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saying "look out" when putting out hot water or going to the toilet so they can move out of the way) or building your home too close to or, even worse, on top of their home, disturbing their cattle or blocking their roads. They can make your life very very miserable or even dangerous – they do whatever it takes to drive you away, even arrange accidents that will harm or even kill you. Even in modern days, people have rebuilt or moved houses in order not to block a "Vittra-way", or moved from houses that are deemed a "Vittra-place" (Vittra ställe) because of bad luck – although this is rather uncommon. In tales told in the north of Sweden, Vittra often take the place that trolls, tomte and vättar hold in the same stories told in other parts of the country. Vittra are believed to sometimes "borrow" cattle that later would be returned to the owner with the ability to give more milk as a sign of gratitude. This tradition is heavily influenced by the fact that it was developed during a time when people let their cattle graze on mountains or in the forest for long periods of the year.
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the mist and it is often said in Sweden that, "the Elves are dancing in the mist". The female form of Elves may have originated from the female deities called Dís (singular) and Díser (plural) found in pre-Christian
Scandinavian religion. They were very powerful spirits closely linked to the seid magic. Even today the word "dis" is a synonym for mist or very light rain in Swedish, Norwegian and Danish. Particularly in Denmark, the female elves have merged with the dangerous and seductive huldra, skogsfrun or "keeper of the forest", often called hylde. In some parts of Sweden the elves also share features with the Skogsfrun, "Huldra", or "Hylda", and can seduce and bewitch careless men and suck the life out of them or make them go down in the mire and drown. But at the same time the Skogsrå exists as its own being, with other distinct features clearly separating it from the elves. In more modern tales, it isn't uncommon for a rather ugly male Tomte, Troll, Vätte or a Dwarf to fall in love with a beautiful Elven female, as the beginning of a story of impossible or forbidden love.
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instead to teach the farmer a lesson. Although the nisse should be treated with respect, some tales warn against treating him too kindly. There's a
Swedish story in which a farmer and his wife entered their barn early in the morning and found a little, old, grey man sweeping the floor. They saw his clothing, which was nothing more than torn rags, and the wife decided to make him some new ones; when the nisse found them in the barn, however, he considered himself too elegant to perform any more farm labour and thus disappeared from the farm. Nisser are also associated with Christmas and the yule time. Farmers customarily place bowls of rice porridge on their doorsteps to please the nisser, comparative to the cookies and milk left out for Santa Claus in other cultures. Some believe that the nisse brings them presents as well.
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tricking an enormous troll to build a church. Trolls come in many different shapes and forms, and are generally not fair to behold, as they can have as many as nine heads. Trolls live throughout the land. They dwell in mountains, under bridges, and at the bottom of lakes. Trolls who live in the mountains may be rich and, hoarding mounds of gold and silver in their cliff dwellings.
340:
432:, Hylda, Skogsrå or Skogfru (Forest wife/woman) is a dangerous seductress who lives in the forest. The Huldra is said to lure men with her charm. She has a long cow's tail, or according to some traditions, that of a fox, which she ties under her skirt in order to hide it from men. If she can manage to get married in a church, her tail falls off and she becomes human.
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historical relics, Stave churches function as active centers for cultural preservation, hosting various ceremonies and events. In the context of Norway's evolving cultural landscape, these churches endure as emblematic symbols of enduring identity and heritage, encapsulating the nuanced interplay between religious, mythological, and societal dimensions.
285:. Dancers form a circle, holding hands, and move in a rhythmic and coordinated manner. These ballads may recount tales of legendary heroes, folklore figures, or historical events specific to the Faroe Islands. The combination of dance and music enhances the immersive experience, allowing participants to physically engage with the narratives.
209:, and the mystical in Nordic folklore. In modern Nordic culture, runes continue to hold symbolic and cultural significance. While the runic alphabet is no longer in common use for writing, it has become a popular element in art, jewelry, and tattoos, often serving as a connection to Norse heritage and a way to express cultural pride.
246:, is characterized by its quick tempo (95–106 bpm) and features acrobatic moves. Typically performed by men during weddings or parties, Halling showcases athleticism through kicks, spins, and rhythmic footwork. The dance serves not only as a form of entertainment, but also as a display of skill and strength.
355:(1220) as a monster with many heads. Later, trolls became characters in fairy tales, legends and ballads. They play a main part in many of the fairy tales from Asbjørnsen and Moes collections of Norwegian tales (1844). Trolls may be compared to many supernatural beings in other cultures, for instance the
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Nordic folklore's traditional dances, intricately linked to celebrations, rituals, and communal assemblies, exhibit specific movements, patterns, and music deeply ingrained in the cultural fabric of the region. An exploration of these dances unveils insights into social dynamics, community cohesion,
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and has been a significant part of their way of life for centuries. The
Grindadráp is associated with various customs, beliefs, and rituals, including the importance of communal cooperation and the sharing of resources. However, the Grindadráp is also a contested and controversial practice in modern
706:
In
Swedish, the word "tomten" (definite form of "tomte") is very closely linked to the word for the plot of land where a house or cottage is built, which is called "tomten" as well (definite form of "tomt"). Therefore, some scholars believe that the wight Tomten originates from some sort of general
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who takes care of the house and barn when the farmer is asleep, but only if the farmer reciprocates by setting out food for the nisse and he himself also takes care of his family, farm and animals. If the nisse is ignored or maltreated or the farm is not cared for, he is likely to sabotage the work
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in Norway represent a unique synthesis of
Christian and Norse cultural influences, evident in their architectural and ornamental features. These wooden structures, characterized by intricate carvings, serve as tangible artifacts linking contemporary communities to historical narratives. Beyond mere
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lives underground, is invisible most of the time and has its own cattle. Most of the time Vittra are rather distant and do not meddle in human affairs, but are fearsome when enraged. This can be achieved by not respecting them properly, for example by neglecting to perform certain rituals (such as
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in the Edda), otherworldly, beautiful and seductive residents of forests, meadows and mires. They are skilled in magic and illusions. Sometimes they are described as small fairies, sometimes as full-sized women and sometimes as half transparent spirits, or a mix thereof. They are closely linked to
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There was some discrepancy as to how they came into being. Some stories say that the Maras are restless children, whose souls leave their body at night to haunt the living. Another tale explains that if a pregnant woman pulled a horse placenta over her head before giving birth, the child would be
372:
Trolls are described in many ways in
Scandinavian folk literature, but they are often portrayed as stupid, and slow to act. In fairy tales and legends about trolls, the plot is often that a human with courage and presence of mind can outwit a troll. Sometimes saints' legends involve a holy man
178:
or Sagas of
Icelanders) are a series of prose narratives about events that took place in Iceland in the 9th, 10th and early 11th centuries. They are mostly based on historical events, but they also contain elements of fiction. The sagas tell the stories of the early settlers of Iceland, their
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who are said to live in the mountains, hills, and rocks of the Faroes. They are said to be similar in appearance to humans, but they are much smaller and have pale skin and long, dark hair. The huldufólk are generally benevolent creatures, but they can be mischievous if they are angered.
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is a mythical creature that is part-human and part-seal. According to legend, Selkies can shed their seal skins and transform into humans. There are many stories in
Faroese folklore about Selkies falling in love with humans and leaving their sea life behind to live on land.
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families, and their descendants. Íslendingasögur are considered to be some of the finest examples of medieval literature. The sagas were originally written down in the 13th and 14th centuries, but they are believed to have been passed down orally for many years before that.
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are heterogenous, as are the oral genres and material culture that has been common in their lands. However, there are some commonalities across
Scandinavian folkloric traditions, among them a common ground in elements from
481:. ("Lung soot", another name for tuberculosis, referred to the effect of proper chimneys in 18th through 19th century homes. Inhabitants would therefore contract diseases due to inhaling smoke on a daily basis.)
469:") appears in many different forms, but would terrorize the sleeping by "riding" on their chest, thus giving them nightmares. (This appears to describe "apparitions" commonly seen and/or felt during episodes of
473:.) The Mara traditionally could ride on cattle, which would be left drained of energy and with tangled fur at the Mara's touch. Trees would curl up and wilt at the Mara's touch as well. In some tales, like the
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is a sea creature that looks like a man with three toes on each foot. Its skin is black and red. It has a long left foot and a small right foot which drags behind, making it lean left when walking.
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is a waterfall located in the south of
Iceland, and is home to a number of folk tales, including one about hidden treasure that is said to be buried at the base of the waterfall by Þrasi Þórólfsson.
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that inhabits the mountains and hills of the Faroe Islands. The dreygur is typically described as a large, strong creature with pale skin and long, dark hair. It is often depicted as being
219:, which falls in January or February, and features dishes such as fermented shark, dried fish, and smoked lamb. The festival also includes music, dancing, and other cultural activities.
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to lure his victims out onto thin ice on foot or onto water in leaky boats, then draws them down to the bottom of the water where he is waiting for them. The nøkk is also a
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Troll (Norwegian and Swedish), trolde (Danish) is a designation for several types of human-like supernatural beings in Scandinavian folklore. They are mentioned in the
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instruments are often found accompanying this dance. The dance holds cultural significance as it is commonly associated with celebrations and social gatherings.
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was a powerful Viking chieftain who lived in the Faroe Islands during the 9th century. According to legend, Tróndur was killed by a Christian missionary named
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711:. A Nisse/Tomte is said to be able to change his size between that of a 5-year-old child and a thumb, and also to have the ability to make himself invisible.
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Elves (in Swedish, Älva if female and Alv if male, Alv in Norwegian, and Elver in Danish) are in some parts mostly described as female (in contrast to the
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116:, who had come to the islands to spread Christianity. Tróndur's legacy lives on in Faroese folklore, where he is often portrayed as a tragic hero.
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477:, they served as an omen of death. If one were to leave a dirty doll in a family living room, one of the members would soon fall ill and die of
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369:. In Swedish, such beings are often termed 'jätte' (giant), a word related to the Norse 'jotun'. The origins of the word troll is uncertain.
189:, including the Norse. In Nordic folklore, runes hold significant cultural and mystical importance. They are often associated with the god
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Among the many tales common in Scandinavian oral traditions, some have become known beyond Scandinavian borders – examples include
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146:. The beach is also home to a number of folk tales, including one about a pair of trolls who were turned to stone by the sun.
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2211:"L'auctoritas de Thomas de Cantimpré en matière ichtyologique (Vincent de Beauvais, Albert le Grand, l'Hortus sanitatis)"
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is an annual mid-winter festival that celebrates traditional Icelandic cuisine. The festival is named after the month of
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979:"The Faroes Grindadráp or Pilot Whale Hunt: The Importance of Its 'Traditional' Status in Debates with Conservationists"
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1014:""Orgy of Blood" vs "Getting Food on the Table": Negotiating Essentializing Discourses around the Faroese Grindadráp"
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Bogachev, Roman; Fedyunina, Inna; Melnikova, Julia; Koteneva, Inna; Kudryavtseva, Natalia (2 December 2021).
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80:. Folklore is a concept encompassing expressive traditions of a particular culture or group. The peoples of
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548:, often referred to as the "Great Lake Monster," is steeped in the folklore of Sweden, specifically with
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1796:"Behind the cloak, between the lines: Trolls and the symbolism of their clothing in Old Norse tradition"
1560:"Gender and Sexuality in the Polska: Swedish Couple Dancing and the Challenge of Egalitarian Flirtation"
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126:. They are said to be very large and strong, and they are often depicted as being angry and destructive.
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delivered safely; however, if it were a son, he would become a werewolf, and if a daughter, a Mara.
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from Scandinavian folklore have become well known in other parts of the world, mainly through
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853:"The spectacular Skógafoss Waterfall in South-Iceland and the Legend of the Treasure Chest"
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The function of the living dead in medieval Norse and Celtic literature: death and desire
2143:"Fantastic beasts and why to conserve them: animals, magic and biodiversity conservation"
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Schuppener, Georg (30 December 2021), "The far-right use of Norse-Germanic mythology",
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Scandinavian Folklore: Illustrations of the Traditional Beliefs of the Northern People
1925:"Treue und Wahrheit: Asbjørnsen and Moe and the Scientification of Folklore in Norway"
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is a black sand beach located in the south of Iceland. It is known for its towering
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56:. It has common roots with, and has been under mutual influence with, folklore in
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259:: Often danced as a couple, characterized by smooth flowing movements. Fiddle or
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1335:"Symbolic Meanings Of Runes Within The Linguistic Worldview Of Ancient Germans"
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552:. Notably the legendary creature was briefly granted a protected status by the
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Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies
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537:, who usually changes into a horse or a man in order to lure victims to him.
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2330:"Supernatural Beings in the Far North: Folkore, Folk Belief, and the Selkie"
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times, with concerns about its impact on animal welfare and sustainability.
2091:"Scandinavian Myths and Grimm's Tales in Clemence Housman's The Were-Wolf"
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Grimm Ripples: The Legacy of the Grimms’ Deutsche Sagen in Northern Europe
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practice is deeply rooted in the cultural history and mythology of the
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Holmes, George; Smith, Thomas Aneurin; Ward, Caroline (24 July 2017).
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The World of Tolkien: Mythological Sources of The Lord of the Rings
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1521:"Renegotiating Identity Markers in Contemporary Halling Practices"
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is the national dance of the Faroe Islands, often accompanied by
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Encyclopedia of Beasts and Monsters in Myth, Legend and Folklore
2004:
The cultural significance of elves in northern European balladry
1405:"Viking tattoos of Instagram: Runes and contemporary identities"
1185:
The Routledge Research Companion to the Medieval Icelandic Sagas
1182:
Jakobsson, Ármann; Jakobsson, Sverrir, eds. (17 February 2017).
1058:, Harvard University Press, pp. 291–307, 31 December 1967,
352:
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and the perpetuation of mythological themes across generations.
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175:
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2647:
2509:(1961). "Folklore Trends in Scandinavia" in Dorson, Richard M.
1447:"The Study of Gastronomic Festivals Based on Cultural Heritage"
1101:
Chaos & love: the philosophy of the Icelandic family sagas
449:
205:, all together reflecting the interconnectedness of language,
2525:. Trans. Toni Rambolt. Chester Springs, PA: Dufour Editions.
1262:
The Germanic Tribes, the Gods and the German Far Right Today
1841:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 33–43,
122:
are a pair of giants who are said to live on the island of
2023:"The Skogsrå of Folklore and Strindberg's The Crown Bride"
1445:
Trabskaya, Julia; Gordin, Valery; Tihonova, Diana (2015).
461:
In Scandinavia, there has been a widespread belief in the
1482:"Norwegian Folk-Music and Its Connection with the Dance"
1339:
European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences
1755:"Norwegian Stave Churches and their Pagan Antecedents"
948:"The Eerie Folktales Behind Iceland's Natural Wonders"
2594:. Community of Sweden. Visit Sweden. Web. 4 May 2010.
1714:
Aune, Petter; Sack, Ronald L.; Selberg, Arne (1983).
1636:
Wylie, Jonathan; Margolin, David (31 December 1981).
1104:. Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen.
1603:
Congress on Research in Dance Conference Proceedings
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Digital collection of Norwegian Eventyr and Legends
2584:
The Tomte and Other Scandinavian Folklore Creatures
2279:Salvador, Rodrigo B.; Tomotani, Barbara M. (2014).
1486:Journal of the English Folk Dance and Song Society
660:from Faroese folklore. It is said to be a type of
2306:20.500.11755/3cfbff1d-83b6-492e-b6df-c4133a84a0e6
1876:Primiano, Leonard Norman; Narvaez, Peter (1996).
884:"The Glorious Geology of Iceland's Golden Circle"
2370:Seasons in the literatures of the medieval North
185:are part of the runic alphabet, used by various
3000:
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619:is a legendary sea-monster, resembling a giant
575:said to live in the 13-kilometre-long (8-mile)
89:as well as Christian conceptions of the world.
1403:Bennett, Lisa; Wilkins, Kim (29 August 2019).
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1794:Guðmundsdóttir, Aðalheiður (1 October 2017).
797:Hammershaimb, V. U.; Jakobsen, Jakob (1891).
343:Mother Troll and Her Sons by Swedish painter
8:
2930:
2921:
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2328:McEntire, Nancy Cassell (31 December 2010).
1677:Handbook of Pre-Modern Nordic Memory Studies
1296:"Finland in the margins of the Viking world"
1167:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
714:A type of wight from Northern Sweden called
694:(in southern Sweden, Norway and Denmark) or
684:of an angry nisse stealing hay from a farmer
1362:Åhfeldt, Laila Kitzler (19 November 2021).
3102:
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2616:Norwegian folktales in English translation
2554:Spirits, Fairies, Leprechauns, and Goblins
2451:Reimund Kvideland and Henning K. Sehmsdorf
2281:"The Kraken: when myth encounters science"
1839:The Palgrave Handbook to Horror Literature
1599:"The Polska: Featuring Swedish in Finland"
381:with his court, as described in detail in
2304:
2117:"Storsjöodjuret - The Great Lake Monster"
1835:"Horror in the Medieval North: The Troll"
1770:
1379:
1346:
1269:
977:Bulbeck, Chilla; Bowdler, Sandra (2008).
2640:by the University of Oslo (In Norwegian)
1800:European Journal of Scandinavian Studies
492:
2063:Isländische Volkssagen der Gegenwart...
1878:"The Good People: New Fairylore Essays"
789:
554:Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
2556:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company
1753:Reed, Michael F. (23 September 2020).
1160:
406:, "meadow elves", (1850), painting by
98:The Giant Who Had No Heart in His Body
2602:The Celtic and Scandinavian Religions
2016:
2014:
1671:Árnadóttir, Tóta (19 November 2018),
1440:
1438:
1264:, London: Routledge, pp. 37–74,
1255:
1253:
1227:
1225:
1210:from the original on 6 September 2023
1080:from the original on 6 September 2023
928:from the original on 6 September 2023
769:, a collection of Norwegian folktales
529:-dwelling creature. The nøkk plays a
7:
2285:História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos
1642:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1364:"Rune Carvers in Military Campaigns"
1294:Willson, Kendra (23 December 2016).
556:, but this was later removed by the
2573:Scandinavian Legends and Folk-tales
2456:Scandinavian Folk Belief and Legend
2001:Taylor, Lynda (24 September 2014).
2511:Folklore Research around the World
2260:from the original on 23 March 2022
2221:from the original on 23 March 2022
2191:from the original on 23 March 2022
2089:Kooistra, Lorraine (15 May 2018).
2070:from the original on 28 April 2023
2007:(phd thesis). University of Leeds.
1972:. University of California Press.
1133:L., Byock, Jesse (28 April 2023).
833:from the original on 30 April 2023
25:
1732:10.1038/scientificamerican0883-96
1064:10.4159/harvard.9780674729292.c30
627:said to appear off the coasts of
377:, a troll king, lives inside the
2984:
2115:Adsten, Anne (7 December 2018).
1882:The Journal of American Folklore
1679:, De Gruyter, pp. 716–726,
1237:Norse Mythology for Smart People
2297:10.1590/S0104-59702014000300010
2240:Bane, Theresa (25 April 2016).
1341:. European Publisher: 532–538.
1233:"Odin's Discovery of the Runes"
1012:Caputo-Nimbark, Roshni (2022).
958:from the original on 1 May 2023
863:from the original on 1 May 2023
2630:, catalogued according to the
2628:Archive of Icelandic Folktales
2021:Syndergaard, Larry E. (1972).
1966:Lindow, John (28 April 2023).
1923:Esborg, Line (28 March 2022),
1716:"The Stave Churches of Norway"
1:
2575:. New York: Oxford University
2523:Norwegian Folklore Simplified
2066:(in German). J. C. Hinrichs.
1969:Swedish Legends and Folktales
1759:RACAR: Revue d'art canadienne
465:. The Mara (or, in English, "
201:, and as powerful symbols in
1576:10.1080/17411912.2011.587244
1139:. Univ of California Press.
803:. S.L. Mollers bogtrykkeri.
707:house god or deity prior to
698:(in Sweden) is a benevolent
319:A large number of different
2546:. London: Alexander Garnder
2513:. Indiana University Press.
2501:. London: Folcroft Library.
2095:editions.covecollective.org
1931:, Brill, pp. 185–221,
1847:10.1007/978-3-319-97406-4_3
1098:Bredsdorff, Thomas (2001).
882:Gudmundsson, Agust (2017).
331:genres. Some of these are:
94:The Three Billy Goats Gruff
3488:
2632:Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index
2604:. Chicago: Academy Chicago
1833:Jakobsson, Ármann (2018),
1136:Feud in the Icelandic saga
2982:
2459:University of Minnesota.
2159:10.1017/s003060531700059x
1937:10.1163/9789004511644_008
1685:10.1515/9783110431360-079
1537:10.1017/s0149767720000054
1348:10.15405/epsbs.2021.12.66
1056:The Icelandic Family Saga
896:10.1007/978-3-319-55152-4
823:"The giant and the witch"
2621:23 February 2023 at the
2589:14 February 2010 at the
2402:Smith, Gregg A. (2008).
2217:. Catherine Jacquemard.
1558:Kaminsky, David (2011).
1421:10.1177/1354856519872413
757:John Bauer (illustrator)
680:An illustration made by
303:A stave church in Norway
2958:
2949:
2940:
2810:
2801:
2743:
2442:Reidar Th. Christiansen
2060:Maurer, Konrad (1860).
1480:Sandvik, O. M. (1935).
1451:SSRN Electronic Journal
1271:10.4324/9781003206309-3
773:Thunderstone (folklore)
3158:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3028:
3019:
3010:
3001:
2972:
2931:
2922:
2903:
2887:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2851:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2787:
2778:
2769:
2734:
2700:
2691:
1812:10.1515/ejss-2017-0022
1673:"II: 43 Chain Dancing"
1525:Dance Research Journal
1519:Fiskvik, Anne (2020).
983:Australian Archaeology
685:
505:
410:
348:
321:mythological creatures
304:
2676:Scandinavian folklore
2039:10.1353/cdr.1972.0023
1648:10.9783/9781512809190
1597:Hoppu, Petri (2014).
1564:Ethnomusicology Forum
1194:10.4324/9781315613628
827:visitfaroeislands.com
679:
496:
402:
342:
302:
2541:5 April 2023 at the
2496:5 April 2023 at the
1459:10.2139/ssrn.2672622
1312:10.30666/elore.79275
589:Vestfold og Telemark
415:light and dark elves
114:Sigmundur Brestisson
3374:States with limited
2530:Craigie, William A.
2446:Folktales of Norway
2346:10.2218/ss.v35.2692
1720:Scientific American
1639:The Ring of Dancers
1615:10.1017/cor.2014.13
1381:10.5617/viking.9058
767:Norske Folkeeventyr
275:Faroese Chain Dance
159:: This traditional
120:Risin and Kellingin
3110:Folklore of Europe
3053:Old Norse religion
1978:10.2307/jj.2430675
1415:(5–6): 1301–1314.
731:Birgit Ridderstedt
709:Old Norse religion
686:
658:legendary creature
558:Swedish Parliament
506:
411:
349:
305:
3459:
3458:
3077:
3076:
2491:Giants and Dwarfs
2415:978-0-7734-5353-1
2380:978-1-78204-584-7
2253:978-0-7864-9505-4
2027:Comparative Drama
1987:978-0-520-31777-2
1946:978-90-04-51164-4
1856:978-3-319-97405-7
1772:10.7202/1071663ar
1694:978-3-11-043136-0
1657:978-1-5128-0919-0
1281:978-1-003-20630-9
1146:978-0-520-34101-2
1030:10.7202/1108118ar
954:. 8 August 2017.
905:978-3-319-55151-7
800:Faerosk anthologi
682:Gudmund Stenersen
525:, is a dangerous
498:Theodor Kittelsen
290:Folk Architecture
16:(Redirected from
3479:
3412:Dependencies and
3116:Sovereign states
3104:
3097:
3090:
3081:
3033:
3024:
3015:
3006:
2988:
2977:
2967:Will-o'-the-wisp
2963:
2954:
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2908:
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2668:
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2599:
2598:MacCulloch, J.A.
2581:(24 June 2009).
2580:
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2367:Langeslag, P.S.
2364:
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2334:Scottish Studies
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2121:Adventure Sweden
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857:Guide to Iceland
849:
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315:Folklore figures
187:Germanic peoples
70:Baltic countries
21:
18:Swedish folklore
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3472:Nordic folklore
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3393:Northern Cyprus
3375:
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3290:North Macedonia
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3069:Danish folklore
3057:
3048:Norse mythology
3036:
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2980:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2623:Wayback Machine
2612:
2607:
2597:
2591:Wayback Machine
2579:Oliver, Alberto
2578:
2566:
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2543:Wayback Machine
2528:
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2506:Thompson, Stith
2504:
2498:Wayback Machine
2486:Wood, Edward J.
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762:Norse mythology
736:Danish folklore
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571:is a legendary
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471:sleep paralysis
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30:Nordic folklore
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2185:www.unicaen.fr
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2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:. McFarland.
2245:
2244:
2236:
2233:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2181:"De piscibus"
2176:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2122:
2118:
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2065:
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2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1959:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
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1911:
1907:
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1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1746:
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1737:
1733:
1729:
1726:(2): 96–105.
1725:
1721:
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1696:
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1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
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1203:9781315613628
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1178:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1111:87-7289-570-5
1107:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1091:
1079:
1075:
1073:9780674729292
1069:
1065:
1061:
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1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
985:(67): 53–60.
984:
980:
973:
970:
957:
953:
949:
943:
940:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
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858:
854:
848:
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815:
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783:
778:
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771:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
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750:
748:
747:
743:'s 1867 play
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
724:
722:
719:
718:
712:
710:
704:
701:
697:
693:
692:
683:
678:
671:
669:
667:
666:cannibalistic
663:
659:
655:
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645:
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634:
632:
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618:
610:
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586:
582:
578:
574:
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563:
561:
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555:
551:
550:Lake Storsjön
547:
540:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:
518:
517:
512:
511:
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294:
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268:Faroe islands
267:
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255:
254:
250:
245:
241:
237:
236:
232:
230:
223:
218:
214:
211:
208:
204:
203:Norse rituals
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
173:
170:
166:
165:Faroe Islands
162:
158:
155:
154:
150:
145:
141:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
108:
107:
103:
101:
99:
95:
90:
88:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:Low Countries
63:
59:
55:
54:Faroe Islands
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
19:
3403:Transnistria
2674:
2601:
2582:
2572:
2553:
2534:
2522:
2518:Hopp, Zinken
2510:
2489:
2473:
2454:
2445:
2404:
2397:
2369:
2362:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2262:. Retrieved
2242:
2235:
2223:. Retrieved
2215:Resrarchgate
2214:
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2184:
2175:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2124:. Retrieved
2120:
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2062:
2055:
2030:
2026:
2003:
1996:
1968:
1961:
1950:, retrieved
1928:
1918:
1888:(431): 105.
1885:
1881:
1871:
1860:, retrieved
1838:
1828:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1698:, retrieved
1676:
1666:
1638:
1631:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1531:(1): 45–57.
1528:
1524:
1514:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1450:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1338:
1328:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1261:
1240:. Retrieved
1236:
1212:. Retrieved
1184:
1177:
1135:
1128:
1100:
1093:
1082:, retrieved
1055:
1052:"Njáls saga"
1046:
1021:
1017:
1007:
982:
972:
960:. Retrieved
951:
942:
930:. Retrieved
887:
877:
865:. Retrieved
856:
847:
835:. Retrieved
826:
817:
799:
792:
744:
741:Henrik Ibsen
715:
713:
705:
695:
689:
687:
662:undead being
651:
638:
614:
604:
602:
580:
577:Lake Seljord
567:
544:
535:shapeshifter
520:
514:
508:
507:
501:
483:
479:tuberculosis
460:
439:
427:
425:
412:
408:Nils Blommér
403:
386:
371:
364:
350:
318:
306:
227:
207:spirituality
91:
29:
28:
26:
3441:Isle of Man
3376:recognition
3350:Switzerland
3285:Netherlands
3030:Påskkärring
2724:Church grim
2568:Jones, Gwyn
2550:Rose, Carol
1765:(2): 3–13.
1018:Ethnologies
573:sea serpent
527:fresh water
522:strömkarlen
375:Dovregubben
261:nyckelharpa
224:Folk dances
174:(Icelandic
136:Reynisfjara
82:Scandinavia
3320:San Marino
3280:Montenegro
3260:Luxembourg
3240:Kazakhstan
3143:Azerbaijan
3003:Askeladden
2812:Marmennill
2780:Gjenganger
2736:Deildegast
2719:Changeling
2470:Day, David
2408:. Mellen.
2389:1268190091
2126:25 January
2100:25 January
1952:26 January
1862:26 January
1700:25 January
1609:: 99–105.
1242:26 January
1155:1377666414
779:References
345:John Bauer
240:folk dance
195:divination
157:Grindadráp
151:Traditions
144:sea stacks
3431:Gibraltar
3255:Lithuania
2917:Troll cat
2771:Fossegrim
2729:Cyprianus
2702:Bäckahäst
2424:220341788
2354:2052-3629
2315:0104-5970
2167:0030-6053
2047:1936-1637
1902:0021-8715
1820:2191-9402
1781:1918-4778
1740:0036-8733
1623:2049-1255
1584:1741-1912
1545:0149-7677
1498:0071-0563
1492:: 92–97.
1467:1556-5068
1429:1354-8565
1390:2535-2660
1320:1456-3010
1163:cite book
1038:1481-5974
991:0312-2417
922:134322667
914:2364-6497
809:954234796
784:Citations
752:Huldufólk
746:Peer Gynt
504:from 1904
467:nightmare
442:Huldufólk
436:Huldufolk
404:Ängsälvor
388:Peer Gynt
213:Þorrablót
130:Skógafoss
3466:Category
3451:Svalbard
3436:Guernsey
3383:Abkhazia
3335:Slovenia
3330:Slovakia
3305:Portugal
3163:Bulgaria
3062:See also
2933:Vardøger
2693:Askafroa
2619:Archived
2600:(1948).
2587:Archived
2571:(1956).
2552:(1996).
2539:Archived
2533:(1896).
2521:(1961).
2494:Archived
2488:(1868).
2472:(2003).
2453:(1988).
2444:(1964).
2264:23 March
2258:Archived
2225:23 March
2219:Archived
2195:23 March
2189:Archived
2074:28 April
2068:Archived
1208:Archived
1120:47704862
1078:archived
999:40288022
956:Archived
926:Archived
888:GeoGuide
861:Archived
837:30 April
831:Archived
725:See also
357:Cyclopes
142:and its
124:Eysturoy
52:and the
34:folklore
3360:Ukraine
3310:Romania
3270:Moldova
3228:Ireland
3223:Iceland
3218:Hungary
3208:Germany
3203:Georgia
3193:Finland
3188:Estonia
3183:Denmark
3168:Croatia
3153:Belgium
3148:Belarus
3138:Austria
3133:Armenia
3128:Andorra
3123:Albania
3041:Origins
2924:Valravn
2889:Skogsrå
2862:Bergsrå
2839:Nis Puk
2789:Helhest
2762:Erlking
2435:Sources
2340:: 120.
1506:4521070
654:dreygur
648:Dreygur
621:octopus
605:circhos
599:Circhos
585:Seljord
475:Banshee
446:fairies
366:Odyssey
347:, 1915.
329:fantasy
283:ballads
244:Halling
161:whaling
110:Tróndur
104:Legends
74:Finland
62:Germany
58:England
50:Iceland
38:Denmark
32:is the
3446:Jersey
3388:Kosovo
3355:Turkey
3345:Sweden
3325:Serbia
3315:Russia
3300:Poland
3295:Norway
3275:Monaco
3245:Latvia
3213:Greece
3198:France
3173:Cyprus
3012:Blenda
2994:People
2951:Vættir
2905:Skrømt
2871:Hulder
2821:Myling
2796:Kraken
2745:Draugr
2684:Beings
2560:
2479:
2463:
2422:
2412:
2387:
2377:
2352:
2313:
2250:
2165:
2045:
1984:
1943:
1910:541728
1908:
1900:
1853:
1818:
1779:
1738:
1691:
1654:
1621:
1582:
1543:
1504:
1496:
1465:
1427:
1388:
1368:Viking
1318:
1278:
1200:
1153:
1143:
1118:
1108:
1070:
1036:
997:
989:
952:Travel
920:
912:
902:
807:
717:Vittra
672:Wights
641:Selkie
635:Selkie
629:Norway
617:Kraken
611:Kraken
593:Norway
531:fiddle
516:näcken
510:Nøkken
502:Nøkken
489:Nøkken
429:Huldra
422:Huldra
335:Trolls
295:Norway
257:Polska
251:Sweden
233:Norway
68:, the
64:, the
46:Sweden
42:Norway
3421:Åland
3340:Spain
3265:Malta
3235:Italy
2960:Vǫrðr
2942:Vargr
2912:Troll
2898:Selma
2880:Sjörå
2830:Nisse
2752:Dwarf
2714:Bysen
1906:JSTOR
1502:JSTOR
1374:(1).
1306:(2).
1300:Elore
1214:1 May
1084:1 May
995:JSTOR
962:1 May
932:1 May
918:S2CID
867:1 May
700:wight
696:tomte
691:Nisse
656:is a
625:squid
583:) in
569:Selma
564:Selma
519:, or
450:elves
395:Elves
383:Ibsen
361:Homer
279:kvæði
217:Þorri
199:magic
183:Runes
176:Sagas
78:Sápmi
3021:Disa
2846:Neck
2803:Mara
2709:Bøyg
2558:ISBN
2477:ISBN
2461:ISBN
2420:OCLC
2410:ISBN
2385:OCLC
2375:ISBN
2350:ISSN
2311:ISSN
2266:2022
2248:ISBN
2227:2022
2197:2022
2163:ISSN
2147:Oryx
2128:2024
2102:2024
2076:2023
2043:ISSN
1982:ISBN
1954:2024
1941:ISBN
1898:ISSN
1864:2024
1851:ISBN
1816:ISSN
1777:ISSN
1736:ISSN
1702:2024
1689:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1619:ISSN
1607:2014
1580:ISSN
1541:ISSN
1494:ISSN
1463:ISSN
1425:ISSN
1386:ISSN
1316:ISSN
1276:ISBN
1244:2024
1216:2023
1198:ISBN
1169:link
1151:OCLC
1141:ISBN
1116:OCLC
1106:ISBN
1086:2023
1068:ISBN
1034:ISSN
987:ISSN
964:2023
934:2023
910:ISSN
900:ISBN
869:2023
839:2023
805:OCLC
688:The
652:The
639:The
615:The
603:The
463:Mara
457:Mara
440:The
426:The
353:Edda
327:and
273:The
191:Odin
96:and
76:and
2757:Elf
2342:doi
2301:hdl
2293:doi
2155:doi
2035:doi
1974:doi
1933:doi
1890:doi
1886:109
1843:doi
1808:doi
1767:doi
1728:doi
1724:249
1681:doi
1644:doi
1611:doi
1572:doi
1533:doi
1455:doi
1417:doi
1376:doi
1343:doi
1308:doi
1266:doi
1190:doi
1060:doi
1026:doi
892:doi
623:or
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359:of
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