Switched-mode power supply - Knowledge (XXG)

2395: 1249:, and standard AC electric motors, and may cause stability problems in some applications such as in emergency generator systems or aircraft generators. Harmonics can be removed by filtering, but the filters are expensive. Unlike displacement power factor created by linear inductive or capacitive loads, this distortion cannot be corrected by addition of a single linear component. Additional circuits are required to counteract the effect of the brief current pulses. Putting a current regulated boost chopper stage after the off-line rectifier (to charge the storage capacitor) can correct the power factor, but increases the complexity and cost. 921:), the rectifier circuit can be configured as a voltage doubler by the addition of a switch operated either manually or automatically. This feature permits operation from power sources that are normally at 115 VAC or at 230 VAC. The rectifier produces an unregulated DC voltage which is then sent to a large filter capacitor. The current drawn from the mains supply by this rectifier circuit occurs in short pulses around the AC voltage peaks. These pulses have significant high frequency energy which reduces the power factor. To correct for this, many newer SMPS will use a special 1050:. These belong to the simplest class of single input, single output converters which use one inductor and one active switch. The buck converter reduces the input voltage in direct proportion to the ratio of conductive time to the total switching period, called the duty cycle. For example, an ideal buck converter with a 10 V input operating at a 50% duty cycle will produce an average output voltage of 5 V. A feedback control loop is employed to regulate the output voltage by varying the duty cycle to compensate for variations in input voltage. The output voltage of a 849: 454:, the peak-to-peak voltage of the waveform measured across the switch can exceed the input voltage from the DC source. This is because the inductor responds to changes in current by inducing its own voltage to counter the change in current, and this voltage adds to the source voltage while the switch is open. If a diode-and-capacitor combination is placed in parallel to the switch, the peak voltage can be stored in the capacitor, and the capacitor can be used as a DC source with an output voltage greater than the DC voltage driving the circuit. This 435:, between different electrical configurations. Ideal switching elements (approximated by transistors operated outside of their active mode) have no resistance when "on" and carry no current when "off", and so converters with ideal components would operate with 100% efficiency (i.e., all input power is delivered to the load; no power is wasted as dissipated heat). In reality, these ideal components do not exist, so a switching power supply cannot be 100% efficient, but it is still a significant improvement in efficiency over a linear regulator. 2180: 2327: 39: 31: 893: 2453: 2439: 906: 4095: 439: 2369:, but they quickly moved to the cost effective ringing choke converter (RCC) SMPS topology, when new levels of efficiency were required. Recently, the demand for even lower no-load power requirements in the application has meant that flyback topology is being used more widely; primary side sensing flyback controllers are also helping to cut the 1096: 2138: 2335: 944:(115 × √2). This type of use may be harmful to the rectifier stage, however, as it will only use half of diodes in the rectifier for the full load. This could possibly result in overheating of these components, causing them to fail prematurely. On the other hand, if the power supply has a voltage selector switch, based on the 1897:, and thus can produce an output of higher or lower voltage than the input by adjusting the turns ratio. For some topologies, multiple windings can be placed on the transformer to produce multiple output voltages. Some converters use the transformer for energy storage, while others use a separate inductor. 1863:

The buck, boost, and buck–boost topologies are all strongly related. Input, output and ground come together at one point. One of the three passes through an inductor on the way, while the other two pass through switches. One of the two switches must be active (e.g., a transistor), while the other can

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to set limits on the harmonics of the AC input current up to the 40th harmonic for equipment above 75 W. The standard defines four classes of equipment depending on its type and current waveform. The most rigorous limits (class D) are established for personal computers, computer monitors, and TV

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Simple off-line switched mode power supplies incorporate a simple full-wave rectifier connected to a large energy-storing capacitor. Such SMPSs draw current from the AC line in short pulses when the mains instantaneous voltage exceeds the voltage across this capacitor. During the remaining portion of

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Can fail so as to make output voltage very high. Stress on capacitors may cause them to explode. Can in some cases destroy input stages in amplifiers if floating voltage exceeds transistor base-emitter breakdown voltage, causing the transistor's gain to drop and noise levels to increase. Mitigated by

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in the SMPS can offset this problem and are even required by some electric regulation authorities, particularly in the EU. The internal resistance of low-power transformers in linear power supplies usually limits the peak current each cycle and thus gives a better power factor than many switched-mode

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In a quasi-resonant zero-current/zero-voltage switch (ZCS/ZVS) "each switch cycle delivers a quantized 'packet' of energy to the converter output, and switch turn-on and turn-off occurs at zero current and voltage, resulting in an essentially lossless switch." Quasi-resonant switching, also known as

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cranking supply, 12 V for accessories may be furnished through a DC/DC switch-mode supply. This has the advantage over tapping the battery at the 12 V position (using half the cells) that the entire 12 V load is evenly divided between all cells of the 24 V battery. In industrial

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increases, the regulator compensates by increasing the switching frequency, thereby subjecting the switching semiconductors to ever greater thermal stress. Eventually the switching semiconductors fail, usually in a conductive manner. For power supplies without fail-safe protection, this may subject

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Due to regulations concerning EMI/RFI radiation, many SMPS contain EMI/RFI filtering at the input stage consisting of capacitors and inductors before the bridge rectifier. Two capacitors are connected in series with the Live and Neutral rails with the Earth connection in between the two capacitors.

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The floating voltage is caused by capacitors bridging the primary and secondary sides of the power supply. Connection to earthed equipment will cause a momentary (and potentially destructive) spike in current at the connector as the voltage at the secondary side of the capacitor equalizes to earth

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Empty filter capacitors initially draw large amounts of current as they charge up, with larger capacitors drawing larger amounts of peak current. Being many times above the normal operating current, this greatly stresses components subject to the surge, complicates fuse selection to avoid nuisance

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is a mechanically switched version of a flyback boost converter; the transformer is the ignition coil. Variations of this ignition system were used in all non-diesel internal combustion engines until the 1960s when it began to be replaced first by solid-state electronically switched versions, then

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is always greater than the input voltage and the buck–boost output voltage is inverted but can be greater than, equal to, or less than the magnitude of its input voltage. There are many variations and extensions to this class of converters but these three form the basis of almost all isolated and

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may also include a transformer, although isolation may not be critical in these cases. SMPS transformers run at high frequencies. Most of the cost savings (and space savings) in off-line power supplies result from the smaller size of the high-frequency transformer compared to the 50/60 Hz

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Switching power supplies must pay more attention to the skin effect because it is a source of power loss. At 500 kHz, the skin depth in copper is about 0.003 inches (0.076 mm) – a dimension smaller than the typical wires used in a power supply. The effective resistance of conductors

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material which has a low loss at the high frequencies and high flux densities used. The laminated iron cores of lower-frequency (<400 Hz) transformers would be unacceptably lossy at switching frequencies of a few kilohertz. Also, more energy is lost during transitions of the switching

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The terminal voltage of a transformer is proportional to the product of the core area, magnetic flux, and frequency. By using a much higher frequency, the core area (and so the mass of the core) can be greatly reduced. However, core losses increase at higher frequencies. Cores generally use

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This forms a capacitive divider that energizes the common rail at half mains voltage. Its high impedance current source can provide a tingling or a 'bite' to the operator or can be exploited to light an Earth Fault LED. However, this current may cause nuisance tripping on the most sensitive

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Switching regulators are used as replacements for linear regulators when higher efficiency, smaller size or lighter weight is required. They are, however, more complicated; switching currents can cause electrical noise problems if not carefully suppressed, and simple designs may have a poor

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loads, so this drives the decision as to which feeds the feedback loop. The other outputs usually track the regulated one pretty well). Both need a careful selection of their transformers. Due to the high operating frequencies in SMPSs, the stray inductance and capacitance of the

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This can be suppressed with capacitors and other filtering circuitry in the output stage. With a switched mode PSU the switching frequency can be chosen to keep the noise out of the circuits working frequency band (e.g., for audio systems above the range of human hearing)

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An SMPS can usually cope with wider variation of input before the output voltage changes. Universal or "wide input" power supplies, which work with mains voltages from 90 to 250 V, are common. More specialized designs could accept even wider input voltage range.

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are commonly used as the rectifier elements; they have the advantages of faster recovery times than silicon diodes (allowing low-loss operation at higher frequencies) and a lower voltage drop when conducting. For even lower output voltages, MOSFETs may be used as

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Higher input voltage and synchronous rectification mode makes the conversion process more efficient. The power consumption of the controller also has to be taken into account. Higher switching frequency allows component sizes to be shrunk, but can produce more

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The inverter stage converts DC, whether directly from the input or from the rectifier stage described above, to AC by running it through a power oscillator, whose output transformer is very small with few windings, at a frequency of tens or hundreds of

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Mild high-frequency interference may be generated by AC rectifier diodes under heavy current loading, while most other supply types produce no high-frequency interference. Some mains hum induction into unshielded cables, problematic for low-level audio

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Power supplies in consumer products are frequently damaged by lightning strikes on power lines as well as internal short circuits caused by insects attracted to the heat and electrostatic fields. Those events may damage any part of the power supply.

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Robert Boschert develops simpler, low cost circuits. By 1977, Boschert Inc. grows to a 650-person company. After a series of mergers, acquisitions, and spin offs (Computer Products, Zytec, Artesyn, Emerson Electric) the company is now part of

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Supplies with transformers isolate the incoming power supply from the powered device and so allow metalwork of the enclosure to be grounded safely. Dangerous if primary/secondary insulation breaks down, unlikely with reasonable design.

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Switched-mode power supplies can also be substantially smaller and lighter than a linear supply because the transformer can be much smaller. This is because it operates at a high switching frequency which ranges from several hundred

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settings such as telecommunications racks, bulk power may be distributed at a low DC voltage (e.g. from a battery backup system) and individual equipment items will have DC/DC switched-mode converters to supply required voltages.

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be a diode. Sometimes, the topology can be changed simply by re-labeling the connections. A 12 V input, 5 V output buck converter can be converted to a 7 V input, −5 V output buck–boost by grounding the

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The main advantage of the switching power supply is greater efficiency (up to c. 98–99%) and lower heat generation than linear regulators because the switching transistor dissipates little power when acting as a switch.

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long after the input power has been disconnected. Not all power supplies contain a small "bleeder" resistor which slowly discharges the capacitor. Contact with this capacitor can result in a severe electrical shock.

817:. In power supplies without a ground pin (like USB charger) there is EMI/RFI capacitor placed between primary and secondary side. It can also provide some very mild tingling sensation but it's safe to the user. 712:

Very low-cost SMPS may couple electrical switching noise back onto the mains power line, causing interference with A/V equipment connected to the same phase. Non-power-factor-corrected SMPSs also cause harmonic

420:(e.g., in a resistor or in the collector–emitter region of a pass transistor in its active mode). A linear regulator regulates either output voltage or current by dissipating the electric power in the form of 1129:

do not have a feedback circuit. Instead, they rely on feeding a constant voltage to the input of the transformer or inductor, and assume that the output will be correct. Regulated designs compensate for the

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Common rail of equipment (including casing) is energized to half the mains voltage, but at high impedance, unless equipment is earthed/grounded or doesn't contain EMI/RFI filtering at the input terminals.

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Zero voltage switched mode power supplies require only small heatsinks as little energy is lost as heat. This allows them to be small. This ZVS can deliver more than 1 kilowatt. Transformer is not shown.

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Robert Mammano, a co-founder of Silicon General Semiconductors, develops the first integrated circuit for SMPS control, model SG1524. After a series of mergers and acquisitions (Linfinity, Symetricom,

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works in a similar manner, but yields an output voltage which is opposite in polarity to the input voltage. Other buck circuits exist to boost the average output current with a reduction of voltage.

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The operating frequency of an unloaded SMPS is sometimes in the audible human range and may sound subjectively quite loud for people whose hearing is very sensitive to the relevant frequency range.

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Large current when mains-powered linear power supply equipment is switched on until magnetic flux of transformer stabilizes and capacitors charge completely, unless a slow-start circuit is used.

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mains-operated supply are not isolated and therefore dangerous when exposed. In both linear and switch-mode the mains, and possibly the output voltages, are hazardous and must be well-isolated.

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Other advantages include smaller size, and lighter weight from the elimination of heavy and expensive line-frequency transformers. Standby power loss is often much less than transformers.

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SMPSs tend to be temperature sensitive. For every 10-15 °C beyond 25 °C, failure rate doubles. Most failures can be attributed to improper design and poor component selections.

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circuit monitors the output voltage and compares it with a reference voltage. Depending on design and safety requirements, the controller may contain an isolation mechanism (such as an

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If a DC output is required, the AC output from the transformer is rectified. For output voltages above ten volts or so, ordinary silicon diodes are commonly used. For lower voltages,

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Efficiency largely depends on voltage difference between input and output; output voltage is regulated by dissipating excess power as heat resulting in a typical efficiency of 30–40%.

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When equipment is human-accessible, voltage limits of ≤ 30 V (r.m.s.) AC or ≤ 42.4 V peak or ≤ 60 V DC and power limits of 250 VA apply for safety certification (

631:. Some design complexities present (reducing noise/interference; extra limitations on maximum ratings of transistors at high switching speeds) not found in linear regulator circuits. 3688: 960:

mode, due to the operation of the voltage doubler. This is because the doubler, when in operation, uses only half of the bridge rectifier and runs twice as much current through it.

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output current restrictions on one output. For this SMPSs have to use duty cycle control. One of the outputs has to be chosen to feed the voltage regulation feedback loop (usually

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Very low-cost SMPSs may couple electrical switching noise back onto the mains power line, causing interference with devices connected to the same phase, such as A/V equipment. Non-

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Long wires between the components may reduce the high-frequency filter efficiency provided by the capacitors at the inlet and outlet. Stable switching frequency may be important.

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In switched-mode mains (AC-to-DC) supplies, multiple voltages can be generated by one transformer core, but that can introduce design/use complications: for example, it may place

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and compensate for various capacitive couplings in the converter circuit, where the transformer is one. This may result in electric shock in some cases. The current flowing from

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If the output is required to be isolated from the input, as is usually the case in mains power supplies, the inverted AC is used to drive the primary winding of a high-frequency

2953: 956:(230 × √2). The diodes in this type of power supply will handle the DC current just fine because they are rated to handle double the nominal input current when operated in the 3183: 2203:

By switching when a valley is detected, rather than at a fixed frequency, introduces a natural frequency jitter that spreads the RF emissions spectrum and reduces overall EMI.

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Linear voltage-regulating circuit and usually noise-filtering capacitors; usually a simpler circuit (and simpler feedback loop stability criteria) than switched-mode circuits.

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On 23 June, British inventor Philip Ray Coursey applies for a patent in his country and United States, for his "Electrical Condenser". The patent mentions high frequency

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Smaller than linear power supply. Compared to linear, a SMPS that is 20 kHz is 1/4, 100–200 kHz is 1/8, and 200 kHz–1 MHz types can be even smaller.

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Switched-mode power supplies can be classified according to the circuit topology. The most important distinction is between isolated converters and non-isolated ones.

2954:"The Quiet Remaking of Computer Power Supplies: A Half Century Ago Better Transistors And Switching Regulators Revolutionized The Design Of Computer Power Supplies" 125:). In contrast, a linear power supply regulates the output voltage by continually dissipating power in the pass transistor. The switched-mode power supply's higher 2391:

A common use for switched-mode power supplies is an extra-low-voltage source for lighting. For this application, they are often called "electronic transformers".

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An SMPS designed for AC input can usually be run from a DC supply, because the DC would pass through the rectifier unchanged. If the power supply is designed for

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No magnetic energy storage is needed to achieve conversion, however high efficiency power processing is normally limited to a discrete set of conversion ratios.

3558: 1006:. This converts the voltage up or down to the required output level on its secondary winding. The output transformer in the block diagram serves this purpose. 982:. The frequency is usually chosen to be above 20 kHz, to make it inaudible to humans. The switching is implemented as a multistage (to achieve high gain) 535:

There are two main types of regulated power supplies available: SMPS and linear. The following table compares linear with switching power supplies in general:

582:. In case of transformer input voltage range limited by acceptable dissipation of regulator on high input and turns ratio on low input, limiting input range. 469:

In a SMPS, the output current flow depends on the input power signal, the storage elements and circuit topologies used, and also on the pattern used (e.g.,

3055: 737:, unless they have a fan or are unloaded/malfunctioning, or use a switching frequency within the audio range, or the laminations of the coil vibrate at a 2682:, Teare Jr., Benjamin R. & Whiting, Max A., "Electroresponsive Device", published 15 November 1932, issued 17 September 1935 2916: 1885:

Switchers become less efficient as duty cycles become extremely short. For large voltage changes, a transformer (isolated) topology may be better.

1180: 1123:) to isolate it from the DC output. Switching supplies in computers, TVs and VCRs have these opto-couplers to tightly control the output voltage. 925:(PFC) circuit to make the input current follow the sinusoidal shape of the AC input voltage, correcting the power factor. Power supplies that use 782:

Extremely large peak "in-rush" surge current limited only by the impedance of the input supply and any series resistance to the filter capacitors.

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claimed ownership of the trademark SWITCHMODE for products aimed at the switching-mode power supply market and started to enforce its trademark.

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increases, because current concentrates near the surface of the conductor and the inner portion carries less current than at low frequencies.

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Non-isolated converters are simplest, with the three basic types using a single inductor for energy storage. In the voltage relation column,

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https://web.archive.org/web/20240330200510/https://www.mouser.de/datasheet/2/698/Renesas_Electronics_03152019_ISL9120IIAZ-TR5696-1823356.pdf

1205:. For these frequencies, the skin effect is only significant when the conductors are large, more than 0.3 inches (7.6 mm) in diameter. 1216:(PWM) switching waveforms. The appropriate skin depth is not just the depth at the fundamental, but also the skin depths at the harmonics. 697:

Noisier due to the switching frequency of the SMPS. An unfiltered output may cause glitches in digital circuits or noise in audio circuits.

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Notes on the Troubleshooting and Repair of Small Switchmode Power Supplies, by Samuel M. Goldwasser as part of Sci.Electronics.Repair FAQ

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The feedback circuit needs power to run before it can generate power, so an additional non-switching power supply for stand-by is added.

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They can be used together to form a compound regulator with a linear regulator placed after the SMPS to achieve an efficiency of 60-65%.

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D: output filter coil for the secondary with the largest power rating. In close proximity, filter coils for the other secondaries;

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By switching the bipolar switch when the voltage is at a minimum (in the valley) to minimize the hard switching effect that causes EMI.

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throughout the world, although a manual voltage range switch may be required. Switch-mode power supplies can tolerate a wide range of

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content and relatively low power factor. This creates extra load on utility lines, increases heating of building wiring, the utility

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design. Failure of a component in the SMPS itself can cause further damage to other PSU components; can be difficult to troubleshoot.

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Linear regulators generally have excellent rejection of AC line ripple and are generally lower noise than switched-mode converters.

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This can be prevented if a (properly earthed) EMI/RFI filter is connected between the input terminals and the bridge rectifier.

1594: 1486: 117:, full-on and full-off states, and spends very little time in the high-dissipation transitions, which minimizes wasted energy. 1757: 1680: 1405: 948:, for 115/230 V (computer ATX power supplies typically are in this category), the selector switch would have to be put in the 1853: 4105: 2745: 188: 145:

requirements in commercial designs result in a usually much greater component count and corresponding circuit complexity.

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Very low, unless a short occurs between the primary and secondary windings or the regulator fails by shorting internally.

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Power supplies with capacitors that have reached the end of their life or suffer from manufacturing defects such as the

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Consists of a controller IC, one or several power transistors and diodes as well as a power transformer, inductors, and

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losses can be kept down. Therefore, a higher operating frequency means either a higher capacity or smaller transformer.

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Failure of the switching transistor is common. Due to the large switching voltages this transistor must handle (around

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of these switching waveforms has energy concentrated at relatively high frequencies. As such, switching transients and

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used by the transformer in a linear power supply. Despite the reduced transformer size, the power supply topology and

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Application Note giving an extensive introduction in Buck, Boost, CUK, Inverter applications. (download as PDF from

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converters can be implemented, or, by adding additional active switches, various bridge converters can be realized.

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receivers. To comply with these requirements, modern switched-mode power supplies normally include an additional

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Around 0.5–0.6 without correction. 0.7–0.75 with passive correction and can exceed 0.99 with active correction.

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In contrast, a SMPS changes output voltage and current by switching ideally lossless storage elements, such as

281: 4131: 2840: 2724: 2699:"Cadillac model 5-X, a 5-tube supherheterodyne radio, used a synchronous vibrator to generate its B+ supply" 2380:

Switched-mode power supplies are used for DC-to-DC conversion as well. In heavy vehicles that use a nominal

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starts using High-Efficiency Power Supply in its 7000-series oscilloscopes produced from about 1970 to 1995.

298: 2793: 2654: 2599:, Coursey, Philip Ray, "Electrical Condenser", published 23 June 1926, issued 15 April 1930 1077:

instead of inductors and transformers. These are mostly used for generating high voltages at low currents (

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Disadvantages include greater complexity, the generation of high-amplitude, high-frequency energy that the

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With transformer used, any voltages available; if transformerless, limited to what can be achieved with a

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A transformer's power handling capacity of given size and weight increases with frequency provided that

424:, and hence its maximum power efficiency is voltage-out/voltage-in since the volt difference is wasted. 392: 226: 126: 3253: 2773: 2679: 2596: 2573: 2256:

connected loads to the full input voltage and current, and wild oscillations can occur in the output.

1285:) is assumed to be greater than zero; if it is negative, for consistency, negate the output voltage (V 1201:

At low frequencies (such as the line frequency of 50 or 60 Hz), designers can usually ignore the

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Simpler, non-isolated power supplies contain an inductor instead of a transformer. This type includes

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https://web.archive.org/web/20240330201744/https://www.mouser.de/datasheet/2/609/LTC3777-3125324.pdf

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https://web.archive.org/web/20240330200705/https://www.mouser.de/datasheet/2/609/ADP5302-3121859.pdf

2655:"First-Hand:The Story of the Automobile Voltage Regulator - Engineering and Technology History Wiki" 1882:(NPC) topology is used in power supplies and active filters and is mentioned here for completeness. 2511: 2039: 1135: 482: 106: 75: 2636: 3476: 2506: 2501: 2486: 2444: 2303: 2274:), these transistors often short out, in turn immediately blowing the main internal power fuse. 1825: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1100: 1074: 1029:. For higher switching frequencies, components with lower capacitance and inductance are needed. 913:

If the SMPS has an AC input, then the first stage is to convert the input to DC. This is called '

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Flyback converter logarithmic control loop behavior might be harder to control than other types.

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designs the μA723 IC voltage regulator. One of its applications is as a switched mode regulator.

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Tabatabaei, Naser Mahdavi; Aghbolaghi, Ali Jafari; Bizon, Nicu; Blaabjerg, Frede (2017-04-05).

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semiconductor at higher frequencies. Furthermore, more attention to the physical layout of the

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Faint, usually inaudible mains hum, usually due to vibration of windings in the transformer or

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Examples of SMPSs for extra-low voltage lighting applications, called electronic transformers.

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The forward converter has several variants, varying in how the transformer is "reset" to zero

1994: 1935: 1553: 447: 240: 223: 213: 179: 118: 94: 86: 3662:

090725 camsemi.com Further information on resonant forward topology for consumer applications

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Causes harmonic distortion to the input AC, but relatively little or no high-frequency noise.

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Quasi-resonant switching switches when the voltage is at a minimum and a valley is detected.

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Chopper controller: The output voltage is coupled to the input thus very tightly controlled

2118: 1576: 1171: 1108: 875: 867: 727: 688: 628: 478: 409: 339: 102: 3786:"Estimation of Optimum Value of Y-Capacitor for Reducing Emi in Switch Mode Power Supplies" 2471: 2466: 2362: 1665: 1388: 1060: 1051: 1034: 579: 505: 455: 382:... created the switching power supply that allowed us to do a very lightweight computer". 331: 318: 284:, developed in the early 1960s by the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory for NASA's ambitious 138: 17: 4112:

Load Power Sources for Peak Efficiency, by James Colotti, published in EDN 1979 October 5

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11kW, 70kHz LLC Converter Design with Adaptive Input Voltage for 98% Efficiency in an MMC

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Likewise, SEPIC and Zeta converters are both minor rearrangements of the Ćuk converter.

3328: 2491: 2476: 1319: 1040: 1010: 917:'. An SMPS with a DC input does not require this stage. In some power supplies (mostly 796: 786:

blowing and may cause problems with equipment employing overcurrent protection such as

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to transform the 6 V battery supply to a suitable B+ voltage for the vacuum tubes.

165: 38: 30: 4125: 3629:, Proc. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conf. (APEC), pp. 897–903, archived from 3480: 3472: 3407: 3368: 2458: 2374: 2164: 1253: 1120: 1056: 1018:; compared to Schottky diodes, these have even lower conducting state voltage drops. 945: 334:'s first pocket calculator, is introduced with transistor switching power supply for 212:

Electromechanical relays are used to stabilize the voltage output of generators. See

2698: 2580:, "Ignition system", published 2 November 1910, issued 3 September 1912 2366: 1241:

As a result, the input current of such basic switched mode power supplies has high

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The coil and large rectangular yellow capacitor below the bridge rectifier form an

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Encyclopedia Of Thermal Packaging, Set 2: Thermal Packaging Tools (A 4-volume Set)

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is the duty cycle of the converter, and can vary from 0 to 1. The input voltage (V

892: 758:, unless a choke-input or resistor-input circuit follows the rectifier (now rare). 417: 3857:

Designing Control Loops for Linear and Switching Power Supplies: A Tutorial Guide

85:

Like other power supplies, an SMPS transfers power from a DC or AC source (often

3534:"An active power filter implemented with multilevel single-phase NPC converters" 2516: 2496: 1894: 1821: 1246: 1202: 1196: 1084: 1003: 738: 673: 605: 459: 451: 274:

is filed by Joseph E. Murphy and Francis J. Starzec, from General Motors Company

244: 114: 3454: 3056:"jacques-laporte.org - The HP-35's Power unit and other vintage HP calculators" 2438: 3461:

2020 IEEE 21st Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL)

3432: 2434: 987: 926: 769:

power supplies that directly rectify the mains with little series resistance.

586: 567: 474: 438: 352: 294: 270: 265: 122: 110: 90: 2862: 2818: 4116: 3657: 3408:"Notes on the Troubleshooting and Repair of Small Switchmode Power Supplies" 2452: 2294:

The primary and secondary sides may be connected with a capacitor to reduce

2226: 1834: 1585: 1067: 1026: 979: 914: 755: 486: 432: 362: 307: 248: 3304:

Reactive Power Control in AC Power Systems: Fundamentals and Current Issues

905: 896:

Block diagram of a mains operated AC/DC SMPS with output voltage regulation

4094: 1212:

The skin effect is exacerbated by the harmonics present in the high-speed

672:

produced due to the current being switched on and off sharply. Therefore,

446:

For example, if a DC source, an inductor, a switch, and the corresponding

2979:"Robert Boschert: A Man Of Many Hats Changes The World Of Power Supplies" 2412: 1331: 1242: 1150: 1116: 1022: 830: 428: 379: 375: 790:. Mitigated by use of a suitable soft-start circuit or series resistor. 754:

Low because current is drawn from the mains at the peaks of the voltage

3770: 3086:"Y Combinator's Xerox Alto: restoring the legendary 1970s GUI computer" 2553:

power passes through in route from input to output in the power supply.

2526: 413: 198: 98: 3743:

Sha, Zhanyou; Wang, Xiaojun; Wang, Yanpeng; Ma, Hongtao (2015-06-15).

3274:

Sha, Zhanyou; Wang, Xiaojun; Wang, Yanpeng; Ma, Hongtao (2015-06-15).

2365:

have always been particularly cost sensitive. The first chargers were

1134:

of the transformer or coil. Monopolar designs also compensate for the

1095: 3453:

Unruh, Roland; Schafmeister, Frank; Böcker, Joachim (November 2020).

2350:

often have universal inputs, meaning that they can accept power from

2346:

Switched-mode power supply units (PSUs) in domestic products such as

1103:

switching power supply with a European plug, mainly consisting of an

983: 940:

and has no voltage selector switch, the required DC voltage would be

589:

breakdown voltages in many circuits. Voltage varies little with load.

539:

Comparison of a linear power supply and a switched-mode power supply

236: 3390:"DC Power Production, Delivery and Utilization, An EPRI White Paper" 2137: 3839:

Switch-Mode Power Supplies: SPICE Simulations and Practical Designs

2334: 2251:

will fail eventually. When either the capacitance decreases or the

1166:

transformers formerly used. There are additional design tradeoffs.

239:(metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) is invented by 4036: 3250:"Energy Savings Opportunity by Increasing Power Supply Efficiency" 2848: 2393: 2270:

non-power-factor-corrected mains supply, otherwise usually around

1094: 1071: 1055:

non-isolated DC-to-DC converters. By adding a second inductor the

904: 891: 485:

introduced onto the output waveforms can be filtered with a small

437: 348: 327: 134: 121:

is achieved by varying the ratio of on-to-off time (also known as

29: 3464: 3224:

Sha, Zhanyou; Wang, Xiaojun; Wang, Yanpeng; Ma, Hongtao (2015).

1921: 1909: 1299: 1238:

the AC cycle the capacitor provides energy to the power supply.

1021:

The rectified output is then smoothed by a filter consisting of

421: 2717:"1960: Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated" 878:

of at least five secondary voltages, per the ATX specification;

853: 4051:

Pressman, Abraham I.; Billings, Keith; Morey, Taylor (2009),

4019:

Power Electronics : Converters, Applications, and Design

3511:"SWITCHMODE Power Supplies—Reference Manual and Design Guide" 2237:

For failure in switching components, circuit board, etc, see

1099:

This charger for a small device such as a mobile phone is an

288:(1966–1972), incorporated early switched mode power supplies. 4001:

Troubleshooting Switching Power Converters: A Hands-on Guide

2373:(BOM) by removing secondary-side sensing components such as 2030:

Single rail input, unregulated output, high efficiency, low

113:

of a switching-mode supply continually switches between low-

4017:

Mohan, Ned; Undeland, Tore M.; Robbins, William P. (2002),

3148:"EXCLUSIVE: Interview With Apple's First CEO Michael Scott" 2094:

Very efficient use of transformer, used for highest powers

1149:

Any switched-mode power supply that gets its power from an

42:

An adjustable switched-mode power supply for laboratory use

3429:"Switching-Mode Power Supply Design Tutorial Introduction" 646:

loads are more fussy about their supply voltages than the

3623:

Analysis and Design of Self-Oscillating Flyback Converter

1647:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{2}=-{\frac {D}{1-D}}V_{1}} 1539:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{2}=-{\frac {D}{1-D}}V_{1}} 1252:

In 2001, the European Union put into effect the standard

929:

usually are auto-ranging, supporting input voltages from

268:

oscillation and rectifying converter power supply system

3673:"Gain Equalization Improves Flyback Performance Page of" 1807:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{2}={\frac {D}{1-D}}V_{1}} 1730:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{2}={\frac {D}{1-D}}V_{1}} 1455:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{2}={\frac {1}{1-D}}V_{1}} 3689:"Comparing dc/dc converters' noise-related performance" 4071:

Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices, and Applications

2225:

of any SMPS approach because it uses a soft-switching

1761: 1684: 1598: 1490: 1409: 1343: 3945:

Luo, Fang Lin; Ye, Hong; Rashid, Muhammad H. (2005),

2746:"Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs" 1760: 1683: 1597: 1489: 1408: 1342: 214:

Voltage regulator § Electromechanical regulators

3620:

Irving, Brian T.; Jovanović, Milan M. (March 2002),

3347:"Information about the mild tingling sensation - US" 2229:

waveform compared with conventional hard switching.

2794:"Inside the Apollo Guidance Computer's core memory" 2342:

with the power input, fan, and output cords visible

2310:resistor to any accessible part must, according to 1548:Current is discontinuous at both input and output. 874:Between C and D: heat sink for switching 866:Between B and C: heat sink for switching 450:are placed in series and the switch is driven by a 174:An inductive discharge ignition system invented by 137:to several MHz in contrast to the 50 or 60 Hz 1806: 1729: 1646: 1538: 1454: 1373: 888:filter and are not part of the main circuit board. 2286:The main filter capacitor will often store up to 680:are needed to reduce the disruptive interference. 378:is designed with a switching mode power supply. " 3947:Power Digital Power Electronics and Applications 3891:Erickson, Robert W.; Maksimović, Dragan (2001), 3228:. Singapore: Wiley, China Electric Power Press. 2776:, "Transistor converter power supply system" 1219:In addition to the skin effect, there is also a 4045:http://www.linear.com/designtools/app_notes.php 2947: 2945: 2175:Quasi-resonant zero-current/zero-voltage switch 180:Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company (Delco) 3965:Switching Power Supply Design and Optimization 3410:. Switching between 115 VAC and 230 VAC input. 882:E: output filter capacitors. 909:AC, half-wave and full-wave rectified signals 8: 3412:Search the page for "doubler" for more info. 2841:"Test Equipment and Electronics Information" 952:position, and the required voltage would be 3038:"COMPUTER PRODUCTS BUYS RIVAL MANUFACTURER" 1183:become more significant, and the amount of 3771:"Bad Capacitors: Information and symptoms" 3008:. Power Supply Manufacturers' Association. 2918:TEKSCOPE 7704 High-Efficiency Power Supply 2619:"When was the SMPS power supply invented?" 1972:Low-cost self-oscillating flyback variant 1952:Isolated form of the buck–boost converter 3020:"COMPUTER PRODUCTS HAS NEW NAME: ARTESYN" 1797: 1775: 1766: 1759: 1720: 1698: 1689: 1682: 1637: 1615: 1603: 1596: 1529: 1507: 1495: 1488: 1445: 1423: 1414: 1407: 1374:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{2}=DV_{1}} 1364: 1348: 1341: 1223:, which is another source of power loss. 933:, with no input voltage selector switch. 4106:Switching Power Supply Topologies Poster 3911:Demystifying Switched-Capacitor Circuits 3746:Optimal Design of Switching Power Supply 3504: 3502: 3493: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3277:Optimal Design of Switching Power Supply 3226:Optimal design of switching power supply 2333: 2325: 2178: 2136: 1899: 1571:Bidirectional power control; in or out. 1291: 969:This section refers to the block marked 847: 585:Any voltages available, limited only by 537: 442:The basic schematic of a boost converter 37: 3003:"Power Electronics Corporate Genealogy" 2565: 2538: 706:Electronic noise at the input terminals 531:SMPS and linear power supply comparison 477:) to drive the switching elements. The 395:went with a switched mode power supply. 182:goes into production for Cadillac. The 168:use switches to generate high voltages. 3654:"RDFC topology for linear replacement" 2637:"Electrical condensers (Open Library)" 2482:Conducted electromagnetic interference 998:Voltage converter and output rectifier 994:and a high current-handling capacity. 527:SMPSs also cause harmonic distortion. 34:Stand-alone switched-mode power supply 3365:"Ban Looms for External Transformers" 3219: 3217: 3215: 2613: 2611: 1083:). The low voltage variant is called 613:70-85% efficiency, but can reach 90%. 351:uses switching power supplies in the 27:Power supply with switching regulator 7: 2819:"μA723 Precision Voltage Regulators" 2427:refer to this type of power supply. 2196:in the power supply by two methods: 4041:, vol. AN19, Linear Technology 3206:LTC 3777 with up to 99% efficiency 516:at the switching frequency and its 3509:ON Semiconductor (July 11, 2002). 3194:ADP5302 with up to 98% efficiency 3182:ISL9120 with up to 98% efficiency 2330:Switched mode mobile phone charger 1893:All isolated topologies include a 1565:Two inductors and three capacitors 255:later became the most widely used 25: 3893:Fundamentals of Power Electronics 3112:"North American Company Profiles" 2129:Two capacitors and two inductors 1816:Current is continuous at output. 1383:Current is continuous at output. 986:amplifier. MOSFETs are a type of 4093: 3927:Luo, Fang Lin; Ye, Hong (2004), 3722:. World Scientific. 2014-10-23. 3687:Marchetti, Robert (2012-08-13). 3473:10.1109/COMPEL49091.2020.9265771 2451: 2437: 2239:Failure of electronic components 2010:Isolated form of buck converter 1739:Current is continuous at input. 1464:Current is continuous at input. 864:B: input filter capacitors; 4055:(Third ed.), McGraw-Hill, 3983:Switching Power Supplies A to Z 3791:. 15 March 2012. Archived from 2888:"7000 SERIES OSCILLOSCOPES FAQ" 2839:DiGiacomo, David (2002-08-02). 2099:Resonant, zero voltage switched 1868:and taking the output from the 1656:Current is continuous at input 201:and furnaces, among other uses. 788:uninterruptible power supplies 412:to provide the desired output 365:), the company is now part of 1: 4053:Switching Power Supply Design 3895:(Second ed.), Springer, 3816:(2nd ed.), McGraw-Hill, 3814:Switching Power Supply Design 3812:Pressman, Abraham I. (1998), 3397:Page 9 080317 mydocs.epri.com 3329:"How does a usb charger work" 2977:Kilbane, Doris (2009-12-07). 2952:Shirriff, Ken (August 2019). 2792:Ken Shirriff (January 2019). 1957:Ringing choke converter (RCC) 1157:) requires a transformer for 259:for switching power supplies. 204: 189:capacitive discharge ignition 143:electromagnetic compatibility 4100:Switched-mode power supplies 4069:Rashid, Muhammad H. (2003), 3578:"DC-DC CONVERTERS: A PRIMER" 3121:. 2004-03-15. Archived from 2924:. March 1971. Archived from 1185:electromagnetic interference 661:Radio frequency interference 560:0.12 W/cm, 88 W/kg 510:electromagnetic interference 493:Advantages and disadvantages 393:synthesized signal generator 3999:Maniktala, Sanjaya (2007), 3981:Maniktala, Sanjaya (2006), 3963:Maniktala, Sanjaya (2004), 3677:100517 powerelectronics.com 3592:090112 jaycar.com.au Page 4 2417:Switching-mode power supply 2338:A 450-watt SMPS for use in 1751:Capacitor and two inductors 1674:Capacitor and two inductors 1066:Other types of SMPSs use a 919:computer ATX power supplies 741:of the operating frequency. 129:is an important advantage. 56:switching-mode power supply 4163: 3855:Basso, Christophe (2012), 3837:Basso, Christophe (2008), 2361:Due to their high volumes 2236: 2219:resonant forward converter 2158: 2148: 1230: 1194: 1080:Cockcroft-Walton generator 105:characteristics. Unlike a 48:switched-mode power supply 18:Switch mode power supplies 4142:Electric power conversion 3929:Advanced DC/DC Converters 3749:. John Wiley & Sons. 3567:090112 powerdesigners.com 3280:. John Wiley & Sons. 3146:Yarow, Jay (2011-05-24). 1187:will be more pronounced. 862:A: Bridge rectifier; 655:traces become important. 184:Kettering ignition system 93:) to DC loads, such as a 3877:(2nd ed.), Newnes, 3559:"DC-DC Converter Basics" 822:Risk of equipment damage 815:residual-current devices 735:inaudible to most humans 416:by dissipating power in 282:Apollo Guidance Computer 80:convert electrical power 60:switch-mode power supply 3909:Liu, Mingliang (2006), 3119:smithsonianchips.si.edu 2725:Computer History Museum 2110:Inductor and capacitor 2027:Inductor and capacitor 1273:Non-isolated topologies 1259:power factor correction 923:power factor correction 766:power factor correction 691:at the output terminals 299:Fairchild Semiconductor 3603:"Heinz Schmidt-Walter" 3536:. 2011. Archived from 3333:Flashlight information 2421:switching power supply 2411:was widely used until 2399: 2343: 2331: 2184: 2142: 1808: 1731: 1648: 1540: 1456: 1375: 1214:pulse-width modulation 1112: 1107:, a rectifier and two 1016:synchronous rectifiers 910: 897: 889: 549:Switching power supply 525:power-factor-corrected 471:pulse-width modulation 443: 43: 35: 4035:Nelson, Carl (1986), 3875:Power Supply Cookbook 3873:Brown, Marty (2001), 2774:US patent 3040271 2578:Kettering, Charles F. 2522:Vibrator (electronic) 2397: 2367:linear power supplies 2363:mobile phone chargers 2337: 2329: 2182: 2140: 1880:neutral point clamped 1809: 1732: 1649: 1541: 1457: 1376: 1098: 1047:buck–boost converters 908: 901:Input rectifier stage 895: 858:computer power supply 851: 653:printed circuit board 441: 336:light-emitting diodes 271:U.S. patent 3,040,271 127:electrical efficiency 64:switched power supply 41: 33: 4102:at Wikimedia Commons 4038:LT1070 design Manual 3463:. Aalborg, Denmark: 3351:pcsupport.lenovo.com 2623:electronicspoint.com 2221:produces the lowest 1758: 1681: 1595: 1487: 1406: 1340: 1155:"off-line" converter 1127:Open-loop regulators 872:C: transformer: 852:Interior view of an 518:harmonic frequencies 508:must block to avoid 464:buck–boost converter 367:Microchip Technology 176:Charles F. Kettering 74:that incorporates a 4108:- Texas Instruments 4003:, Newnes/Elsevier, 3985:, Newnes/Elsevier, 3170:hpmemoryproject.org 2512:Switching amplifier 2425:switching regulator 1889:Isolated topologies 1298:Typical Power [ 1163:DC-to-DC converters 1136:magnetic hysteresis 870:of primary voltage; 844:Theory of operation 546:Linear power supply 540: 473:with an adjustable 460:step-up transformer 406:linear power supply 107:linear power supply 97:, while converting 76:switching regulator 70:, is an electronic 4147:Voltage regulation 2863:"7000 Plugin list" 2721:The Silicon Engine 2507:Resonant converter 2502:Leakage inductance 2487:DC to DC converter 2445:Electronics portal 2400: 2348:personal computers 2344: 2340:personal computers 2332: 2318:for IT equipment. 2208:Efficiency and EMI 2185: 2143: 1826:switched capacitor 1804: 1803: 1727: 1726: 1644: 1643: 1536: 1535: 1452: 1451: 1371: 1370: 1159:galvanic isolation 1145:Transformer design 1113: 1075:voltage multiplier 931:~100 VAC – 250 VAC 911: 898: 890: 538: 462:for DC signals. A 444: 408:(non-SMPS) uses a 338:, clocks, timing, 119:Voltage regulation 44: 36: 4137:Power electronics 4098:Media related to 4073:, Prentice Hall, 4062:978-0-07-148272-1 4010:978-0-7506-8421-7 3848:978-0-07-150858-2 3775:100211 lowyat.net 3756:978-1-118-79094-6 3729:978-981-4520-24-9 3314:978-3-319-51118-4 3287:978-1-118-79094-6 3235:978-1-118-79094-6 3066:on 16 August 2021 2983:Electronic Design 2751:Electronic Design 2533:Explanatory notes 2371:bill of materials 2356:power frequencies 2135: 2134: 1949:Mutual inductors 1846: 1845: 1791: 1714: 1631: 1588:and two inductors 1523: 1439: 1109:active components 876:active components 868:active components 841: 840: 629:filter capacitors 448:electrical ground 390:10 kHz – 1.28 GHz 241:Mohamed M. Atalla 224:electromechanical 95:personal computer 16:(Redirected from 4154: 4097: 4083: 4065: 4042: 4031: 4013: 3995: 3977: 3959: 3941: 3923: 3905: 3887: 3869: 3859:, Artech House, 3851: 3826: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3790: 3782: 3776: 3774: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3704: 3695:. Archived from 3684: 3678: 3676: 3669: 3663: 3661: 3656:. Archived from 3650: 3644: 3643: 3642: 3641: 3635: 3628: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3599: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3583:. Archived from 3582: 3574: 3568: 3566: 3561:. Archived from 3555: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3506: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3440: 3431:. Archived from 3427:Foutz, Jerrold. 3424: 3413: 3411: 3404: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3376: 3367:. Archived from 3361: 3355: 3354: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3261: 3252:. 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1221:proximity effect 1153:line (called an 1035:boost converters 959: 955: 951: 943: 939: 932: 728:magnetostriction 689:Electronic noise 649: 645: 641: 541: 479:spectral density 410:linear regulator 391: 342:, and registers. 273: 222:Car radios used 209: 206: 178:and his company 21: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4122: 4121: 4090: 4081: 4068: 4063: 4050: 4034: 4029: 4016: 4011: 3998: 3993: 3980: 3975: 3967:, McGraw-Hill, 3962: 3957: 3944: 3939: 3926: 3921: 3908: 3903: 3890: 3885: 3872: 3867: 3854: 3849: 3841:, McGraw-Hill, 3836: 3833: 3831:Further reading 3824: 3811: 3808: 3803: 3795: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3702: 3700: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3587: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3571: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3543: 3541: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3508: 3507: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3438: 3436: 3426: 3425: 3416: 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4150: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4132:Power supplies 4124: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4103: 4089: 4088:External links 4086: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4066: 4061: 4048: 4032: 4027: 4014: 4009: 3996: 3991: 3978: 3973: 3960: 3955: 3942: 3937: 3924: 3919: 3906: 3901: 3888: 3883: 3870: 3866:978-1608075577 3865: 3852: 3847: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3801: 3798:on 2012-03-15. 3777: 3762: 3755: 3735: 3728: 3709: 3679: 3664: 3660:on 2008-09-07. 3645: 3612: 3594: 3590:on 2009-04-18. 3569: 3565:on 2005-12-17. 3550: 3525: 3498: 3486: 3445: 3414: 3399: 3381: 3356: 3338: 3320: 3313: 3293: 3286: 3266: 3241: 3234: 3211: 3199: 3187: 3175: 3157: 3138: 3103: 3092:. 26 June 2016 3077: 3047: 3029: 3011: 2994: 2969: 2941: 2908: 2879: 2854: 2851:on 2002-08-02. 2831: 2810: 2784: 2765: 2737: 2708: 2690: 2671: 2646: 2628: 2607: 2588: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2492:Inrush current 2489: 2484: 2479: 2477:Buck converter 2474: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2448: 2432: 2429: 2404: 2401: 2383: 2358:and voltages. 2352:mains supplies 2323: 2320: 2283: 2280: 2266: 2234: 2231: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2154: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1928: 1927:Energy storage 1925: 1916: 1913: 1904: 1890: 1887: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1800: 1796: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1723: 1719: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1654: 1640: 1636: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1591:Any inverted, 1589: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1532: 1528: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1448: 1444: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1336:0 ≤ Out ≤ In, 1334: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1308:Energy storage 1306: 1303: 1296: 1286: 1282: 1274: 1271: 1266: 1263: 1228: 1225: 1195:Main article: 1192: 1189: 1146: 1143: 1092: 1089: 999: 996: 990:with a low on- 975: 974: 965: 964:Inverter stage 962: 902: 899: 856:switched-mode 845: 842: 839: 838: 834: 826: 823: 819: 818: 810: 807: 799: 797:electric shock 792: 791: 783: 780: 777: 775:Inrush current 771: 770: 762: 759: 752: 746: 745: 742: 731: 724: 722:Acoustic noise 718: 717: 714: 710: 707: 703: 702: 698: 695: 692: 685: 684: 681: 667: 663: 657: 656: 632: 625: 622: 618: 617: 614: 611: 608: 595: 594: 590: 583: 576: 575:Output voltage 572: 571: 564: 561: 558: 554: 553: 550: 547: 544: 532: 529: 514:ripple voltage 494: 491: 401: 398: 397: 396: 386: 383: 373: 370: 359: 356: 346: 343: 325: 322: 314: 311: 305: 302: 292: 289: 278: 275: 263: 260: 233: 230: 220: 217: 210: 202: 195: 192: 172: 169: 163: 158: 155: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4159: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4080:0-13-122815-3 4076: 4072: 4067: 4064: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4028:0-471-22693-9 4024: 4020: 4015: 4012: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3994: 3992:0-7506-7970-0 3988: 3984: 3979: 3976: 3974:0-07-143483-6 3970: 3966: 3961: 3958: 3956:0-12-088757-6 3952: 3948: 3943: 3940: 3938:0-8493-1956-0 3934: 3931:, CRC Press, 3930: 3925: 3922: 3920:0-7506-7907-7 3916: 3912: 3907: 3904: 3902:0-7923-7270-0 3898: 3894: 3889: 3886: 3884:0-7506-7329-X 3880: 3876: 3871: 3868: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3850: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3823:0-07-052236-7 3819: 3815: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3794: 3787: 3781: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3758: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3739: 3736: 3731: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3713: 3710: 3699:on 2012-09-02 3698: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3636:on 2011-07-09 3632: 3625: 3624: 3616: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3586: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3551: 3540:on 2014-11-26 3539: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3512: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3496:, p. 306 3495: 3494:Pressman 1998 3490: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3449: 3446: 3435:on 2004-04-06 3434: 3430: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3371:on 2019-05-15 3370: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3316: 3310: 3306: 3305: 3297: 3294: 3289: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3270: 3267: 3256:on 2010-10-25 3255: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3237: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3139: 3128:on 2022-11-07 3124: 3120: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3044:. 1986-01-03. 3043: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3026:. 1998-05-07. 3025: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2970: 2959: 2958:IEEE Spectrum 2955: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2931:on 2012-03-28 2927: 2920: 2919: 2912: 2909: 2898:on 2010-08-25 2897: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2832: 2828:. July 1999 . 2827: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2785: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2754:. 23 May 2016 2753: 2752: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2691: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2579: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2539: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2459:Energy portal 2454: 2449: 2446: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2341: 2336: 2328: 2321: 2319: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2257: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2233:Failure modes 2232: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2207: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2174: 2172: 2166: 2165:magnetic flux 2161: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1917: 1915:Relative cost 1914: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1798: 1794: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1721: 1717: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1638: 1634: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1530: 1526: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1446: 1442: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1305:Relative cost 1304: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1280: 1272: 1270: 1264: 1262: 1261:(PFC) stage. 1260: 1255: 1254:IEC 61000-3-2 1250: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1204: 1198: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1177:circuit board 1173: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1138:of the core. 1137: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1005: 997: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 972: 968: 967: 963: 961: 947: 946:Delon circuit 934: 928: 924: 920: 916: 915:rectification 907: 900: 894: 887: 877: 869: 859: 855: 850: 843: 835: 832: 827: 824: 821: 820: 816: 811: 808: 805: 800: 798: 794: 793: 789: 784: 781: 778: 776: 773: 772: 767: 763: 760: 757: 753: 751: 748: 747: 743: 740: 736: 732: 729: 725: 723: 720: 719: 715: 711: 708: 705: 704: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 686: 682: 679: 675: 671: 668: 664: 662: 659: 658: 654: 637: 633: 630: 626: 623: 620: 619: 615: 612: 609: 607: 604: 600: 597: 596: 591: 588: 584: 581: 577: 574: 573: 569: 565: 562: 559: 556: 555: 551: 548: 545: 543: 542: 536: 530: 528: 526: 521: 519: 515: 511: 507: 502: 499: 492: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 467: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 440: 436: 434: 430: 425: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 399: 394: 387: 384: 381: 377: 374: 371: 368: 364: 360: 357: 355:minicomputer 354: 350: 347: 344: 341: 337: 333: 329: 326: 323: 320: 315: 312: 309: 306: 303: 300: 296: 293: 290: 287: 286:Moon missions 283: 279: 276: 272: 267: 264: 261: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 231: 228: 225: 221: 218: 215: 211: 203: 200: 196: 193: 190: 185: 181: 177: 173: 170: 167: 164: 161: 160: 156: 154: 152: 146: 144: 140: 136: 130: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 83: 82:efficiently. 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 40: 32: 19: 4070: 4052: 4037: 4018: 4000: 3982: 3964: 3949:, Elsevier, 3946: 3928: 3913:, Elsevier, 3910: 3892: 3874: 3856: 3838: 3813: 3793:the original 3780: 3765: 3745: 3738: 3718: 3712: 3701:. 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Index