as the Zanj Rebellion. The enslaved Zanj were likely transported from the more southern areas of
890:
658:
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463:
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641:, to increase British influence in the region. He formed a British East Africa Association which led to the
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The Portuguese were able to wrest much of the coastal trade from Arabs between 1500 and 1700, but, with the
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Slave Trade Profiteers In the Western Indian Ocean: Suppression and Resistance In the Nineteenth Century
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can be largely attributed to the region's extensive participation in a trade network that spanned the
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are common in the Swahili coast's food due to its proximity and reliance on the coast. In addition,
637:, who already had an agreement with the Sultan and whose shipping company traded extensively in the
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directly by sea, thus challenging older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the
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in 1498 was then successful in reaching India thereby permitting the Portuguese to trade with the
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3143:
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Alpers, Edward A. The Indian Ocean In World History. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2014.
1488:
958:
778:
673:
650:
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614:
546:, further German interest in the area was soon shown in 1885 by the arrival of the newly created
493:(that is, Zanzibar Island). He established a ruling Arab elite and encouraged the development of
50:
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It has been estimated that between 1450 and 1900 CE as many as 17 million people were sold into
621:, the shortest in recorded history. A struggle for succession took place as the Sultan's cousin
504:. As a regional commercial power in the 19th century, Oman held the island of Zanzibar and the
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Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade: Crash Course World History #18
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2015:
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Kenya (Annexation) Order in Council, 1920, S.R.O. 1902 No. 661, S.R.O. & S.I. Rev. 246.
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Kemezis, K., 2010. East African City States (1000-1500). Blackpast.org. Available at: <
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In 1886, the British and Germans secretly met and discussed their aims of expansion in the
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could not handle its dominions, it sold out to the German government, which began to rule
585:
457:
339:
1953:"The Indian Ocean and Swahili Coast coins, international networks and local developments"
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757:. In April 1964, the existence of this socialist republic was ended with its union with
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after sultan Saif bin Sultan defeated the Portuguese at Mombasa. In 1832 the sultan of
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forced local chiefs on the mainland to agree to German protection, prompting Sultan
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1184:
986:
920:
845:
801:
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654:
482:
453:
406:
363:
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322:
233:). In addition, several coastal islands are included in the Swahili coast, such as
182:
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1993:
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3235:
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2703:
2621:
2599:
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2421:
2411:
2171:
1952:
1827:
1439:"Contagion of discontent: Muslim extremism spreads down east Africa coastline,"
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327:
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206:
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2227:"Development and Promotion of Extractive Industries and Mineral Value Addition"
828:, paints, ink, carved wood, books, carved chests, arms, ammunition, gunpowder,
244:
Areas of what is today considered the Swahili coast were historically known as
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1661:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 604–606.
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empire. However, it is unlikely that they were ever united under one ruler.
278:
2312:"Swahili - Art & Life in Africa - The University of Iowa Museum of Art"
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1508:
1965:
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https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/east-african-city-states/
700:". The UK held Tanganyika as a League of Nations mandate until the end of
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2917:
2853:
2824:
2734:
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2501:
2481:
2163:
Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience
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Oriental influences in Swahili: a study in language and culture contacts,
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On the Swahili coast, coin minting can be correlated to an increase in
924:
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574:
425:, the Portuguese dominated much of southeast Africa's coast, including
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343:
238:
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127:
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2020:
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1625:"Zanzibar, a sultanate and British protectorate of East Africa"
1603:"Zanzibar, a sultanate and British protectorate of East Africa"
1510:"Zanzibar, a sultanate and British protectorate of East Africa"
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and have little decorations. In addition, they typically do not have
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/about/transcripts/episode60/
692:, although German resistance continued until 1918. After this, the
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753:. Jamshid fled into exile, and the Sultanate was replaced by the
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1083:
1079:
990:
937:
908:
869:
505:
308:
253:
210:
135:
2335:
1844:. 1st ed. 2017. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017.
1823:
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and Greece (Berger et al. 362). The rise of the Swahili coast
594:
and heralded the end of Zanzibar's influence on the mainland.
1893:. History-world.org. Archived from the original on 2012-10-11
680:
German East Africa was gradually occupied by forces from the
30:
1891:"Islam, From Arab To Islamic Empire: The Early Abbasid Era"
961:. The earliest coins share many similarities to coins from
722:
In 1961, Tanganyika gained its independence from the UK as
696:
formalised control of the area by the UK, who renamed it "
342:
owned or claimed overlordship over the mainland cities of
1716:
The Swahili: The social landscape of a mercantile society
1035:
area. Due to the intricate architecture present in Kilwa
1866:
Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion, Volume 2
1099:
Swahili is grouped in the Bantu language family (orange)
508:
region of the East African coast, including Mombasa and
393:
in the early 16th century. Vasco da Gama having visited
315:
connections to the interior and to claim descent from
1700:
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/55/contents/
1680:
Agreement of 14 June 1890: State pp. vol. 82. p. 653
338:
At the zenith of its power in the 15th century, the
303:way of life in the Late Stone and Early Iron Ages.
16:
Coastal area of the Indian Ocean in southeast Africa
3799:
3776:
3743:
3707:
3640:
3534:
3442:
3433:
3362:
3283:
3089:
2893:
2674:
2632:
2541:
2532:
2480:
2437:
2377:
1709:
1707:
911:and transported by Asian slave traders through the
150:
145:
114:
92:
24:
1776:
1307:Felix A. Chami, "Kaole and the Swahili World," in
1188:Houses are often decorated with carved door frames
1957:Afriques. DĂ©bats, MĂ©thodes et Terrains d'Histoire
1048:subjugation, trade essentially stopped in Kilwa.
745:within the Commonwealth under the Sultan. Sultan
613:. In August 1896, following the death of Sultan
1120:as well as tropical fruits are often used. The
1752:"AFRICA - Explore the Regions - Swahili Coast"
661:, the administration being transferred to the
2347:
1998:The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1192:The primary religion of the Swahili coast is
998:include mangroves, fishing, and crustaceans.
8:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
550:, which had a mission to colonize the area.
1869:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 585.
872:. Trade in the region decreased during the
668:In 1891, after it became apparent that the
633:In 1886, the British government encouraged
326:A 1572 depiction of the city of Kilwa from
3439:
2538:
2354:
2340:
2332:
763:United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar
21:
2019:
2009:
1964:
625:seized power. The British instead wanted
460:, the Portuguese retreated to the south.
2068:"The Story of Africa| BBC World Service"
808:network has been likened to that of the
749:was overthrown a month later during the
514:
321:
1287:
1073:is the Zanzibar Archipelago's main city
144:
91:
47:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
1903:
1746:
1744:
1714:Horton, Mark; Middleton, John (2000).
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
730:. It became a republic a year later.
565:) and the Germans to take present-day
294:helped by regular yearly rainfall and
1986:
1984:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1309:Southern Africa and the Swahili World
977:close to the Swahili coast including
149:
113:
7:
2115:Zanzibar: Its History and Its People
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
643:Imperial British East Africa Company
571:Imperial British East Africa Company
350:and Sofala and the island-states of
1162:language with heavy influence from
527:and the area of "Muscat and Oman".
3931:Geography of Cabo Delgado Province
1826:. 3 September 2001. Archived from
609:in 1890, Zanzibar itself became a
14:
2092:"Exotic Zanzibar and its seafood"
481:(1806–1856) moved his court from
3862:
3861:
3194:West South Central United States
617:, Britain and Zanzibar fought a
538:to protest. Coinciding with the
374:(plus numerous smaller places).
49:
3409:Latin America and the Caribbean
3275:Latin America and the Caribbean
2278:"History and Origin of Swahili"
1645:Cana, Frank Richardson (1911).
1552:. St. Martin's press. pp.
1491:from the original on 2021-12-15
532:Society for German Colonization
2247:. Swahililanguage.stanford.edu
588:, which was suppressed by the
440:of Portugal's key foothold at
270:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1:
2011:10.1080/15564894.2016.1188334
1863:Rodriguez, Junius P. (2007).
1578:"Brief History of Fort Jesus"
1150:and the national language of
755:People's Republic of Zanzibar
704:after which it was held as a
260:and is derived from the word
2876:Middle East and North Africa
2581:Middle East and North Africa
2113:Ingrams, William H. (1967),
1951:Perkins, John (2015-12-25).
1078:Zanzibar became part of the
573:took over administration of
330:and Frans Hogenberg's atlas
1779:The Rough Guide to Tanzania
1648:"British East Africa"
281:in the early 21st century.
3962:
3911:Coasts of the Indian Ocean
3169:Northeastern United States
1820:"Focus on the slave trade"
1775:Finke, Jens (2010-01-04).
1546:Kevin Shillington (1995).
1392:World History Encyclopedia
1132:
1055:
1010:
888:
776:
670:German East Africa Company
599:Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty
582:German East Africa Company
548:German East Africa Company
3857:
2044:"Historic Sites of Kilwa"
1910:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
816:, spices and cotton from
791:Map of Indian Ocean trade
502:the island's slave labour
470:slave market in 1860, by
57:
48:
3946:Indian Ocean slave trade
3650:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
2654:Transantarctic Mountains
1421:Kilwa Kisiwani, Tanzania
1196:. Initially, unorthodox
936:, a city of present-day
891:Indian Ocean slave trade
820:, and black pepper from
765:, which became known as
659:East Africa Protectorate
597:With the signing of the
559:East Africa Protectorate
332:Civitates orbis terrarum
28:
3399:Caribbean South America
1658:Encyclopædia Britannica
1631:Encyclopædia Britannica
1609:Encyclopædia Britannica
1516:Encyclopædia Britannica
993:in addition to distant
743:constitutional monarchy
177:) is a coastal area of
3179:Southern United States
2982:Scandinavian Peninsula
2231:East African Community
2158:Gates, Henry Louis Jr.
1634:(11th ed.). 1911.
1612:(11th ed.). 1911.
1519:(11th ed.). 1911.
1189:
1100:
1074:
792:
520:
474:
335:
174:
31:
3655:Antarctic Convergence
3199:Western United States
2316:africa.uima.uiowa.edu
1966:10.4000/afriques.1769
1806:BBC Kilwa Pot Sherds
1718:. Oxford: Blackwell.
1187:
1098:
1069:
1062:Sultanate of Zanzibar
804:. The Indian Ocean's
790:
783:Monsoon of South Asia
735:declared independence
525:Sultanate of Zanzibar
518:
466:
423:Afonso de Albuquerque
405:routes that used the
389:and the port city of
325:
185:and inhabited by the
3941:Zanzibar slave trade
2721:Greater Central Asia
2048:World Monuments Fund
1925:Asquith, Christina.
1582:www.mombasa-city.com
1266:Swahili architecture
747:Jamshid bin Abdullah
690:East Africa Campaign
611:British protectorate
419:Francisco de Almeida
387:Island of Mozambique
3921:African slave trade
3867:Continents of Earth
3394:Brazilian Highlands
2803:Indian subcontinent
2664:Antarctic Peninsula
2462:Southern Hemisphere
2457:Northern Hemisphere
1698:Zanzibar Act 1963:
1220:The earliest known
1116:and many different
751:Zanzibar Revolution
639:African Great Lakes
627:Hamoud bin Mohammed
623:Khalid bin Barghash
555:African Great Lakes
544:Scramble for Africa
73: /
32:Pwani ya Waswahili
3896:Historical regions
3682:Great Barrier Reef
3303:Mainland Australia
3011:Apennine Peninsula
2472:Western Hemisphere
2447:Eastern Hemisphere
2282:www.swahilihub.com
1190:
1101:
1075:
959:Indian Ocean trade
793:
779:Indian Ocean trade
773:Indian Ocean trade
769:six months later.
708:trust territory.
674:German East Africa
651:German East Africa
615:Hamad bin Thuwaini
591:Kaiserliche Marine
580:The same year the
521:
475:
336:
248:or Zingion in the
181:, bordered by the
175:Pwani ya Waswahili
77:6.8113°S 39.2844°E
3926:Regions of Africa
3916:Islam and slavery
3883:
3882:
3763:Mediterranean Rim
3636:
3635:
3575:Mediterranean Sea
3429:
3428:
3382:Amazon Rainforest
3209:Canadian Prairies
3174:Pacific Northwest
3035:Iberian Peninsula
2820:Arabian Peninsula
2647:Antarctic Plateau
2407:Three/Four Worlds
1840:Suzuki, Hideaki.
1549:History of Africa
1443:(3 November 2012)
1320:A. Lodhi (2000),
913:Mediterranean Sea
694:League of Nations
676:directly. During
635:William Mackinnon
540:Berlin Conference
489:on the island of
383:Cape of Good Hope
163:
162:
3953:
3906:Cultural regions
3901:Southeast Africa
3865:
3864:
3844:Global Southwest
3839:Global Southeast
3829:Global Northwest
3824:Global Northeast
3814:Global Heartland
3758:Indian Ocean Rim
3440:
3332:Island Melanesia
3023:Balkan Peninsula
2798:Himalayan states
2745:Russian Far East
2539:
2467:Water Hemisphere
2356:
2349:
2342:
2333:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2308:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2284:. Archived from
2274:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2023:
2013:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1968:
1948:
1935:
1934:
1929:. Archived from
1922:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:isbn:1405380187.
1782:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1756:www.thirteen.org
1748:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1711:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1650:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1605:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1479:
1460:
1457:
1444:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1416:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1383:
1332:
1318:
1312:
1305:
1299:
1292:
1135:Swahili language
536:Bargash bin Said
472:Edwin Stocqueler
296:animal husbandry
88:
87:
85:
84:
83:
82:-6.8113; 39.2844
78:
74:
71:
70:
69:
66:
53:
43:
42:
34:
22:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3936:Slavery in Oman
3886:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3853:
3795:
3772:
3739:
3703:
3632:
3621:South China Sea
3530:
3473:Central America
3425:
3358:
3279:
3231:Northern Mexico
3219:Northern Canada
3204:Atlantic Canada
3159:Mountain states
3085:
2940:European Russia
2933:Southern Russia
2889:
2842:Iranian Plateau
2670:
2659:West Antarctica
2642:East Antarctica
2628:
2528:
2476:
2452:Land Hemisphere
2433:
2373:
2360:
2330:
2329:
2320:
2318:
2310:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2289:
2276:
2275:
2264:
2250:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2211:
2209:
2207:www.mwambao.com
2201:
2200:
2196:
2182:
2160:, eds. (1999),
2152:
2151:
2147:
2133:
2125:, p. 162,
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2076:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2042:
2041:
2037:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1950:
1949:
1938:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1835:
1830:on 25 May 2017.
1818:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1524:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1492:
1481:
1480:
1463:
1458:
1447:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1406:
1397:
1395:
1387:"Swahili Coast"
1385:
1384:
1335:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1271:Kilwa Sultanate
1261:Swahili culture
1242:
1218:
1182:
1137:
1131:
1093:
1080:Omani sultanate
1064:
1056:Main articles:
1054:
1021:Although today
1019:
1013:Kilwa Sultanate
1011:Main articles:
1009:
973:There are many
971:
969:Coastal islands
955:
893:
887:
785:
777:Main articles:
775:
713:Colony of Kenya
649:via Mombasa to
586:Abushiri revolt
479:Said bin Sultan
458:Saif bin Sultan
340:Kilwa Sultanate
287:
250:Greco-Roman era
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
107:
103:
99:
81:
79:
75:
72:
67:
64:
62:
60:
59:
44:
36:
29:
27:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3959:
3957:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3888:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3875:Physical Earth
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3714:
3712:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3687:Mariana Trench
3684:
3674:
3669:
3667:Atlantic Ocean
3664:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3646:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3628:Southern Ocean
3625:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3616:East China Sea
3608:
3607:
3606:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3550:Atlantic Ocean
3547:
3541:
3539:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3368:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3354:Remote Oceania
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3289:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3224:Western Canada
3221:
3216:
3214:Eastern Canada
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3003:
2998:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2928:South Caucasus
2925:
2923:North Caucasus
2915:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2830:South Caucasus
2822:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2699:Aralkum Desert
2696:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2597:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2490:Africa-Eurasia
2486:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2327:
2298:
2262:
2236:
2218:
2194:
2180:
2145:
2131:
2105:
2083:
2059:
2035:
2004:(2): 211–237.
1980:
1936:
1933:on 2016-03-06.
1917:
1882:
1876:978-0313332739
1875:
1855:
1846:
1833:
1811:
1799:
1789:
1767:
1740:
1731:
1724:
1703:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1653:Chisholm, Hugh
1637:
1615:
1593:
1569:
1563:978-0312125981
1562:
1538:
1522:
1500:
1461:
1445:
1441:The Economist
1432:
1404:
1333:
1329:978-9173463775
1313:
1300:
1286:
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2288:on 2016-06-21
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2245:"HOME – Home"
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2072:www.bbc.co.uk
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619:38-minute war
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607:German Empire
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510:Dar es Salaam
507:
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452:) in 1698 by
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379:Vasco da Gama
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272:and works by
271:
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223:Dar es Salaam
220:
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168:
167:Swahili coast
159:
156:
154:
151: •
146:Ethnic groups
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
119:Dar es Salaam
117:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
86:
58:Coordinates:
56:
52:
40:
33:
26:Swahili coast
23:
3873: /
3871:List of seas
3869: /
3834:Global South
3819:Global North
3753:Atlantic Rim
3692:Ring of Fire
3672:Indian Ocean
3662:Arctic Ocean
3604:Persian Gulf
3599:Indian Ocean
3580:Adriatic Sea
3545:Arctic Ocean
3377:Amazon Basin
3372:Amazon Plain
3344:Near Oceania
3149:Mid-Atlantic
3099:Aridoamerica
3059:Northwestern
2972:Northwestern
2945:Southeastern
2837:Greater Iran
2776:Southeastern
2771:Pacific Asia
2740:Pacific Asia
2728:Northeastern
2684:Asia–Pacific
2427:Fourth World
2417:Second World
2319:. Retrieved
2315:
2290:. Retrieved
2286:the original
2281:
2256:
2249:. Retrieved
2239:
2221:
2210:. Retrieved
2206:
2197:
2162:
2148:
2114:
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2094:. 2011-05-21
2086:
2075:. Retrieved
2071:
2062:
2051:. Retrieved
2047:
2038:
2001:
1997:
1956:
1931:the original
1920:
1895:. Retrieved
1885:
1865:
1858:
1849:
1841:
1836:
1828:the original
1814:
1802:
1794:
1778:
1770:
1759:. Retrieved
1755:
1734:
1715:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1656:
1640:
1629:
1618:
1607:
1596:
1585:. Retrieved
1581:
1572:
1548:
1541:
1514:
1503:
1493:, retrieved
1483:
1440:
1435:
1425:, retrieved
1420:
1396:. Retrieved
1390:
1321:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1290:
1276:Omani Empire
1226:Muslim world
1219:
1216:Architecture
1191:
1138:
1102:
1076:
1020:
972:
956:
921:Indian Ocean
894:
802:Indian Ocean
794:
761:to form the
739:
732:
728:Commonwealth
721:
710:
702:World War II
667:
655:protectorate
632:
601:between the
596:
589:
579:
552:
529:
522:
477:Omani ruler
476:
438:Arab seizure
435:
407:Persian Gulf
376:
337:
331:
313:
305:
288:
279:secessionism
266:
264:("coasts").
261:
254:Zanj or Zinj
243:
193:(located in
183:Indian Ocean
166:
164:
115:Major cities
3849:Global West
3809:Global East
3768:Pacific Rim
3710:waterbodies
3699:World Ocean
3524:New Zealand
3404:The Guianas
3293:Australasia
3236:West Indies
3164:New England
3144:Great Lakes
3114:Mesoamerica
3001:Middle East
2977:Scandinavia
2866:Middle East
2704:Caspian Sea
2610:Great Lakes
2590:Sub-Saharan
2576:Middle East
2439:Hemispheres
2422:Third World
2412:First World
2365:'s primary
2172:Basic Books
1783:. Penguin.
1331:, pp. 72-84
1251:Sea of Zanj
1234:door frames
1148:East Africa
1037:Ibn Battuta
942:East Africa
885:Slave trade
798:city-states
688:during the
678:World War I
647:River Jubba
498:plantations
433:, by 1515.
403:spice trade
381:around the
328:Georg Braun
292:agriculture
274:Ibn Battuta
207:Pate Island
179:East Africa
80: /
3890:Categories
3590:Ionian Sea
3585:Aegean Sea
3555:Baltic Sea
3487:Antarctica
3339:Micronesia
3308:New Guinea
3266:Portuguese
3189:West Coast
3139:East Coast
3134:Bible Belt
3129:Appalachia
2808:Subregions
2716:Inner Asia
2634:Antarctica
2534:Continents
2507:Antarctica
2482:Landmasses
2392:Down Under
2387:Arab World
2371:subregions
2321:2019-10-31
2292:2019-10-31
2212:2019-10-31
2077:2018-03-30
2053:2018-03-30
2021:2263/56148
1897:2016-03-23
1761:2019-10-31
1725:063118919X
1587:2022-04-03
1495:2019-10-30
1427:2019-10-30
1398:2019-11-14
1311:(2002), 6.
1282:References
1071:Stone Town
1046:Portuguese
759:Tanganyika
724:Tanganyika
698:Tanganyika
487:Stone Town
442:Fort Jesus
372:Mozambique
195:Mozambique
105:Mozambique
68:39°17′04″E
3786:Antarctic
3570:Irish Sea
3560:Black Sea
3519:Australia
3468:Caribbean
3445:continent
3419:Patagonia
3349:Polynesia
3327:Melanesia
3320:Zealandia
3298:Australia
3184:Southwest
3104:Caribbean
2881:Near East
2522:submerged
2517:Zealandia
2512:Australia
2402:Old World
2397:New World
2141:186237036
2123:Routledge
2030:1556-4894
1975:2108-6796
1169:loanwords
1110:shellfish
1000:Mangroves
917:Silk Road
858:Phoenicia
822:Sri Lanka
810:Silk Road
348:Inhambane
252:, and as
121:(Mzizima)
93:Countries
65:6°48′41″S
3313:Tasmania
3261:Hispanic
3124:Northern
3071:Germanic
3049:Atlantic
2991:Southern
2952:Northern
2918:Caucasus
2854:Dead Sea
2825:Caucasus
2793:Southern
2786:Maritime
2781:Mainland
2754:Northern
2735:Far East
2694:Aral Sea
2617:Southern
2561:Northern
2258:million.
2203:"dishes"
2190:41649745
2168:New York
2119:Abingdon
1906:cite web
1489:archived
1240:See also
1230:minarets
1180:Religion
1156:Tanzania
1129:Language
1114:coconuts
1058:Zanzibar
1052:Zanzibar
1041:Moroccan
1032:Zimbabwe
979:Zanzibar
767:Tanzania
605:and the
567:Tanzania
542:and the
468:Zanzibar
448:(now in
415:caravans
399:Far East
360:Zanzibar
352:Mombassa
317:Shirazis
235:Zanzibar
231:Tanzania
140:Zanzibar
97:Tanzania
3514:Oceania
3502:by area
3458:America
3435:Islands
3285:Oceania
3154:Midwest
3109:Central
3076:Romance
3044:Western
2913:Balkans
2908:Eastern
2903:Central
2871:Mashriq
2815:Western
2759:Siberia
2711:Eastern
2689:Central
2622:Western
2595:Central
2571:Mashriq
2566:Maghreb
2556:Saharan
2502:America
2495:Eurasia
2367:regions
2251:19 July
2098:11 June
1655:(ed.).
1222:Mosques
1206:amulets
1198:Muslims
1142:is the
1140:Swahili
1091:Culture
1028:Banadir
995:Comoros
975:islands
925:Red Sea
897:slavery
879:monsoon
866:Somalia
854:Sumeria
850:Assyria
834:daggers
575:Mombasa
411:Red Sea
395:Mombasa
344:Malindi
285:History
262:sawahil
239:Comoros
221:); and
215:Malindi
199:Mombasa
171:Swahili
158:Swahili
128:Mombasa
124:Malindi
109:Comoros
39:Swahili
3801:Global
3791:Arctic
3730:Rivers
3708:Other
3642:Oceans
3497:Europe
3453:Africa
3246:French
3119:Middle
3081:Slavic
3066:Celtic
2967:Nordic
2957:Baltic
2895:Europe
2849:Levant
2543:Africa
2379:Worlds
2188:
2178:
2154:Appiah
2139:
2129:
2028:
1973:
1873:
1787:
1722:
1560:
1327:
1298:> .
1164:Arabic
1122:Arabic
1118:spices
927:, and
907:, and
905:Africa
901:Europe
870:Persia
868:, and
862:Arabia
842:Greece
830:swords
657:, the
500:using
491:Unguja
483:Muscat
456:ruler
427:Sofala
391:Sofala
368:Comoro
258:Arabic
246:Azania
213:, and
191:Sofala
132:Sofala
35:
3778:Polar
3723:lists
3718:Lakes
3537:ocean
3256:Ibero
3251:Latin
3241:Anglo
2363:Earth
1959:(6).
1651:. In
1210:Quran
1208:with
1202:Sunni
1194:Islam
1173:Arabs
1160:Bantu
1152:Kenya
1023:Kilwa
1007:Kilwa
987:Mafia
983:Kilwa
963:Sindh
953:Coins
934:Basra
899:from
838:Egypt
826:paper
818:India
814:China
806:trade
563:Kenya
561:(now
495:clove
454:Omani
450:Kenya
431:Kilwa
364:Mafia
356:Pemba
300:Bantu
227:Kilwa
219:Kenya
153:Bantu
101:Kenya
19:Place
3735:Seas
3492:Asia
2764:Ural
2676:Asia
2605:Horn
2600:East
2369:and
2253:2016
2186:OCLC
2176:ISBN
2137:OCLC
2127:ISBN
2100:2011
2026:ISSN
1971:ISSN
1912:link
1871:ISBN
1785:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1325:ISBN
1246:Zanj
1154:and
1108:and
1106:Fish
1084:Oman
1060:and
1039:, a
1015:and
991:Lamu
989:and
938:Iraq
909:Asia
846:Rome
832:and
781:and
717:Witu
684:and
506:Zanj
429:and
421:and
413:and
370:and
309:Zanj
237:and
229:(in
225:and
217:(in
211:Lamu
203:Gede
165:The
136:Lamu
3745:Rim
3535:By
3443:By
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2006:doi
1961:doi
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