868:(Skjærgård), a continuous chain of some 50,000 glacially formed skerries (small uninhabited islands) sea stacks and rocks running parallel to the shore. A partially hidden sea lane (which Churchill called the Norwegian Corridor) exists in the area between this rocky fringe and the coastal landmass proper. Inside this protected channel it is possible to navigate the entire 1,600 km length of the Norwegian coast from North Cape to Stavanger. Such coastlines, sometimes known as Leads – a rough English translation for the common Norwegian nautical term Ledene (shipping lane) are common around Scandinavia – Skjaergaard also exist along the Swedish and Finnish Baltic coasts
910:
waste and destruction of the conflict, or of perhaps preventing the vast slaughters which will attend the grapple of the main armies. The ore from Luleå (in the Baltic) is already stopped by the winter ice, which must not be broken by the Soviet ice-breaker, should the attempt be made. The ore from Narvik must be stopped by laying successively a series of small minefields in
Norwegian territorial waters at the two or three suitable points on the coast, which will force the ships carrying ore to Germany to quit territorial waters and come on to the high seas, where, if German, they will be taken as prize, or, if neutral, subjected to our contraband control.
915:
the
British Foreign Office made convincing arguments against infringing upon Norway's neutrality. In 1915 the British government had issued an apology to the Norwegian government for a violation of her territorial waters by British warships who seized a German steamer inside the three-mile nautical limit. Near the end of World War I the British, Americans and French had induced the Norwegians to allow the Skjaergaard to be mined in order to prevent German ships and submarines from using their territorial waters as a way around the Great
973:, en route from Narvik, and sank her eight miles off the coast of Denmark, although the crew were all rescued. At the time it was seen as an early indication that Britain was at last taking steps to end the iron trade and over the next few days several other German ships were sunk at the entrance to the Baltic. Following reports that strong British destroyer and submarine forces were stationed in the Skagerrak, Berlin ordered all her ships along the iron ore route to port immediately.
573:, as Sweden was the main contributor of iron ore to Nazi Germany. The average percentages by source of Nazi Germany’s iron ore procurement through 1933–43 by source were: Sweden: 43.0 Domestic production (Germany): 28.2 France: 12.9. Within the German military the Navy was most dependent on Swedish steel as an absolute necessity to the German war effort, according to their grand admiral. It has also been argued that the Swedish export helped prolong the war.
1001:, the Norwegians were caught largely unprepared, and on 9 April 1940 the Germans began landing troops in the main Norwegian settlements of Stavanger, Oslo, Trondheim, Bergen and Narvik. The British and French made attempts to assist the Norwegians, landing considerable forces at Narvik on 14 April and fighting fierce naval engagements off the coast. Further Allied landings took place between 18 and 23 April (the
1125:
Sweden in
September 1943 to halt exports of ball bearings neglected to impose restrictions on exports of the high-quality steel used in their manufacture. This allowed Sweden to continue to provide Germany with ball-bearing steel, largely offsetting the drop in the Swedish export of finished ball bearings.
1137:
to a relaxation of the blockade to allow Sweden to import certain important commodities, including rubber and oil. The ongoing diplomatic pressure, together with the deteriorating German military position gradually persuaded Sweden to reduce and ultimately end its trade with
Germany by November 1944.
889:
inland waterways to the industrial heartlands of the Ruhr and the
Rhineland where it could be processed. It was much more hazardous, putting the ships and their cargo at the mercy of allied submarines and patrolling destroyers of the Contraband Control. A number of German ships were sunk in this area.
1136:
Although Sweden did not enter the fight, they later agreed to cancel the transit of German military material and troops across Sweden, to further reduce iron ore exports, end
Swedish naval escorting of German ships in the Baltic, and reduce ball bearing exports. In exchange, Britain and the US agreed
767:
In the year before the war, Germany received 22 million tons of iron ore from various sources. Although it was able to produce around 10m tons of its own iron ore each year, it was of low grade quality and needed to be mixed with high grade material from other countries such as Sweden, which annually
1111:
forces and assisted in the economic warfare measures already being implemented by the
British in early 1942, efforts were made to stop the Swedish iron ore trade and to reduce the practical help she was giving to Germany, although these attempts initially did nothing to reduce the German war effort.
914:
Although in late 1939 many of
Churchill's cabinet colleagues agreed with the need to take action to disrupt the iron ore traffic, they decided against the use of mines. At the time negotiations into the British chartering of the entire Norwegian mercantile shipping fleet were at a delicate stage and
909:
It must be understood that an adequate supply of
Swedish iron ore is vital to Germany…the effectual stoppage of the Norwegian ore supplies to Germany ranks as a major offensive operation of the war. No other measure is open to us for many months to come which gives so good a chance of abridging the
784:
Britain, who itself imported large quantities of iron ore, was fully aware of the
Swedish exports to Germany and through its system of Contraband Control was routinely stopping ships of all nations to ensure they were not delivering important supplies to the Germans. To counter the allied blockade,
1128:
After the tide of battle on the eastern front had irreversibly shifted following German defeats at El Alemein, Stalingrad and Kursk in the winter and summer of 1943, the Soviet Union, at the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers in October 1943, took the lead in suggesting a more active role for
980:
was about to end. Antagonised by the German mining of their own waters with deadly new magnetic mines and a general concern that Germany was managing to overcome the worst effects of the blockade, the Supreme War Council met in London on 28 March 1940 to discuss an intensification of the economic
888:
Leave the safety of the Skjaergaard and make a dash south across the Skagerrak (the sea channel north of the Danish Jutland peninsula), and hurry down the west coast of Denmark to Hamburg and Bremen. This was the preferred route because it allowed the ore to be taken straight along the efficient
1124:
production in Germany combined with trade negotiations, including preclusive purchasing arrangements, intended to cut off Swedish ball bearings to Germany. Despite the bombing, German industrial countermeasures and improvisations warded off any serious consequences, and an Allied agreement with
1103:
The Allies noted that without the Swedish iron ore, the German war effort would grind to a halt because not only was the ore being sent in large quantities but it was also of very high quality, making German steel manufacture extremely efficient. The US military was also appalled at Sweden for
884:
Follow the Skjaergaard around the coasts of Norway and Sweden, down through the Kattegat and finally into the north German and Baltic ports of Lubeck and Stettin. This route was safer because it brought them much closer to the protection of the German naval patrols and Luftwaffe air cover but
1099:
and the German counter blockade of the Baltic prevented all but the bare minimum of commodities such as oil reaching Sweden from the West, but despite the Allies' sympathy with Sweden's position, there was a general belief among the American and British governments that Sweden went too far in
788:
While the Allies were keen to maintain the moral high ground and stressed at every opportunity the difference in impact between their approach compared to their enemy's, they were mindful that many neutral mariners (including those of Sweden) relied upon the trade with Nazi Germany for their
1129:
Sweden in the War, such as by allowing the establishment of Allied air bases in its territory. Although the Allies decided not to call on Sweden to declare war on Germany, Churchill believed that the War might be brought to an early end if Sweden (and Turkey which provided Germany with
860:
The port of Narvik, high above the Arctic Circle was open for iron ore shipments all year round. But the stormy Atlantic coast of Norway also provided another extremely useful geological feature for Germany in its attempts to continue shipping the ore and beating the allied blockade.
780:
were lost to it, and so the remaining supplies from neutral Scandinavia became of crucial importance. Grand Admiral Raeder, head of the German navy, declared that it would be "utterly impossible to make war should the navy not be able to secure the supplies of iron-ore from Sweden".
935:, attempting to return home via the cover of the Norwegian Corridor, was spotted by British aircraft on 14 February 1940 and pursued by a British destroyer flotilla, on personal orders from Churchill. On the evening of 16–17 February, a British boarding party from the destroyer
785:
Germany embarked upon a system of unrestricted submarine warfare whereby Allied and neutral ships could be attacked without warning. As a result, during the first nine months of the war a large number of neutral ships were sunk with considerable loss of life by the Germans.
1009:, which was rigged to be blown up in case of war. There was an attempt to blow up this bridge on 14 April, but lack of expertise and of explosives meant that the damages were not so large and it was repaired fairly quickly and was used for ore transport throughout the war.
875:
The Germans made great use of the Norwegian Corridor to avoid the attention of the vigilant Royal Navy and RAF. In the winter of 1939–1940 a steady stream of their specially-constructed iron ore vessels made the long trip south from Narvik, sometimes within the three-mile
841:, this facility was unable to supply the full amount required by Germany, and in any case froze over from January to March each year. Luleå remained outside the reach of Royal Navy's patrols but it was estimated that when Luleå and the Baltic ports of Oxelösund and
715:. Germany, had limited natural resources and was reliant on large scale imports for a wide range of goods and raw materials, including iron ore, a steady supply of which was imperative in the creation of steel to sustain its war effort and general economy.
904:
From the beginning of the war, Winston Churchill expended considerable energies trying to persuade his colleagues in the British government to take action to stop the iron ore traffic. On 16 December 1939 he issued a memo to the cabinet:
771:
With the declaration of war and the start of the blockade, many sources of these foreign supplies were lost to Germany, and although it retained access to 3 million tons per annum from neutral Norway and Luxembourg, the supplies from
989:. However, by the time it took place German preparations for the German invasion of Norway were well under way and because of this only one minefield was actually laid, in the mouth of Vestfjord leading directly to Narvik.
789:
livelihoods, and so during the opening stages of the war they were careful not to be too strict with non-combatant vessels for fear the blockade would alienate neutral nations into joining the war on the side of Germany.
310:
984:
Finally, on 3 April the War Cabinet gave authorisation for the mining of the Skjaergaard. On the morning of Monday 8 April 1940 the British informed the Norwegian authorities of its intentions and carried out
300:
1034:
The supplies of iron ore continued to be shipped to Germany, often under Swedish naval protection through the Baltic and in some cases in Swedish transport ships. After the German invasion of Russia,
880:
of neutral Norwegian territorial waters, sometimes just outside if the way appeared hazardous or the sea particularly turbulent. At the southernmost point the iron ore captains had to make a choice:
1089:
during the war, the main reasons were luck and the development of the war, in combination with the Swedish people's spirit to resist an invasion, and perhaps also some diplomatic skillfulness.
922:
Yet another diplomatic dispute over foreign incursions in Norway's territorial waters broke out in February 1940 between the respective governments of Britain, Norway and Germany following the
1027:
Soon after the Germans fully occupied Norway they began pressing Sweden to allow unarmed German troops to travel on the Swedish railway system to and from Norway on leave. On 8 July 1940 an
1120:
During the last half of 1943 and the early months of 1944, the US sought to cripple Germany's ability to continue the war by carrying out a concentrated and costly bombing campaign against
673:, Churchill pushed for the Royal Navy to mine the west coast of Norway to prevent the Germans travelling inside neutral territorial waters to escape Allied Contraband Control measures.
1158:
669:. However, other events overshadowed the incursion and it was canceled. Later, when the Baltic ports froze over and the Germans began shipping the iron ore from the Norwegian port of
609:
293:
53:
1145:
Iron mining in northern Sweden began to recover in the autumn of 1946 with a series of shipments to England. Production was further secured with LKAB signing a contract with
1104:
escorting German ships, allowing use of its own ships to transport the ore and for its failure to stop the transit of German soldiers and war materials across its territory.
1028:
155:
286:
1602:
1580:
848:
This meant that during the early winter months of the war, due to the thick ice, Germany had no choice other than to transport the majority of its ore by rail to
707:
At the outbreak of hostilities on 3 September 1939, Britain and France having vastly more powerful naval forces at their disposal swiftly enacted a repeat of the
203:
150:
1086:
646:
to take military action to end the trade. From the beginning of the war Churchill tried to persuade his cabinet colleagues to send a British fleet into the
1632:
768:
supplied it with 9 million tons: 7 million from Kiruna and Gällivare in Lapland and 2 million from the central Swedish ore fields north-west of Stockholm.
1168:
1005:), but the Germans had already taken too firm a foothold, and the Norwegian government surrendered on 9 June 1940. The railway traversed the significant
1617:
852:
and then by ship along Norway's heavily indented Western coast to Germany, a much more circuitous route than the one available during warmer months.
1627:
1178:
46:
1173:
348:
258:
165:
1551:. Meddelanden från Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen vid Göteborgs universitet, 0072-5080 ; 29Under yttre tryck, 99-0136266-0. Göteborg.
1020:
anchored there contributed to this decline. Further, cargo ships leaving Narvik could be sunk by the Allies as Britain had declared iron ore a
220:
1622:
1451:
1434:
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involved hauling the very bulky and heavy iron ore the long way overland to the industrial centres on the overburdened German railway system.
110:
1394:
1344:
1078:
1096:
708:
601:
1607:
39:
829:. Outside these months, the Gulf of Bothnia froze over, severely restricting supplies, and although an alternate port was available at
80:
1556:
1312:
682:
460:
336:
1016:
declined sharply in 1939 and 1940. The battles of Narvik and the ensuing destruction of much of the port along with the sinking of
1612:
666:
643:
570:
1597:
1268:
546:
632:
were to a large extent motivated by the wish to deny their respective enemies iron critical for wartime production of steel.
479:
639:
438:
429:
74:
105:
1024:
product. From its height in 1937 to 1940 production of iron ore in Kiruna mine dropped from 7 to 3 million tons.
998:
899:
538:
213:
140:
1149:
the same year. By the early 1950s annual ore production had the same tonnage as in the best years of the 1930s.
585:
208:
1042:, on 24 November 1944, causing 84 deaths including children. Transport of ore to Germany through the port of
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145:
629:
453:
422:
377:
329:
323:
1093:
1050:
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916:
605:
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551:
263:
931:
17:
600:. The importance of this issue increased after other sources of iron were cut off from Germany by the
160:
869:
663:
531:
517:
394:
1038:
submarines attempted to sink iron ore ships in the Baltic sea, sinking the Swedish passenger liner,
1006:
919:, a massive minefield laid from Scotland to Norway as part of the earlier Allied blockade strategy.
1562:
1509:
491:
413:
370:
1466:
1574:
1249:
496:
484:
472:
465:
363:
341:
1058:
1552:
1430:
1308:
1276:
1222:
986:
937:
659:
642:, was particularly concerned about Swedish exports of iron ore to Germany, and pushed for the
635:
510:
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77:
1302:
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1002:
966:
953:
923:
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445:
401:
389:
356:
170:
1146:
1039:
810:
946:
805:
Annually from May to November, ore from the Northern region was shipped from the port of
1533:
State Dept. report on holocaust assets and the fate of the wartime Utasha Treasury. 1998
849:
1092:
Sweden also sought to maintain its traditional ties with the Western democracies. The
1591:
1133:
ore) entered it on the Allied side in order to confront Hitler on additional fronts.
822:
698:
670:
253:
1452:"An Episode In Nazi Diplomacy: The German-Swedish Transit Agreement of July 8, 1940"
1217:
1200:
1121:
1082:
1035:
845:
were open it could only supply around 8m tons, or less than half pre-war imports.
830:
655:
593:
1503:
797:
There were two main routes by which iron ore was shipped to Germany from Sweden.
1108:
1013:
997:
Despite warnings from a number of Allied and neutral sources about the imminent
712:
581:
408:
225:
1062:
1021:
1017:
977:
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690:
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384:
1280:
1226:
31:
1163:
877:
834:
818:
278:
1130:
1043:
842:
806:
694:
651:
650:
to stop Swedish iron reaching Germany from the two Swedish export ports,
565:
1253:
681:
1066:
826:
773:
621:
613:
1490:
865:
686:
625:
597:
589:
1566:
1513:
1459:
Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science for Social Sciences
777:
1240:
Hansen, Kenneth P. (2005). "Conflict in German Naval Strategy".
1054:
1346:
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
282:
242:
192:
129:
94:
35:
969:
the previous December) intercepted the German iron ore ship
1304:
Nazi Germany and Neutral Europe During the Second World War
864:
Immediately offshore from Norway's western coast lies the
929:. A German tanker carrying British prisoners of war, the
1159:
Franco-British plans for intervention in the Winter War
1505:
På vakt. Kabinettssekreterare under andra världskriget
1480:– via Oklahoma State University Digital Library.
952:
On the evening of 21 March 1940 the British submarine
569:
was an important economic and military factor in the
1427:
Malmens land: Gruvnäringen i Norrbotten under 400 år
941:, freed 299 British naval prisoners of war from the
1491:
The Sinking of the Hansa by Soviet Submarine L - 21
1349:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p. 674.
837:, for the transport of iron ore from the mines in
1201:"Sweden's iron ore exports to Germany, 1933–1944"
1429:(in Swedish). Luleå: Tornedalica. p. 256.
1053:as iron ore production declined during the war
907:
1399:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 679.
1307:. Manchester University Press. pp. 64ff.
1107:After America joined the blockade against the
976:By now it was clear to all concerned that the
204:Internment camps in Sweden during World War II
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47:
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1549:German Steel and Swedish Iron Ore 1939–1945
1579:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1169:Swedish overseas trade during World War II
717:
301:
287:
279:
239:
189:
126:
91:
54:
40:
32:
1216:
693:, and brought by rail to the harbours of
620:, and the following German occupation of
1179:British submarine flotilla in the Baltic
959:, (which had damaged the German cruiser
680:
1191:
1174:Military production during World War II
259:Swedish iron mining during World War II
166:Swedish Compulsory National Service Act
151:Operation Weserübungs effects on Sweden
18:Swedish iron mining during World War II
1572:
1381:The Rise & Fall of the Third Reich
221:Swedish extradition of Baltic soldiers
1603:Baltic Sea operations of World War II
27:Prime source of iron for Nazi Germany
7:
1396:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
1338:
1336:
1269:"Ny bild av Sverige under krigsåren"
1205:Scandinavian Economic History Review
1100:collaborating with the Nazi regime.
719:Prewar iron ore supplies to Germany
1508:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedt.
1087:State Secretary for Foreign Affairs
945:, which had been seeking safety in
658:. The planned incursion was termed
1633:Military logistics of Nazi Germany
1057:workers were kept busy extracting
592:, surrounding the mining towns of
25:
1081:throughout the war. According to
894:British attempts to disrupt trade
584:were keen to gain control of the
1618:Economic history of World War II
1267:Neuman, Ricki (25 August 2009).
711:used to great effect throughout
703:(Borders as of 1920–1940.)
571:European theatre of World War II
1628:Collaboration with Nazi Germany
1116:Later Allied pressure on Sweden
1218:10.1080/03585522.1965.10414365
1199:Karlbom, Rolf (January 1965).
1:
1623:Political scandals in Sweden
993:After the invasion of Norway
610:planned Anglo-French support
1393:Shirer, William L. (1960).
1343:Shirer, William L. (1960).
640:First Lord of the Admiralty
1649:
1608:Economic history of Sweden
1077:Sweden was able to remain
1012:The production ore in the
897:
106:Sweden during World War II
63:Sweden during World War II
1465:: 318–324. Archived from
1425:Hansson, Staffan (2015).
1383:. William L. Shirer. 1959
1061:and some were allowed to
1029:agreement on this traffic
900:Sweden and the Winter War
685:Iron ore is extracted in
320:
249:
238:
214:Rescue of the Danish Jews
199:
188:
141:Sweden and the Winter War
136:
125:
101:
90:
69:
1330:. Winston Churchill 1948
1301:Christian Leitz (2000).
1242:Naval War College Review
312:Nordic states, 1939–1945
209:Sweden and the Holocaust
1613:Economy of Nazi Germany
176:February crisis of 1942
146:February crisis of 1940
1598:Sweden in World War II
1547:Fritz, Martin (1974).
1502:Boheman, Erik (1964).
1450:Bale, Douglas (1966).
917:North Sea Mine Barrage
912:
704:
606:Battle of the Atlantic
264:Nordische Gesellschaft
898:Further information:
709:German naval blockade
684:
602:Allied naval blockade
1073:The Swedish position
813:to the German north
664:Admiral of the Fleet
630:Operation Weserübung
492:Kirkenes and Petsamo
480:Heavy water sabotage
194:Humanitarian aspects
720:
662:and was planned by
1097:blockade of Europe
981:warfare strategy.
718:
705:
644:British government
1436:978-91-972358-9-1
1273:Svenska Dagbladet
1141:Post-war recovery
1069:before schedule.
987:Operation Wilfred
870:and off Greenland
856:The Western Route
801:The Eastern Route
765:
764:
660:Project Catherine
636:Winston Churchill
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559:
276:
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234:
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184:
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156:Permitenttrafiken
121:
120:
78:History of Sweden
16:(Redirected from
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1328:The Twilight War
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1237:
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1003:Battle of Narvik
967:Heligoland Bight
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713:the previous war
588:in northernmost
547:Petsamo–Kirkenes
390:Continuation War
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171:Midsummer crisis
161:Lejdbåtstrafiken
131:Political events
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21:
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1541:Further reading
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1475:
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1472:on 22 June 2010
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1147:Bethlehem Steel
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1075:
1046:ended in 1944.
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858:
811:Gulf of Bothnia
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793:Iron ore routes
728:
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586:mining district
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352:(Faroe Islands)
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1293:
1275:(in Swedish).
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1007:Norddal Bridge
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19:
1548:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1504:
1497:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1467:the original
1462:
1458:
1445:
1426:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1345:
1327:
1323:
1303:
1296:
1284:. Retrieved
1272:
1262:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1211:(1): 65–93.
1208:
1204:
1194:
1144:
1135:
1127:
1122:ball bearing
1119:
1106:
1102:
1091:
1083:Erik Boheman
1076:
1048:
1033:
1026:
1011:
996:
983:
975:
970:
961:
955:
951:
947:Jøssingfjord
942:
936:
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73:
29:
1051:mass firing
1018:cargo ships
1014:Kiruna mine
866:Skjaergaard
833:, south of
729:(millions)
608:. Both the
604:during the
539:Attacks on
409:Lapland War
226:White buses
1592:Categories
1519:10 October
1476:27 January
1186:References
1059:waste rock
1022:contraband
978:Phoney War
971:Hedderheim
839:Bergslagen
823:Swinemünde
691:Malmberget
677:Background
648:Baltic Sea
618:Winter War
533:Zitronella
519:Gearbox II
455:Weserübung
396:Silver Fox
385:Winter War
331:Weserübung
254:Skåne Line
1575:cite book
1281:1101-2412
1227:0358-5522
1164:Malmbanan
1049:To avoid
878:curtilage
835:Stockholm
831:Oxelösund
817:ports at
809:down the
656:Oxelösund
594:Gällivare
576:Both the
415:Tanne Ost
350:Valentine
1286:19 April
1254:26396677
1153:See also
1131:chromite
1067:pensions
999:invasion
927:Incident
734:Germany
580:and the
566:iron ore
564:Swedish
552:Finnmark
498:Gauntlet
486:Claymore
474:Alphabet
449:incident
371:Bornholm
364:Isefjord
111:Timeline
1567:7746295
1079:neutral
962:Leipzig
943:Altmark
938:Cossack
932:Altmark
925:Altmark
827:Stettin
774:Morocco
742:Sweden
724:Source
638:, then
628:during
622:Denmark
616:in the
614:Finland
541:Tirpitz
512:Gearbox
505:Fritham
461:Denmark
447:Altmark
423:Iceland
378:Finland
337:Denmark
324:Denmark
75:←
1565:
1563:SELIBR
1555:
1514:714227
1512:
1510:SELIBR
1433:
1311:
1279:
1252:
1225:
1094:Allied
1085:, the
1063:retire
1036:Soviet
956:Ursula
825:, and
819:Lübeck
815:Baltic
758:Total
750:Other
699:Narvik
687:Kiruna
671:Narvik
626:Norway
598:Kiruna
590:Sweden
578:Allies
526:Leader
466:Norway
439:Norway
403:Orator
358:Safari
342:Norway
1470:(PDF)
1455:(PDF)
1250:JSTOR
1065:with
1044:Luleå
1040:Hansa
843:Gävle
807:Luleå
778:Spain
695:Luleå
652:Luleå
244:Other
1581:link
1553:ISBN
1521:2012
1478:2017
1431:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1288:2022
1277:ISSN
1223:ISSN
1109:Axis
1055:LKAB
954:HMS
776:and
727:tons
697:and
689:and
654:and
624:and
596:and
582:Axis
431:Fork
96:Main
1213:doi
965:in
761:22
737:10
612:of
1594::
1577:}}
1573:{{
1561:.
1463:47
1461:.
1457:.
1405:^
1355:^
1335:^
1271:.
1246:58
1244:.
1221:.
1209:13
1207:.
1203:.
949:.
872:.
821:,
753:3
745:9
1583:)
1569:.
1523:.
1439:.
1317:.
1290:.
1256:.
1229:.
1215::
701:.
302:e
295:t
288:v
81:→
55:e
48:t
41:v
20:)
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