History of Eswatini - Knowledge (XXG)

380:, Chief Ntengu Mbokane and two other officers representing the South African Republic and Britain and a provisional council to oversee administration of the country especially concession and affairs of European residents of the country. A concessions court was established to see which concessions were valid and which were dubious. The organic proclamation was followed by the London convention of 1894 which settled the matter over Swaziland. The Swazi proclamation supporting this convention was resisted for a while since its proposal in 1893 and was signed by the Queen Regent and Swazi Council in December 1894. In this convention, the status of Swaziland, its people and the Kings were recognised as in the 1884 convention. However, for the administrative affairs of Swaziland it would be a protected state of the Transvaal republic with guarantees on the rights of Swazi people in their country and their system of governance. This administration, led by Krogh, went on until the 365:'s article XII continued to recognise Swaziland as an independent country with Mbandzeni as its King. However, in the years between 1885 and 1889, as more concessions were granted, the population of Europeans in Swaziland increased. Unease with some concessionaires led to Mbandzeni to request British intervention. In addition to this, Boer encroachments, especially in 1887, increased the intensity of these requests. The situation in the country continued to deteriorate as some raids, cattle rustling and stealing of children from Swazi villages by Boers continued. Britain refused intervention on the grounds that there was presence of European residents not of British extraction and concessions held at the time by the South African Republic in areas such as tax collection, postal services which should be in the control of a State government. 282: 658:. By late December, Smuts contacted the military secretary office of Kitchener concerning the Swaziland situation. Smuts had secured the position of Resident Commissioner of Swaziland, though the British had no actual authority over the area. He attempted to convince Kitchener it was time to establish a permanent military presence in Swaziland and put Smuts in charge of the area. Kitchener had a different view. Starting his own correspondence with Labotsibeni, Kitchener insisted on three points: first, the Swazi were still required to not take part in the war; second, no British forces would be sent into Swaziland unless the area faced a Boer invasion; and third, the Swazis were now directly under the authority of the 274: 1109: 751:

increasingly impoverished, however, they had turned their attention to the cattle of the Swazi. Labotsibeni complained to both sides that this unit consisted of common robbers occupying Bremersdorp. Botha responded by sending a Commando unit against the Horse, with orders to avoid antagonizing the Swazi in any way. The Swazi National Council agreed to let them pass. Between 21 and 23 July 1901, the Ermelo Commandos succeeded in forcing most of the "Steinaecker's Horse" forces to retreat, capturing about 35 men, killing or wounding a few and burning Bremersdorp to the ground.

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Swazi objections, issued a Native Authorities Proclamation constituting the paramount chief or Ingwenyama and King to the Swazis, as the British called the king, as the native authority for the territory to issue legally enforceable orders to the Swazis, subject to restrictions and directions from the resident commissioner. Under pressure from royal non-cooperation, this proclamation was revised in 1952 to grant the Swazi paramount chief a degree of autonomy unprecedented in British

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Swaziland under their administration. By September, Smuts had gained some support from civil authorities but not from military ones, since Roberts did not want to devote any of his forces to an invasion or occupation of the area. Nevertheless, Smuts attempted some diplomatic contacts with the Swazi, which were not particularly successful. The individual Smuts met for discussions refused to give any information on the internal affairs of Swaziland or Boer activities.

1656:(PUDEMO), criticized the king and his government, calling for 'democratic reforms'. In response to this political threat and to growing popular calls for greater accountability within government, the king and the prime minister initiated an ongoing national debate on the constitutional and political future of Swaziland. This debate produced a handful of political reforms, approved by the king, including direct and indirect voting, in 215:. Somhlolo was a strategic leader between 1815 and 1839 a period including the Mfecane period of Shaka Zulu a Zulu illegitimate child of Senzangakhona who created his kingdom from the Mtetwa polity established by Dingiswayo. Sobhuza used his diplomatic skills to avoid conflict with Shaka by allying with him when it suited him. As a result, Swaziland was left unaffected by the Mfecane wars. Somhlolo was succeeded in 1839 by his son 1603: 564:. Several of the dead had close ties to the colonial authorities. Joubert had to assure worried commanders that Swaziland was not turning against them. Indeed, spies reported that Bhunu feared he had been bewitched. He was striking against whomever he suspected of the deed. On 10 December 1899, Bhunu died due to a serious illness. He had blamed it on sorcery, though contemporaries suspect it was alcohol-induced. His mother 5128: 160: 632:, a high-ranking military officer, was also convinced to start diplomatic contacts with the Queen. His representatives were to persuade the queen-regent of three things: first, the need to prevent the Boers from occupying the mountains of the area; secondly, the necessity of formally appealing for British protection; and third, to make clear that the indiscriminate murders in Swaziland would have to end. 5138: 1134: 1173: 30: 2587: 1673:

more reforms. Public protests by civic organizations and trade unions became more common. Improvements in SACU receipts from 2012 onwards, eased the fiscal pressure on the Swazi government. The new parliament, the second since promulgation of the constitution, was elected on 20 September 2013. This saw the reappointment of Sibusiso Dlamini, by the king, as prime minister for the third time.

651:, Mozambique, the Boers had to send messengers through Swaziland. This was difficult since British forces were allowed to pass through certain Swazi areas. By November 1900, the Queen was able to assure both Roberts and Smuts that she "was doing her best to drive Boers out of her country." A few armed burghers and their African allies, hostile to her government, were still active at times. 411: 266: 747:

into their territory and partly to their fear of Boer reprisals. That is what the Boers would do when the British eventually left. Allenby himself refused to allow large numbers of armed Swazis to join his column, though he still used a few of them as guides. Smuts finally entered Swaziland during this month, though unable to establish his authority over any British forces.

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constitution does not clearly deal with the status of political parties. The first election under the new constitution took place in 2008. Members of parliament were elected from 55 constituencies (also known as tinkhundla). These MPs served five-year terms which ended in 2013. In 2011, Swaziland suffered an economic crisis, due to reduced

1575:, was named heir to the Swazi throne. Real power at this time was concentrated in the Liqoqo, a supreme traditional advisory body that claimed to give binding advice to the Queen Regent. In October 1985, Queen Regent Ntombi demonstrated her power by dismissing the leading figures of the Liqoqo. Prince Makhosetive returned from school in 1664:

of imports coming from South Africa and 37% of exports going to South Africa. Swaziland, along with Lesotho, Botswana and South Africa continued to be members of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). State revenues were heavily dependent on the Customs Union's remittances which were between 48.3% and 67.1% between 1981 and 1987.

128:. Dlamini III was a king or iNgwenyama of the Swazi people and he led them approximately between 1720 until 1744. Working with his senior adviser Chief Gadlela Mbokane. King Dlamini III was the father to Ngwane III the first King of modern Swaziland. Continuing conflict with the Ndwandwe people pushed them further north, with 171:. The Ngwane Kingdom was thus established during the rule of Ngwane III from around 1745 until 1780. The early Swazi people emigrated from the Lubombo mountains where Swazi rulers were established, to the banks of the Pongola River. The leader, Ngwane III established the Swazi settlements here near the Ndwandwe Kingdom. 739:. Ntshingila later denied any involvement in the massacre. In any case, the incident terrified several other Boers. Between 8 and 11 March, about 70 burghers and various women and children chose to surrender to Allenby rather than face the Swazis. The British nevertheless warned Labotsibeni to cease further massacres. 548:, the seat of a magistrate. The Commandos burned the abandoned post and a nearby shop to the ground. Then Joaquim Ferreira led them towards Ingwavuma. The village was not better guarded and had to also be evacuated. The Swaziland Commando burned it to the ground, while the magistrate and his people escaped to 746:

corresponded with Kitchener, complaining that British officers were inducing the Swazis to fight against the Boers. Claiming the result was the indiscriminate murders of Burghers, women and children by Swazi commandos. Allenby attributed the killings partly to Swazi anxiety to counter Boer incursions

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receipts. This led to the government of Swaziland to request a loan from neighbouring South Africa. However, the Swazi government did not agree with the conditions of the loan, which included political reforms. During this period, there was increased pressure on the Swaziland government to carry out

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The economy and the population of Swaziland continued to grow in the 1980s. The average economic growth was 3.3% annual growth between 1985 and 1993. Annual population growth was at approximately 3% during the same period. Swaziland's 1980s economy continued to be dependent on South Africa, with 90%

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In 1903, following the British victory in the Anglo-Boer war, Swaziland became a British protectorate. Much of its early administration (for example, postal services) was carried out from South Africa until 1906 when the Transvaal colony was granted self-government. Eswatini regained independence on

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established nominal British suzerainty over the re-established Transvaal State; article 24 guaranteed the independence of Swaziland, its boundary and Swazi people in their country as recognised by both Britain and the Transvaal. Under this convention, the Swazi territory was reduced in size, leaving

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In 1921, the British established Swaziland's first legislative body — a European Advisory Council (EAC) of elected White representatives with the task of advising the British Resident Commissioner on non-Swazi affairs. In 1944, the Commissioner reconstituted the basis and role of the EAC, and, over

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to remain calm and not involve themselves in the conflict. Bhunu instead found himself unrestricted from colonial authorities for the first time. He soon felt free to settle old scores with political enemies. News of the violent deaths of diplomat Mnkonkoni Kunene and several others in time reached

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started in 1899. Ngwane V who had been chosen as crown prince following Mbandzeni's death in 1889 was crowned in 1895 after the London Convention. In 1898 he was allegedly responsible for the death of his advisors Mbaba Nsibandze, Chief Mbokane and two of his aides. In response, he was charged with

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Leading up to independence, the INM had solidified its political base. Having done this, the INM incorporated many demands of the more radical parties, especially that of immediate independence. In 1966, the UK Government agreed to discuss a new constitution. A constitutional committee agreed on a

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and its area. A number of Boers fled into Swaziland, only to have the Swazi disarm them and confiscate their cattle. The end of South African presence in the area left open the question of what to do with Swaziland. Smuts had been campaigning since May to convince the British authorities to place

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in 1872, was chosen by inkhosikati LaMgadlela Khumalo as her adopted son and hence a crown prince. However threats existed from prince Mbilini who had married one of Ntengu Mbokane's daughters, and Mbandzeni's half brother and one of the sons of Mswati who was a pretender to the throne and allied

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to prepare Swaziland for complete independence. Political activity intensified in the early 1960s. Several political parties were formed and jostled for power and economic development. However, the parties were largely urban and had few ties to the rural areas, where most Swazis still lived. The

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entered Swaziland. Under Lt. Col. Henry, this force managed to locate and capture the transport convoy of the Piet Retief Commandos. About 65 Boers were captured in the operation. The remnants of the Commandos retreated towards the southern border of Swaziland, only to be captured by the British

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Swazi regiments were roaming the country during the internal conflicts. The South African authorities were worried that the violence could expand towards the south-western border of Swaziland, where Boer farms were cultivated by women and children. They had the farms evacuated and the population

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became the King. The kingship of Ndvungunye continued the order established by Ngwane III from 1780 until 1815 when he was killed by lightning. He was succeeded by Ngwane IV after the regency of Queen Regent Lomvula Mndzebele. Ngwane IV was also known as Sobhuza I and Somhlolo a revered king of

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The 1990s saw a rise in student and labor protests pressuring the king to introduce reforms. Thus, progress toward constitutional reforms began, culminating with the introduction of the current Swaziland constitution in 2005. This happened despite objections by political activists. The current

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The constitution for independent Swaziland was promulgated by Britain in November 1963 under the terms of which legislative and executive councils were established. This development was opposed by the Swazi National Council (Liqoqo). Despite such opposition, elections took place and the first

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In response to the NNLC's showing, King Sobhuza repealed the 1968 constitution on 12 April 1973 and dissolved parliament. He assumed all powers of government and prohibited all political activities and trade unions from operating. He justified his actions as having removed alien and divisive

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The presence of regular British troops allowed the queen-regent to present to them her concerns over an irregular unit, "Steinaecker's Horse." Created early in the war as a unit of adventurers and mercenaries under British command, they were well known for looting Boer property. With the Boer

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As part of the Nguni expansion southwards, the Swazis crossed the Limpopo River and settled in southern Tongaland (today in southern Mozambique near Maputo) in the late fifteenth century. The Ngwane people are recorded as having entered the present territory of Swaziland around the year 1600.

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indicate that the Swazis were acting as "a ninth column, commanded by the Queen of the Swazis." On 8 March 1901, remnants of the Piet Retief Commandos, accompanied by women and children, were attacked by forces supposedly under Chief Ntshingila Simelano. The latter consisted of about 40 men,

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The British had their own concerns about Swaziland. They suspected that supplies from Mozambique could be smuggled to the Boers through Swaziland. Queen-regent Labotsibeni was however attempting to maintain neutrality in the wider conflict, pre-occupied with securing the throne. Her grandson

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was chosen by the Swazis National Council instead, and King Mbandzeni appointed Chief Manzini Mbokane as one of his leading tribal advisors. Chief Manzini Mbokane was a father of Ntengu Mbokane, and Chief Mbokane was the leader of the King's Advisory Council, which was later called Liqoqo.

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chiefs. Mswati made land grants in 1855 to the Lydenburg Republic though the wording of the sale is vague. The Boers at the time were fairly weak and could not act upon the land concession. Mswati continued to fight with other African tribes across the land and beyond in areas such as

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the crime and during this time he fled to British Zululand, returning on guaranteed for his safety. On his return he was charged with a lesser crime of public disturbance and was fined 500 pounds. In addition, his judicial powers were reduced. The following year, in October 1899, the

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and his Inner Council, formed the Imbokodvo National Movement (INM), a political group that capitalized on its close identification with the Swazi way of life. Responding to pressure for political change, the protectorate government scheduled an election in mid-1964 for the first

1324:, Swazi land was partitioned into a third for the Swazi nation, or reserves, and the remaining two-thirds as crown and commercial land, for European occupation. The partition was carried out in 1909, and Swazis living in European areas were given five years to vacate the land. 861: 863: 862: 849: 853: 854: 860: 859: 856: 850: 848: 857: 846: 845: 844: 843: 847: 627:

assured her that the British had not forgotten about the Swazi and British representatives would reliably return to Swaziland at an early date. The message might have reflected Smuts' own ambitions but his authority on such matters was rather questionable. But

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in the company of about 350 burghers and 70 wagons, attended the ceremony. During this period, Britain annexed the Transvaal (1877 to 1881). In 1879, the same year as the Zulu war, Mbandzeni aided the British who were now controlling the Transvaal to defeat

230:. During his reign, the territory of Swaziland was expanded northward and his capital was at Hhohho in the northern part of Swaziland. Mswati improved the military organisation of the regiments in Swaziland. His regiment was Inyatsi and he danced the sacred 669:

In December 1900 – January 1901, there were reports that retreating Boers were attempting to flee through Swaziland. Eight British columns were sent to either force the Boer commandos to surrender or flee to Swaziland. A certain column under

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was influenced by British and Dutch rule of Southern Africa in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1881 the British government signed a convention recognising Swazi independence. However, in 1894, a convention placed Swaziland under the

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King Sobhuza II died in August 1982, and Queen Regent Dzeliwe assumed the duties of the head of state. In 1984, an internal dispute led to the replacement of the prime minister and eventual replacement of Dzeliwe by a new Queen Regent

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unit moved against a British police post at Kwaliweni. The South African unit counted about 200 burghers, while the outpost only had 20 men. Bhunu managed to warn the police post of the approaching attack. The police retreated towards

604:, in particular Prince Masumphe. Masumphe was a cousin of Bhunu and had been a rival candidate for the throne since 1889. His line of the family maintained close relations with the Boers, the Prince himself having been educated at 305:

reached the western hinterland of Swaziland in the 1840s. By 1845 about 300 Boer families had settled in Ohristad with more families in Lydenburg. Two deeds of sale dated 1846 and 1855 indicate the sale of Swazi territory to the

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at Hhohho instead of the common Ezulwini valley as his predecessors. Mswati was a powerful king who attacked other African tribes to acquire cattle and captives. Within Swaziland, his force was used to limit the power of the

136:, the Ngwane people eventually established their capital at Zombodze in the heartland of present-day Swaziland. In this process, they conquered and incorporated the long established clans of the country known to the Swazi as 69:. Mswati II was the greatest of the fighting kings of Eswatini, and he greatly extended the area of the country to twice its current size. The people of Eswatini largely belong to a number of clans that can be categorized as 1688:. During the tenure of both Obed and Mbilini there was growing labor militancy which culminated in a major general strike in 1997 led by the SFTU. Following the labor action, Prince Mbilini was replaced as prime minister by 588:, started issuing orders discouraging any sheep-herders from entering Swaziland. On 18 April 1900, any such entry was forbidden. The Swaziland Commando were by that point far from their initial home base, fighting along the 516:(Bhunu) was informed that the area would be left in his care during the absence of the White residents. The Swaziland Police under Sgt Opperman started practicing for war while issuing rifles and ammunition to remaining 701:

Joined by armed Swazis, the two regiments were able to capture about 30 Boers in an initial skirmish. However heavy rains soon slowed their advance through the country. On 28 February 1901, 200 other men of the British

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in 1873. In addition, the Transvaal Boers wanted to assert their authority over Swaziland by supporting Mbandzeni. Indeed, in Mbandzeni's coronation Rudolf, the Resident Magistrate of Ladysmith and former landdrost of

1320:. Such decrees were formulated in close consultation with the resident commissioners, who in turn took informal and formal advice from White settler interests and the Swazi king. In 1907, during the residency of 5115: 203:) to move his capital from Zombodze in Shiselweni to the centre of Swaziland at another kraal called Zombodze. Somhlolo who became king in 1815 consolidated the order of the Ngwane state by incorporating the 842: 1563:

political practices incompatible with the Swazi way of life. In January 1979, a new parliament was convened, chosen partly through indirect elections and partly through direct appointment by the king.

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proceeded all the way to the Swaziland border, managing to capture several Boer wagons and large numbers of cattle and sheep on 9 February 1901. Most of the captured Boers were sent to the

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in which the Swazis would participate. In the election, the INM and four other parties, most having more radical platforms, competed in the election. The INM won all 24 elective seats.

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in the north and included the Nomahasha district in the Portuguese territory of Mozambique. Mswati continued to expand Swazi territory and the clans added to the nation were considered

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and to dismantle his kingdom. In return for his assistance, Swaziland's independence was to be guaranteed perpetually and Swaziland would be protected from Boer and Zulu encroachment.

147:) lived around the present-day Tembe River near Maputo, Mozambique. Dlamini I was able to increase his followers by conquering many clans along the Lubombo after departure from Tembe. 3331: 1741:

announced that the Kingdom of Swaziland had renamed itself the Kingdom of Eswatini to mark the 50th anniversary of Swazi independence. The new name, Eswatini, means "land of the

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of Eswatini. In 2018, during the 50th independence day celebration, the king announced the official renaming of the country from the Anglicized Swaziland to its Siswati form

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was constituted on 9 September 1964. Changes to the original constitution proposed by the Legislative Council were accepted by Britain and a new constitution providing for a

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were in constant conflict with their neighbors, the Ndwandwes. The capital of Ngwane III was in Southern Swaziland in Shiselweni at the foot of the Mhlosheni Mountains near

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including two riflemen. Thirteen Burghers and one African guide were killed, several wounded, and the others were scattered. Some of the survivors later surrendered to the

608:. By May, 1900, the Queen was worried that the Boers would intervene against her in case of a succession dispute. She opened communications with the restored magistrate of 4499: 179:

and Mahamba. Swazis established a polity based on Kingship accompanied by Queen Mothers and during the minority of a crown prince a Queen Regent. Thus when Ngwane died,

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The fall of Komatipoort directly resulted in increased importance of Swaziland for the Boers. To maintain their communications with diplomatic and trade contacts in

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regions of eastern and central Africa. Evidence of agriculture and iron use dates from about the 4th century and people speaking languages ancestral to current

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Throughout the protectorate period from 1903 to 1968, Swaziland was largely governed by a resident commissioner who ruled according to decrees issued by the

1734:. Following this, many governmental and non-governmental bodies, corporations and international organizations changed all mention of Swaziland to Eswatini. 4538: 2907: 4228: 4222: 3324: 4284: 1708:

was drawn up. Elections under this constitution were held in 1967. Following the elections of 1973, the constitution of Swaziland was suspended by King

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Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the

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for a sum of 170 cattle. These deeds at face value seemed to surrender the whole of the Swazi territory to the Dutch. Following the death of King

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Crush, Jonathan S. (1979). "Settler-Estate Production, Monopoly Control, and the Imperial Response: The Case of the Swaziland Corporation Ltd".

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Both the British and the Boers continued to have access to Swaziland with occasional skirmishes occurring. On 8 November 1901, for example, the

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In the early years of indirect rule, the British expected that Swaziland would eventually be incorporated into South Africa. After the

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were still subject to the draft, though unwilling to fight against their own people. Several of them escaped towards Mozambique or the

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had ruled Eswatini for 83 years, making him the longest ruling monarch in history. A regency followed his death, with Queen Regent

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captured 14 burghers near Mahamba. The skirmishes ended in February 1902 with the defeat of the final Boer unit in Swaziland.

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Thereafter during the leadership of Ngwane III Swazis settled present-day Swaziland. These Swazis first settled north of the

2328: 690:. There he was contacted by envoys of the Queen-regent, requesting aid in driving the Boers off her land. In response, the 458: 4844: 4608: 4359: 3697: 3629: 3241: 2760: 2717: 2658: 2528: 1510: 2104: 5162: 4644: 4094: 4018: 3994: 3988: 3345: 3005: 2799: 2561: 1782: 1676:

In 1989, Sotja Dlamini was dismissed from his position as prime minister on 12 July 1989 and was replaced with a former

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and their vicinities had made a practice of trekking their sheep into Swaziland for winter grazing. In January 1900,

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and set up camp there, Henry was pursuing another Boer wagon convoy and Queen-regent Labotsibeni was ordering her

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languages began settling no later than the 11th century. The country now derives its name from a later king named

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It was not long before skirmishes involved the Swaziland forces. On 28 October 1899, the newly formed Swaziland

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Kings, Commoners and Concessionaires: The Evolution and Dissolution of the Nineteenth-Century Swazi State

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Kings, Commoners and Concessionaires: The Evolution and Dissolution of the Nineteenth-Century Swazi State

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is the present monarch of Swaziland since his coronation in 1986, and rules together with Queen Mother

2268: 5090:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 5052: 4870: 4783: 4717: 4695: 4596: 4556: 4465: 4429: 4367: 4292: 4044: 3980: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3095: 2846: 2811: 2636: 2622: 1787: 1559:(NNLC) received slightly more than 20% of the vote which gained the party three seats in parliament. 1242: 938: 691: 671: 529: 377: 336: 248:. His death in 1865 brought about an end to the conquest by the Swazi kings. Mswati was succeeded by 624: 4531: 4334: 4241: 4189: 4076: 4064: 4032: 3944: 3735: 3647: 3195: 3170: 3020: 2995: 2960: 2945: 2865: 2816: 2738: 2648: 2617: 2612: 1705: 1637: 1568: 1411: 1235: 1163: 1052: 731: 712: 686:

was positioned at the southern border of Swaziland. On 14 February, Smith-Dorrien's forces reached

561: 353: 101: 5137: 528:, women and other South African civilians were left heading for various destinations. People with 4777: 4759: 4699: 4590: 4316: 4278: 4254: 4235: 4126: 3673: 3599: 3565: 3464: 3444: 3370: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3180: 3150: 3135: 3120: 3110: 3100: 3065: 3060: 3010: 2955: 2930: 2712: 2228: 2182: 1937: 1929: 1767: 1485: 834: 775: 736: 565: 509: 472: 315: 4723: 4341: 4306: 4038: 3926: 3874: 3868: 3852: 3691: 3685: 3635: 3605: 3535: 3190: 3185: 3125: 3080: 3040: 2935: 2916: 2874: 2841: 2220: 2174: 2141: 1975: 1921: 1854: 1827: 1762: 1249: 1154: 914: 720: 512:. In September 1899, with war considered imminent, the colonists started evacuating the area. 1969: 1821: 5094: 5027: 5019: 5011: 4939: 4850: 4818: 4705: 4505: 4417: 4202: 3728: 3721: 3623: 3508: 3453: 3245: 3165: 3115: 3070: 3055: 3035: 3025: 3000: 2940: 2831: 2586: 2355: 2212: 2166: 1913: 1645: 1484:

in Africa. Also in 1921, after more than twenty years of the regency headed by Queen Regent

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Ngwane V, however, ruled until December of that year, when he died while dancing the sacred

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being head of state until 1984 when she was removed by Liqoqo and replaced by Queen Mother

1579:

to ascend to the throne and help end the continuing internal disputes. He was enthroned as

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became regent. She set about eliminating the surviving advisors and favourites of Bhunu.

389:

began. This led to the discontinuity of Transvaal administration of Swaziland's affairs.

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Beemer, Hilda (2012). "The Development of the Military Organization in Swaziland".

1742: 1721: 1681: 1531: 1502: 948: 918: 755: 589: 577: 556: 290: 241: 172: 50: 1712:

who thereafter ruled the country by decree until his death in 1982. At this point

2449: 2013: 1848: 840: 727:. The burghers had to limit themselves to "the hills of southwestern Swaziland". 707:

forces stationed there. By early March, Smith-Dorrien noted that the Swazis were

132:

establishing his capital at Shiselweni at the foot of the Mhlosheni hills. Under

112:

began settling no later than the 11th century. The Swazi settlers, then known as

5120: 4616: 4517: 4328: 3932: 3832: 3547: 3541: 1750: 934: 926: 743: 636: 620: 521: 428: 410: 2246: 1724:. Mswati III, the son of Ntombi, was crowned king on 25 April 1986 as King and 1172: 635:

The British contacts with the Swazi played a role in advance of their siege of

195:

The conflict of Swaziland and the Ndwandwe kingdom led Somhlolo (also known as

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On 29 November 1900, Roberts was relieved of his command. His replacement was

390: 358: 346: 265: 184: 129: 2224: 2178: 1925: 723:

with several prisoners, while Allenby and his forces reached the vicinity of

600:

was underage and there were other viable candidates for the throne among the

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Scott, Peter (1951). "Land Policy and the Native Population of Swaziland".

1749:, and was partially intended to prevent confusion with the similarly named 1652:

traditional system. In 1988 and 1989, an underground political party, the

719:

to clear their land from the Boers. Henry eventually managed to return to

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South Africa: Further Correspondence Respecting the Affairs of Swaziland

504:(1899–1902). The beginning of the conflict found it administered by the 4876: 4209: 4169: 3762: 3519: 3478: 2232: 2186: 2105:"Neutrality compromised: Swaziland and the Anglo-Boer War, 1899 - 1902" 1933: 1576: 904: 900: 885: 708: 549: 517: 394: 231: 90: 46: 1547:

constitutional monarchy for Swaziland, with self-government to follow

615:

Her messages were passed to the government of Natal and from there to

4886: 4261: 4026: 3804: 3406: 1882: 783: 648: 524:. Most of the British subjects were escorted towards the border with 125: 2885: 2513: 2216: 2170: 1917: 357:

Swazi people as residents of the Transvaal territory in present-day

4387: 4109: 3581: 280: 272: 264: 158: 124:

and prior to that in the area of the Tembe River near present-day

120:), before entering Swaziland had been settled on the banks of the 28: 1586:

on 25 April 1986. Shortly afterwards he abolished the Liqoqo. In

3938: 1551:. Swaziland became independent on 6 September 1968. Swaziland's 716: 372:'s death, the Swazi Government, represented by the Queen Regent 96:. They were largely replaced by the kashian hunter tribe during 4991: 4903: 4640: 4149: 3821: 3496: 3389: 3313: 2889: 2517: 2428:"Even a King Can't Rename a Country Without Some Complications" 1597: 404: 222:

Mswati inherited an area which extended as far as present-day

2329:"Demands for democracy and Tinkhundla tinkerings (1986-1999)" 49:

hunter-gatherers. Later, the population became predominantly

37:

Artifacts indicating human activity dating back to the early

326:, following the death of his half brother, the crown prince 2057:

Further Correspondence Relative to the Affairs of Swaziland

778:, after which he had led an unsuccessful deputation to the 219:

who is known as the greatest of the Swazi fighting kings.

192:. Sobhuza continued to expand the territory of Swaziland. 2327:

Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa.

2293:

Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa.

376:

and the Swazi Council made a proclamation appointing Sir

2111:. South African Military History Society. Archived from 1810:. Cambridge: Cambridge U. Press. See esp. pp. 60, 85–88. 322:

in 1868 attempted to annex Swaziland by a proclamation.

314:

in 1865, a period of regency followed with Queen Regent

1684:. He was to be the premier until 1993 and succeeded by 1614: 1553:

first post-independence elections were held in May 1972

432: 1971:

The Kingdom of Swaziland: Studies in Political History

762:

6 September 1968 and became the Kingdom of Swaziland.

81:, depending on when and how they settled in Eswatini. 4125:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the 301:

Swazi contact with European peoples began when Dutch

57:. People speaking languages ancestral to the current 2405:"Swaziland Gets A Name Change: Call It eSwatini Now" 2140:. University of California Press. pp. 295–296. 45:. The earliest known inhabitants of the region were 3229: 3204: 2923: 2798: 2737: 2635: 2594: 2552: 1076: 1062: 1049: 1035: 1024: 1008: 996: 980: 968: 954: 944: 910: 891: 881: 870: 796: 711:Boer residences. By this time, Allenby had reached 2038:Correspondence Respecting the Affairs of Swaziland 1826:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 60, 85–88. 89:The earliest known inhabitants of the region were 1555:. The INM received close to 75% of the vote. The 1850:Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s 252:, however, he died in his youth and as a result 1644:was appointed prime minister, taking over from 555:Meanwhile, the Swazi people had been warned by 656:Herbert Kitchener, Baron Kitchener of Khartoum 155:Consolidation of the Swazi Nation (1740s–1868) 4652: 3325: 2901: 2529: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 1505:, however, South Africa's intensification of 1297: 586:State Secretary of the South African Republic 8: 5087:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 5070:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4948:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 2198: 2196: 2137:The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 437:introducing citations to additional sources 2450:"Swaziland king changes the country's name" 1588:November 1987, a new parliament was elected 1328:British Resident Commissioners in Swaziland 612:, arranging to flee to his area if needed. 261:Settlements and concessionaires (1868–1899) 4988: 4900: 4674: 4659: 4645: 4637: 4146: 3818: 3493: 3386: 3332: 3318: 3310: 2908: 2894: 2886: 2804: 2743: 2641: 2600: 2536: 2522: 2514: 1304: 1290: 1149: 793: 2476:"Kingdom of Eswatini Change Now Official" 1509:, especially through the election of the 1318:British High Commissioner to South Africa 500:Swaziland was indirectly involved in the 85:Early settlements by Swazis (until 1700s) 4131:Legitimacy of territorial establishment 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 1334: 508:, with the colonial headquarters set at 427:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2288: 2286: 1799: 1248: 1241: 1234: 1227: 1220: 1161: 766:, the king at independence, had become 682:. On 11 February, another column under 5116:Historical flags of the British Empire 5100:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985 2378:"Mswati appoints premier for 3rd time" 770:in 1899 after the death of his father 5168:History of Southern Africa by country 1518:traditional Swazi leaders, including 1061: 1048: 1044: 1007: 1003: 995: 979: 967: 963: 953: 786:in 1922 regarding the issue of land. 207:clans into his kingdom adding to the 7: 2356:"Swaziland: General Strike, 2/13/97" 2354:Mutume, Gumisai (13 February 1997). 1678:Swaziland Federation of Trade Unions 1498:(lion) or head of the Swazi nation. 4927:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 3770:. British Cameroons is now part of 1654:People's United Democratic Movement 1557:Ngwane National Liberatory Congress 3786:unilaterally declared independence 3481:1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 1377:Sir De Symons Montagu George Honey 790:Swaziland Protectorate (1903–1968) 41:have been found in the Kingdom of 25: 4993:Antarctica and the South Atlantic 4972:Occupied by Argentina during the 2295:"Tinkhundla elections, 1978-1993" 5136: 5127: 5126: 4539:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3216:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 2986:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2585: 1698:Legislative Council of Swaziland 1601: 1594:Recent history (1980s and 1990s) 1171: 1132: 1107: 838: 814: 630:Frederick Roberts, Baron Roberts 576:. The farmers from Piet Retief, 560:the Boer forces involved in the 420:relies largely or entirely on a 409: 2061:Her Majesty's Stationery Office 2042:Her Majesty's Stationery Office 1549:parliamentary elections in 1967 5035:Australian Antarctic Territory 3891:since 1965 (before as part of 3888:British Indian Ocean Territory 3774:, while Tanganyika is part of 3405:since 1960 (before as part of 1571:. Ntombi's only child, Prince 664:Victoria of the United Kingdom 361:province in South Africa. The 1: 2482:. 18 May 2018. Archived from 2103:Jones, Huw M (October 1999). 1590:and a new cabinet appointed. 163:A 19th-century Swazi artifact 3346:British Overseas Territories 1783:List of monarchs of Eswatini 730:Surviving accounts from the 5062:British Antarctic Territory 4772:Western Pacific Territories 1658:the 1993 national elections 285:Southern Africa territories 53:during and after the great 5184: 4800:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 4217:British Arctic Territories 2509:Background Note: Swaziland 2269:"Swaziland Administrators" 1778:History of Southern Africa 1680:(SFTU) secretary-general, 698:were sent into Swaziland. 401:Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902) 368:On 18 December 1889 after 183:became Queen Regent until 5111: 5080: 5040:Commonwealth of Australia 4998: 4987: 4958: 4910: 4899: 4865: 4672: 4636: 4442:Newfoundland and Labrador 4156: 4145: 4123:League of Nations mandate 4104: 3828: 3817: 3798:Lancaster House Agreement 3768:League of Nations mandate 3757: 3503: 3492: 3396: 3385: 3352: 2859: 2807: 2746: 2644: 2603: 2583: 1847:Ade Ajayi, J. F. (1989). 1542:Independence (1968–1980s) 1530:Swazi soldiers served in 1424:Eric Kellett Featherstone 1421:30 Sep 1942 – 25 Aug 1946 1086: 1072: 1045: 1020: 1004: 992: 964: 923:London Missionary Society 829: 811: 806: 662:, owing their loyalty to 363:London Convention of 1884 4570:Turks and Caicos Islands 3877:(protectorate) 1907–1949 3449:(integrated into the UK) 2971:Central African Republic 2205:The Geographical Journal 2163:African Economic History 2109:Military History Journal 2055:Colonial Office (1899). 2036:Colonial Office (1887). 2018:. Eyre and Spottiswoode. 2012:Colonial Office (1895). 1853:. Vol. IV. UNESCO. 1536:Eswatini in World War II 1389:Thomas Ainsworth Dickson 1053:Protectorate established 921:mission churches of the 277:Southern Africa in 1895. 269:Southern Africa in 1885. 4853:1919–1942 and 1945–1968 4678:18th and 19th centuries 4494:Queen Charlotte Islands 4454:North-Western Territory 4426:1665–1674 and 1702–1776 4029:1781–1784 and 1795–1819 3694:1923–1965 and 1979–1980 3377:Commonwealth of Nations 1974:. Praeger. p. 30. 1820:Bonner, Philip (2002). 1806:Bonner, Philip (1983). 1773:History of South Africa 1737:On 19 April 2018, King 598:Sobhuza II of Swaziland 4603:West Indies Federation 3792:) and continued as an 3375:Current member of the 1875:"Kings of the Kingdom" 1408:Nov 1937 – 30 Sep 1942 1364:Robert Thorne Coryndon 1064:• Disestablished 798:Swaziland Protectorate 506:South African Republic 320:South African Republic 296:South African Republic 286: 278: 270: 164: 34: 18:Swaziland Protectorate 4525:Saint Kitts and Nevis 3796:state until the 1979 3402:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 3131:São Tomé and Príncipe 2991:Republic of the Congo 2430:. Wall Street Journal 1968:Gillis, Hugh (1999). 1507:racial discrimination 1436:Edward Betham Beetham 1386:Oct 1928 – 1 Apr 1935 1352:Francis Enraght-Moony 975:Francis Enraght-Moony 956:Resident Commissioner 892:Common languages 874:Protectorate of 619:, the capital of the 582:Francis William Reitz 514:Ngwane V of Swaziland 448:"History of Eswatini" 284: 276: 268: 162: 32: 5053:Realm of New Zealand 5051:(transferred to the 5038:(transferred to the 4871:Realm of New Zealand 4472:Prince Edward Island 4350:1671–1816, 1833–1960 2271:. The British Empire 2134:Vail, Leroy (1991). 1879:Swaziland Government 1788:Politics of Eswatini 1470:Francis Alfred Lloyd 1400:Allan Graham Marwick 987:Francis Alfred Lloyd 692:Imperial Light Horse 672:Horace Smith-Dorrien 433:improve this article 378:Theophilus Shepstone 337:Theophilus Shepstone 289:The autonomy of the 100:who hailed from the 5163:History of Eswatini 5084:Since 2009 part of 4976:of April–June 1982. 4563:Trinidad and Tobago 4177:Antigua and Barbuda 4077:Straits Settlements 3206:States with limited 2426:Wexler, Alexandra. 2115:on 22 December 2015 1885:on 18 November 2008 1525:Legislative Council 1459:Brian Allan Marwick 1448:David Loftus Morgan 1412:Charles Lamb Bruton 1397:Oct 1935 – Nov 1937 1373:Jan 1917 – Oct 1928 1164:Culture of Eswatini 1029:Legislative Council 732:Devonshire Regiment 354:Pretoria Convention 331:with the Zulu King 298:as a protectorate. 4236:Cape Breton Island 4127:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 3969:Unfederated States 3784:Southern Rhodesia 3371:Commonwealth realm 2781:Telecommunications 2577:2021–2023 protests 2480:Times of Swaziland 2301:on 21 October 2013 1768:History of Lesotho 1613:. You can help by 1473:b. 1916 – d. 2006 1462:b. 1908 – d. 1992 1451:b. 1904 – d. 1976 1440:b. 1905 – d. 1979 1432:25 Aug 1946 – 1951 1427:b. 1896 – d. 1965 1416:b. 1890 – d. 1969 1403:b. 1877 – d. 1966 1392:b. 1881 – d. 1935 1381:b. 1872 – d. 1945 1368:b. 1870 – d. 1925 1355:b. 1865 – d. 1943 1209:2021–2023 protests 835:God Save the Queen 742:On 11 April 1901, 676:concentration camp 566:Labotsibeni Mdluli 562:Siege of Ladysmith 316:Tsandzile Ndwandwe 287: 279: 271: 165: 143:The early Swazis ( 35: 5150: 5149: 5107: 5106: 4983: 4982: 4915:Providence Island 4895: 4894: 4860: 4859: 4728:Western Australia 4696:Van Diemen's Land 4632: 4631: 4609:Associated States 4307:Columbia District 4141: 4140: 3995:Manila and Cavite 3813: 3812: 3692:Southern Rhodesia 3686:South-West Africa 3636:Northern Rhodesia 3548:Cape of Good Hope 3488: 3487: 3365:Current territory 3307: 3306: 3233:other territories 3006:Equatorial Guinea 2917:History of Africa 2883: 2882: 2855: 2854: 2794: 2793: 2733: 2732: 2725:Political parties 2718:House of Assembly 2659:Foreign relations 2631: 2630: 2384:. 29 October 2013 2249:. World Statesmen 1860:978-92-3-101712-4 1833:978-0-521-52300-4 1763:History of Africa 1702:House of Assembly 1631: 1630: 1477: 1476: 1314: 1313: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1120: 1119: 1010:• 1903-1968 982:• 1964-1968 970:• 1903-1907 915:Congregationalism 864: 801:Eswatini/KaNgwane 498: 497: 483: 16:(Redirected from 5175: 5140: 5130: 5129: 5095:Antarctic Treaty 5056: 5043: 5028:Falkland Islands 5020:Tristan da Cunha 5012:Ascension Island 4989: 4940:Falkland Islands 4901: 4869:Now part of the 4741:Pitcairn Islands 4706:Auckland Islands 4675: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4638: 4623:Windward Islands 4577:Vancouver Island 4354:MassachusettsBay 4223:British Columbia 4147: 3963:Federated States 3819: 3729:Tristan da Cunha 3698:Southern Nigeria 3630:Northern Nigeria 3509:Ascension Island 3494: 3450: 3387: 3361:Former territory 3358: 3334: 3327: 3320: 3311: 3294: 3293:(United Kingdom) 3289:Tristan da Cunha 3285:Ascension Island 3277: 3264: 3255: 3231:Dependencies and 2924:Sovereign states 2910: 2903: 2896: 2887: 2868: 2805: 2744: 2642: 2608:Cities and towns 2601: 2589: 2538: 2531: 2524: 2515: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2486:on 27 March 2019 2472: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2331:. Archived from 2324: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2297:. Archived from 2290: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2200: 2191: 2190: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2100: 2065: 2064: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2033: 2020: 2019: 2009: 1986: 1985: 1965: 1946: 1945: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1881:. Archived from 1871: 1865: 1864: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1817: 1811: 1804: 1690:Sibusiso Dlamini 1626: 1623: 1605: 1598: 1503:Second World War 1335: 1306: 1299: 1292: 1175: 1166: 1150: 1136: 1135: 1124: 1123: 1115:Transvaal Colony 1111: 1110: 1104: 1103: 1088: 1087: 866: 865: 818: 794: 704:mounted infantry 696:Suffolk Regiment 649:Lourenço Marques 602:House of Dlamini 530:dual nationality 493: 490: 484: 482: 441: 413: 405: 318:until 1875. The 98:Bantu migrations 94:hunter-gatherers 55:Bantu migrations 33:Flag of Eswatini 21: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5103: 5076: 5050: 5048:Ross Dependency 5037: 4994: 4979: 4954: 4906: 4891: 4861: 4856: 4812: 4807:Solomon Islands 4754:North Australia 4734:South Australia 4690:New South Wales 4668: 4665: 4628: 4348:Leeward Islands 4152: 4137: 4100: 4007:Muscat and Oman 3824: 3809: 3753: 3499: 3484: 3448: 3392: 3381: 3356: 3348: 3338: 3308: 3303: 3302: 3292: 3275: 3262: 3253: 3234: 3232: 3225: 3209: 3207: 3200: 2919: 2914: 2884: 2879: 2871: 2864: 2851: 2790: 2729: 2703:Law enforcement 2627: 2590: 2581: 2567:Second Boer War 2548: 2542: 2505: 2500: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2457: 2456:. 19 April 2018 2448: 2447: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2387: 2385: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2338: 2336: 2335:on 7 March 2013 2326: 2325: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2292: 2291: 2284: 2274: 2272: 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138:Emakhandzambili 110:Nguni languages 87: 71:Emakhandzambili 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5181: 5179: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5155: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5134: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5091: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5066: 5058: 5045: 5032: 5024: 5016: 5008: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4992: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4970: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4944: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4921:Willoughbyland 4918: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4897: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4879: 4873: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4835: 4828: 4822: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4737: 4731: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4693: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4663: 4656: 4649: 4641: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4612: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4584:Virgin Islands 4580: 4574: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4551:South Carolina 4548: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4448:North Carolina 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4382:Mosquito Coast 4379: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4351: 4345: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4311:Oregon Country 4304: 4300:Cayman Islands 4296: 4290: 4289: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4258: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4220: 4214: 4206: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4180: 4173: 4166: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4129: 4120: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4092: 4089:Trucial States 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4060: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3836: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3822: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3807: 3801: 3782:Self-governing 3779: 3765: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3554:Central Africa 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3523: 3513: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3474: 3468: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3442: 3439:Ionian Islands 3436: 3430: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3390: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3342:British Empire 3339: 3337: 3336: 3329: 3322: 3314: 3305: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3298:Western Sahara 3295: 3278: 3265: 3256: 3242:Canary Islands 3238: 3237: 3235: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3212: 3210: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2913: 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1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1758: 1755: 1747:Swazi language 1686:Prince Mbilini 1642:Sotsha Dlamini 1629: 1628: 1608: 1606: 1595: 1592: 1543: 1540: 1515:United Kingdom 1513:, induced the 1511:National Party 1475: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1329: 1326: 1312: 1311: 1309: 1308: 1301: 1294: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1246: 1245: 1239: 1238: 1232: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1168: 1167: 1159: 1158: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1130: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1084: 1083: 1081:Pound sterling 1078: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1036:Historical era 1033: 1032: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001: 998: 994: 993: 990: 989: 984: 981: 978: 977: 972: 969: 966: 965: 962: 961: 958: 952: 951: 946: 942: 941: 939:Swazi Religion 912: 908: 907: 893: 889: 888: 883: 879: 878: 876:United Kingdom 872: 868: 867: 827: 826: 821: 813: 812: 809: 808: 804: 803: 800: 797: 791: 788: 684:Edmund Allenby 625:Johannes Smuts 522:active service 496: 495: 431:. Please help 417: 415: 408: 402: 399: 387:Anglo Boer War 382:Anglo Boer War 262: 259: 156: 153: 86: 83: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5180: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5133: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4990: 4986: 4975: 4974:Falklands War 4971: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4905:South America 4902: 4898: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4867: 4864: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4836: 4833: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4794:Union Islands 4792: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 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2017: 2016: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1900: 1897: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1867: 1862: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1843: 1840: 1835: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1800: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1671: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1638:Ntombi Tfwala 1635: 1625: 1622:December 2012 1616: 1612: 1609:This section 1607: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1482:indirect rule 1472: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1437: 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A reply by 622: 618: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 569: 567: 563: 558: 553: 551: 547: 542: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 492: 489:December 2012 481: 478: 474: 471: 467: 464: 460: 457: 453: 450: – 449: 445: 444:Find sources: 438: 434: 430: 424: 423: 422:single source 418:This article 416: 412: 407: 406: 400: 398: 396: 392: 388: 383: 379: 375: 371: 366: 364: 360: 355: 350: 348: 343: 338: 334: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 304: 299: 297: 292: 283: 275: 267: 260: 258: 255: 251: 247: 243: 238: 233: 229: 225: 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 193: 191: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 169:Pongola River 161: 154: 152: 148: 146: 141: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 122:Pongola River 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 92: 84: 82: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 31: 27: 19: 5085: 5068: 5060: 5026: 5018: 5010: 5004:Saint Helena 5002: 4946: 4938: 4788:Cook Islands 4739: 4712:New Hebrides 4681:20th century 4597:West Florida 4582: 4568: 4500:Rhode Island 4478:Pennsylvania 4436:Newfoundland 4373: 4298: 4248:East Florida 4219:16th c.–1880 4208: 4160: 4057:Crown Colony 4045:Pulo Condore 4019:Crown Colony 4013:North Borneo 3886: 3845:Protectorate 3794:unrecognised 3788:in 1965 (as 3727: 3680:South Africa 3668:Sierra Leone 3655:Saint Helena 3653: 3648:Orange River 3526:Bechuanaland 3507: 3465:Protectorate 3424: 3400: 3364: 3344:and Current 3281:Saint Helena 3252: 3156:South Africa 3146:Sierra Leone 3015: 2951:Burkina Faso 2822:Demographics 2771:Prostitution 2756:Child labour 2751:Central Bank 2664:Human rights 2572:World War II 2553: 2488:. 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