611:
630:
913:
921:
169:
47:
642:
959:— as a violation of their rights, as the dual government of state and aristocracy which had functioned so far; in the understanding of the Livonian nobility the overseas provinces were linked to Sweden through a union. In the Duchy of Estonia, where land ownership was more clearly determined and there were more manors passed on according to an ancient inheritance law, the 1680 reduction went quite peacefully.
407:
806:
572:-speaking population generally used that expression or whether it considered the time of Swedish rule to be significantly better than that of earlier foreign rulers. Especially during the later part of the Swedish rule of Estonia, Swedish authorities, however, enact a number of reforms, which were aimed at lessening the influence of the local
860:(1611–1632) consequently only partly restored the privileges of the Livonian aristocracy, lost during the Polish years. Led by the governor-general, a strong central authority was developed and Swedish laws instituted. Much of the local aristocracy had also fled during the war, and instead members of the
950:
declared the so-called Great
Reduction. While former reductions had not spread to Estonia and Livonia, this decision extended to these areas as well. All holdings which had gone into private possession since the beginning of Swedish rule were to be reduced. This requirement met with fierce opposition
887:
However, the successors to
Gustavus Adolphus ceded more rights to the Livonian aristocracy. This was partly caused by the fact that the state had surrendered its economic and political power by transferring most crown properties to private hands (mostly Swedish high aristocracy for their merits). The
867:
The
Swedish authorities exercised a strict control over religious and intellectual life, arranging regular inspections, the so-called visitations, from the end of the 16th century and throughout the 17th century. The higher clergy — bishops or superintendents — visited congregation after congregation
796:
For that reason most of
Estonian lands were in private ownership by the end of the 16th century, and the owners were mostly Baltic Germans. The Baltic German nobility gained extensive power in both the economic and political spheres, and later attempts of the crown to curb this power met with strong
962:
The reduction was also followed by other reforms. The tenants of manors were no longer allowed to beat farmers; peasants could sue the tenants, even appeal to the king himself. It was forbidden to sell peasants without land, to send them away from their lands or to take over their lands. The status
767:
Sweden started to reorganise the government in the new duchy only after the conclusion of the peace treaty with Russia in 1583. Like the
Livonian estates, Estonian aristocracy and towns had surrendered on condition that their privileges be retained. Unlike in Livonia, where Poland soon violated the
544:
The reasons for
Swedish involvement in Estonia were economic as well as political and military. The Swedish Crown was not least interested in getting a share of the profits from the rich trade with Russia. At the same time, assertions in Estonia can also be seen as a way of preventing
935:(1672–1697) brought drastic changes to Sweden's policy in its overseas provinces. As a result of the continuous warfare and the transfer of the crown properties into private possession, the revenues of the Swedish state had diminished. To increase its revenues, the so-called
992:
in
September 1710. As Russia considered the support of the local nobility to be essential in consolidating its power, the towns and the aristocrats achieved favourable terms of capitulation. The incorporation of Estonia and Livonia into Russia was stated in the
763:
south
Estonia and Latvia; while "Estonia" began to denote the Swedish controlled areas of north and west Estonia. It was not until the early 20th century that the term "Estonia" began to be used to signify all the lands where Estonian-speaking people lived.
975:
The reforms carried out in
Estonia under Charles XI did not have a long-lasting effect; in reality only Swedish church law was put into practice. In 1697 Charles XI died of cancer and his son Charles XII acceded to the throne and in 1700 the
1656:
87:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
2467:
696:, in the 13th century, Swedish crusaders made a failed attempt to conquer Estonia. Instead, as a result of the crusades, Denmark conquered north Estonia, whereas the crusading knights from Germany established the
789:, monasteries and bishops, and deserted manorial estates; part of the lands that had been deserted in the war came under the control of the local aristocracy. For administration, these lands were divided into
1691:
963:
of
Estonian peasants on crown manors was not yet comparable to free peasants in Sweden, but it was much better than the status of peasants on private lands. Charles XI announced his intention to abolish
1493:
896:. The Landtag was convened every three years and the policies discussed with the central authority. The aristocracy of Estonia, Livonia and Ösel (Saaremaa) had no representation in the Swedish Diet
1668:
980:
broke out. By 1699 an anti-Swedish alliance had been formed by Poland, Denmark and Russia. The war, which lasted to 1721 and in which one of the major Swedish victories was fought in Estonia, the
1262:"Estonia, Sweden, and the Post-Post-Cold War Era. Remarks by Toomas Hendrik Ilves, Estonian Minister for Foreign Affairs, at the Institute of International Affairs, Stockholm, January 9, 1997"
576:
to the benefit of the local Estonian-speaking peasantry. In the light of that, some evidence suggests that the Estonian-speaking population considered Swedish rule as characterised by the
1553:
1320:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1017:
1016:
797:
resistance. That central authority complied for such a long time was due to the continuous wars, which made it important to preserve the loyalty of the local aristocracy.
988:, the centre of Livonia; after the capture of Riga in 1710 the Livonian and Estonian cities surrendered one after another. The war on Estonian territory ended with the
943:
under Charles XI, which sought to strengthen central authority in all parts of the empire and promoted strong links between the mainland and the overseas provinces.
1857:
326:
1703:
1024:
793:, subdivided into crown manors headed by bailiffs. The Swedish kings generously gave lands into private possession — in reward both for merit and for service.
1505:
435:
771:
The landlords of north and west Estonia who formed the Estonian nobility were represented by its general assembly, convened regularly every third year (
744:). For Sweden, it resulted in Sweden keeping the territory that had in 1561 sought Swedish protection, and additionally in the capture of the city of
1751:
90:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
98:
1010:
1565:
845:, including the southern parts of present-day Estonia, was conquered by Swedish forces, and in 1645 the island of Saaremaa (Ösel) was ceded by
1599:
1536:
1439:
1296:
1219:
1128:
1100:
1070:
939:
of the possessions of the nobility was carried out. The reduction of manorial lands was linked to another radical change — the formation of
2085:
1945:
1862:
379:
344:
210:
1312:
850:
2007:
989:
530:
1879:
760:
354:
1906:
1894:
1155:
369:
2265:
2417:
2376:
2232:
1764:
1411:
1384:
1359:
1244:
1022:
1802:
830:
818:
708:
had already as Grand Duke of Finland in the 1550s ambitions to establish Swedish rule in Estonia, but was held back by his father,
624:
499:
278:
243:
35:
1455:
2457:
2452:
1940:
1923:
428:
2325:
1889:
833:
was the starting point of a policy of expansion for Sweden, which would lead to a period in Swedish history referred to as the
120:
1785:
856:
While the surrender of northern Estonia to Sweden was seen as voluntary, Livonia was regarded as an occupied territory. King
1183:
700:
which covered most parts of Latvia and southern Estonia (and after 1346, northern Estonia as well). With the decline of the
111:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Estonian Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
1401:
2366:
2295:
2171:
1021:
785:, and the area was governed with the help of the nobility. Crown properties consisted of the lands formerly owned by the
2048:
1930:
1867:
1780:
1744:
1019:
1018:
610:
395:
349:
2361:
2195:
1992:
1852:
697:
588:
460:
421:
321:
148:
1011:
1012:
494:. At the conclusion of hostilities in 1583, Sweden was in control of the northern parts of modern Estonia and Dagö (
2371:
1997:
1982:
1977:
1261:
2095:
2002:
1972:
1872:
782:
2110:
1987:
106:
629:
127:
451:(1561–1710) signifies the period of time when large parts of the country, and after 1645, entire present-day
2462:
2285:
2270:
2212:
2080:
2058:
2038:
1901:
1737:
912:
364:
228:
2300:
2146:
2136:
2063:
1847:
1842:
981:
316:
311:
2386:
2341:
2237:
2053:
233:
205:
1615:
Upton, A. F. (April 1987). "The Riksdag of 1680 and the Establishment of Royal Absolutism in Sweden".
967:
in Estonian crown manors when the reduction started, as serfdom was peculiar to the Baltic provinces.
2315:
2217:
2181:
2156:
2090:
2043:
1955:
1020:
932:
924:
2320:
2310:
2242:
2166:
2033:
2021:
877:
584:
580:, and the lower classes were later recorded to have expressed a wish for a return to Swedish rule.
2410:
2391:
2351:
2257:
2176:
2124:
1967:
1935:
1916:
1837:
1772:
1699:
1664:
1632:
1561:
1501:
1037:
977:
936:
869:
705:
684:
in Sweden commemorates a man who was killed in Estonia during the 11th century. There has been a
681:
538:
487:
374:
293:
157:
641:
560:
The time of Swedish rule is sometimes colloquially referred to as the "good old Swedish times" (
168:
2305:
2280:
2227:
2151:
1595:
1532:
1435:
1407:
1380:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1292:
1240:
1215:
1151:
1124:
1096:
1066:
1042:
940:
920:
857:
693:
685:
669:
569:
561:
546:
515:
102:
30:"Swedish Estonia" redirects here. For the historically Swedish cultural area in Estonia, see
2426:
2381:
2346:
2290:
2247:
2207:
1827:
1797:
1723:
1624:
1377:
The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity
984:, ultimately proved disastrous to Sweden. In 1709, Russian forces had begun to lay siege to
861:
842:
768:
agreement, Swedish kings kept their promises to the city of Tallinn and the local nobility.
741:
283:
238:
1657:"Estonia during the reign of the absolutist King Charles XI. The Great Reduction of manors"
2356:
2275:
2141:
2075:
1792:
994:
873:
822:
713:
645:
600:
573:
511:
467:
288:
178:
888:
Livonian nobility had won recognition by 1647: it too was now represented in a regional
2431:
2161:
2070:
1911:
1884:
1817:
1812:
1459:
834:
810:
786:
701:
649:
534:
411:
359:
253:
2446:
1807:
583:
Swedish reforms, some with lasting influence, also included the establishment of the
464:
248:
190:
185:
997:
in 1721, ending the warfare which had continued for ten more years outside Estonia.
1822:
881:
737:
721:
656:. The war ended with the confirmation of Swedish sovereignty over northern Estonia.
653:
491:
273:
951:
from the local nobility. The local upper classes saw this decision by the Swedish
1179:
1145:
709:
704:
and its state, Swedish political ambitions returned to Estonia. The future King
689:
592:
577:
483:
805:
17:
2332:
1628:
838:
673:
868:
to inspect the religious beliefs of peasants and to root out the remnants of
59:
2222:
2100:
1722:
This article includes content derived from the Estonica.org, which is under
740:, in which Sweden now became involved, would last to 1583 (concluded by the
677:
725:
717:
634:
553:
from gaining potentially dangerous footholds close to Swedish-controlled
519:
471:
31:
529:
The time of Swedish rule came to an effective end in 1710, when all the
1760:
964:
899:
884:, instituted the court of appeal in Tartu and the University of Tartu.
846:
814:
790:
773:
752:
733:
729:
665:
554:
550:
523:
495:
479:
475:
452:
384:
109:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
1636:
781:). The Swedish monarchy was represented by the lord lieutenant, later
756:
661:
652:
between the Swedish and invading Russian troops during the 1558–1583
507:
503:
456:
1729:
1265:
911:
837:. During the 17th century, Sweden attained large areas around the
804:
745:
633:
The era of Swedish rule in Estonia started under the rule of King
628:
604:
596:
195:
985:
502:
was created from this territory. Following renewed wars between
200:
84:
2468:
Countries and territories where Swedish is an official language
1733:
1458:. Estonian War Museum – General Laidoner Museum. Archived from
672:
and the first attested records of these contacts date from the
1009:
40:
486:)) asked for and were granted protection by the Swedish king
1379:. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 606.
916:
The manor of Palms was built during the reign of Charles XI.
1592:
Provinsen bortom havet. Estlands svenska historia 1561–1710
1529:
Provinsen bortom havet. Estlands svenska historia 1561–1710
1432:
Provinsen bortom havet. Estlands svenska historia 1561–1710
1212:
Provinsen bortom havet. Estlands svenska historia 1561–1710
1121:
Provinsen bortom havet. Estlands svenska historia 1561–1710
1093:
Provinsen bortom havet. Estlands svenska historia 1561–1710
1063:
Provinsen bortom havet. Estlands svenska historia 1561–1710
864:
moved to seize possession of many of the Livonian estates.
568:). However, it remains unclear whether the contemporaneous
526:, and were thus in control of all of present-day Estonia.
971:
Great Northern War and the end of Swedish rule in Estonia
660:
Repeated contacts between the inhabitants of present-day
1692:"The Great Northern War. End of Swedish rule in Estonia"
1403:
The Cambridge History of Scandinavia: Prehistory to 1520
1291:(in Swedish). Lund: Historiska Media. pp. 191–193.
927:
initiated several reforms in Swedish-controlled Estonia.
777:), and its executive body — the college of magistrates (
587:(as well as other educational institutions such as the
1726:
Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike licence license.
1264:. Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from
880:. Gustavus Adolphus also, through the aid of governor
876:. The first large scale visitation was carried out by
1494:"Estonia divided between Sweden, Poland and Denmark"
80:
2256:
2194:
2123:
2020:
1954:
1771:
755:, formerly denoting all of present-day Estonia and
518:
in 1629. Sweden also conquered the island of Ösel (
1343:
510:, the southern parts of present-day Estonia (then
1585:
1583:
1425:
1423:
1289:Det Medeltida Uppland. En arkeologisk guidebok
105:accompanying your translation by providing an
71:Click for important translation instructions.
58:expand this article with text translated from
1745:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1114:
1112:
1086:
1084:
1082:
429:
8:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1590:Tarkiainen, Kari; Tarkiainen, Ülle (2013).
1527:Tarkiainen, Kari; Tarkiainen, Ülle (2013).
1430:Tarkiainen, Kari; Tarkiainen, Ülle (2013).
1406:. Cambridge University Press. p. 269.
1375:Hunyadi, Zsolt; József Laszlovszky (2001).
1210:Tarkiainen, Kari; Tarkiainen, Ülle (2013).
1119:Tarkiainen, Kari; Tarkiainen, Ülle (2013).
1091:Tarkiainen, Kari; Tarkiainen, Ülle (2013).
1061:Tarkiainen, Kari; Tarkiainen, Ülle (2013).
541:. Russian hegemony was formalized in 1721.
482:) in June 1561 (and somewhat later Jerwen (
2200:
2129:
2026:
1960:
1752:
1738:
1730:
955:— taken without the approval of the local
436:
422:
142:
1623:(403). Oxford University Press: 281–308.
1594:(in Swedish). Atlantis. pp. 91–105.
1150:. Cambridge University Press. p. 9.
1147:The Swedish Imperial Experience 1560–1718
1531:(in Swedish). Atlantis. pp. 82–83.
1434:(in Swedish). Atlantis. pp. 29–39.
1123:(in Swedish). Atlantis. pp. 20–29.
919:
640:
609:
490:, leading to Swedish involvement in the
459:rule. In the wake of the breakup of the
1214:(in Swedish). Atlantis. pp. 9–16.
1053:
514:) were incorporated into Sweden by the
156:
145:
34:. For the former Swedish province, see
1554:"Church and religion. Spiritual world"
1287:Qviström, Linda; Anund, Johan (2012).
614:Coat of arms of Swedish Estonia (1660)
7:
1065:(in Swedish). Atlantis. p. 38.
537:troops during the end-stages of the
531:Swedish Baltic provinces capitulated
27:Period of Estonian history 1561–1710
736:in exchange for overlord-ship. The
1178:Kelertas, Violeta (24 June 2006).
595:and providing translations of the
25:
1350:. London: Penguin Books. p.
1319:. NGO Eesti Elava Ajaloo Keskus.
1186:from the original on 24 June 2022
813:in the 17th century. Present-day
712:. It was not until 1561 that the
478:), as well as the city of Reval (
1323:from the original on 31 May 2020
1237:Historical Dictionary of Estonia
405:
167:
45:
1456:"Livonian War and Swedish Rule"
1313:"The Swedish venture in Lihula"
1239:. Scarecrow Press. p. 67.
1004:
720:, to intervene in the ongoing
688:in Estonia at least since the
115:You may also add the template
1:
1617:The English Historical Review
599:into Estonian and creating a
625:Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)
279:Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)
117:{{Translated|et|Rootsi aeg}}
36:Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)
1946:Restoration of independence
1863:Declaration of Independence
1342:Christiansen, Erik (1997).
849:to Sweden as a part of the
698:State of the Teutonic Order
589:Gustav Adolf Grammar School
574:German-speaking aristocracy
461:State of the Teutonic Order
380:Restoration of independence
345:Declaration of Independence
128:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
2484:
1941:Declaration of sovereignty
622:
449:Estonia under Swedish rule
79:Machine translation, like
29:
2404:
2203:
2132:
2029:
1963:
1194:– via Google Books.
1144:Roberts, Michael (1984).
851:Peace Treaty of Brömsebro
843:Polish-controlled Livonia
724:and protect the lands of
668:began already during the
470:in the areas of Harrien (
60:the corresponding article
2034:Administrative divisions
1180:"Baltic Postcolonialism"
1095:(in Swedish). Atlantis.
809:Baltic provinces of the
2458:17th century in Estonia
2453:16th century in Estonia
1629:10.1093/ehr/cii.403.281
1260:Ilves, Toomas Hendrik.
990:capitulation of Tallinn
648:, the site of the 1573
591:), staunchly promoting
126:For more guidance, see
1235:Miljan, Toivo (2004).
928:
917:
826:
657:
638:
615:
565:
1890:Occupation of Estonia
1346:The Northern Crusades
946:In 1680, the Swedish
923:
915:
808:
759:, was now applied to
644:
632:
613:
206:Baltic Finnic peoples
99:copyright attribution
1400:Knut, Helle (2003).
829:The conquest of the
716:asked the new king,
385:Contemporary Estonia
1931:Government-in-exile
1868:War of Independence
1706:on 8 September 2019
941:absolutist monarchy
878:Johannes Rudbeckius
585:University of Tartu
566:vana hea Rootsi aeg
350:War of Independence
2172:Telecommunications
1936:Singing Revolution
1917:Estonian partisans
1838:Great Northern War
1700:Estonian Institute
1671:on 22 October 2019
1665:Estonian Institute
1568:on 22 October 2019
1562:Estonian Institute
1508:on 22 October 2019
1502:Estonian Institute
1038:History of Estonia
978:Great Northern War
931:The reign of King
929:
918:
827:
682:Roslags-Bro Church
658:
639:
616:
539:Great Northern War
412:Estonia portal
375:Singing Revolution
322:National awakening
294:Great Northern War
107:interlanguage link
2440:
2439:
2400:
2399:
2228:Estonian language
2190:
2189:
2119:
2118:
2086:Political parties
2049:Foreign relations
2016:
2015:
1858:German occupation
1808:German Bishoprics
1601:978-91-7353-652-3
1538:978-91-7353-652-3
1441:978-91-7353-652-3
1298:978-91-85873-74-6
1221:978-91-7353-652-3
1130:978-91-7353-652-3
1102:978-91-7353-652-3
1072:978-91-7353-652-3
1043:History of Sweden
1029:
1028:
1001:Timeline overview
908:During Charles XI
894:Landratscollegium
892:and an executive
858:Gustavus Adolphus
779:Landratscollegium
761:Polish-controlled
694:Northern Crusades
676:: For example, a
670:Nordic Bronze Age
516:Treaty of Altmark
446:
445:
370:Soviet occupation
327:German occupation
139:
138:
72:
68:
16:(Redirected from
2475:
2420:
2413:
2201:
2130:
2106:
2027:
1993:Populated places
1961:
1853:Age of Awakening
1798:Livonian Crusade
1754:
1747:
1740:
1731:
1724:Creative Commons
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1702:. Archived from
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1667:. Archived from
1652:
1641:
1640:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1564:. Archived from
1549:
1543:
1542:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1504:. Archived from
1489:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1349:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1268:on 10 March 2014
1257:
1251:
1250:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1207:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1088:
1077:
1076:
1058:
1005:
862:Swedish nobility
831:Duchy of Estonia
819:Duchy of Estonia
817:consists of the
742:Treaty of Plussa
732:and the city of
686:Swedish minority
500:Duchy of Estonia
474:) and Wierland (
438:
431:
424:
410:
409:
408:
239:Livonian Crusade
223:Medieval Estonia
211:Ancient counties
171:
161:
143:
118:
112:
85:Google Translate
70:
66:
49:
48:
41:
21:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2396:
2372:Public holidays
2252:
2186:
2115:
2104:
2076:Law enforcement
2012:
1998:Protected areas
1950:
1880:Interwar period
1873:Battle of Võnnu
1848:Russian Livonia
1843:Russian Estonia
1833:Swedish Estonia
1793:Ancient Estonia
1767:
1758:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1654:
1653:
1644:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1491:
1490:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1462:on 9 March 2014
1454:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1209:
1208:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1090:
1089:
1080:
1073:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1034:
1025:
1023:
1003:
995:Peace of Nystad
982:Battle of Narva
973:
910:
823:Swedish Livonia
803:
646:Koluvere Castle
627:
621:
601:court of appeal
442:
406:
404:
390:
389:
355:Interwar period
340:
332:
331:
317:Russian Livonia
312:Russian Estonia
307:
306:Russian Estonia
299:
298:
289:Swedish Livonia
269:
267:Swedish Estonia
259:
258:
224:
216:
215:
181:
179:Ancient Estonia
159:
152:
135:
134:
133:
116:
110:
73:
50:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Swedish Estonia
15:
12:
11:
5:
2481:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2463:Swedish Empire
2460:
2455:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2296:Estonian names
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2162:Stock exchange
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2098:
2096:Prime Minister
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1973:Extreme points
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1912:Ants Kaljurand
1904:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1885:Era of Silence
1882:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1828:Polish Livonia
1825:
1820:
1818:Baltic Germans
1815:
1813:Livonian Order
1810:
1805:
1803:Danish Estonia
1800:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1777:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1682:
1642:
1607:
1600:
1579:
1544:
1537:
1519:
1473:
1447:
1440:
1419:
1412:
1392:
1385:
1367:
1360:
1334:
1304:
1297:
1279:
1252:
1245:
1227:
1220:
1197:
1170:
1157:978-0521278898
1156:
1136:
1129:
1108:
1101:
1078:
1071:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1008:
1002:
999:
972:
969:
909:
906:
835:Swedish Empire
811:Swedish Empire
802:
799:
787:Livonian Order
714:local nobility
702:Teutonic Order
650:Battle of Lode
620:
619:Earliest years
617:
468:local nobility
444:
443:
441:
440:
433:
426:
418:
415:
414:
401:
400:
392:
391:
388:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
360:Era of Silence
357:
352:
347:
341:
339:Modern Estonia
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
324:
319:
314:
308:
305:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
291:
286:
284:Polish Livonia
281:
276:
270:
265:
264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
254:Baltic Germans
251:
246:
244:Danish Estonia
241:
236:
231:
225:
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
182:
177:
176:
173:
172:
164:
163:
154:
153:
146:
137:
136:
132:
131:
124:
113:
91:
88:
77:
74:
55:
54:
53:
51:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2480:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:Ethnic groups
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2111:Supreme Court
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1907:Guerrilla war
1905:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:0-521-47299-7
1409:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1386:963-9241-42-3
1382:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1361:0-14-026653-4
1357:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1338:
1335:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1246:9780810865716
1242:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1007:
1006:
1000:
998:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
970:
968:
966:
960:
958:
954:
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
926:
922:
914:
907:
905:
903:
901:
895:
891:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
865:
863:
859:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
824:
821:and parts of
820:
816:
812:
807:
800:
798:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
775:
769:
765:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
692:. During the
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
655:
651:
647:
643:
636:
631:
626:
618:
612:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
542:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
498:island); the
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
466:
465:Baltic German
462:
458:
455:, were under
454:
450:
439:
434:
432:
427:
425:
420:
419:
417:
416:
413:
403:
402:
399:
398:
394:
393:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
342:
336:
335:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
303:
302:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
268:
263:
262:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
220:
219:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
191:Narva culture
189:
187:
186:Kunda culture
184:
183:
180:
175:
174:
170:
166:
165:
162:
155:
150:
144:
141:
129:
125:
122:
114:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
78:
76:
75:
69:
63:
61:
56:You can help
52:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2333:
2326:
2286:Coat of arms
2271:Architecture
2213:Demographics
2142:Central bank
2105:(parliament)
2101:
2059:Human rights
2039:Constitution
1924:Deportations
1902:World War II
1895:Estonian SSR
1832:
1823:Livonian War
1786:list of wars
1708:. Retrieved
1704:the original
1696:Estonica.org
1695:
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1669:the original
1661:Estonica.org
1660:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1591:
1570:. Retrieved
1566:the original
1558:Estonica.org
1557:
1547:
1528:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:the original
1498:Estonica.org
1497:
1464:. Retrieved
1460:the original
1450:
1431:
1402:
1395:
1376:
1370:
1345:
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1316:
1307:
1288:
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1266:the original
1255:
1236:
1230:
1211:
1188:. Retrieved
1173:
1161:. Retrieved
1146:
1139:
1120:
1092:
1062:
1056:
974:
961:
956:
952:
947:
945:
930:
897:
893:
889:
886:
882:Johan Skytte
866:
855:
828:
795:
778:
772:
770:
766:
751:The name of
750:
738:Livonian War
722:Livonian War
659:
654:Livonian War
582:
559:
543:
528:
492:Livonian War
448:
447:
396:
365:World War II
274:Livonian War
266:
140:
103:edit summary
94:
65:
57:
2147:e-Residency
2137:Agriculture
1690:Kõiv, Lea.
1655:Kõiv, Lea.
1552:Kõiv, Lea.
1492:Kõiv, Lea.
1317:Histrodamus
874:Catholicism
841:. In 1629,
710:Gustav Vasa
690:Middle Ages
593:Lutheranism
578:rule of law
249:Old Livonia
158:History of
67:(July 2024)
62:in Estonian
2447:Categories
2387:Television
2367:Newspapers
2334:Kalevipoeg
2321:Literature
2238:Healthcare
2054:Government
1190:25 October
1182:. Rodopi.
1049:References
933:Charles XI
925:Charles XI
839:Baltic Sea
674:Viking Age
623:See also:
397:Chronology
234:Viking Age
2352:Mythology
2316:Languages
2223:Estonians
2218:Education
2182:Transport
2157:Oil shale
2102:Riigikogu
2091:President
2044:Elections
1956:Geography
937:reduction
801:Expansion
678:runestone
229:Oeselians
121:talk page
2427:Category
2311:Internet
2306:Folklore
2243:Religion
2167:Taxation
2081:Military
2022:Politics
1781:Timeline
1765:articles
1321:Archived
1184:Archived
1032:See also
957:Landtags
870:paganism
791:fiefdoms
783:governor
726:Harjumaa
718:Eric XIV
706:John III
635:Eric XIV
570:Estonian
562:Estonian
520:Saaremaa
488:Eric XIV
484:Järvamaa
472:Harjumaa
149:a series
147:Part of
97:provide
32:Aiboland
2411:Outline
2392:Theatre
2362:Symbols
2291:Cuisine
2258:Culture
2196:Society
2177:Tourism
2125:Economy
1983:Islands
1968:Climate
1773:History
1761:Estonia
1710:7 March
1675:7 March
1572:7 March
1512:7 March
1466:8 March
1327:8 March
1272:9 March
1163:9 March
965:serfdom
953:Riksdag
948:Riksdag
900:Riksdag
890:Landtag
847:Denmark
815:Estonia
774:Landtag
753:Livonia
734:Tallinn
730:Virumaa
666:Estonia
555:Finland
551:Denmark
535:Russian
524:Denmark
522:) from
512:Livonia
496:Hiiumaa
480:Tallinn
476:Virumaa
457:Swedish
453:Estonia
160:Estonia
119:to the
101:in the
64:.
2432:Portal
2281:Cinema
2266:Anthem
2152:Energy
2003:Rivers
1763:
1637:572272
1635:
1598:
1535:
1438:
1410:
1383:
1358:
1295:
1243:
1218:
1154:
1127:
1099:
1069:
757:Latvia
662:Sweden
547:Russia
508:Sweden
504:Poland
463:, the
201:Chudes
151:on the
2418:Index
2382:Sport
2377:Radio
2347:Music
2342:Media
2301:Flags
2248:Women
2208:Crime
2008:Towns
1988:Lakes
1978:Fauna
1633:JSTOR
746:Narva
605:Tartu
597:Bible
196:Aesti
81:DeepL
2357:Name
2276:Beer
2064:LGBT
1712:2014
1677:2014
1596:ISBN
1574:2014
1533:ISBN
1514:2014
1468:2014
1436:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1381:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1329:2014
1293:ISBN
1274:2014
1241:ISBN
1216:ISBN
1192:2015
1165:2014
1152:ISBN
1125:ISBN
1097:ISBN
1067:ISBN
986:Riga
664:and
549:and
506:and
95:must
93:You
2327:ABD
2071:Law
1625:doi
1621:102
1352:287
872:or
680:in
603:in
533:to
83:or
2449::
1698:.
1694:.
1663:.
1659:.
1645:^
1631:.
1619:.
1582:^
1560:.
1556:.
1500:.
1496:.
1476:^
1422:^
1354:.
1315:.
1200:^
1111:^
1081:^
904:.
853:.
748:.
728:,
607:.
564::
557:.
1753:e
1746:t
1739:v
1714:.
1679:.
1639:.
1627::
1604:.
1576:.
1541:.
1516:.
1470:.
1444:.
1416:.
1389:.
1364:.
1331:.
1301:.
1276:.
1249:.
1224:.
1167:.
1133:.
1105:.
1075:.
902:)
898:(
825:.
637:.
437:e
430:t
423:v
130:.
123:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
