1125:) demanded bigger royalties from broadcasters and the broadcasters refused. Consequently, ASCAP banned the large repertoire they controlled from airplay, severely restricting what the radio audience could hear. ASCAP also demanded pre-approval of set lists and even written solos for live broadcasts, to assure that not even a quoted fragment of ASCAP repertoire was broadcast. Those restrictions made broadcast swing much less appealing for the year in which the ban was in place. Big band swing remained popular during the war years, but the resources required to support it became problematic. Wartime restriction on travel, coupled with rising expenses, curtailed road touring. The manpower requirements for big swing bands placed a burden on the scarce resources available for touring and were impacted by the military draft. In July 1942 the
1376:. Their repertoire overlaps 1930s swing, including French popular music, gypsy songs, and compositions by Reinhardt, but gypsy swing bands are formulated differently. There is no brass or percussion; guitars and bass form the backbone, with violin, accordion, clarinet or guitar taking the lead. Gypsy swing groups generally have no more than five players. Although they originated in different continents, similarities have often been noted between gypsy swing and Western swing]l, leading to various fusions.
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518:-like conception of playing deviated from the contemporary conventions in jazz piano centered on building rhythmic patterns around "pivot notes". His approaches to rhythm and phrasing were also free and daring, exploring ideas that would define swing playing. His approach to rhythm often used accents on the lead-in instead of the main beat, and
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the demand for studio and stage orchestras as backups for popular vocalists, and in radio and television broadcasts. Ability to adapt performing styles to various situations was an essential skill among these bands-for-hire, with a somewhat sedated version of swing in common use for backing up vocalists. The resurgent commercial success of
1286:, after briefly leading one big band during the late 1940s and performing in various jazz and big band gigs, formed his definitive big band in 1966. His name became synonymous with the dynamic, exuberant style of his big band. Other big jazz bands that drove the 1950s–60s revival include those led by
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Swing bands and sales continued to decline from 1953 to 1954. In 1955, a list of top recording artists from the previous year was publicly released. The list revealed that big band sales had decreased since the early 1950s. However, big band music saw a revival in the 1950s and 1960s. One impetus was
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not affected by the ban. These labels had limited distribution centered in large urban markets, which tended to limit the size of the ensembles with which recording could be a money-making proposition. Another blow fell on the market for dance-oriented swing in 1944 when the federal government levied
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interview, Duke
Ellington expressed dissatisfaction with the creative state of swing music; within a few years he and other bandleaders would be delving into more ambitious, and less danceable, forms of orchestral jazz and the creative forefront for soloists would be moving into smaller ensembles and
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Continuum
Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World Volume 8- Genres North America. Horn, David. Shephard, John Editors. Bloombury Publishing 2012 p. 472 "Armstrong and Lombardo did not view their worlds as diametrically opposed, nor did many other contemporary musicians of the 1930s. ...Lombardo
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Though swing music was no longer mainstream, fans could attend "Big Band
Nostalgia" tours from the 1970s into the 1980s. The tours featured bandleaders and vocalists of the swing era who were semi-retired, such as Harry James and vocalist Dick Haymes. Historically-themed radio broadcasts featuring
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joined the
Goodman Orchestra in 1941 for a two-year stint, quickly becoming its star attraction on its biggest hits. Some big bands were moving away from the swing styles that dominated the late 1930s, for both commercial and creative reasons. Some of the more commercial big bands catered to more
2252:"It's not very difficult to understand the evolution of jazz into Swing. Ten years ago this type of music was flourishing, albeit amidst adverse conditions and surrounded by hearty indifference....It is the repetition and monotony of present-day Swing arrangements which bode ill for the future."
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to each other. The level of improvisation that the audience might expect varied with the arrangement, song, band, and band-leader. Typically included in big band swing arrangements were an introductory chorus that stated the theme, choruses arranged for soloists, and climactic out-choruses. Some
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until record labels agreed to pay royalties to musicians. That stopped recording of instrumental music for major labels for over a year, with the last labels agreeing to new contract terms in
November 1944. In the meantime, vocalists continued to record backed by vocal groups and the recording
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triumph. At the
Palomar engagement starting on 21 August 1935, audiences of young white dancers favored Goodman's rhythm and daring arrangements. The sudden success of the Goodman orchestra transformed the landscape of popular music in America. Goodman's success with "hot" swing brought forth
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held the polyphonic improvisation of New
Orleans jazz to be the pure form of jazz, with swing a form corrupted by regimentation and commercialism. Panassié was also an advocate of the theory that jazz was a primal expression of the black American experience and that white musicians, or black
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in various combinations of moves. A subculture of jitterbuggers, sometimes growing quite competitive, congregated around ballrooms that featured hot swing music. A dance floor full of jitterbuggers had cinematic appeal; they were sometimes featured in newsreels and movies. Some of the top
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pattern to build a strong, danceable rhythm and provide a musical platform for extended solos. The rhythm-heavy tunes for dancing were called "stomps". The requirement for volume led to continued use of the sousaphone over the string bass with the larger ensembles, which dictated a more
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wrote that "prominent white orchestra leaders, concert singers and others are making commercial use of Negro music in its various phases. That's why they introduced "swing" which is not a musical form" (no comment on
Fletcher Henderson, Earl Hines, Duke Ellington, or Count Basie). The
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credited the
Henderson band with being an early influence when he was developing the sound for his own band. In 1925 Armstrong left the Henderson band and would add his innovations to New Orleans style jazz to develop Chicago style jazz, another step towards swing.
905:, were taken aback by the rambunctiousness of swing music. Swing was sometimes regarded as light entertainment, more of an industry to sell records to the masses than a form of art, among fans of both jazz and "serious" music. Some jazz critics such as
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that developed in the United States during the late 1920s and early 1930s. It became nationally popular from the mid-1930s. Swing bands usually featured soloists who would improvise on the melody over the arrangement. The danceable swing style of
1282:. The Basie and Ellington bands flourished creatively and commercially through the 1960s and beyond, with both veteran leaders receiving high acclaim for their contemporary work and performing until they were physically unable. Drummer
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is widely known for playing Swing, Jazz, and many other forms of the genre on the mandolin. He has produced many albums that feature Jazz rhythms and swing chord progressions. He is often considered "The Father of Jazz
Mandolin".
1205:. Many of these singers were also involved in the "less swinging" vocal pop music of this period. The bands in these contexts performed in relative anonymity, receiving secondary credit beneath the top billing. Some, such as the
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Orchestras, became well known in their own right, with Riddle particularly associated with the success of Sinatra and Cole. Swingin' pop remained popular into the mid-1960s, becoming one current of the "easy listening" genre.
593:", grafting a classical approach over his interpretation of jazz rhythms in an approach he hoped would be the future of jazz. Whiteman's Orchestra enjoyed great commercial success and was a major influence on the sweet bands.
522:, to build a sense of anticipation to the rhythm and make his playing swing. He also used "stops" or musical silences to build tension in his phrasing. Hines' style was a seminal influence on the styles of swing-era pianists
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brought the riff-and-solo oriented Kansas City style of swing to national attention. The Basie orchestra collectively and individually would influence later styles that would give rise to the smaller "jump" bands and
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Encyclopedia of Music in the 20th Century. Stacey, Lee & Henderson, Lol. Taylor and Francis Publishers. 27 January 2014, p. 379 ISBN 9781135929466 Guy Lombardo: the Sweetest Music This Side of heaven on Google
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revival started in the late 1930s as a self-conscious re-creation of New Orleans jazz in reaction against the orchestrated style of big band swing. Some swing bandleaders saw opportunities in the Dixieland revival.
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The early 1940s saw emerging trends in popular music and jazz that would, once they had run their course, result in the end of the swing era. Vocalists were becoming the star attractions of the big bands. Vocalist
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included swing era hits on albums during the early 1970s. In Seattle the New Deal Rhythm Band and the Horns O Plenty Orchestra revived 1930s swing with a dose of comedy behind vocalists Phil "De Basket" Shallat,
759:'s claim that "sweet" music was a "weak sister" as compared to the "real music" of America, Lombardo's band enjoyed widespread popularity for decades while crossing over racial divides and was even praised by
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credited the Goldkette band with being the most influential white band in the development of swing music before Benny Goodman's. As a dance music promoter and agent, Goldkette also helped organize and promote
713:-propelled, solo-oriented form of swing that had been developing in the hothouse of Kansas City. Emblematic of the evolving music was the change in the name of Moten's signature tune, from "Moten Stomp" to "
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had both downsized their big bands during the first half of the 1950s, then reconstituted them by 1956. Ellington's venture back into big band jazz was encouraged by its reception at the
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As the 1920s turned to the 1930s, the new concepts in rhythm and ensemble playing that comprised the swing style were transforming the sounds of large and small bands. Starting in 1928,
1150:, giving Sinatra top billing ("Acc. Harry James and his Orchestra"). The recording found the commercial success that had eluded its original release. Small band swing was recorded for
1118:, the first big band to showcase bebop. As the swing era went into decline, it secured legacies in vocalist-centered popular music, "progressive" big band jazz, R&B, and bebop.
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arrangements. Goodman's slot was on after midnight in the East, and few people heard it. It was on earlier on the West Coast and developed the audience that later led to Goodman's
1444:, presented adaptations of Gypsy Swing, rekindling interest in the musical form. Other swing revivals occurred during the 1970s. The jazz, R&B, and swing revival vocal group
943:. Miller's trademark clarinet-led reed section was decidedly "sweet", but the Miller catalog had no shortage of bouncy, medium-tempo dance tunes and some up-tempo tunes such as
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followed Sinatra into pop music, bringing with him a similar combination of swing and ballads. Like Mullican, he was important in bringing piano to the fore of popular music.
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Encyclopedia of music in the 20th Century. Stacey, Lee. Henderson, Lol Editors. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group London 2014 p. 379 Guy Lombardo Biography on Google Books
1044:, after joining the Chick Webb Orchestra in 1936, propelled the band to great popularity and the band continued under her name after Webb's death in 1939. In 1940 vocalist
995:", and became feared in the Savoy's Battles of the Bands. It humiliated Goodman's band, and had memorable encounters with the Ellington and Basie bands. The Goodman band's
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in Philadelphia in December 1932, the doors were let open to the public who crammed into the theatre to hear the new sound, demanding seven encores from Moten's orchestra.
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in the 1920s allowed some of the more popular dance bands to gain national exposure. The most popular style of dance orchestra was the "sweet" style, often with strings.
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Crump, William D. Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide. McFarland & Co. Publishers. London. 2008 p. 101 ISBN 978-0-7864-3393-3 Guy lombardo on Google Books
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bands maintained their popularity during lean years of the late 1940s and beyond, making their mark with innovative arrangements and high-level jazz soloists (
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arrangements were built entirely around a featured soloist or vocalist. Some bands used string or vocal sections, or both. Swing-era repertoire included the
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and anticipating the main beats with lead-in notes in his solos to create a sense of rhythmic pulse that happened between the beats as well as on them, i.e.
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A typical song played in swing style would feature a strong, anchoring rhythm section in support of more loosely-tied woodwind and brass sections playing
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The trend away from big-band swing was accelerated by wartime conditions and royalty conflicts. In 1941 the American Society of Composers and Producers (
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Harker, Brian C., 1997, Early Musical Development of Louis Armstrong, 1921–1928, unpublished PhD Dissertation, Columbia University, 390 p. plus Appendix
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musicians who became interested in more sophisticated musical ideas, were generally incapable of expressing its core values. In his 1941 autobiography,
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As with many new popular musical styles, swing met with some resistance because of its improvisation, tempo, occasionally risqué lyrics, and frenetic
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interplay between brass and reed sections, and interludes arranged to back up soloists. The arrangements also had a smoother rhythmic sense than the
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Developments in dance orchestra and jazz music during the 1920s both contributed to the development of the 1930s swing style. Starting in 1923, the
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as soloists, who all were influential in the development of swing era instrumental styles. During the Henderson band's extended residency at the
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turned into a summit of swing, with guests from the Basie and Ellington bands invited for a jam session after the Goodman band's performance.
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consisted mainly of popular swing covers. The album sold more than 7 million copies worldwide. In November 2013, Robbie Williams released
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himself always took great pride in the number of black orchestras that imitated his style." Guy lombardo band popularity on Google Books
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Between the poles of hot and sweet, middlebrow interpretations of swing led to great commercial success for bands such as those led by
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imitators and enthusiasts of the new style throughout the world of dance bands, which launched the "swing era" that lasted until 1946.
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in Chicago, where Hines had the opportunity to expound upon his new approaches to rhythm and phrasing with a big band. Hines' arranger
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Jack Behrens.AuthorHouse, Indiana, 2010 p. 95 Shep Fields society band broadcasting on radio from the Palmer House on Books.Google.com
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industry released earlier swing recordings from their vaults, increasingly reflecting the popularity of big band vocalists. In 1943
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Dregni, Michael (2008). Gypsy Jazz: In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing. Oxford University Press. pp. 10–13.
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At this time, "Sweet" dance music remained most popular with white audiences and was successfully showcased by bandleaders such as
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were fusing swing with classical repertoire. Lower manpower requirements and simplicity favored the rise of small band swing. The
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with a mildly swinging backup during the mid-1950s solidified the trend. It became a sound associated with pop vocalists such as
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genre during the late 1940s then re-entered big band jazz in the early 1950s, remaining a popular attraction through the 1960s.
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dance bands in the southwest were developing dynamic styles that often went in the direction of blues-based simplicity, using
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955:". "The Sentimental Gentleman of Swing" Tommy Dorsey made a nod to the hot side by hiring jazz trumpeter and Goodman alumnus
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Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound. Hoffman, Fred. 2004 Shep Fields at the Empire Room of the Palmer House Hotel on Google Books
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sometimes substituted for the sousaphone. Use of the string bass opened possibilities for 4/4 instead of 2/4 time at faster
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625:. The Victor Recording Orchestra won the respect of the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra in a Battle of the Bands; Henderson's
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techniques. "Swing house" is a sub genre of swing that has been influenced by the likes of Louis Jordan and Louis Prima.
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were developing their technique to the point where they could hold down the bottom end of a full-sized dance orchestra.
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Russell, Ross, Jazz Style in Kansas City and the Southwest, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1972, 291 p.
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dancing that became a national craze accompanying the swing craze. Swing dancing originated in the late 1920s as the "
1027:, whose careers in swing had brought them to New York, beginning to coalesce and develop the ideas that would become
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and the Benny Goodman Orchestra went against that grain, targeting the new swing style to younger audiences. Despite
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joined the Henderson band, lending impetus to an even greater emphasis on soloists. The Henderson band also featured
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1563:. Both genres of swing house and electro swing have been connected with the revival of swing dances, such as the
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have continued the swing elements of country music. Asleep at the Wheel has also recorded the Count Basie tunes "
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717:". Moten's orchestra had a highly successful tour in late 1932. Audiences raved about the new music, and at the
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period comedy, melodrama, and music also played a role in sustaining interest in the music of the swing era.
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ballrooms a sign that a swing band had arrived on the national scene. With its Savoy engagement in 1937, the
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New York became a touchstone for national success of big bands, with nationally broadcast engagements at the
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Driggs, Frank; Director, Marr Sound Archives University of Missouri-Kansas City Chuck Haddix (1 May 2005).
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Prospects, An Annual of American Cultural Studies 1:179–203, October 1976, DOI: 10.1017/S0361233300004361
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a 30% excise tax on "dancing" nightclubs, undercutting the market for dance music in smaller venues.
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and other jazzmen. During the World War II era, swing began to decline in popularity, and after war,
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band to pursue solo career that included many songs that maintained a swing structure. Artists like
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arrived back from an extended stay in Europe to New York in 1939, recorded his famous version of "
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music and composed the gypsy swing standard "Minor Swing". In the late 1980s to early 1990s, new
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1747:"Squirrel Nut Zippers Reissuing 'Hot' - Listen to Unreleased 1991 Song 'The Puffer': Exclusive"
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Dregni, Michael (2004). Django: The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend. Oxford University Press.
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in 1943 featured a collection of young, forward-looking musicians who were at the core of the
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that curtailed recording of the new music and drove some bands out of business, including the
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Kirchner, Bill, ed. (2000), The Oxford Companion to Jazz, New York: Oxford University Press,
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was becoming the star attraction of the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra, inciting mass hysteria among
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Another modern development consists of fusing swing (original, or remixes of classics) with
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in 1934. Henderson's next business was selling arrangements to up-and-coming bandleader
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were showcasing an exuberant "jump swing" style that would lead to the postwar rise of
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is mainly popular in Europe, and electro swing artists incorporate influences such as
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improvisation with other front-line instruments, lending greater freedom in creating
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Shep Fields Obituary - United Press International Feb. 23, 1981 on UPI.com/Archive
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1302:. Big band jazz remains a major component of college jazz instruction curricula.
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remained closely identified with the Savoy Ballroom, having originated the tune "
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of Tin Pan Alley standards, band originals, traditional jazz tunes such as the "
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was the dominant form of American popular music from 1935 to 1946, known as the
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Spring, Howard. "Swing and the Lindy Hop: Dance, Venue, Media, and Tradition".
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2103:"SHEP FIELDS, LEADER OF BIG BAND KNOWEN FOR RIPPLING RYTHEM (Published 1981)"
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One O'clock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils
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Benny Goodman, one of the first swing bandleaders to achieve widespread fame
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freedom. The Chicago style released the soloist from the constraints of
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1247:
1007:", and fronted his own big band. 1940 saw top-flight musicians such as
436:
393:
52:
3238:
2665:
2655:
2347:
Swingin' the Dream: Big Band Jazz and the Rebirth of American Culture
1061:"sweet" sensibilities with string sections. Some bandleaders such as
785:
In 1935 the Benny Goodman Orchestra had won a spot on the radio show
626:
488:
472:
440:
2354:
Swing to Bop: An Oral History of the Transition in Jazz in the 1940s
1267:
1094:
875:
601:
featured many of the top white jazz musicians of the day including
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3570:
2549:
1167:
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1111:
1103:
1028:
984:
817:
776:
558:
484:
476:
468:
360:
306:
275:
104:
72:
1407:
had a big hit with their lively version of the swing-era ballad "
285:
Swing blended with other genres to create new musical styles. In
182:" is also used as a term of praise for playing that has a strong
2425:
2361:
From Jazz to Swing: African-Americans and Their Music, 1890–1935
464:
154:
2398:
1501:
928:
were examples of Dixieland ensembles within big swing bands.
848:
jitterbuggers gathered in professional dance troupes such as
1547:
and Django Reinhardt's gypsy swing. Leading artists include
724:
With the early 1930s came the financial difficulties of the
1527:
1990s to present: swing house, electro swing, and swing pop
1818:
Cook, Richard (2005), Jazz Encyclopedia, London: Penguin,
1504:, and rock. The music brought a revival in swing dancing.
2294:. By Albert Murray. Da Capo Press. 2000. pages 109, 110.
2140:
America's Music Makers: Big bands and Ballrooms 1912-2011
1387:
included swing-era standards in their repertoire, making
816:", with which the Goodman orchestra had a smash hit, and
1461:
led swing revival bands in the Seattle area until 2003.
677:
had its new sounds broadcast nationally from New York's
2394:
791:
and started showcasing an updated repertoire featuring
416:
in New York, it became influential on other big bands.
874:
would outlive the swing era, becoming associated with
831:", and would later incorporate other styles including
424:
Traditional New Orleans style jazz was based on a two-
1951:
Music in the Twenties: The Jean Goldkette Orchestra,
1914:
Louis Armstrong and Paul Whiteman: Two Kings of Jazz
337:. In the late 1990s and into the 2000s, there was a
3764:
3674:
3558:
3538:
3517:
3501:
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3309:
3254:
3211:
3204:
3139:
3061:
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2887:
2831:
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2535:
2432:
1368:. In Europe it was heard in the music of guitarist
1114:movement and would in the following year be in the
136:
124:
112:
88:
80:
46:
41:
2377:, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Summer, 1997), pp. 183–207.
2021:
1773:Mondavi swings to the jive of Big Bad Voodoo Daddy
2368:The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 1930–1945
1666:"The missing link in the evolution of JUMP BLUES"
1322:combined elements of swing and blues to create a
372:is sitting on the floor to the extreme left with
2382:Swing Changes: Big-Band Jazz in New Deal America
1423:1960s–2000: Big Band nostalgia and swing revival
823:Hot swing music is strongly associated with the
2267:"The 1942 Recording Ban and the ASCAP/BMI War"
1860:
1858:
1689:Price, "Jazz Guitar and Western Swing", p. 82.
2410:
1961:
1959:
1197:, as well as jazz-oriented vocalists such as
669:would later contribute to the catalog of the
566:conservative approach to rhythm based on 2/4
186:or drive. Musicians of the swing era include
8:
2077:"The Telegraph - Google News Archive Search"
709:and the Kansas City Orchestra showcased the
333:(New York go-go), created by young producer
1468:occurred during the 1990s and 2000s led by
1222:Big band jazz made a comeback as well. The
3448:
3208:
2417:
2403:
2395:
2389:Swing Shift: 'All-Girl' Bands of the 1940s
2321:The Wonderful Era of the Great Dance Bands
2207:Blowin' Hot and Cool: Jazz and Its Critics
479:sometimes substituted for the banjo and a
38:
570:. Meanwhile, string bass players such as
258:Swing has its roots in 1920s dance music
305:introduced elements of swing along with
2211:by John Remo Gennari, PhD (born 1960),
2024:Kansas City Jazz: From Ragtime to Bebop
1938:"Goldkette on The Red Hot Jazz Archive"
1865:Daniels, Douglas Henry (January 2006).
1644:
1266:). Lionel Hampton was a leader in the
510:In 1927 Armstrong worked with pianist
1783:
1781:
657:was broadcast throughout much of the
368:(middle) with his orchestra in 1925.
7:
1664:Considine, J. D. (5 December 1993).
384:featured innovative arrangements by
2232:Handy, William Christopher (1941).
2028:. Oxford University Press. p.
1892:Popa, Christopher (November 2007).
1399:" into rock and roll-era hits. The
1138:re-released the 1939 recording of "
1911:Berrett, Joshua (1 October 2008).
1559:of the 1920s and doesn't actually
329:-styled swing-beat emerged called
25:
3857:African-American cultural history
3772:Album covers of Blue Note Records
1894:"Big Band Library: Paul Whiteman"
1048:was leading his own big band and
967:to spice up his catalog in 1939.
701:started its extended stay at the
689:Orchestra. Also in New York, the
3820:
1577:
1127:American Federation of Musicians
1077:and other smaller bands led by
174:, when people were dancing the
3152:Institutions and organizations
1628:Swing (jazz performance style)
693:featured the new style at the
641:'s Orange Blossoms (later the
1:
2849:Cool jazz and West Coast jazz
1871:. Beacon Press. p. 144.
1745:Gensler, Andy (6 June 2016).
922:Tommy Dorsey's Clambake Seven
589:developed a style he called "
1791:. Musicians.allaboutjazz.com
1633:Original Dixieland Jass Band
730:Fletcher Henderson Orchestra
691:Fletcher Henderson Orchestra
382:Fletcher Henderson Orchestra
2213:University of Chicago Press
1492:. Many of the bands played
1438:Dan Hicks and His Hot Licks
3883:
1999:. Routledge. p. 161.
1735:Retrieved 11 December 2020
1496:which combined swing with
1478:The Cherry Poppin' Daddies
1426:
1379:Rock music hitmakers like
1280:1956 Newport Jazz Festival
997:1938 Carnegie Hall Concert
770:
599:Victor Recording Orchestra
443:, typically followed by a
309:to create a genre called "
31:
3816:
3178:See Template: Jazz theory
2256:, February 1939, pp. 2–16
1927:– via Google Books.
1917:. Yale University Press.
1514:Swing When You're Winning
763:as one of his favorites
734:McKinney's Cotton Pickers
697:and the swing powerhouse
635:McKinney's Cotton Pickers
141:
129:
117:
3862:American styles of music
1940:. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
1455:Cheryl "Benzene" Bentyne
1414:Multi-genre mandolinist
1393:Are You Lonesome Tonight
1116:Billy Eckstine Orchestra
1108:The Earl Hines Orchestra
767:1935–1946: The swing era
675:Duke Ellington Orchestra
655:The Earl Hines Orchestra
32:Not to be confused with
1949:Nye, Russell B., 1976,
1775:Retrieved 11 March 2021
1654:Retrieved 11 March 2021
1356:is an outgrowth of the
1344:Jumpin' at the Woodside
810:Great American Songbook
671:Benny Goodman Orchestra
376:above him to the right.
3852:African-American music
2189:"Jazz History Part II"
1993:Lawn, Richard (2013).
1898:www.bigbandlibrary.com
1603:Interbellum Generation
1173:
1152:small specialty labels
850:Whitey's Lindy Hoppers
782:
683:Cab Calloway Orchestra
377:
2359:Hennessey, Thomas J.
2325:Garden City, New York
2238:. MacMillan. p.
1171:
1144:Harry James Orchestra
1140:All or Nothing at All
993:Stompin' at the Savoy
980:Count Basie Orchestra
780:
471:. By the early 1920s
364:
3566:Bibliography of jazz
3346:Continental European
2319:Walker, Leo (1972).
1789:"Fletcher Henderson"
1613:List of music styles
1482:Squirrel Nut Zippers
1474:Big Bad Voodoo Daddy
1326:. Mullican left the
989:Chick Webb Orchestra
926:Bob Crosby's Bobcats
835:, Truckin', Peckin'
699:Chick Webb Orchestra
351:Big Bad Voodoo Daddy
343:Squirrel Nut Zippers
84:1930s, United States
3807:Straight, No Chaser
3596:Straight-ahead jazz
3053:Winter & Winter
2502:French horn in jazz
2366:Schuller, Gunther.
2345:Erenberg, Lewis A.
2235:Father of the Blues
1336:Asleep at the Wheel
753:Casa Loma Orchestra
643:Casa Loma Orchestra
282:gained popularity.
3751:West African music
3576:British dance band
3366:European free jazz
3339:British dance band
2832:Musicians by genre
2612:Free improvisation
2292:Stomping the Blues
2193:www.swingmusic.net
2109:. 24 February 1981
2107:The New York Times
2083:. 24 February 1981
1652:Swing, Swing,Swing
1446:Manhattan Transfer
1374:Stéphane Grappelli
1174:
1163:
855:A Day At the Races
793:Fletcher Henderson
783:
681:, followed by the
663:Grand Terrace Cafe
583:recording industry
579:radio broadcasting
487:, which increased
467:, and sometimes a
378:
366:Fletcher Henderson
289:, artists such as
3834:
3833:
3707:New Orleans blues
3554:
3553:
3497:
3496:
3071:Beaches (Toronto)
2482:Swing performance
2387:Tucker, Sherrie.
2039:978-0-19-536435-4
2006:978-0-415-69960-0
1996:Experiencing Jazz
1878:978-0-8070-7136-6
1841:978-0-19-518359-7
1824:978-0-14-102646-6
1704:978-0-19-531192-1
1470:Royal Crown Revue
1310:In country music
1306:Cross-genre swing
1021:Charlie Christian
945:Mission to Moscow
814:King Porter Stomp
695:Roseland Ballroom
544:Mary Lou Williams
414:Roseland Ballroom
148:
147:
47:Stylistic origins
16:(Redirected from
3874:
3825:
3824:
3591:Continental jazz
3484:Washington, D.C.
3449:
3351:Czech and Slovak
3209:
2993:India Navigation
2691:Progressive jazz
2545:Avant-garde jazz
2419:
2412:
2405:
2396:
2333:
2332:
2316:
2310:
2289:
2283:
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2280:
2278:
2273:on 9 August 2003
2269:. Archived from
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2223:
2215:(2006), pg. 58;
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1670:Baltimoresun.com
1661:
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1581:
1520:Swings Both Ways
1370:Django Reinhardt
1340:One O'Clock Jump
1136:Columbia Records
1131:ban on recording
1071:Claude Thornhill
961:Jimmie Lunceford
797:Palomar Ballroom
726:Great Depression
687:Jimmie Lunceford
319:Django Reinhardt
248:Django Reinhardt
244:Jimmie Lunceford
89:Derivative forms
81:Cultural origins
63:New Orleans jazz
39:
21:
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3827:Jazz portal
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3793:The Jazz Singer
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3739:Novelty ragtime
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3205:Regional scenes
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2983:Groove Merchant
2973:Flying Dutchman
2921:
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2827:
2749:
2681:Orchestral jazz
2661:Mainstream jazz
2649:Afro-Cuban jazz
2531:
2440:Outline of jazz
2428:
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2342:
2340:Further reading
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2081:news.google.com
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1618:Lost Generation
1583:
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1529:
1509:Robbie Williams
1431:
1425:
1308:
1220:
1199:Ella Fitzgerald
1166:
1161:
1083:Lucky Millinder
1042:Ella Fitzgerald
1037:
1013:Dizzy Gillespie
1001:Coleman Hawkins
907:Hugues Panassié
861:Everybody Dance
775:
769:
761:Louis Armstrong
651:
615:Pee Wee Russell
611:Frank Trumbauer
603:Bix Beiderbecke
568:time signatures
536:Nat "King" Cole
459:consisted of a
402:Coleman Hawkins
398:Louis Armstrong
374:Louis Armstrong
370:Coleman Hawkins
359:
268:Coleman Hawkins
264:Louis Armstrong
256:
178:. The verb "to
137:Regional scenes
95:Traditional pop
37:
30:
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3800:Round Midnight
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3518:South American
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3459:Baltimore jazz
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3436:Latin American
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3419:North American
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2788:Percussionists
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2711:Spiritual jazz
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2434:
2433:General topics
2430:
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2399:
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2392:
2385:
2380:Stowe, David.
2378:
2375:American Music
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2331:. p. 152.
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2198:
2187:Parker, Jeff.
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2012:
2005:
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1924:978-0300127478
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1572:
1569:
1557:Charleston Era
1549:Caravan Palace
1528:
1525:
1427:Main article:
1424:
1421:
1397:My Blue Heaven
1372:and violinist
1312:Jimmie Rodgers
1307:
1304:
1276:Duke Ellington
1219:
1216:
1211:Gordon Jenkins
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1036:
1035:1940s: Decline
1033:
1009:Charlie Parker
959:, then hiring
949:Lionel Hampton
771:Main article:
768:
765:
703:Savoy Ballroom
650:
647:
595:Jean Goldkette
591:symphonic jazz
577:The growth of
457:rhythm section
418:Duke Ellington
388:that featured
358:
355:
349:orchestra and
331:new jack swing
291:Jimmie Rodgers
255:
252:
232:Lionel Hampton
188:Duke Ellington
153:is a style of
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58:Dixieland jazz
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3756:Western swing
3754:
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3479:New York City
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3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3403:Flamenco jazz
3401:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3382:
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3259:
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3247:
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3229:South African
3227:
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2928:
2926:Discographies
2924:
2918:
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2813:Vibraphonists
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2733:Swing revival
2731:
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2600:
2598:
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2593:
2592:Flamenco jazz
2590:
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2580:
2578:
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2570:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
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2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2527:Women in jazz
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2512:Jazz trombone
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:Jazz drumming
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2460:Improvisation
2458:
2456:
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2448:
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2362:
2358:
2355:
2352:Gitler, Ira.
2351:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2308:0-252-06508-5
2305:
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2300:0-252-02211-4
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2016:
2013:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1986:
1974:
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1968:
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1960:
1956:
1952:
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1721:0-19-516752-X
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1623:Swing (dance)
1621:
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1546:
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1541:Electro swing
1538:
1534:
1526:
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1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
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1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:Swing revival
1462:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1442:David Grisman
1439:
1435:
1430:
1429:Swing revival
1422:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:Elvis Presley
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1348:Nat King Cole
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:Willie Nelson
1329:
1325:
1324:Western swing
1321:
1317:
1316:Moon Mullican
1313:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1300:Oliver Nelson
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:Serge Chaloff
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:Shorty Rogers
1229:
1225:
1218:Big band jazz
1217:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:Nelson Riddle
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:Nat King Cole
1192:
1188:
1184:
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1179:Frank Sinatra
1172:Frank Sinatra
1170:
1158:
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1148:Frank Sinatra
1145:
1141:
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1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
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1084:
1080:
1076:
1075:Savoy Sultans
1072:
1068:
1067:Raymond Scott
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Frank Sinatra
1047:
1046:Vaughn Monroe
1043:
1034:
1032:
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1018:
1014:
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1006:
1005:Body and Soul
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
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968:
966:
962:
958:
957:Bunny Berigan
954:
951:composition "
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
918:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
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888:
883:
881:
880:Rock&Roll
877:
873:
872:Swing dancing
869:
868:
867:Hellzapoppin'
863:
862:
857:
856:
852:(featured in
851:
846:
842:
841:The Big Apple
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
806:
805:call-response
801:
798:
794:
790:
789:
779:
774:
766:
764:
762:
758:
757:Benny Goodman
754:
750:
746:
741:
739:
738:Benny Goodman
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
719:Pearl Theatre
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
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664:
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640:
636:
631:
628:
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612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:Paul Whiteman
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
564:
563:call-response
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
540:Erroll Garner
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
497:melodic lines
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
455:pattern. The
454:
453:call-response
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:improvisation
431:
427:
422:
419:
415:
411:
410:Buster Bailey
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:call-response
387:
383:
375:
371:
367:
363:
356:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:swing revival
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:western swing
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:Moon Mullican
292:
288:
287:country music
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
253:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:Bunny Berigan
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
192:Benny Goodman
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:Benny Goodman
165:
161:
156:
152:
144:
143:Western swing
140:
135:
132:
131:Electro swing
128:
125:Fusion genres
123:
120:
119:Swing revival
116:
111:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
50:
49:
45:
40:
35:
29:Style of jazz
27:
19:
3818:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3787:(miniseries)
3784:
3776:
3746:Sophisti-pop
3176:
3167:Jazz royalty
3157:Jazz funeral
2953:Contemporary
2844:Chamber jazz
2798:Saxophonists
2768:Clarinetists
2740:Third stream
2727:
2577:Chamber jazz
2477:Scat singing
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2320:
2314:
2291:
2287:
2275:. Retrieved
2271:the original
2261:
2253:
2248:
2234:
2227:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2182:
2170:
2159:
2148:
2139:
2134:
2123:
2111:. Retrieved
2106:
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2080:
2071:
2059:
2048:
2023:
2015:
1995:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1970:
1967:"Chick Webb"
1950:
1945:
1933:
1913:
1906:
1897:
1887:
1867:
1848:
1831:
1814:
1805:
1793:. Retrieved
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1750:
1740:
1733:Teddie Riley
1728:
1711:
1694:
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1669:
1659:
1647:
1553:Parov Stelar
1530:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1490:Brian Setzer
1463:
1450:Bette Midler
1440:, and later
1436:
1432:
1416:Jethro Burns
1413:
1403:vocal group
1378:
1352:
1328:Cliff Bruner
1309:
1296:Quincy Jones
1228:Woody Herman
1221:
1191:Judy Garland
1175:
1164:Swingin' pop
1120:
1098:
1097:. In a 1939
1079:Louis Jordan
1054:bobby-soxers
1038:
969:
963:'s arranger
944:
941:Tommy Dorsey
937:Glenn Miller
930:
891:Guy Lombardo
884:
865:
859:
853:
822:
802:
786:
784:
745:Guy Lombardo
742:
723:
707:Bennie Moten
652:
607:Jimmy Dorsey
576:
552:
524:Teddy Wilson
520:mixed meters
509:
493:contrapuntal
430:contrapuntal
423:
406:Benny Carter
379:
357:1920s: Roots
347:Brian Setzer
299:Milton Brown
284:
272:Benny Carter
257:
236:Glenn Miller
216:Woody Herman
212:Tommy Dorsey
208:Jimmy Dorsey
204:Benny Carter
200:Cab Calloway
150:
149:
26:
3867:Jazz genres
3847:Swing music
3729:Quiet storm
3692:Contradanza
3474:New Orleans
3469:Kansas City
3272:Jazz mugham
3267:Azerbaijani
3191:Second line
3186:Rare groove
3172:Jazz theory
3162:Jazz poetry
3147:Contrafacts
3131:Saint Lucia
3111:New Orleans
3043:Strata-East
3018:MPS Records
2948:Cobblestone
2869:Smooth jazz
2859:Jazz fusion
2803:Trombonists
2716:Sacred jazz
2701:Smooth jazz
2634:Jazz fusion
2517:Jazz violin
2497:Jazz guitar
2472:Jam session
2445:Jazz (word)
1675:23 February
1585:Jazz portal
1486:Lavay Smith
1405:the Marcels
1381:Fats Domino
1358:jazz violin
1354:Gypsy swing
1272:Count Basie
1264:Sal Nistico
1260:Gene Ammons
1240:Kai Winding
1224:Stan Kenton
1203:Keely Smith
1187:Dean Martin
1183:Bobby Darin
1159:1950s–1960s
1091:Tony Pastor
1087:Louis Prima
1056:. Vocalist
953:Flying Home
912:W. C. Handy
903:Shep Fields
833:The Suzie Q
788:Let's Dance
749:Shep Fields
715:Moten Swing
679:Cotton Club
667:Jimmy Mundy
649:Early swing
630:Rex Stewart
572:Walter Page
548:Jay McShann
481:string bass
335:Teddy Riley
323:gypsy swing
228:Harry James
196:Count Basie
164:bandleaders
151:Swing music
3841:Categories
3714:Brass band
3702:Jump blues
3546:Ethno jazz
3509:Australian
3489:West Coast
3246:Zimbabwean
3086:Copenhagen
3008:Mainstream
2818:Violinists
2808:Trumpeters
2778:Guitarists
2686:Organ trio
2671:Modal jazz
2644:Latin jazz
2624:Gypsy jazz
2522:Vocal jazz
2507:Jazz piano
2113:28 October
2087:28 October
1598:Gypsy jazz
1498:rockabilly
1459:John Holte
1366:Eddie Lang
1362:Joe Venuti
1288:Thad Jones
1284:Buddy Rich
1236:Art Pepper
1063:John Kirby
1025:Gene Ramey
933:Artie Shaw
895:Sammy Kaye
878:and early
751:, but the
623:Joe Venuti
619:Eddie Lang
532:Jess Stacy
512:Earl Hines
461:sousaphone
428:meter and
386:Don Redman
317:guitarist
313:". Famous
280:jump blues
240:Artie Shaw
220:Earl Hines
100:jump blues
34:Swing time
18:Swing band
3682:Acid jazz
3539:Worldwide
3525:Brazilian
3322:Bulgarian
3284:Indo jazz
3234:Cape jazz
3121:North Sea
3076:Cape Town
3063:Festivals
3038:Riverside
3013:Milestone
2938:Blue Note
2933:Bethlehem
2917:post-1950
2889:Standards
2874:Soul jazz
2823:Vocalists
2783:Organists
2755:Musicians
2745:Trad jazz
2706:Soul jazz
2629:Jazz-funk
2617:Punk jazz
2607:Free funk
2602:Free jazz
2597:Folk jazz
2587:Dixieland
2582:Cool jazz
2572:Cape jazz
2487:Jazz bass
2450:Jazz band
2329:Doubleday
2221:701053921
1752:Billboard
1608:Lindy Hop
1565:Lindy hop
1511:'s album
1494:neo-swing
1409:Blue Moon
1391:ballads "
1360:swing of
1320:Bob Wills
1292:Mel Lewis
1252:Zoot Sims
1244:Stan Getz
1142:" by the
1129:called a
1058:Peggy Lee
965:Sy Oliver
917:Dixieland
899:Kay Kyser
829:Lindy Hop
825:jitterbug
773:Swing era
705:in 1931.
661:from the
639:Glen Gray
627:cornetist
555:territory
528:Art Tatum
435:led by a
341:, led by
303:Bob Wills
260:ensembles
176:Lindy Hop
172:swing era
160:big bands
113:Subgenres
3687:Afrobeat
3601:Pre-1920
3586:Jazz Age
3502:Oceanian
3452:American
3426:Canadian
3310:European
3301:Japanese
3262:Armenian
3224:Malawian
3219:Ethiopia
3106:Montreux
3101:Montreal
3096:Monterey
3033:Prestige
3003:Landmark
2988:Impulse!
2968:ESP-Disk
2897:Pre-1920
2854:Hard bop
2793:Pianists
2773:Drummers
2763:Bassists
2696:Ska jazz
2639:Jazz rap
2565:Post-bop
2555:Hard bop
2455:Big band
2254:Downbeat
1972:AllMusic
1593:Big band
1571:See also
1507:In 2001
1389:crooning
1099:Downbeat
1017:Don Byas
972:Roseland
947:and the
845:The Shag
685:and the
581:and the
489:rhythmic
449:trombone
445:clarinet
321:created
254:Overview
166:such as
68:big band
3734:Ragtime
3719:Exotica
3675:Related
3581:Ragtime
3559:History
3464:Chicago
3431:Haitian
3410:Swedish
3398:Spanish
3381:Italian
3334:British
3329:Belgian
3296:Iranian
3212:African
3140:Culture
3116:Newport
3091:Jakarta
3081:Chicago
2978:Freedom
2676:Nu jazz
2560:Neo-bop
2363:(1994).
2277:15 June
1758:14 June
1533:hip hop
1401:doo-wop
1395:" and "
1268:R&B
1248:Al Cohn
1095:R&B
887:dancing
876:R&B
659:midwest
473:guitars
437:trumpet
394:ragtime
53:Ragtime
3386:Polish
3376:German
3371:French
3356:Danish
3317:Balkan
3279:Indian
3239:Marabi
3196:Venues
2723:Stride
2666:Marabi
2656:M-Base
2537:Genres
2391:(2000)
2384:(1996)
2370:(1991)
2356:(1987)
2349:(1998)
2306:
2298:
2219:
2036:
2003:
1978:27 May
1921:
1875:
1839:
1822:
1795:21 May
1719:
1702:
1488:, and
1318:, and
1298:, and
1193:, and
1089:, and
1069:, and
1023:, and
987:. The
864:, and
843:, and
673:. The
621:, and
553:Black
546:, and
485:tempos
477:pianos
441:cornet
408:, and
246:, and
184:groove
3765:Media
3724:Plugg
3697:Blues
3651:2010s
3646:2000s
3641:1990s
3636:1980s
3631:1970s
3626:1960s
3621:1950s
3616:1940s
3611:1930s
3606:1920s
3571:Blues
3441:Cuban
3361:Dutch
3289:Sitar
3255:Asian
3048:Verve
2912:1940s
2907:1930s
2902:1920s
2879:Swing
2839:Bebop
2728:Swing
2550:Bebop
2065:Books
1639:Notes
1561:swing
1545:tango
1537:house
1146:with
1123:ASCAP
1112:bebop
1104:bebop
1029:bebop
985:bebop
976:Savoy
818:blues
561:in a
559:riffs
505:swing
501:beats
469:banjo
465:drums
451:in a
327:urban
307:blues
276:bebop
180:swing
105:bebop
73:blues
42:Swing
3785:Jazz
3778:Bird
3666:2022
3661:2021
3656:2020
3391:Yass
3126:Pori
3028:Muse
2864:Scat
2465:Jazz
2426:Jazz
2304:ISBN
2296:ISBN
2279:2017
2217:OCLC
2115:2020
2089:2020
2034:ISBN
2001:ISBN
1980:2017
1919:ISBN
1873:ISBN
1837:ISBN
1820:ISBN
1797:2017
1760:2017
1717:ISBN
1700:ISBN
1677:2021
1551:and
1535:and
1448:and
1383:and
1364:and
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1334:and
1274:and
1226:and
1209:and
1201:and
974:and
939:and
924:and
901:and
837:Jive
747:and
732:and
711:riff
637:and
516:horn
475:and
463:and
447:and
426:beat
315:roma
301:and
278:and
162:and
155:jazz
3023:MPS
2998:JMT
2963:ECM
2958:CTI
2943:BYG
2240:292
2030:119
1502:ska
1411:".
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597:'s
439:or
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