45:
325:
813:. The Oesilians, taken by surprise, had at first agreed to pay the demands made by Olaf, but then gathered an army during the negotiations and attacked the Norwegians. Olaf (who would have been only 13 years old) claimed to have won the battle. Olaf was the subject of several biographies, both hagiographies and sagas, in the Middle Ages, and many of the historical facts concerning his adventures are disputed.
446:
283:
364:
933:
540:
509:
664:
964:
496:. However, such a linking of archaeologically defined cultural entities with ethno-linguistic ones is no longer assumed to be a given. An alternative hypothesis is that the increase of settlement finds in the period may have been associated with an economic boom related to the warming of climate. Some researchers have even argued that a
442:. The oldest finds date from around 4900 BC. The first pottery was made of thick clay mixed with pebbles, shells or plants. The Narva type ceramics are found throughout almost the entire Estonian coastal region and on the islands. The stone and bone tools of the era have a notable similarity with the artifacts of the Kunda culture.
897:). The parish consisted of several villages. Nearly all parishes had at least one fortress. The defense of the local area was directed by the highest official, the parish elder. The county was composed of several parishes, also headed by an elder. By the 13th century the following major counties had developed in Estonia:
1385:
597:
began in
Estonia about 500 BC and lasted until the middle of the 1st century BC. The oldest iron items were imported, although since the 1st century iron was smelted from local marsh and lake ore. Settlement sites were located mostly in places that offered natural protection. Fortresses were built,
618:
and artefacts. The abundance of iron artifacts in
Southern Estonia speaks of closer mainland ties with southern areas while the islands of western and northern Estonia communicated with their neighbors mainly by sea. By the end of the period three clearly defined tribal dialectical areas: Northern
602:
surrounded by enclosures in
Estonia date from the Pre-Roman Iron Age. The majority of stones with man-made indents, which presumably were connected with magic designed to increase crop fertility, date from this period. A new type of grave, quadrangular burial mounds began to develop. Burial
523:, pottery with corded decoration and well-polished stone axes (s.c. boat-shape axes). Evidence of agriculture is provided by charred grain of wheat on the wall of a corded-ware vessel found in Iru settlement. Osteological analysis show an attempt was made to domesticate the
548:
775:. On their journey, "Eistland" (Oeselian?) Vikings raided the ship, killing some of the crew and taking others into slavery. Six years later, when Sigurd Eirikson traveled to "Eistland" to collect taxes on behalf of "Valdemar" (Vladimir), he spotted
675:
The extent of
Estonian territory in early medieval times is disputed but the nature of their religion is not. They were known to the Scandinavians as experts in wind-magic, as were the Sámi (known at the time as Finns) in the North. The name
580:
and Iru in the
Northern Estonia began to be built. The development of shipbuilding facilitated the spread of bronze. Changes took place in burial customs, a new type of burial ground spread from Germanic to Estonian areas, stone
530:
Specific burial customs were characterized by the dead being laid on their sides with their knees pressed against their breast, one hand under the head. Objects placed into the graves were made of bones of domesticated animals.
551:
556:
554:
550:
549:
555:
748:
and a great warrior, who was forced to patrol the shores of his kingdom fighting
Estonian pirates. The saga speaks of his invasion of Estonia where he fell in a battle against the men of
398:
settlement site in northern
Estonia, which dates from earlier than 8500. Bone and stone artifacts similar to those found at Kunda have been discovered elsewhere in Estonia, as well as in
553:
940:
Estonia constitutes one of the richest territories in the Baltic for hoards from the 11th and the 12th centuries. The earliest coin hoards found in
Estonia are Arabic
202:
311:
619:
Estonia, Southern
Estonia, and Western Estonia (including the islands) had emerged, the population of each having formed its own understanding of identity.
374:
The region has been populated since the end of the last glacial era, about 10,000 BC. The earliest traces of human settlement in
Estonia are connected with
476:. Until the early 1980s, the scholarly consensus held that the appearance of Comb Ceramic culture artifacts was associated with the arrival of
1513:
552:
1503:
752:
who had come down with a great army. After the battle, King Ingvar was buried close to the seashore in Estonia and the Swedes returned home.
889:
In the 1st centuries AD political and administrative subdivisions began to emerge in Estonia. Two larger subdivisions appeared: the parish (
255:
220:
86:
1388:
The Earliest States of Eastern Europe. Old Rus' and Medieval Europe: the Origin of States. Dmitriy Pozharskiy University, Moskva, 231-257.
230:
245:
1486:
1470:
1443:
1351:
1287:
1269:
1251:
1233:
1215:
1197:
1179:
1161:
1140:
1122:
1104:
1078:
154:
119:
304:
271:
225:
1508:
297:
197:
24:
1399:
142:
882:, which is usually located in northern Russia, but according to one hypothesis took place on sea close to the
568:
in Estonia is dated to approximately 1800 BC. The development of the borders between the Baltic Finns and the
464:. Burials associated with the culture often include figures of animals, birds, snakes and humans carved from
368:
240:
104:
1054:
703:
192:
187:
845:
610:
in Estonia is roughly dated to between 50 and 450 AD, the era that was affected by the influence of the
585:
graves and cremation burials became increasingly common aside small number of boat-shaped stone graves.
109:
81:
695:
652:
457:
449:
1454:
1046:
848:
520:
519:
The beginning of the Late Neolithic Period about 2200 BC is characterized by the appearance of the
512:
1309:
1298:
1374:
971:
867:
594:
336:
250:
169:
33:
44:
1482:
1466:
1439:
1283:
1265:
1247:
1229:
1211:
1193:
1175:
1157:
1136:
1133:
1118:
1100:
1074:
837:
795:
473:
439:
391:
352:
340:
1244:
1414:
983:
731:
687:
643:. In the Norse sagas (13th century) the term apparently was used to indicate the Estonians.
431:
379:
159:
114:
832:
or even as all non-Slavic people in north-eastern Europe, but since 11th century mainly as
324:
1018:
821:
776:
772:
764:
497:
489:
164:
1154:
1058:
995:
975:
902:
841:
829:
723:
699:
607:
387:
383:
348:
287:
235:
129:
1497:
1335:
1034:
949:
922:
802:
736:
599:
435:
375:
124:
66:
61:
1379:
1320:
1010:
991:
957:
898:
825:
756:
741:
611:
477:
344:
149:
500:
may have been spoken in Estonia and Finland since the end of the last glaciation.
445:
1280:
1262:
1226:
1208:
1190:
1172:
1115:
1097:
1005:
In the 11th century the Scandinavians are frequently chronicled as combating the
1134:
Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States, p153
953:
918:
883:
727:
681:
640:
363:
1465:
Estonian Collections : Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norman and later British Coins;
1418:
1073:
2nd Edition. Tõnu Tannberg, Ain Mäesalu, Tõnis Lukas, Mati Laur and Ago Pajur,
945:
932:
871:
565:
539:
508:
493:
1030:
833:
783:
715:
707:
691:
663:
615:
524:
481:
407:
1386:"The origin of Rus' and the question of Balto-Finnic role in this process".
910:
963:
1026:
906:
875:
810:
791:
768:
745:
657:
577:
1438:
Estonia and the Estonians (Studies of Nationalities) Toivo U. Raun p.11
1021:. The east Baltic world was transformed by military conquest: First the
16:
Historic Estonia from the mid-8th millennium BC to early 13th century AD
1050:
1042:
1014:
1006:
987:
914:
860:
787:
647:
632:
461:
460:" have been found at sites from Northern Finland and Russia to Eastern
411:
260:
941:
926:
851:
invaded the country of the Chuds in 1030 and laid the foundations of
817:
806:
771:, where her brother Sigurd held an honoured position at the court of
760:
668:
628:
419:
403:
399:
390:, in southwestern Estonia. It has been dated to the beginning of the
1481:
The Northern Crusades: Second Edition by Eric Christiansen; p.93;
1038:
962:
931:
856:
852:
719:
711:
662:
636:
569:
546:
538:
507:
485:
469:
444:
415:
362:
323:
71:
1263:
A History of Pagan Europe By Prudence Jones, Nigel Pennick; p.195
614:. In material culture this is reflected by few Roman coins, some
328:
Counties of Ancient Estonia in the beginning of the 13th century.
1245:
The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics., p21-23
1022:
582:
573:
465:
76:
1400:"Could Kedipiv in East-Slavonic Chronicles be Keava hill fort?"
1353:
The Migration Period, Pre-Viking Age, and Viking Age in Estonia
603:
traditions show the clear beginning of social stratification.
1455:
Through Past Millennia: Archaeological Discoveries in Estonia
1009:
from the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. With the rise of
779:
in a market in an unmentioned city and paid for his freedom.
763:
Queen Astrid escaped with her son, in future king of Norway
639:
living in the area of Western Lithuania and the present-day
730:— are not mentioned by Saxo as participating in the fight.
956:. Out of the 1500 coins published in catalogues, 1000 are
543:
Stone Cist Graves from The Bronze Age in Northern Estonia
684:
in his book V. Letters 1–2 dating from the 6th century.
1299:
The Letters of Cassiodorus Translated by Thomas Hodgkin
1310:
Pre- and Proto-historic Finns by John Abercromby p.141
824:
chronicles are in early context usually considered as
560:
Drone video of stone cist graves in Jõelähtme, Estonia
515:
pottery and stone axes at the Estonian History Museum.
598:
although used temporarily. The appearance of square
347:
in the first quarter of the 13th century during the
438:, which appears in Estonia at the beginning of the
1336:http://mcllibrary.org/Heimskringla/trygvason1.html
656:in the middle of the 2nd century AD mentions the
572:was under way. The first fortified settlements,
378:. The oldest known settlement in Estonia is the
343:until the conquest and subjugation of the local
635:. However, at this stage it probably indicated
394:. The Kunda Culture received its name from the
627:The name of Estonia occurs first in a form of
1345:
1343:
422:were used the most for making cutting tools.
305:
8:
1330:
1328:
840:the Chudes where one of the founders of the
1227:Estonia: Identity and Independence, p.28-31
1013:, centralized authority in Scandinavia and
936:Artifacts of the hoard from Kumna, Estonia
1173:The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, p.51
660:among other dwellers on the Baltic shore.
456:Artifacts identified as belonging to the "
312:
298:
18:
1049:and sometimes extermination by groups of
1209:Estonia: Identity and Independence, p.26
1191:Estonia: Identity and Independence, p.29
1116:Estonia: Identity and Independence, p.24
382:, which was located on the banks of the
1090:
32:
21:
694:and Estonians as participating in the
671:hoards in Estonia, 8th–11th centuries.
452:pottery at the Estonian History Museum
1098:History of Estonia By Mati Laur; p.11
986:fortress and trading center built in
948:hoards found in Estonia have been at
7:
1150:
1148:
1321:Heimskringla; 36. OF YNGVAR'S FALL
944:from the 8th century. The largest
855:, (the historical Russian name of
14:
646:According to one interpretation,
472:beginning from the middle of the
434:is marked by the ceramics of the
367:Tools made by Kunda culture, the
281:
43:
1407:Estonian Journal of Archaeology
1281:A History of Pagan Europe. p179
1:
1514:Historical regions in Estonia
844:in 9th century. According to
504:Late Neolithic - Chalcolithic
1504:History of Estonia by period
576:and Ridala on the island of
335:refers to a period covering
155:Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)
759:sagas, in the year 967 the
718:. It is notable that other
256:Restoration of independence
221:Declaration of Independence
1530:
1419:10.3176/arch.2012.supv1.11
744:(7th century), the son of
1081:, A/S BIT, Tallinn, 2002;
982:) was one of the largest
878:was crushed in battle at
631:in the 1st century AD by
798:as occurring in 972 AD.
706:, who were aided by the
1350:Tvauri, Andres (2012).
905:(Rotalia or Maritima),
680:was first mentioned by
492:) on the shores of the
369:Estonian History Museum
339:from the middle of the
999:
979:
968:
937:
672:
561:
544:
516:
453:
371:
329:
1398:Mäesalu, Ain (2012).
1356:. pp. 33, 59, 60
966:
935:
767:from her homeland to
740:how the Swedish king
666:
564:The beginning of the
559:
542:
511:
448:
430:The beginning of the
366:
359:The Mesolithic Period
327:
82:Baltic Finnic peoples
458:Comb Ceramic Culture
426:The Neolithic Period
261:Contemporary Estonia
1413:(16supplser): 199.
1047:military occupation
1017:eventually lead to
849:Yaroslav I the Wise
722:tribes — i.e., the
698:on the side of the
521:Corded Ware culture
513:Corded Ware culture
386:, near the town of
226:War of Independence
1509:Prehistoric Europe
1071:History of Estonia
1041:underwent defeat,
972:Varbola Stronghold
969:
938:
893:) and the county (
868:Novgorod Chronicle
696:Battle of BrĂĄvalla
673:
595:Pre-Roman Iron Age
562:
545:
517:
480:(ancestors of the
454:
414:. Among minerals,
372:
337:History of Estonia
330:
288:Estonia portal
251:Singing Revolution
198:National awakening
170:Great Northern War
866:According to the
838:Primary Chronicle
828:in north-western
782:A battle between
623:Early Middle Ages
557:
474:4th millennium BC
440:5th millennium BC
392:9th millennium BC
353:Northern Crusades
341:8th millennium BC
322:
321:
246:Soviet occupation
203:German occupation
1521:
1489:
1479:
1473:
1463:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1404:
1395:
1389:
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1372:
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1338:
1332:
1323:
1318:
1312:
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1272:
1260:
1254:
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1236:
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1200:
1188:
1182:
1170:
1164:
1152:
1143:
1131:
1125:
1113:
1107:
1095:
984:circular rampart
874:Ulf (Uleb) from
820:as mentioned in
805:, later king of
794:is described in
732:Snorri Sturluson
688:Saxo Grammaticus
558:
432:Neolithic period
380:Pulli settlement
314:
307:
300:
286:
285:
284:
115:Livonian Crusade
99:Medieval Estonia
87:Ancient counties
47:
37:
19:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1480:
1476:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1449:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1349:
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1341:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1304:
1297:
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1279:
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1261:
1257:
1243:
1239:
1225:
1221:
1207:
1203:
1189:
1185:
1171:
1167:
1153:
1146:
1132:
1128:
1114:
1110:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1067:
1019:Baltic crusades
1002:) at the time.
980:Castrum Warbole
925:(Saccala), and
836:. According to
822:Old East Slavic
773:Prince Vladimir
765:Olaf Tryggvason
734:relates in his
625:
591:
547:
537:
506:
498:Uralic language
428:
361:
333:Ancient Estonia
318:
282:
280:
266:
265:
231:Interwar period
216:
208:
207:
193:Russian Livonia
188:Russian Estonia
183:
182:Russian Estonia
175:
174:
165:Swedish Livonia
145:
143:Swedish Estonia
135:
134:
100:
92:
91:
57:
55:Ancient Estonia
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1474:
1458:
1447:
1431:
1390:
1367:
1339:
1324:
1313:
1302:
1291:
1273:
1255:
1237:
1219:
1201:
1183:
1165:
1144:
1126:
1108:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1066:
1063:
690:describes the
624:
621:
608:Roman Iron Age
590:
587:
536:
535:The Bronze Age
533:
505:
502:
427:
424:
360:
357:
320:
319:
317:
316:
309:
302:
294:
291:
290:
277:
276:
268:
267:
264:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
236:Era of Silence
233:
228:
223:
217:
215:Modern Estonia
214:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
200:
195:
190:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
167:
162:
160:Polish Livonia
157:
152:
146:
141:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:
130:Baltic Germans
127:
122:
120:Danish Estonia
117:
112:
107:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
58:
53:
52:
49:
48:
40:
39:
30:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1526:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1488:
1487:0-14-026653-4
1484:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:0-19-726220-1
1468:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1444:0-8179-2852-9
1441:
1435:
1432:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1334:Heimskringla
1331:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1288:0-415-09136-5
1285:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:0-415-09136-5
1267:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1252:0-631-23170-6
1249:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:90-420-0890-3
1231:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1216:90-420-0890-3
1213:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:90-420-0890-3
1195:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1180:0-521-47299-7
1177:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:9985-2-0606-1
1159:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1141:0-313-30610-9
1138:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:90-420-0890-3
1120:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:9985-2-0324-0
1102:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1080:
1079:9985-2-0606-1
1076:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
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1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
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1001:
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989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
967:Varbola ruins
965:
961:
959:
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947:
943:
934:
930:
928:
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920:
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869:
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827:
823:
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814:
812:
808:
804:
803:Olaf the Holy
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
755:According to
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:
737:Ynglinga saga
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
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689:
685:
683:
679:
670:
665:
661:
659:
655:
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653:Geography III
649:
644:
642:
638:
637:Baltic tribes
634:
630:
622:
620:
617:
613:
609:
604:
601:
600:Celtic fields
596:
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586:
584:
579:
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487:
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467:
463:
459:
451:
447:
443:
441:
437:
436:Narva culture
433:
425:
423:
421:
417:
413:
410:and southern
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:Kunda culture
370:
365:
358:
356:
354:
350:
346:
345:Finnic tribes
342:
338:
334:
326:
315:
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308:
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62:Kunda culture
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26:
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735:
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455:
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429:
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272:
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150:Livonian War
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1375:Marika Mägi
1360:27 December
1033:, then the
958:Anglo-Saxon
929:(Ugaunia).
917:(Vironia),
913:(Revalia),
884:Tallinn Bay
796:Njál's saga
728:Lithuanians
682:Cassiodorus
641:Kaliningrad
406:, northern
384:river Pärnu
351:and Danish
125:Old Livonia
34:History of
1498:Categories
1155:of Estonia
1086:References
946:Viking Age
921:(Jervia),
909:(Harria),
901:(Osilia),
842:Rus' state
566:Bronze Age
494:Baltic Sea
273:Chronology
110:Viking Age
1035:Prussians
1031:Estonians
891:kihelkond
886:in 1032.
880:Iron Gate
834:Estonians
788:Icelandic
761:Norwegian
716:Pomerania
708:Livonians
692:Curonians
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784:Oeselian
769:Novgorod
710:and the
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25:a series
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1065:Sources
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724:Letts
712:Wends
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