434:
592:, moving at night into the epipelagic zone, often following similar migrations of zooplankton, and returning to the depths for safety during the day. These vertical migrations often occur over large vertical distances, and are undertaken with the assistance of a swim bladder. The swim bladder is inflated when the fish wants to move up, and, given the high pressures in the mesoplegic zone, this requires significant energy. As the fish ascends, the pressure in the swimbladder must adjust to prevent it from bursting. When the fish wants to return to the depths, the swimbladder is deflated. Some mesopelagic fishes make daily migrations through the
780:
51:
752:
557:
2203:
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223:
213:
768:
3207:
38:
401:. They are suited for detecting sound and vibrations due to its low density in comparison to the density of the fish's body tissues. This increases the ability of sound detection. The swim bladder can radiate the pressure of sound which help increase its sensitivity and expand its hearing. In some deep sea fishes like the
729:. These mostly affect the overall health of the fish but not their mortality rate. Investigators employed the High-Intensity-Controlled Impedance-Fluid-Filled (HICI-FT), a stainless-steel wave tube with an electromagnetic shaker. It simulates high-energy sound waves in aquatic far-field, plane-wave acoustic conditions.
720:, can create high-intensity sound waves that cause internal injury to fish that possess a gas bladder. Physoclisti can not expel air quickly enough from the gas bladder, the organ most susceptible to sonic damage, thus making it difficult for them to escape major injury. Physostomes, on the other hand,
506:
development, both lung and swim bladder originate as an outpocketing from the gut; in the case of swim bladders, this connection to the gut continues to exist as the pneumatic duct in the more "primitive" ray-finned fish, and is lost in some of the more derived teleost orders. There are no animals
541:
The swim bladder of a fish can strongly reflect sound of an appropriate frequency. Strong reflection happens if the frequency is tuned to the volume resonance of the swim bladder. This can be calculated by knowing a number of properties of the fish, notably the volume of the swim bladder, although
501:
In 1997, Farmer proposed that lungs evolved to supply the heart with oxygen. In fish, blood circulates from the gills to the skeletal muscle, and only then to the heart. During intense exercise, the oxygen in the blood gets used by the skeletal muscle before the blood reaches the heart. Primitive
452:
animals: hence there is no reason to doubt that the swim bladder has actually been converted into lungs, or an organ used exclusively for respiration. According to this view it may be inferred that all vertebrate animals with true lungs are descended by ordinary generation from an ancient and
447:
The illustration of the swim bladder in fishes ... shows us clearly the highly important fact that an organ originally constructed for one purpose, namely, flotation, may be converted into one for a widely different purpose, namely, respiration. The swim bladder has, also, been worked in as an
584:
Sonar operators, using the newly developed sonar technology during World War II, were puzzled by what appeared to be a false sea floor 300–500 metres deep at day, and less deep at night. This turned out to be due to millions of marine organisms, most particularly small mesopelagic fish, with
542:
the well-accepted method for doing so requires correction factors for gas-bearing zooplankton where the radius of the swim bladder is less than about 5 cm. This is important, since sonar scattering is used to estimate the biomass of commercially- and environmentally-important fish species.
250:
crystals, which make them impermeable to gases. By adjusting the gas pressurising organ using the gas gland or oval window, the fish can obtain neutral buoyancy and ascend and descend to a large range of depths. Due to the dorsal position it gives the fish lateral stability.
331:. Elsewhere, at a similar structure known as the 'oval window', the bladder is in contact with blood and the oxygen can diffuse back out again. Together with oxygen, other gases are salted out in the swim bladder which accounts for the high pressures of other gases as well.
724:
release air from their gas bladder expeditiously enough to protect it; nevertheless, they can not relieve pressure in their other vital organs, and are therefore also vulnerable to injury. Some of the commonly seen injuries include ruptured gas bladder and renal
502:
lungs gave an advantage by supplying the heart with oxygenated blood via the cardiac shunt. This theory is robustly supported by the fossil record, the ecology of extant air-breathing fishes, and the physiology of extant fishes. In
525:(e.g., sharks and rays) split from the other fishes about 420 million years ago, and lack both lungs and swim bladders, suggesting that these structures evolved after that split. Correspondingly, these fish also have both
415:, the swim bladder may play an important role in sound production as a resonator. The sounds created by piranhas are generated through rapid contractions of the sonic muscles and is associated with the swim bladder.
585:
swimbladders that reflected the sonar. These organisms migrate up into shallower water at dusk to feed on plankton. The layer is deeper when the moon is out, and can become shallower when clouds obscure the moon.
1225:
Bi, Xupeng; Wang, Kun; Yang, Liandong; Pan, Hailin; Jiang, Haifeng; Wei, Qiwei; Fang, Miaoquan; Yu, Hao; Zhu, Chenglong; Cai, Yiran; He, Yuming; Gan, Xiaoni; Zeng, Honghui; Yu, Daqi; Zhu, Youan (4 March 2021).
1746:
779:
269:), the connection to the digestive tract is lost. In early life stages, these fish must rise to the surface to fill up their swim bladders; in later stages, the pneumatic duct disappears, and the
1042:
Onuki, A; Ohmori Y.; Somiya H. (January 2006). "Spinal Nerve
Innervation to the Sonic Muscle and Sonic Motor Nucleus in Red Piranha, Pygocentrus nattereri (Characiformes, Ostariophysi)".
740:
have a special swim bladder that allows the jellyfish-like colonies to float along the surface of the water while their tentacles trail below. This organ is unrelated to the one in fish.
425:, which could be used to determine absolute depth. However, it has been suggested that teleosts may be able to determine their depth by sensing the rate of change of swim-bladder volume.
448:
accessory to the auditory organs of certain fishes. All physiologists admit that the swimbladder is homologous, or “ideally similar” in position and structure with the lungs of the
1160:
533:
which provide the necessary lift needed due to the lack of swim bladders. Teleost fish with swim bladders have neutral buoyancy, and have no need for this lift.
1754:
494:) the lungs evolved into a swim bladder (secondary absent in some lineages), which unlike lungs that bud ventrally, buds dorsally from the anterior foregut.
238:
portion of the fish, although in a few primitive species, there is only a single sac. It has flexible walls that contract or expand according to the ambient
319:, and as a result, virtually all the excess carbon dioxide and oxygen produced in the gas gland diffuses back to the arteries supplying the gas gland via a
2907:
2104:
751:
323:. Thus a very high gas pressure of oxygen can be obtained, which can even account for the presence of gas in the swim bladders of deep sea fish like the
510:
As an adaptation to migrations between the surface and deeper waters, some fish have evolved a swim bladder where the gas is replaced with low-density
2649:
204:); others store fats or oils with density less than that of seawater to produce a neutral or near neutral buoyancy, which does not change with depth.
498:
have a "fatty organ" that have sometimes been referred to as a swim bladder, but is structurally different and have a separate evolutionary history.
639:
In the East Asian culinary sphere, the swim bladders of certain large fishes are considered a food delicacy. In
Chinese cuisine, they are known as
433:
1378:
1624:
1388:
1170:
1641:
568:. During the day, they return to the dark, cold, oxygen deficient waters of the mesopelagic where they are relatively safe from predators.
2476:
1112:"Fractional rate of change of swim-bladder volume is reliably related to absolute depth during vertical displacements in teleost fish"
262:, the pneumatic duct, allowing the fish to fill up the swim bladder by "gulping" air. Excess gas can be removed in a similar manner.
144:. Darwin reasoned that the lung in air-breathing vertebrates had derived from a more primitive swim bladder as a specialized form of
2506:
2076:
1992:
1842:
1676:
1552:
1527:
1412:
1094:
969:
700:. A fish with swim bladder disorder can float nose down tail up, or can float to the top or sink to the bottom of the aquarium.
2160:
2097:
709:
1267:
Cupello, Camila; Brito, Paulo M.; Herbin, Marc; Meunier, François J.; Janvier, Philippe; Dutel, Hugo; Clément, Gaël (2015).
596:, where the temperature changes between 10 and 20 °C, thus displaying considerable tolerance for temperature change.
3211:
2245:
623:, several times the annual world fisheries catch. Lanternfish also account for much of the biomass responsible for the
2145:
1188:"Does the bowfin gas bladder represent an intermediate stage during the lung-to-gas bladder evolutionary transition?"
1914:
Halvorsen, Michele B.; Casper, Brandon M.; Woodley, Christa M.; Carlson, Thomas J.; Popper, Arthur N. (2012-06-20).
111:
downwards, allowing it to act as a stabilizing agent in some species. Additionally, the swim bladder functions as a
50:
2897:
2624:
2594:
2481:
2090:
334:
The combination of gases in the bladder varies. In shallow water fish, the ratios closely approximate that of the
3233:
3170:
3163:
3130:
2872:
2544:
2225:
1857:
Halvorsen, Michele B.; Casper, Brandon M.; Matthews, Frazer; Carlson, Thomas J.; Popper, Arthur N. (2012-12-07).
486:) as expansions of the upper digestive tract which allowed them to gulp air under oxygen-poor conditions. In the
362:
Physoclist swim bladders have one important disadvantage: they prohibit fast rising, as the bladder would burst.
300:
987:"The inner ear and its coupling to the swim bladder in the deep-sea fish Antimora rostrata (Teleostei: Moridae)"
3180:
2939:
227:
152:
140:
2202:
2064:
1778:
861:
Nursall, J. R. (1989). "Buoyancy is provided by lipids of larval redlip blennies, Ophioblennius atlanticus".
3158:
3140:
2702:
2451:
1982:
589:
320:
56:
1328:
3120:
2944:
2929:
2752:
2471:
2360:
1502:
666:). Totoaba are being hunted to extinction for its maw, which can sell for as much $ 10,000 per kilogram.
3238:
3150:
3135:
2644:
2461:
810:
624:
577:
551:
438:
940:"Secretion Of Nitrogen Into The Swimbladder Of Fish. Ii. Molecular Mechanism. Secretion Of Noble Gases"
335:
175:
to swim and balance the weight of the head to keep a horizontal position. The normally bottom dwelling
3145:
2441:
1927:
1581:
1468:
1433:
1343:
1280:
998:
785:
693:
422:
182:
The gas/tissue interface at the swim bladder produces a strong reflection of sound, which is used in
1713:
2934:
2877:
2677:
2564:
2353:
1774:
412:
201:
145:
619:
role as prey for larger organisms. The estimated global biomass of lanternfish is 550–660 million
2516:
2033:
1732:
1728:
1645:
1359:
1227:
1067:
921:
878:
767:
651:
631:
reflects off the millions of lanternfish swim bladders, giving the appearance of a false bottom.
467:
390:
119:
92:
31:
1916:"Threshold for Onset of Injury in Chinook Salmon from Exposure to Impulsive Pile Driving Sounds"
270:
2862:
2767:
2672:
2584:
2579:
2526:
2333:
2140:
2130:
2072:
2025:
1988:
1963:
1945:
1896:
1878:
1838:
1672:
1620:
1597:
1569:
1548:
1523:
1484:
1459:
Baik K. (2013). "Comment on "Resonant acoustic scattering by swimbladder-bearing fish" (L)".
1408:
1384:
1306:
1249:
1207:
1166:
1141:
1090:
1059:
1024:
965:
913:
846:
449:
408:
386:
1859:"Effects of exposure to pile-driving sounds on the lake sturgeon, Nile tilapia and hogchoker"
1666:
1543:
Bone, Quentin; Moore, Richard H. (2008). "Chapter 2.3. Marine habitats. Mesopelagic fishes".
2604:
2549:
2511:
2466:
2424:
2348:
2135:
2017:
1953:
1935:
1886:
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1814:
1806:
1708:
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1441:
1351:
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1239:
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905:
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398:
235:
104:
909:
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2801:
2629:
2616:
2599:
2554:
2436:
2375:
2299:
2294:
2230:
2217:
2187:
611:. Indeed, lanternfish are among the most widely distributed, populous, and diverse of all
565:
564:
which ascend at night using their swimbladders to feed in the nutrient rich waters of the
556:
343:
200:, do not have swim bladders. Some of them can control their depth only by swimming (using
84:
939:
1931:
1585:
1472:
1437:
1347:
1284:
1002:
3097:
3070:
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2732:
2722:
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2279:
1958:
1915:
1891:
1858:
1819:
1794:
1301:
1268:
1228:"Tracing the genetic footprints of vertebrate landing in non-teleost ray-finned fishes"
1136:
1111:
1019:
986:
522:
515:
475:
458:
352:
296:
189:
135:
108:
1690:
1110:
Taylor, Graham K.; Holbrook, Robert Iain; de Perera, Theresa Burt (6 September 2010).
3227:
3199:
3102:
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2811:
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2762:
2757:
2712:
2707:
2687:
2559:
2338:
2257:
1790:
1747:"'Extinction Is Imminent': New report from Vaquita Recovery Team (CIRVA) is released"
1699:
737:
717:
697:
646:
The vanity price of a vanishing kind of maw is behind the imminent extinction of the
561:
479:
287:
259:
243:
2008:
Clark, F. E.; C. E. Lane (1961). "Composition of float gases of
Physalia physalis".
1363:
925:
315:
partly into the swim bladder. Before returning to the body, the blood re-enters the
222:
3092:
2916:
2831:
2791:
2692:
2634:
2574:
2501:
2496:
2486:
2392:
2321:
2304:
2211:
2172:
2165:
2037:
1329:"Did lungs and the intracardiac shunt evolve to oxygenate the heart in vertebrates"
1071:
896:
Pelster B (December 2001). "The generation of hyperbaric oxygen tensions in fish".
713:
530:
338:, while deep sea fish tend to have higher percentages of oxygen. For instance, the
160:
156:
453:
unknown prototype, which was furnished with a floating apparatus or swim bladder.
27:
Gas-filled organ that contributes to the ability of a fish to control its buoyancy
1940:
3075:
3063:
2989:
2747:
2742:
2717:
2697:
2639:
2534:
2429:
2407:
2397:
2370:
2240:
2192:
1269:"Allometric growth in the extant coelacanth lung during ontogenetic development"
726:
604:
593:
569:
526:
487:
370:
308:
292:
266:
212:
2021:
1424:
Love R. H. (1978). "Resonant acoustic scattering by swimbladder-bearing fish".
1244:
107:
position of the swim bladder means that the expansion of the bladder moves the
3125:
2892:
2826:
2816:
2737:
2727:
2412:
2380:
2365:
2311:
2284:
2267:
1522:(5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall. p. 585.
1355:
1010:
612:
495:
411:
in order for the inner ear to receive a sensation from the sound pressure. In
363:
328:
304:
255:
197:
43:
1949:
1882:
1810:
2882:
2867:
2852:
2682:
2343:
2289:
2274:
2252:
2235:
2182:
1593:
1187:
674:
663:
511:
382:
312:
176:
112:
88:
2029:
1967:
1900:
1874:
1488:
1310:
1253:
1211:
1145:
1127:
1063:
1028:
917:
366:
can "burp" out gas, though this complicates the process of re-submergence.
17:
1601:
654:, the once numerous vaquita are now critically endangered. Vaquita die in
37:
3085:
3026:
2972:
2967:
2786:
2654:
2316:
2262:
2177:
670:
655:
600:
483:
403:
348:
282:
258:
swim bladders, a connection is retained between the swim bladder and the
239:
234:
The swim bladder normally consists of two gas-filled sacs located in the
172:
131:
127:
99:, and thus to stay at their current water depth without having to expend
96:
673:. They can be made into a strong, water-resistant glue, or used to make
3058:
3053:
3031:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2539:
2491:
2385:
2155:
2150:
1407:
2nd edition, illustrated, revised. Published by WCB/McGraw-Hill, p. 12
1292:
1203:
882:
758:
659:
647:
616:
608:
573:
418:
394:
374:
247:
168:
1480:
1055:
985:
Deng, Xiaohong; Wagner, Hans-Joachim; Popper, Arthur N. (2011-01-01).
2977:
1445:
789:
682:
503:
491:
378:
278:
274:
100:
30:"Air bladder" redirects here. For the special effects technique, see
874:
1642:"Deep-sea fish diversity and ecology in the benthic boundary layer"
1615:
Hulley, P. Alexander (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).
1570:"Fishes in oxygen-minimum zones: blood oxygenation characteristics"
1089:(3rd., Thoroughly updated and rev ed.). Taylor & Francis.
3080:
3009:
2419:
628:
620:
555:
432:
356:
221:
211:
193:
183:
285:. This process begins with the acidification of the blood in the
2982:
2924:
2569:
2122:
2113:
2010:
Proceedings of the
Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
678:
669:
Swim bladders are also used in the food industry as a source of
650:, the world's smallest porpoise species. Found only in Mexico's
474:. The first lungs originated in the last common ancestor of the
471:
164:
123:
2086:
3021:
2589:
339:
324:
369:
The swim bladder in some species, mainly fresh water fishes (
1547:(3rd ed.). New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 38.
179:
can use their pectoral fins to produce lift while swimming.
1668:
A Tradition of Soup: Flavors from China's Pearl River Delta
385:
of the fish. They are connected by four bones called the
1731:}}: |volume= / |doi= mismatch, |date= / |doi= mismatch (
466:
Swim bladders are evolutionarily closely related (i.e.,
2082:
1863:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1835:
Fancy
Goldfish: A Complete Guide to Care and Collecting
991:
Deep Sea
Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
572:
account for as much as 65 percent of all deep sea fish
1186:
Funk, Emily C.; Birol, Eda B.; McCune, Amy R. (2021).
1405:
Vertebrates: Comparative
Anatomy, Function, Evolution
962:
Vertebrates: Comparative
Anatomy, Function, Evolution
60:
S: anterior, S': posterior portion of the air bladder
3113:
3046:
2953:
2915:
2906:
2845:
2776:
2663:
2615:
2525:
2450:
2210:
2120:
1981:Popper, Arthur N.; Hawkins, Anthony (2012-01-26).
299:, the latter of which acidifies the blood via the
964:. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. p. 701.
607:account for as much as 65% of all deep sea fish
1714:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T17028A214541137.en
1619:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 127–128.
1377:Bone, Quentin; Moore, Richard (19 March 2008).
445:
407:, the swim bladder maybe also connected to the
151:In the embryonic stages, some species, such as
62:Ĺ“: Ĺ“sophagus; l: air passage of the air bladder
2067:In: WS Hoar, DJ Randall and AP Farrell (Eds)
1568:Douglas, EL; Friedl, WA; Pickwell, GV (1976).
393:. These bones can carry the vibrations to the
347:has been observed to have 75.1% oxygen, 20.5%
226:How gas is pumped into the swim bladder using
55:Internal positioning of the swim bladder of a
2098:
8:
1852:
1850:
1837:, Weatherhill, Shambhala Publications, Inc.
1833:Johnson, Erik L. and Richard E. Hess (2006)
1689:Rojas-Bracho, L. & Taylor, B.L. (2017).
1520:Fishes : an introduction to ichthyology
441:possesses a lung homologous to swim bladders
242:. The walls of the bladder contain very few
1640:R. Cornejo; R. Koppelmann & T. Sutton.
681:. In earlier times, they were used to make
643:, čŠ±č† /鱼鳔, and are served in soups or stews.
155:, have lost the swim bladder again, mostly
2912:
2105:
2091:
2083:
1503:"Deep-sea creatures: The mesopelagic zone"
830:Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Deluxe 1999
507:which have both lungs and a swim bladder.
2650:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
1987:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1957:
1939:
1890:
1818:
1795:"Material of early contraceptive sheaths"
1712:
1518:Moyle, Peter B.; Cech, Joseph J. (2004).
1322:
1320:
1300:
1243:
1135:
1018:
1506:Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
851:Page 190, reprinted 1872 by D. Appleton.
841:
839:
421:are thought to lack a sense of absolute
87:that contributes to the ability of many
49:
36:
802:
747:
265:In more derived varieties of fish (the
217:Swim bladder from a bony (teleost) fish
2060:, 2nd ed., Saunders, pp. 283–290.
1116:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
910:10.1152/physiologyonline.2001.16.6.287
327:, requiring a pressure of hundreds of
733:Similar structures in other organisms
7:
1984:The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life
1751:IUCN SSC - Cetacean Specialist Group
1085:Bone, Q.; Moore, Richard H. (2008).
576:and are largely responsible for the
3206:
2477:Electroreception and electrogenesis
1700:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
303:. The resulting acidity causes the
118:The swim bladder is evolutionarily
1780:"The Natural History of Isinglass"
560:Most mesopelagic fishes are small
321:countercurrent multiplication loop
25:
2071:, pages 195–237, Academic Press.
588:Most mesopelagic fish make daily
307:of the blood to lose its oxygen (
277:) to the bladder to increase its
3205:
3194:
3193:
3176:
3175:
2201:
778:
766:
750:
2161:Environmental impact of fishing
1671:Page 70, North Atlantic Books.
960:Kardong, Kenneth (2011-02-16).
115:, to produce or receive sound.
273:has to introduce gas (usually
1:
1044:Brain, Behavior and Evolution
792:goldfish floating upside down
381:) is interconnected with the
2246:intramembranous ossification
1941:10.1371/journal.pone.0038968
1753:. 2016-06-06. Archived from
1508:. Updated 21 September 2007.
788:has resulted in this female
291:when the gas gland excretes
490:(ray-finned fish minus the
3255:
2625:Fin and flipper locomotion
2595:Sequential hermaphroditism
2482:Jamming avoidance response
2199:
2022:10.3181/00379727-107-26724
1245:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.046
942:. Biolbull.org. 1981-12-01
757:Swim bladder display in a
549:
482:(lobe-finned fish and the
83:is an internal gas-filled
29:
3189:
1356:10.1017/S0094837300019734
1162:Encyclopedia of Evolution
1159:Rice, Stanley A. (2009).
1011:10.1016/j.dsr.2010.11.001
677:for the clarification of
301:bicarbonate buffer system
1811:10.1136/bmj.1.5018.581-b
1383:. Taylor & Francis.
1327:Farmer, Colleen (1997).
228:counter-current exchange
186:equipment to find fish.
141:On the Origin of Species
3141:Glossary of ichthyology
2703:Diel vertical migration
1799:British Medical Journal
1594:10.1126/science.1251208
845:Darwin, Charles (1859)
696:is a common ailment in
627:of the world's oceans.
615:, playing an important
103:in swimming. Also, the
2507:Surface wave detection
2472:Hydrodynamic reception
2146:Diseases and parasites
2063:Pelster, Bernd (1997)
1875:10.1098/rspb.2012.1544
1617:Encyclopedia of Fishes
1128:10.1098/rsif.2009.0522
581:
580:of the world's oceans.
514:as a way to cope with
478:(ray-finned fish) and
455:
442:
231:
219:
208:Structure and function
163:. Other fish—like the
138:remarked upon this in
64:
47:
42:The swim bladder of a
2645:Undulatory locomotion
2462:Ampullae of Lorenzini
2056:Bond, Carl E. (1996)
1273:Nature Communications
1192:Journal of Morphology
815:www.ucmp.berkeley.edu
662:(the world's largest
625:deep scattering layer
578:deep scattering layer
559:
552:Deep scattering layer
546:Deep scattering layer
529:and stiff, wing-like
439:West African lungfish
436:
359:in its swim bladder.
225:
215:
53:
40:
2873:Genetically modified
1238:(5): 1377–1391.e14.
811:"More on Morphology"
786:Swim bladder disease
712:activities, such as
694:Swim bladder disease
689:Swim bladder disease
423:hydrostatic pressure
2678:Aquatic respiration
2565:Life history theory
2065:"Buoyancy at depth"
1932:2012PLoSO...738968H
1869:(1748): 4705–4714.
1586:1976Sci...191..957D
1473:2013ASAJ..133....5B
1438:1978ASAJ...64..571L
1403:Kardong, KV (1998)
1348:1997Pbio...23..358F
1285:2015NatCo...6.8222C
1003:2011DSRI...58...27D
590:vertical migrations
413:red-bellied piranha
246:and are lined with
146:enteral respiration
95:) to control their
2517:Weberian apparatus
2051:Further references
1665:Teresa M. (2009)
1461:J. Acoust. Soc. Am
1426:J. Acoust. Soc. Am
1293:10.1038/ncomms9222
1204:10.1002/jmor.21330
832:. Microsoft. 1999.
652:Gulf of California
599:Sampling via deep
582:
537:Sonar reflectivity
523:cartilaginous fish
443:
391:Weberian apparatus
281:and thus increase
232:
220:
190:Cartilaginous fish
113:resonating chamber
93:cartilaginous fish
65:
48:
32:Air bladder effect
3221:
3220:
3131:Fish common names
3042:
3041:
2673:Aquatic predation
2497:Capacity for pain
2226:Age determination
2058:Biology of Fishes
1805:(5018): 581–582.
1626:978-0-12-547665-2
1580:(4230): 957–959.
1545:Biology of fishes
1481:10.1121/1.4770261
1390:978-1-134-18631-0
1380:Biology of Fishes
1172:978-1-4381-1005-9
1122:(50): 1379–1382.
1087:Biology of fishes
1056:10.1159/000089185
898:News Physiol. Sci
848:Origin of Species
450:higher vertebrate
409:macula of saccule
387:Weberian ossicles
16:(Redirected from
3246:
3234:Organs (anatomy)
3209:
3208:
3197:
3196:
3179:
3178:
2913:
2205:
2136:Ethnoichthyology
2107:
2100:
2093:
2084:
2042:
2041:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1961:
1943:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1894:
1854:
1845:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1686:
1680:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1644:. Archived from
1637:
1631:
1630:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1515:
1509:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1446:10.1121/1.382009
1421:
1415:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1022:
982:
976:
975:
957:
951:
950:
948:
947:
936:
930:
929:
893:
887:
886:
858:
852:
843:
834:
833:
825:
819:
818:
807:
782:
770:
754:
462:
21:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3185:
3109:
3038:
2949:
2902:
2841:
2772:
2665:
2659:
2611:
2555:Ichthyoplankton
2521:
2453:
2446:
2442:Digital Library
2437:Teleost leptins
2376:Shark cartilage
2300:pharyngeal slit
2295:pharyngeal arch
2231:Anguilliformity
2216:
2214:
2206:
2197:
2116:
2111:
2069:Deep-Sea Fishes
2053:
2045:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1832:
1828:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1758:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1664:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1500:
1496:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1041:
1040:
1036:
984:
983:
979:
972:
959:
958:
954:
945:
943:
938:
937:
933:
895:
894:
890:
875:10.2307/1445488
860:
859:
855:
844:
837:
827:
826:
822:
809:
808:
804:
800:
793:
783:
774:
771:
762:
755:
746:
735:
706:
691:
637:
603:indicates that
566:epipelagic zone
554:
548:
539:
464:
457:
431:
344:Synaphobranchus
218:
210:
157:bottom dwellers
63:
61:
59:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3252:
3250:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3203:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2959:
2957:
2955:Wild fisheries
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2878:Hallucinogenic
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2753:Schooling fish
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2713:Filter feeders
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2688:Bottom feeders
2685:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2334:Leydig's organ
2331:
2330:
2329:
2327:pharyngeal jaw
2324:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2280:branchial arch
2272:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2061:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2016:(3): 673–674.
2000:
1993:
1973:
1906:
1846:
1826:
1791:Huxley, Julian
1782:
1767:
1738:
1693:Phocoena sinus
1681:
1658:
1632:
1625:
1607:
1560:
1553:
1535:
1528:
1510:
1494:
1451:
1432:(2): 571–580.
1416:
1396:
1389:
1369:
1342:(3): 358–372.
1316:
1259:
1217:
1198:(4): 600–611.
1178:
1171:
1151:
1102:
1095:
1077:
1034:
977:
970:
952:
931:
888:
869:(3): 614–621.
853:
835:
820:
801:
799:
796:
795:
794:
784:
777:
775:
772:
765:
763:
756:
749:
745:
742:
734:
731:
705:
704:Risk of injury
702:
690:
687:
636:
633:
562:filter feeders
550:Main article:
547:
544:
538:
535:
476:Actinopterygii
459:Charles Darwin
444:
430:
427:
353:carbon dioxide
297:carbon dioxide
216:
209:
206:
136:Charles Darwin
109:center of mass
54:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3251:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3214:
3213:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3182:
3181:more lists...
3174:
3172:
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3160:
3157:
3156:
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3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:Fish families
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Aquarium life
3119:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3104:
3103:fleshy-finned
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3071:Cartilaginous
3069:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
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2960:
2958:
2956:
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2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
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2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Electric fish
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:Mauthner cell
2337:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2258:Chromatophore
2256:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2078:
2077:9780080585406
2074:
2070:
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2059:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1994:9781441973115
1990:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1926:(6): e38968.
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1843:0-8348-0448-4
1840:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1775:Bridge, T. W.
1771:
1768:
1757:on 2019-01-03
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1730:
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1701:
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1678:
1677:9781556437656
1674:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1648:on 2013-06-01
1647:
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1611:
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1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1554:9780203885222
1550:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1529:9780131008472
1525:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1413:0-697-28654-1
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1096:9780415375627
1092:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1050:(2): 11–122.
1049:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
978:
973:
971:9780073524238
967:
963:
956:
953:
941:
935:
932:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
904:(6): 287–91.
903:
899:
892:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
857:
854:
850:
849:
842:
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773:Fish maw soup
769:
764:
761:shopping mall
760:
753:
748:
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741:
739:
738:Siphonophores
732:
730:
728:
723:
719:
718:seismic waves
715:
711:
710:anthropogenic
703:
701:
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698:aquarium fish
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531:pectoral fins
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288:rete mirabile
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173:pectoral fins
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153:redlip blenny
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3239:Fish anatomy
3210:
3198:
3098:spiny-finned
3047:Major groups
2768:Intelligence
2748:Scale eaters
2693:Cleaner fish
2575:Mouthbrooder
2527:Reproduction
2502:Schreckstoff
2487:Lateral line
2403:Swim bladder
2402:
2393:Spiral valve
2322:hyomandibula
2305:pseudobranch
2188:Hypoxia in -
2068:
2057:
2046:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1983:
1976:
1923:
1919:
1909:
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1862:
1834:
1829:
1802:
1798:
1785:
1770:
1759:. Retrieved
1755:the original
1750:
1741:
1718:. Retrieved
1704:
1698:
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1684:
1667:
1661:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:the original
1635:
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1336:Paleobiology
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1220:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1165:. Infobase.
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1086:
1080:
1047:
1043:
1037:
997:(1): 27–37.
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944:. Retrieved
934:
901:
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866:
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856:
847:
829:
823:
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805:
736:
721:
714:pile driving
707:
692:
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645:
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587:
583:
540:
527:heterocercal
520:
509:
500:
465:
456:
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417:
402:
368:
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342:
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316:
286:
264:
256:physostomous
253:
233:
202:dynamic lift
188:
181:
161:weather fish
150:
139:
117:
80:
76:
72:
69:swim bladder
68:
66:
3212:WikiProject
3171:Prehistoric
3155:Threatened
2846:Other types
2743:Sardine run
2718:Forage fish
2698:Corallivory
2550:Development
2535:Bubble nest
2408:physoclisti
2398:Suckermouth
2371:Root effect
2193:Ichthyology
727:Haemorrhage
613:vertebrates
605:lanternfish
594:thermocline
570:Lanternfish
516:Boyle's law
496:Coelacanths
488:Actinopteri
371:common carp
364:Physostomes
355:, and 0.4%
309:Root effect
293:lactic acid
267:physoclisti
171:—use their
81:air bladder
73:gas bladder
18:Swimbladder
3228:Categories
2827:Groundfish
2822:Freshwater
2817:Euryhaline
2802:Coral reef
2738:Salmon run
2728:Paedophagy
2630:Amphibious
2617:Locomotion
2425:pharyngeal
2413:physostome
2366:Photophore
2312:Glossohyal
2285:gill raker
2268:dorsal fin
2218:physiology
1761:2017-01-25
1720:14 October
1691:"Vaquita (
1652:2015-03-26
1467:(1): 5–8.
946:2013-06-24
798:References
635:Human uses
617:ecological
512:wax esters
468:homologous
336:atmosphere
305:hemoglobin
192:, such as
120:homologous
3076:chimaeras
2963:Predatory
2940:Salmonids
2898:Whitefish
2888:Poisonous
2863:Diversity
2797:Coldwater
2733:Predatory
2723:Migratory
2683:Bait ball
2666:behaviour
2585:Pregnancy
2580:Polyandry
2354:papillare
2349:Operculum
2344:Meristics
2290:gill slit
2253:Cleithrum
2183:Fish kill
2173:Fear of -
2166:- as food
2156:Fisheries
2141:Evolution
2131:Diversity
1950:1932-6203
1883:0962-8452
1729:cite iucn
675:isinglass
664:drum fish
504:embryonal
484:tetrapods
429:Evolution
389:from the
383:inner ear
271:gas gland
177:sea robin
159:like the
128:tetrapods
91:(but not
89:bony fish
3200:Category
3151:Smallest
3064:lampreys
3027:flatfish
3017:Demersal
2973:mackerel
2968:billfish
2908:Commerce
2837:Tropical
2812:Demersal
2807:Deep-sea
2763:Venomous
2655:RoboTuna
2605:triggers
2600:Spawning
2560:Juvenile
2545:Egg case
2178:FishBase
2030:13693830
1968:22745695
1920:PLOS ONE
1901:23055066
1793:(1957).
1489:23297876
1364:87285937
1311:26372119
1279:: 8222.
1254:33545088
1212:33538055
1146:20190038
1064:16254416
1029:21532967
926:11198182
918:11719607
828:"Fish".
716:or even
671:collagen
656:gillnets
641:fish maw
601:trawling
419:Teleosts
404:Antimora
397:and the
349:nitrogen
313:diffuses
283:buoyancy
240:pressure
167:and the
132:lungfish
97:buoyancy
77:fish maw
3146:Largest
3059:hagfish
3054:Jawless
3032:pollock
3005:sardine
3000:herring
2995:anchovy
2945:Tilapia
2935:Octopus
2930:Catfish
2917:Farming
2832:Pelagic
2792:Coastal
2779:habitat
2635:Walking
2540:Clasper
2492:Otolith
2454:systems
2452:Sensory
2386:ganoine
2361:Papilla
2212:Anatomy
2151:Fishing
2038:2687386
1959:3380060
1928:Bibcode
1892:3497083
1820:1974678
1777:(1905)
1602:1251208
1582:Bibcode
1574:Science
1501:Ryan P
1469:Bibcode
1434:Bibcode
1344:Bibcode
1302:4647851
1281:Bibcode
1137:2894882
1072:7395840
1020:3082141
999:Bibcode
883:1445488
759:Malacca
744:Gallery
683:condoms
660:totoaba
648:vaquita
609:biomass
574:biomass
492:bichirs
395:saccule
375:catfish
351:, 3.1%
248:guanine
169:pomfret
122:to the
3164:sharks
3081:sharks
3010:sprats
2990:Forage
2978:salmon
2858:Coarse
2640:Flying
2512:Vision
2467:Barbel
2381:Scales
2241:dermal
2121:About
2075:
2036:
2028:
1991:
1966:
1956:
1948:
1899:
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1017:
968:
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916:
881:
863:Copeia
790:ryukin
621:tonnes
461:, 1859
399:lagena
379:bowfin
279:volume
275:oxygen
236:dorsal
194:sharks
105:dorsal
101:energy
3126:Blind
3114:Lists
2893:Rough
2758:Sleep
2664:Other
2430:shark
2420:Teeth
2034:S2CID
1360:S2CID
1332:(PDF)
1068:S2CID
922:S2CID
879:JSTOR
708:Many
629:Sonar
472:lungs
470:) to
357:argon
184:sonar
124:lungs
85:organ
79:, or
57:bleak
3159:rays
3093:Bony
3086:rays
2983:tuna
2925:Carp
2883:Oily
2868:Game
2853:Bait
2787:Cave
2570:Milt
2275:Gill
2263:Fins
2236:Bone
2123:fish
2114:Fish
2073:ISBN
2026:PMID
1989:ISBN
1964:PMID
1946:ISSN
1897:PMID
1879:ISSN
1839:ISBN
1733:help
1722:2022
1705:2017
1673:ISBN
1621:ISBN
1598:PMID
1549:ISBN
1524:ISBN
1485:PMID
1409:ISBN
1385:ISBN
1307:PMID
1250:PMID
1232:Cell
1208:PMID
1167:ISBN
1142:PMID
1091:ISBN
1060:PMID
1025:PMID
966:ISBN
914:PMID
867:1989
679:beer
521:The
437:The
329:bars
198:rays
196:and
165:opah
130:and
67:The
44:rudd
3022:cod
2777:By
2590:Roe
2317:Jaw
2215:and
2018:doi
2014:107
1954:PMC
1936:doi
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1871:doi
1867:279
1815:PMC
1807:doi
1709:doi
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1289:doi
1240:doi
1236:184
1200:doi
1196:282
1132:PMC
1124:doi
1052:doi
1015:PMC
1007:doi
906:doi
871:doi
722:can
340:eel
325:eel
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