356:, is absent. The spadix is densely crowded with tiny greenish-yellow flowers. Each flower contains six petals and stamens enclosed in a perianth with six divisions, surrounding a three-celled, oblong ovary with a sessile stigma. The flowers are sweetly fragrant. In Europe, it flowers for about a month in late spring or early summer, but does not bear fruit. The fruit is a berry filled with mucus, which when ripe falls into the water and disperses by floating. In Asia, it also fruits sparingly, and propagates itself mainly by growth of its rhizome, forming colonies.
532:
98:
73:
344:. The leaves are erect yellowish-brown, radical, with pink sheathing at their bases, sword-shaped, flat and narrow, tapering into a long, acute point, and have parallel veins. The leaves have smooth edges, which can be wavy or crimped. The sweet flag can be distinguished from iris and other similar plants by the crimped edges of the leaves, the fragrant odor it emits when crushed, and the presence of a
322:
49:
2271:
2173:
647:
from 2023 considers all three forms to be distinct varieties of a single species. The Flora of North
America publication considers the diploid form to be a distinct species; its analysis differentiates North American diploid forms from triploid and tetraploid varieties, and does not take into account
351:
Only plants that grow in water bear flowers. The solid, triangular flower-stems rise from the axils of the outer leaves. A semi-erect spadix emerges from one side of the flower stem. The spadix is solid, cylindrical, tapers at each end, and is 5 to 10 cm in length. A covering spathe, as is usual
656:
occurring in North
America, irrespective of cytological diversity (i.e. both the diploid and triploid forms). The treatment in the Flora of China from 2010 considers all varieties to be synonyms of a single taxonomically undifferentiated species, since characteristics that are treated as distinctive
542:
There are three cytotypic forms distinguished by chromosome number: a diploid form (2n=24), an infertile triploid form (2n=36), and a tetraploid form (see below). The triploid form is the most common and is thought to have arisen relatively recently in the
Himalayan region through hybridisation of
403:(note different versions of the text have different spellings). The word άχόρου itself is thought to have been derived from the word κόρη (kóri), which means pupil (of an eye), because of the juice from the root of the plant being used as a remedy in diseases of the eye ('darkening of the pupil').
383:
In addition to "sweet flag" and "calamus" other common names include beewort, bitter pepper root, calamus root, flag root, gladdon, myrtle flag, myrtle grass, myrtle root, myrtle sedge, pine root, sea sedge, sweet cane, sweet cinnamon, sweet grass, sweet myrtle, sweet root, sweet rush, sweet sedge
664:
distinction between the triploid and the North
American forms of the diploid is made by the number of prominent leaf veins, the diploid having a prominent midvein with equally raised secondary veins on both sides, the triploid having a single prominent midvein with the secondary veins barely
687:. A number of synonyms are known, but some of those are contested as to which variety they belong. It is morphologically diverse, with some forms having very broad and some narrow leaves. It is also cytotypically diverse, with an array of different
1298:
Turner, William; Libellus de re herbaria, pg. Aii; 1538; in
Jackson, Benjamin Daydon; Libellus de re herbaria novus, by William Turner, originally pub. in 1538, reprinted in facsimile, p. 36; private print; London; 1877; accessed at
1585:
Streloke, M.; Ascher, K. R. S.; Schmidt, G. H.; Neumann, W. P.; et al. (1989). "Vapor pressure and volatility of β-asarone, the main ingredient of an indigenous stored-product insecticide, Acorus calamus oil".
833:
The young stalks can be pulled when under 30 cm (12 in); the inner stems can be eaten raw. The roots can be washed, peeled, cut into small pieces, boiled, and simmered in syrup to make candy.
3151:
1520:
2082:
Venkatesan, Ramya; Karuppiah, Prakash Shyam; Arumugam, Gnanamani; Balamuthu, Kadalmani (10 November 2017). "β-Asarone
Exhibits Antifungal Activity by Inhibiting Ergosterol Biosynthesis in
892:. However, asarone's toxicity and carcinogenicity in mammals (including humans) means that it may be difficult to develop any practical medications or insecticides based on it.
359:
The branched, cylindrical, knobby rhizome is the thickness of a human finger and has numerous coarse fibrous roots below it. The exterior is brown and the interior white.
1981:
624:. It may not be native to some of these areas, Pre-Columbian populations are thought to have dispersed it across parts of the United States. Other diploids are found in
3076:
515:
grew in his garden at
Holborn. Gerard notes "It prospereth exceeding well in my garden, but as yet beareth neither flowers nor stalke". Gerard lists the Latin name as
1462:
2725:
1535:
Ogra, R. K.; Mohanpuria, Prashant; Sharma, Upendra K.; Sharma, Madhu; Sinha, A. K.; Ahuja, P. S. (2009). "Indian calamus (Acorus calamus L.): not a tetraploid".
2937:
2823:
3011:
1521:
http://triscience.com/General/dispersal-by-indians-a-factor-in-the-extension-of-discontinuous-distribution-of-certain-species-of-native-plants/doculite_view
3071:
684:
1651:
755:
457:
dating to approximately 1300 BC. The ancient
Egyptians rarely mentioned the plant in medicinal contexts, but it was certainly used to make perfumes.
3056:
3036:
2663:
2738:
2676:
1752:"Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the presence of beta-asarone in flavourings and other food ingredients with flavouring properties"
2898:
1629:
Marongiu, Bruno; Piras, Alessandra; Porcedda, Silvia; Scorciapino, Andrea (2005). "Chemical
Composition of the Essential Oil and Supercritical
3041:
1942:
1813:
1271:
3161:
3131:
1751:
519:, but it is evident there was still doubt about its veracity: in his 1597 herbal he lists the English common name as 'bastard calamus'.
1110:
2624:
2207:
3156:
2058:
1788:
1005:
3141:
3066:
3061:
991:
3146:
2712:
813:
has been an item of trade in many cultures for centuries. It has been used medicinally for a wide variety of ailments, such as
3121:
2779:
2010:
454:
2877:
2743:
1459:
2810:
842:
Sweet flag has a long history of use in
Chinese, Nepalese, and Indian herbal traditions. Sweet flag was and is used as an
375:, Europe and North America. Habitats include edges of small lakes, ponds and rivers, marshes, swamps, and other wetlands.
2440:
3136:
3106:
2924:
2549:
2395:
863:
497:
31:
1689:
Radušienė, J; Judžentienė, A; Pečiulytė, D; Janulis, V (2007). "Essential oil composition and antimicrobial assay of
821:
valued in the perfume industry. The essence from the rhizome is used as a flavor for foods, alcoholic beverages, and
1442:
1428:; Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute; last modified 2007-02-14;
3126:
3116:
3091:
3051:
2911:
2418:
1728:
644:
1429:
3111:
2828:
2774:
2177:
700:
1517:
Dispersal By Indians a Factor in the Extension of Discontinuous Distribution of Certain Species of Native Plants
1358:, Vol. 23, Acoraceae; Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden; Beijing & St. Louis; 2010; accessed at
3101:
3081:
2411:
997:
814:
673:
with a shrivelled appearance. This form will never form fruit (let alone seeds) and can only spread asexually.
298:
97:
1371:
1189:
643:
Currently the taxonomic position of the different forms is contested. The comprehensive taxonomic analysis in
2916:
958:
735:
in the plant vary according to geographic location, plant age, climate, species variety, and plant component
665:
distinct. According to the Flora of China, there is clear overlap in these characteristics and the different
3086:
2650:
2235:
302:
2655:
2642:
1359:
441:(thought to mean "grass" or "reed"). The name "sweet flag" refers to its sweet scent and its similarity to
3096:
3026:
2637:
2462:
2290:
2200:
858:
This plant is sometimes used as a pond plant in horticulture. There is at least one tetraploid ornamental
536:
523:
reported that the tuber was already being used by North American Indians at the time of European contact.
2554:
2564:
2344:
1729:"Substances Generally Prohibited From Direct Addition or Use as Human Food: Calamus and its derivatives"
1504:
445:
species, which have been commonly known as flags in English since at least the late fourteenth century.
201:
2048:
1249:
633:
2681:
2531:
1564:"Cytological Study on Acorus L. in Southwestern China, with Some Cytogeographical Notes on A. calamus"
1300:
2598:
2375:
2351:
1934:
1595:
661:
294:
1266:
Manniche, Lisa; An Ancient Egyptian Herbal, p. 74; American University in Cairo Press; Cairo; 2006;
933:
489:
3031:
2862:
2500:
1083:
774:
Although calamus has been used for its fragrance and ingested, it has not been studied by rigorous
763:
435:
62:
2802:
1337:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. p. 56.
888:
properties. β-asarone also exhibits anti-fungal activity by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis in
669:
are impossible to distinguish morphologically. Triploid plants are infertile and show an abortive
2983:
2903:
2590:
2363:
2260:
2150:
2111:
1960:"Rice-acorus intercropping: a new system developed by innovative farmers of Chhattisgarh (India)"
1878:
O’Neill, Alexander R.; Badola, Hemant K.; Dhyani, Pitamber P.; Rana, Santosh K. (December 2017).
1860:
1710:
1611:
1544:
621:
482:, written in 1486, 1488, 1498 or 1508, which was also published in an English translation as the
226:
92:
2975:
2789:
2240:
2230:
2730:
1880:"Integrating ethnobiological knowledge into biodiversity conservation in the Eastern Himalayas"
531:
3046:
3016:
2849:
2572:
2300:
2193:
2103:
2064:
2054:
1938:
1911:
1819:
1809:
1784:
1668:
1267:
1001:
775:
708:
608:
272:
2854:
1837:
Mukherjee, Pulok Kumar; Kumar, Venkatesan; Mal, Mainak; Houghton, Peter J. (1 January 2007).
2867:
2756:
2704:
2305:
2142:
2095:
1901:
1891:
1850:
1702:
1660:
1603:
1287:
1122:
928:
847:
637:
466:
2320:
1478:
474:, published at Mainz in 1485, describes and includes a woodcut of this iris under the name
3021:
2836:
2250:
2044:
1776:
1466:
1140:
843:
754:(such as its oil) were banned from use as human food or as a food additive in 1968 by the
720:
648:
the morphology of Asian forms of the diploid variety. Also, in older literature, the name
427:
345:
333:
268:
135:
1319:
1231:"Nomina generica, quae Characterem essentialem vel habitum plantae exhibent, optima sunt"
884:, found most abundantly in the dried and pulverized roots, has been identified as having
620:
is found in northern subarctic North America and scattered disjunct areas throughout the
2022:
1599:
1460:
http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/hort/intro_flora_australia.pdf
2885:
2245:
2129:
Perrett, Sheena; Whitfield, Philip J. (1995). "Anthelmintic and pesticidal activity of
1906:
1879:
670:
657:
in the Flora of North America are subject to morphological overlap in Asian specimens.
396:
122:
2942:
1839:"Acorus calamus.: Scientific Validation of Ayurvedic Tradition from Natural Resources"
1412:
910:
3005:
2890:
2751:
2404:
2088:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences
919:
818:
732:
583:
520:
503:
The plant was introduced to Britain in the late 16th century. By at least 1596, true
500:, writing in 1538, describes 'acorum' as "gladon or a flag, a yelowe floure delyce".
484:
478:. This German book is one of three possible sources for the same error in the French
217:
148:
82:
77:
2154:
2115:
1864:
1714:
1615:
1230:
2988:
2577:
2445:
575:
1519:, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 13 (1931): 89–94;
1313:
703:
that gives a characteristic odor and flavor. Major components of the oil are beta-
2521:
1443:
http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=77936&PTRefFk=8000000
2965:
2815:
2797:
2689:
2494:
2435:
2310:
2255:
885:
779:
599:
512:
400:
2929:
2511:
1458:; CRC for Australian Weed Management; Glen Osmond; September 2007; accessed at
1430:
http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/details.php?langue=an&id=30524
2766:
2099:
1959:
1896:
1855:
1838:
1706:
579:
571:
330:
321:
48:
2629:
2485:
2107:
1823:
1781:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region
2611:
2295:
2270:
1562:
Hong, Wang; Wen-Li, L. I.; Zhi-Jian, G. U.; Yong-Yan, Chen (15 April 2001).
759:
688:
603:
567:
337:
310:
283:
2146:
1915:
1672:
1563:
1219:] (in Greek). Translated by Sprengel, Karl Philipp. pp. 11, 50–70.
2955:
2172:
2068:
1806:
Edible wild plants: a North American field guide to over 200 natural foods
340:. Sweet flag consists of tufts of basal leaves that rise from a spreading
17:
2950:
2541:
2479:
2368:
2216:
1053:
859:
666:
629:
625:
431:
306:
2841:
1733:
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Chapter I, Subchapter B, Part 189
1548:
1360:
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200027130
1162:
2668:
2585:
2380:
2356:
2285:
1607:
875:
822:
799:
791:
736:
728:
712:
704:
415:
411:
372:
353:
341:
279:
276:
264:
1664:
1409:
World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
492:
in 1526; all of these contain the false identification printed in the
2694:
2384:
2315:
1757:. European Commission, Scientific Committee on Food. 12 December 2001
1505:
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=100307
795:
783:
758:. Although limits on consumption in food or alcoholic beverages (115
724:
716:
563:
460:
Initially, Europeans confused the identity and medicinal uses of the
288:
178:
168:
158:
2456:
1301:
https://archive.org/stream/libellusdereherb00turn#page/n36/mode/1up
2616:
787:
595:
530:
388:
368:
320:
109:
2717:
1929:
Johnson, Derek; Linda Kershaw; Andy MacKinnon; Jim Pojar (1995).
2603:
2460:
2189:
790:
over many hours following oral uses. Laboratory studies of its
336:, 2 m (79 in) tall. Its leaves resemble those of the
305:
for its safety or efficacy – and ingested calamus may be
1335:
Agricultural Origins and Dispersals (Bowman Memorial Lectures)
1315:
A catalogue of plants cultivated in the garden of John Gerard
2185:
968:. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023
1695:
Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization
1288:
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/33654/33654-h/33654-h.htm
2133:(Araceae) is associated with phenylpropanoid asarones".
1931:
Plants of the Western Boreal Forest & Aspen Parkland
1479:
http://www.tela-botanica.org/eflore/BDNFM/2006.01/nn/118
1354:
Heng, Li (李恒), Guanghua, Zhu (朱光华); and Bogner, Josef;
546:
Probably indigenous to most of Asia, the triploid form
1456:
The introduced flora of Australia and its weed status
434:लेखणी (lekhanee, " writing instrument", in turn from
794:
indicate other forms of toxicity, due mainly to the
3152:
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
2469:
2428:
2394:
2329:
2278:
2223:
1413:
http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=2309
862:known; it is usually called 'Variegatus', but the
766:, the degree of safe exposure remained undefined.
762:per day) were recommended in a 2001 ruling by the
30:"Sweet flag" redirects here. For other uses, see
2053:. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 224.
825:in Europe. It was also once used to make candy.
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1134:
1132:
934:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T168639A43116307.en
817:and treating pain, and its aroma makes calamus
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
652:may be used indiscriminately for all forms of
2201:
1684:
1682:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1286:; Longmans, Green and Co.; 1922; accessed at
8:
1477:Index de la flore vasculaire de la Réunion;
636:in Pakistan (claimed by India) and northern
676:The tetraploid variety is usually known as
464:of the Romans and Greeks with their native
371:, Nepal, central Asia, southern Russia and
2457:
2208:
2194:
2186:
1804:Elias, Thomas S; Dykeman, Peter A (2009).
1652:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
866:recommends calling it 'Argenteostriatus'.
756:United States Food and Drug Administration
71:
47:
38:
1905:
1895:
1884:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
1854:
1693:leaves from different wild populations".
990:Sylvan T. Runkel; Alvin F. Bull (2009) .
932:
594:is native throughout Asia, from India to
507:was grown in Britain, as it is listed in
1048:
1046:
1044:
739:. Diploids do not contain beta-asarone.
3077:Flora of the Northeastern United States
1746:
1744:
1742:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
901:
453:The plant was already mentioned in the
430:قَلَم (qálam, "pen") and
1105:
1103:
1101:
953:
951:
699:Calamus leaves and rhizomes contain a
263:, among many other common names) is a
1530:
1528:
1318:. London: private printing. pp.
985:
983:
7:
1568:Journal of Integrative Plant Biology
1169:. US Department of Agriculture. 2003
711:(as much as 40%) and alpha-asarone,
3012:IUCN Red List least concern species
1211:Dioscorides, Pedanius (1829). "2".
920:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
535:Illustration from an 1885 flora by
3072:Flora of the Northwest Territories
1141:"Sedge, Sweet; in A Modern Herbal"
309:– leading to its commercial
25:
2050:Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants
1964:International Rice Research Notes
1312:Jackson, Benjamin Daydon (1876).
1086:. Wetland Wildflowers of Illinois
562:) has now been introduced across
543:the diploid with the tetraploid.
2269:
2171:
1167:L.; Native American Ethnobotany"
96:
3057:First Nations culture in Canada
3037:Herbal and fungal hallucinogens
2917:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:84009-1
1735:. Food and Drug Administration.
1121:. 14 April 2004. Archived from
1779:; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) .
1254:Online Etymological Dictionary
1:
993:Wildflowers of Iowa Woodlands
606:to Siberia. The diploid form
3042:Herbal and fungal stimulants
1237:(in Latin). 14 October 2001.
395:, which is derived from the
3162:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3132:Flora of Washington (state)
2019:Royal Horticultural Society
1382:. Missouri Botanical Garden
782:of toxicity mention severe
414:(kálamos, meaning "reed"),
32:Sweet flag (disambiguation)
3178:
2419:Wormwood: A Drama of Paris
1282:Rohde, Eleanour Sinclair;
966:Plants of the World Online
873:
870:Insecticide and antifungal
780:Individual medical reports
750:and products derived from
645:Plants of the World Online
422:("stalk") and Old English
29:
2267:
2100:10.1007/s40011-017-0930-4
1990:Missouri Botanical Garden
1897:10.1186/s13002-017-0148-9
1856:10.1080/13880200701538724
1808:. Sterling. p. 133.
1707:10.1017/S1479262107390928
815:gastrointestinal diseases
455:Chester Beatty papyrus VI
232:
225:
207:
200:
93:Scientific classification
91:
69:
60:
55:
46:
41:
3157:Plants described in 1753
2412:Absinthe: La Folie Verte
1424:African Plant Database,
998:University of Iowa Press
387:The generic name is the
297:over centuries to treat
3142:Flora of temperate Asia
3067:Flora of Eastern Canada
3062:Flora of Western Canada
1958:Oudhia, P (June 2002).
1333:Sauer, Carl O. (1969).
1284:The Old English Herbals
909:Lansdown, R.V. (2014).
3147:Flora of tropical Asia
2291:Bohemian-style absinth
2147:10.1002/ptr.2650090604
1843:Pharmaceutical Biology
1783:. Knopf. p. 340.
1501:Flora of North America
1481:; accessed 9 July 2013
1445:; accessed 9 July 2013
1432:; accessed 9 July 2013
1415:; accessed 9 July 2013
927:: e.T168639A43116307.
743:Safety and regulations
586:. The tetraploid form
539:
410:is derived from Greek
326:
313:in the United States.
301:and pain, there is no
273:psychoactive chemicals
3122:Flora of South Dakota
2345:Angelica archangelica
2135:Phytotherapy Research
1465:31 March 2012 at the
1200:]. 25 (in Latin).
874:Further information:
534:
324:
2376:Hyssopus officinalis
2352:Artemisia absinthium
2182:at Wikimedia Commons
1935:Lone Pine Publishing
1645:(Nees) Engl. and of
1515:Gilmore, Melvin R.,
1441:Euro+Med Plantbase;
554:(also known as var.
494:Herbarius zu Teutsch
472:Herbarius zu Teutsch
399:άχόρου (áchórou) of
367:Sweet flag grows in
295:traditional medicine
2015:'Argenteostriatus'"
1777:Niering, William A.
1600:1989Phyto..17..299S
1198:The Natural History
996:. Iowa City, Iowa:
764:European Commission
628:, central Siberia (
537:Walther Otto Müller
511:, a list of plants
436:Proto-Indo European
379:Names and etymology
299:digestive disorders
63:Conservation status
3137:Flora of Wisconsin
3107:Flora of Minnesota
2364:Foeniculum vulgare
1608:10.1007/BF02980759
1499:Thompson, Sue A.;
1213:Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς
1194:Naturalis Historia
1125:on 25 August 2006.
838:In herbal medicine
707:(as much as 75%),
622:Mississippi Valley
540:
406:The specific name
327:
235:Calamus aromaticus
3127:Flora of Virginia
3117:Flora of Nebraska
3092:Flora of Illinois
3052:Freshwater plants
2999:
2998:
2850:Open Tree of Life
2463:Taxon identifiers
2454:
2453:
2176:Media related to
2084:Aspergillus niger
1944:978-1-55105-058-4
1815:978-1-4027-6715-9
1665:10.1021/jf051100x
1659:(20): 7939–7943.
1643:Commiphora myrrha
1543:(11): 1644–1647.
1248:Harper, Douglas.
1217:De Materia Medica
1188:Pliny the Elder.
1139:Grieve M (2018).
1113:Acorus americanus
1056:. Drugs.com. 2018
890:Aspergillus niger
880:The asarone from
776:clinical research
709:methyl isoeugenol
650:Acorus americanus
609:Acorus americanus
363:Range and habitat
303:clinical evidence
293:Although used in
244:
243:
239:
86:
16:(Redirected from
3169:
3112:Flora of Montana
2992:
2991:
2979:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2946:
2945:
2933:
2932:
2920:
2919:
2907:
2906:
2894:
2893:
2881:
2880:
2871:
2870:
2858:
2857:
2845:
2844:
2832:
2831:
2819:
2818:
2816:NBNSYS0000002348
2806:
2805:
2793:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2747:
2746:
2734:
2733:
2721:
2720:
2708:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2685:
2684:
2672:
2671:
2659:
2658:
2646:
2645:
2633:
2632:
2620:
2619:
2607:
2606:
2594:
2593:
2581:
2580:
2568:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2545:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2458:
2306:Le Tourment Vert
2273:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2187:
2175:
2159:
2158:
2131:Acorus gramineus
2126:
2120:
2119:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2045:Angier, Bradford
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2021:. Archived from
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1756:
1748:
1737:
1736:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1532:
1523:
1513:
1507:
1503:, Acorus; 2000;
1497:
1482:
1475:
1469:
1452:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1422:
1416:
1405:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1368:
1362:
1352:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1309:
1303:
1296:
1290:
1280:
1274:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1235:Scientific Latin
1227:
1221:
1220:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1107:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1079:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1050:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
987:
978:
977:
975:
973:
955:
946:
945:
943:
941:
936:
906:
848:Chipewyan people
721:sesquiterpenoids
638:Himachal Pradesh
634:Gilgit–Baltistan
480:Le Grant Herbier
467:Iris pseudacorus
329:Sweet flag is a
237:
213:
101:
100:
80:
75:
74:
51:
39:
27:Species of plant
21:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3102:Flora of Kansas
3082:Flora of Alaska
3002:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2987:
2982:
2974:
2972:
2964:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2936:
2928:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2902:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2861:
2853:
2848:
2840:
2837:Observation.org
2835:
2827:
2822:
2814:
2809:
2801:
2796:
2788:
2786:
2778:
2773:
2765:
2764:MichiganFlora:
2763:
2755:
2750:
2742:
2737:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2711:
2703:
2701:
2693:
2688:
2680:
2675:
2667:
2662:
2654:
2649:
2641:
2636:
2628:
2623:
2615:
2610:
2602:
2597:
2589:
2584:
2576:
2571:
2563:
2561:
2553:
2548:
2540:
2538:
2530:
2528:
2520:
2518:
2510:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2465:
2455:
2450:
2424:
2396:Popular culture
2390:
2325:
2274:
2265:
2251:Obsello Absenta
2219:
2214:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2061:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2025:on 10 July 2013
2009:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1816:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1740:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1588:Phytoparasitica
1584:
1583:
1579:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1537:Current Science
1534:
1533:
1526:
1514:
1510:
1498:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1467:Wayback Machine
1454:Randall, R.P.;
1453:
1449:
1440:
1436:
1423:
1419:
1406:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1353:
1342:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1297:
1293:
1281:
1277:
1265:
1261:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1143:. Botanical.com
1138:
1137:
1130:
1109:
1108:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1000:. p. 119.
989:
988:
981:
971:
969:
957:
956:
949:
939:
937:
908:
907:
903:
898:
878:
872:
856:
844:herbal medicine
840:
831:
808:
772:
745:
697:
529:
451:
384:and wada kaha.
381:
365:
319:
286:, in the genus
275:. It is a tall
269:flowering plant
221:
215:
209:
196:
193:A. calamus
95:
87:
76:
72:
65:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3175:
3173:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3087:Flora of Idaho
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3004:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2989:wfo-0000350733
2980:
2970:
2960:
2947:
2934:
2921:
2908:
2895:
2882:
2872:
2868:Acorus calamus
2859:
2846:
2833:
2820:
2807:
2794:
2784:
2771:
2761:
2748:
2735:
2722:
2709:
2699:
2686:
2673:
2660:
2647:
2634:
2621:
2608:
2595:
2582:
2569:
2559:
2546:
2536:
2526:
2516:
2506:
2501:Acorus calamus
2491:
2475:
2473:
2471:Acorus calamus
2467:
2466:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2341:
2338:Acorus calamus
2333:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2279:Related drinks
2276:
2275:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2236:La Clandestine
2233:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2179:Acorus calamus
2167:
2166:External links
2164:
2161:
2160:
2121:
2074:
2059:
2036:
2013:Acorus calamus
2002:
1984:Acorus calamus
1973:
1950:
1943:
1921:
1870:
1849:(8): 651–666.
1829:
1814:
1796:
1789:
1768:
1738:
1720:
1691:Acorus calamus
1678:
1647:Acorus calamus
1635:
1621:
1594:(4): 299–313.
1577:
1554:
1524:
1508:
1483:
1470:
1447:
1434:
1426:Acorus calamus
1417:
1407:Govaerts, R.;
1393:
1374:Acorus calamus
1363:
1356:Flora of China
1340:
1325:
1304:
1291:
1275:
1259:
1240:
1222:
1203:
1180:
1165:Acorus calamus
1154:
1128:
1097:
1067:
1020:
1006:
979:
961:Acorus calamus
947:
913:Acorus calamus
900:
899:
897:
894:
871:
868:
855:
852:
839:
836:
830:
827:
807:
804:
786:and prolonged
771:
768:
744:
741:
733:Phytochemicals
696:
693:
678:Acorus calamus
654:Acorus calamus
614:Acorus calamus
588:Acorus calamus
548:Acorus calamus
528:
525:
505:Acorus calamus
498:William Turner
490:Peter Treveris
462:Acorus calamus
450:
447:
380:
377:
364:
361:
318:
315:
282:of the family
248:Acorus calamus
242:
241:
230:
229:
223:
222:
216:
211:Acorus calamus
205:
204:
198:
197:
190:
188:
184:
183:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
139:
138:
133:
126:
125:
120:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
89:
88:
70:
67:
66:
61:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3174:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3097:Flora of Iowa
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:Edible plants
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:George Rowley
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2181:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2086:ATCC 16888".
2085:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2060:0-8117-0616-8
2056:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2006:
2003:
1991:
1987:
1986:'Variegatus'"
1985:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1790:0-394-50432-1
1786:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1578:
1574:(4): 354–358.
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1272:977 416 034 7
1269:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1168:
1166:
1158:
1155:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:– Sweet Flag"
1114:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1009:
1007:9781587298844
1003:
999:
995:
994:
986:
984:
980:
967:
964:
962:
954:
952:
948:
935:
930:
926:
922:
921:
916:
914:
905:
902:
895:
893:
891:
887:
883:
877:
869:
867:
865:
861:
853:
851:
849:
845:
837:
835:
828:
826:
824:
820:
819:essential oil
816:
812:
805:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
769:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
694:
692:
690:
686:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
663:
662:morphological
658:
655:
651:
646:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:North America
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
538:
533:
526:
524:
522:
521:Carl O. Sauer
518:
514:
510:
509:The Catalogue
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
486:
485:Grete Herball
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:
463:
458:
456:
448:
446:
444:
440:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
378:
376:
374:
370:
362:
360:
357:
355:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
332:
325:Inflorescence
323:
316:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
290:
285:
281:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
251:(also called
250:
249:
240:
236:
231:
228:
224:
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78:Least Concern
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1123:the original
1118:
1112:
1088:. Retrieved
1084:"Sweet flag"
1082:John Hilty.
1058:. Retrieved
1011:. Retrieved
992:
970:. Retrieved
965:
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938:. Retrieved
924:
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886:insecticidal
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2798:NatureServe
2690:iNaturalist
2495:Wikispecies
2436:Absinthiana
2330:Ingredients
2311:Mickey Slim
2256:Pernod Fils
2094:: 173–184.
1641:Extract of
1013:13 December
940:19 November
798:compound β-
600:Philippines
513:John Gerard
470:. Thus the
426:("straw"),
401:Dioscorides
338:iris family
317:Description
136:Angiosperms
56:Sweet flag
42:Sweet flag
3032:Entheogens
3006:Categories
2973:WisFlora:
2886:Plant List
2562:Calflora:
2405:L'Absinthe
2321:Piołunówka
2261:St. George
2141:(6): 405.
1761:28 January
1090:28 January
1060:28 January
896:References
882:A. calamus
811:A. calamus
760:micrograms
752:A. calamus
748:A. calamus
689:karyotypes
682:angustatus
640:in India.
618:americanus
592:angustatus
572:New Guinea
331:herbaceous
253:sweet flag
18:Sweet Flag
2656:200027130
2643:200027130
2296:Herbsaint
2108:0369-8211
1890:(1): 21.
1824:244766414
1701:: 37–44.
1054:"Calamus"
737:extracted
695:Chemistry
667:cytotypes
604:Indonesia
602:and from
568:Australia
439:*kole-mo-
418:to Latin
334:perennial
284:Acoraceae
187:Species:
169:Acoraceae
106:Kingdom:
3047:Absinthe
3017:Acorales
2963:VASCAN:
2951:Tropicos
2891:kew-2304
2803:2.134366
2731:10609414
2539:BioLib:
2480:Wikidata
2369:Fenchone
2217:Absinthe
2155:84823162
2116:46005148
2047:(1974).
1970:(1): 56.
1916:28356115
1865:55943065
1715:86085313
1673:16190653
1616:22358687
1549:24107305
1463:Archived
1411:; 2002;
1380:Tropicos
1119:Rook.Org
972:2 August
860:cultivar
792:extracts
788:vomiting
770:Toxicity
729:steroids
713:saponins
630:Buryatia
626:Mongolia
598:and the
558:or var.
556:vulgaris
527:Taxonomy
432:Sanskrit
238:Garsault
227:Synonyms
165:Family:
159:Acorales
149:Monocots
83:IUCN 3.1
2956:2100006
2855:1008193
2775:MoBotPF
2718:84009-1
2669:2873769
2604:1123481
2586:Ecocrop
2532:15-3-1b
2486:Q158008
2381:Thujone
2357:Thujone
2286:Absente
1907:5372287
1596:Bibcode
1147:1 April
876:Asarone
846:by the
823:bitters
800:asarone
725:lignans
717:lectins
705:asarone
580:Réunion
552:calamus
449:History
416:cognate
412:κάλαμος
408:calamus
373:Siberia
354:Araceae
342:rhizome
280:monocot
277:wetland
265:species
175:Genus:
155:Order:
110:Plantae
81: (
3022:Spices
2943:3622-1
2899:PLANTS
2780:276172
2757:168639
2744:564989
2630:185825
2555:179511
2529:APSA:
2519:APDB:
2385:phenol
2316:Pastis
2301:Hill's
2241:La Fée
2231:Kübler
2224:Brands
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2114:
2106:
2069:799792
2067:
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2029:9 July
1995:9 July
1941:
1914:
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1386:9 July
1270:
1250:"Flag"
1173:12 May
1004:
796:emetic
784:nausea
727:, and
685:Besser
564:Europe
476:Acorus
428:Arabic
420:culmus
393:acorus
346:spadix
289:Acorus
220:, 1753
180:Acorus
2938:SANBI
2904:ACCA4
2875:PFI:
2787:NAS:
2726:IRMNG
2705:14687
2702:IPA:
2695:82306
2625:EUNIS
2617:ACSCA
2578:64MF2
2542:42783
2522:30524
2509:APA:
2429:Other
2246:Lucid
2151:S2CID
2112:S2CID
1861:S2CID
1755:(PDF)
1711:S2CID
1649:L.".
1612:S2CID
1545:JSTOR
1322:, 23.
1215:[
1196:[
1190:"100"
680:var.
671:ovary
616:var.
596:Japan
590:var.
560:verus
550:var.
424:healm
397:Greek
391:word
389:Latin
369:India
352:with
307:toxic
271:with
143:Clade
130:Clade
117:Clade
2976:2433
2966:2433
2912:POWO
2878:7847
2863:PfaF
2842:6312
2829:4465
2824:NCBI
2790:2970
2752:IUCN
2739:ITIS
2713:IPNI
2682:1358
2677:GRIN
2664:GBIF
2612:EPPO
2591:2779
2550:BOLD
2512:3805
2104:ISSN
2065:OCLC
2055:ISBN
2031:2013
1997:2013
1939:ISBN
1912:PMID
1820:OCLC
1810:ISBN
1785:ISBN
1763:2019
1669:PMID
1388:2013
1268:ISBN
1175:2021
1149:2017
1092:2019
1062:2019
1015:2011
1002:ISBN
974:2023
942:2021
925:2014
829:Food
806:Uses
582:and
443:Iris
257:sway
2984:WFO
2930:396
2925:RHS
2811:NBN
2651:FoC
2638:FNA
2599:EoL
2573:CoL
2143:doi
2096:doi
1902:PMC
1892:doi
1851:doi
1703:doi
1661:doi
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612:or
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