574:
588:
56:
401:, and Illawarra regions. A network of nine major dams plus several minor storage reservoirs was used to collect and store water, which in turn was delivered to a network of over 20,000 kilometres (12,000 mi) of water mains, 165 pumping stations, and 261 service reservoirs. The water supply was drawn from catchments on four main river systems the
510:
with
Australian Water Technologies, part of Sydney Water, severely overestimating the levels of parasites present in the water, with the recorded levels exposed as not harmful to human health. The handling of the crisis by Sydney Water, a state-government owned corporation since 1995, was heavily criticised, causing the resignation of both the
509:
The lack of cases of cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, or any other health problem which might be attributed to tainted water led to suggestions the microbes were either not an infectious type, or not as prevalent as measured. An inquiry after the event revealed the publicity as an exaggeration of fact,
478:
were first detected in the water supply on 21 July. The levels were within acceptable health limits. In days following, much higher levels were recorded, and on 27 July, the first "boil water" alert (in which residents were instructed to boil their tap water before use) was declared for the eastern
437:
and
Greaves Creek. The remaining four privately owned and operated plants at Prospect, Macarthur, Illawarra and Woronora provide filtered water under contract to Sydney Water. These four plants provide more than 90% of Sydney's drinking water. Up to 80% is supplied through the Prospect plant alone.
432:
Since late 1996 all of Sydney's water supply has been filtered. Eleven water treatment plants are used to filter drinking water supplied to Sydney, Illawarra and the Blue
Mountains. Seven of these facilities are owned and operated by Sydney Water. These are located at Orchard Hills, Cascade, North
924:
832:
547:. The final report was delivered in December 1998 and detailed 91 recommendations for action by Sydney Water, NSW Health and other state and federal government agencies, including the National Health and Medical Research Commission.
561:
was created in 1999 as result of the crisis, assuming control of Sydney's catchments and dams, while Sydney Water maintained responsibility for water treatment and distribution and for sewage collection, treatment and disposal.
501:
entering the dam. This was attributed to moderate rainfall in July, followed by heavy rainfall in August and
September (after decreasing storage levels since mid-July 1997) which caused pulses of the raw water to enter the dam.
505:
The incident was highly publicised and caused major public alarm. Three successive "boil water" notices in which residents were instructed to boil their tap water before use affected up to three million residents.
947:
625:
878:
970:
145:
855:
438:
The water is distributed from
Prospect to Pipe Head by tunnels and mains, with some areas supplied directly from these mains. From Pipe Head, water for the inner city, suburbs south of
346:
making ninety-one recommendations that led to the reorganisation of water supply and water management functions and agencies in
Greater Metropolitan Sydney via the establishment of the
42:
979:
933:
887:
841:
634:
1825:
1976:
1206:
901:
446:
is carried by tunnel and mains to two large service reservoirs at Potts Hill and then by two tunnels (the
Pressure Tunnel and City Tunnel) which terminate at
155:
1346:
993:
648:
1418:
1013:
1966:
554:
resigned ten days after the final crisis event, denied any responsibility, and claimed he was leaving only to concentrate on his political career.
735:
1971:
1387:
1336:
783:
1956:
1135:
113:
1397:
1665:
1275:
1081:
1155:
1030:
987:
941:
895:
849:
642:
1515:
701:
480:
370:, and stormwater management. Both the Chairman and Managing Director of Sydney Water stood down during and following the crisis.
296:
1951:
1505:
300:
264:
1794:
1351:
1196:
1022:
544:
323:
1905:
276:
1895:
1270:
880:
Sydney Water
Inquiry: Assessment of the contamination events and future directions for the management of the catchment
288:
256:
1820:
1915:
1848:
1428:
1285:
558:
451:
398:
347:
343:
308:
174:
1761:
1413:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1295:
1130:
447:
1961:
1316:
1280:
551:
284:
268:
118:
1789:
1392:
1290:
1191:
434:
280:
272:
1655:
1140:
1074:
579:
251:
Following routine water sampling and testing, over a series of weeks low level contaminants were found at
37:
1981:
1423:
543:
as
Commissioner. McClellan delivered a series of interim reports to the Premier, which were tabled in
315:
and
Prospect. The reliability of these test results was subsequently called into doubt. Precautionary
1920:
1341:
1300:
1145:
763:
455:
1735:
1555:
1480:
1382:
1232:
1227:
1213:
1160:
1150:
1125:
674:
422:
402:
316:
518:. The incident also brought up issues of private vs. public ownership and scientific uncertainty.
1860:
1670:
1605:
1540:
1377:
1372:
1201:
1186:
1120:
1040:
801:
252:
539:
334:
214:
1885:
1855:
1730:
1650:
1525:
1067:
1026:
983:
937:
926:
Sydney Water Inquiry: Prospect Water Filtration Plant tender process and contract arrangements
891:
845:
789:
779:
679:
638:
515:
406:
359:
186:
133:
1059:
1779:
1745:
1500:
1450:
1367:
1222:
771:
459:
414:
1925:
1720:
1695:
1640:
1575:
1565:
1550:
1495:
1094:
1052:
966:
920:
874:
828:
813:
621:
535:
426:
330:
260:
238:
210:
1870:
767:
397: cu ft) of water each day to more than 3.8 million people in the Sydney,
1900:
1890:
1875:
1715:
1690:
1660:
1620:
1615:
1490:
1470:
1465:
1218:
743:
351:
292:
178:
60:
709:
1945:
1865:
1725:
1710:
1705:
1675:
1595:
1580:
1520:
1455:
450:
and Dowling Street pumping stations. Two pumping stations one at Prospect and one at
191:
Sydney Water maintained management of water supply distribution, water treatment and
140:
33:
17:
1799:
1784:
1740:
1680:
1535:
1237:
1176:
1171:
1090:
593:
491:
484:
439:
410:
384:
363:
339:
229:
108:
775:
1930:
1880:
1685:
1635:
1600:
1585:
1560:
1545:
1510:
1485:
1475:
418:
168:
Reorganisation of water supply and water management functions and agencies via:
1625:
1610:
1590:
1181:
569:
443:
793:
1910:
1700:
1645:
1630:
1530:
1460:
1107:
587:
498:
312:
55:
319:
were raised covering several suburban areas for the period of the crisis.
1804:
1570:
1247:
1166:
527:
511:
367:
304:
192:
123:
758:
Stein, P. L. (1 October 2000). "The Great Sydney Water Crisis of 1998".
366:
maintained management of water supply distribution, water treatment and
244:
728:
Safe Drinking Water: Lessons from Recent Outbreaks in Affluent Nations
1255:
1112:
233:
95:
327:
1063:
762:. Vol. 123. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 419–436.
483:. On 29 July, a "boil water" alert was issued for the south of
1103:
355:
182:
487:
and on 30 July a Sydney-wide "boil water" alert was issued.
1015:
The Quality of Sydney's Drinking Water: Current Issues
834:
Sydney Water Inquiry: Possible Causes of Contamination
494:
announced the water safe to drink again on 4 August.
616:
614:
612:
610:
1834:
1813:
1770:
1754:
1441:
1406:
1360:
1309:
1263:
1246:
1102:
202:
164:
101:
91:
68:
673:Francis, Geoff; Hicks, Peter (16 September 1998).
462:. The water for Ryde is supplied from Pipe Head.
342:. McClennan handed down his final report to the
326:established a Commission of Inquiry, chaired by
978:. Vol. 2 (Fifth Report ed.). Sydney:
633:. Vol. 2 (Fifth Report ed.). Sydney:
1207:Guildford West pipehead and water supply canal
27:Water contamination event in Sydney, Australia
1075:
80: – 5 September 1998
8:
497:The contamination was caused by low-quality
228:involved the suspected contamination of the
156:National Health and Medical Research Council
48:
387:supplied approximately 1,500 megalitres (53
146:NSW Minister for Urban Affairs and Planning
1260:
1082:
1068:
1060:
54:
47:
1419:Double Bay Compressed Air Ejector Station
840:(First Interim Report ed.). Sydney:
1977:Water supply and sanitation in Australia
675:"David Hill: from Giardia to Labor MP?"
606:
1048:
1038:
809:
799:
7:
1826:NSW Department of Primary Industries
378:
708:(12). December 1998. Archived from
413:with minor supplies drawn from the
972:Sydney Water Inquiry: Final Report
932:(Fourth Report ed.). Sydney:
627:Sydney Water Inquiry: Final Report
291:and water treatment facilities at
25:
886:(Third Report ed.). Sydney:
734:Walsh, Nonee (22 November 1998).
248:between July and September 1998.
702:"Sydney Water Inquiry Continues"
586:
572:
481:Sydney central business district
1967:Environmental issues with water
1347:Sydenham Pit and Drainage (#1)
1012:Smith, Stewart (October 1998).
736:"Sydney's Cryptic Water Crisis"
322:In response to the crisis, the
550:The Chairman of Sydney Water,
433:Richmond, Nepean, Warragamba,
1:
1972:Health disasters in Australia
1795:Riverina Water County Council
1197:Potts Hill Reservoirs 1 and 2
1023:Parliament of New South Wales
726:Hrudey, Elizabeth J. (2004).
379:Sydney's water supply network
324:Government of New South Wales
236:by the microscopic pathogens
1906:Lower Prospect Canal Reserve
1821:Energy & Water Ombudsman
776:10.1007/978-94-011-4369-1_33
534:and appointed Sydney jurist
1957:1998 disasters in Australia
234:Greater Metropolitan Sydney
195:, and stormwater management
96:Greater Metropolitan Sydney
1998:
1916:Mosman Bay Sewage Aqueduct
1849:Sydney Catchment Authority
1429:Western Outfall Main Sewer
1252:other water infrastructure
730:. IWA Publishing, 351–356.
559:Sydney Catchment Authority
348:Sydney Catchment Authority
175:Sydney Catchment Authority
1762:Sydney Desalination Plant
1414:Bondi Ocean Outfall Sewer
1131:Centennial Park Reservoir
417:, and tributaries of the
152:Australian Water Services
53:
1842:1998 Sydney water crisis
980:NSW Premier's Department
934:NSW Premier's Department
888:NSW Premier's Department
842:NSW Premier's Department
760:Environmental Challenges
635:NSW Premier's Department
492:Sydney Water Corporation
350:with responsibility for
226:1998 Sydney water crisis
177:with responsibility for
49:1998 Sydney water crisis
1790:Murrumbidgee Irrigation
1192:Prospect Hill Reservoir
1656:Snowy Mountains Scheme
1141:Crown Street Reservoir
580:New South Wales portal
405:, the Warragamba, the
72:21 July 1998
43:considered for merging
1952:1998 health disasters
1424:Middle Harbour Syphon
454:supply water for the
444:inner western suburbs
173:Establishment of the
1921:Paddington Reservoir
1407:Other infrastructure
1214:Wahroonga Reservoirs
1146:Penshurst Reservoirs
1136:Chatswood Reservoirs
532:Sydney Water Inquiry
207:Sydney Water Inquiry
18:Sydney Water Inquiry
1773:government agencies
1755:Other water sources
1566:Happy Jacks Pondage
1233:Woollahra Reservoir
1228:Waverley Reservoirs
1161:Upper Nepean Scheme
1151:Petersham Reservoir
1126:Bankstown Reservoir
768:2000WASP..123..419S
740:Background Briefing
654:on 11 February 2019
317:"boil water" alerts
50:
1861:Boothtown Aqueduct
1202:Upper Canal System
1187:Prospect Reservoir
1121:Ashfield Reservoir
831:(19 August 1998).
744:ABC Radio National
530:, established the
358:, and bulk supply
185:, and bulk supply
1939:
1938:
1856:Balmain Reservoir
1651:Shoalhaven Scheme
1442:Regional dams and
1437:
1436:
1156:Pymble Reservoirs
969:(December 1998).
923:(December 1998).
785:978-94-010-5878-0
680:Green Left Weekly
624:(December 1998).
516:managing director
466:Timeline of event
222:
221:
16:(Redirected from
1989:
1780:Essential Energy
1310:Pumping stations
1276:Johnston's Creek
1261:
1223:Lake Burragorang
1084:
1077:
1070:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1036:
1020:
1008:
1006:
1004:
999:on 15 March 2014
998:
992:. Archived from
977:
967:McClennan, Peter
962:
960:
958:
953:on 15 March 2014
952:
946:. Archived from
931:
921:McClennan, Peter
916:
914:
912:
907:on 15 March 2014
906:
900:. Archived from
885:
877:(October 1998).
875:McClennan, Peter
870:
868:
866:
861:on 15 March 2014
860:
854:. Archived from
839:
829:McClennan, Peter
817:
811:
807:
805:
797:
754:
752:
750:
714:
713:
698:
692:
691:
689:
687:
670:
664:
663:
661:
659:
653:
647:. Archived from
632:
622:McClennan, Peter
618:
596:
591:
590:
582:
577:
576:
575:
542:
460:northern beaches
456:northern suburbs
415:Hawkesbury River
393:
392:
337:
269:Macquarie Street
217:
149:
137:
127:
87:
85:
79:
77:
58:
51:
21:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1962:1990s in Sydney
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1926:Lake Parramatta
1881:Cooks River Dam
1830:
1809:
1772:
1766:
1750:
1443:
1433:
1402:
1356:
1337:Rushcutters Bay
1305:
1253:
1251:
1242:
1110:
1098:
1095:New South Wales
1088:
1047:
1037:
1033:
1018:
1011:
1002:
1000:
996:
990:
975:
965:
956:
954:
950:
944:
929:
919:
910:
908:
904:
898:
883:
873:
864:
862:
858:
852:
837:
827:
824:
822:Further reading
808:
798:
786:
757:
748:
746:
733:
723:
718:
717:
712:on 28 May 2008.
700:
699:
695:
685:
683:
672:
671:
667:
657:
655:
651:
645:
630:
620:
619:
608:
603:
592:
585:
578:
573:
571:
568:
538:
536:Peter McClellan
524:
472:Cryptosporidium
468:
390:
388:
381:
376:
333:
331:Peter McClellan
273:Centennial Park
265:NSW Art Gallery
261:Sydney Hospital
239:Cryptosporidium
213:
211:Peter McClellan
198:
169:
160:
143:
131:
121:
83:
81:
75:
73:
64:
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1901:Liverpool Weir
1898:
1893:
1891:Lachlan Swamps
1888:
1883:
1878:
1876:Lake Canobolas
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1736:Woodford Creek
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1671:Stephens Creek
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1616:Menindee Lakes
1613:
1608:
1606:Mangrove Creek
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1541:Glennies Creek
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1317:Annandale (#3)
1313:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1258:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1031:
1009:
988:
963:
942:
917:
896:
871:
850:
823:
820:
819:
818:
810:|journal=
784:
755:
742:(transcript).
731:
722:
719:
716:
715:
693:
665:
643:
605:
604:
602:
599:
598:
597:
583:
567:
564:
523:
520:
485:Sydney Harbour
470:Low levels of
467:
464:
440:Sydney Harbour
399:Blue Mountains
380:
377:
375:
372:
297:North Richmond
220:
219:
204:
200:
199:
197:
196:
189:
170:
166:
162:
161:
159:
158:
153:
150:
138:
132:(Sydney Water
130:Chris Pollett
128:
122:(Sydney Water
116:
111:
105:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
70:
66:
65:
61:Warragamba Dam
59:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1994:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1896:Liverpool Dam
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:Gosling Creek
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:Botany Swamps
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1827:
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1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1771:Companies and
1769:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1731:Wingecarribee
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
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1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:Greaves Creek
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:Fitzroy Falls
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1481:Cascade Creek
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
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1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1332:Rozelle (#27)
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38:Infobox event
35:
30:
19:
1982:Sydney Water
1871:Busby's Bore
1841:
1800:Sydney Water
1785:Hunter Water
1746:Yellow Pinch
1666:Spring Creek
1501:Clarrie Hall
1393:North Sydney
1388:Marrickville
1327:Mascot (#38)
1296:Whites Creek
1221: /
1163:comprising:
1091:Water supply
1014:
1001:. Retrieved
994:the original
971:
955:. Retrieved
948:the original
925:
909:. Retrieved
902:the original
879:
863:. Retrieved
856:the original
833:
759:
747:. Retrieved
739:
727:
710:the original
706:Health Steam
705:
696:
686:16 September
684:. Retrieved
678:
668:
656:. Retrieved
649:the original
626:
594:Water portal
556:
549:
531:
525:
508:
504:
496:
489:
475:
471:
469:
431:
403:Upper Nepean
394:
385:Sydney Water
383:As of 1998,
382:
364:Sydney Water
340:Commissioner
321:
250:
243:
237:
230:water supply
225:
223:
206:
109:Sydney Water
102:Participants
36:
29:
1931:Tank Stream
1721:Winburndale
1641:Rocky Creek
1576:Island Bend
1551:Grahamstown
1361:Vent stacks
1352:Ultimo (#1)
1301:Wolli Creek
1271:Cooks River
1097:, Australia
1049:|work=
749:26 December
344:NSW Premier
277:Surry Hills
32:‹ The
1946:Categories
1835:Historical
1814:Regulators
1716:Tumut Pond
1696:Tareelaroi
1691:Tantangara
1661:Split Rock
1621:Murray Two
1611:Medlow Dam
1516:Deep Creek
1491:Chichester
1471:Burrinjuck
1466:Burrendong
1444:reservoirs
1286:Mosman Bay
1219:Warragamba
1108:reservoirs
1021:. Sydney:
566:References
552:David Hill
545:Parliament
407:Shoalhaven
374:Background
360:reservoirs
352:catchments
295:, Nepean,
293:Warragamba
289:Palm Beach
257:Potts Hill
232:system of
187:reservoirs
179:catchments
119:David Hill
114:NSW Health
84:1998-09-05
76:1998-07-21
1911:Manly Dam
1726:Windamere
1711:Tumut Two
1706:Toonumbar
1676:Suma Park
1596:Khancoban
1581:Jindabyne
1521:Eucumbene
1456:Blowering
1264:Aqueducts
1051:ignored (
1041:cite book
812:ignored (
802:cite book
794:1573-2932
499:raw water
452:West Ryde
427:Duckmaloi
313:Illawarra
309:Macarthur
203:Inquiries
41:is being
1805:WaterNSW
1741:Wyangala
1681:Talbingo
1536:Glenbawn
1506:Cochrane
1451:Bendeela
1398:Stanmore
1383:Lewisham
1291:Old Como
1281:Lewisham
1248:Sewerage
1238:Woronora
1177:Cordeaux
1172:Cataract
1003:15 March
957:15 March
911:15 March
865:15 March
658:16 March
528:Bob Carr
522:Outcomes
514:and the
512:chairman
458:and the
448:Waterloo
429:rivers.
411:Woronora
409:and the
368:sewerage
362:; while
305:Woronora
253:Prospect
193:sewerage
124:Chairman
92:Location
45:. ›
34:template
1686:Tallowa
1636:Pindari
1601:Lostock
1586:Jounama
1561:Guthega
1546:Googong
1511:Copeton
1496:Chifley
1486:Chaffey
1476:Carcoar
1378:Croydon
1373:Burwood
764:Bibcode
721:General
476:Giardia
285:Enfield
245:Giardia
165:Outcome
82: (
74: (
1626:Oberon
1591:Keepit
1256:Sydney
1182:Nepean
1113:Sydney
1029:
986:
940:
894:
848:
792:
782:
641:
435:Linden
328:jurist
311:, the
281:Rhodes
263:, the
1701:Tooma
1646:Rydal
1631:Pejar
1531:Geehi
1461:Brogo
1368:Bondi
1019:(PDF)
997:(PDF)
976:(PDF)
951:(PDF)
930:(PDF)
905:(PDF)
884:(PDF)
859:(PDF)
838:(PDF)
652:(PDF)
631:(PDF)
601:Cited
419:Grose
1571:Hume
1342:Ryde
1250:and
1167:Avon
1106:and
1104:Dams
1053:help
1027:ISBN
1005:2014
984:ISBN
959:2014
938:ISBN
913:2014
892:ISBN
867:2014
846:ISBN
814:help
790:ISSN
780:ISBN
751:2010
688:2021
660:2014
639:ISBN
557:The
490:The
474:and
442:and
425:and
423:Fish
356:dams
242:and
224:The
183:dams
69:Date
63:wall
1254:in
1111:in
1093:in
772:doi
338:as
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540:QC
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335:QC
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816:)
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774::
766::
753:.
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395:^
389:×
218:)
148:)
144:(
136:)
126:)
86:)
78:)
20:)
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