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901:", came to be increasingly used during the second half of the 19th century without any such connotations of genre. By the time of Mahler (see below), it was possible for a composer to write a symphony scored for "a veritable compendium of orchestral instruments". In addition to increasing in variety of instruments, 19th-century symphonies were gradually augmented with more string players and more wind parts, so that the orchestra grew substantially in sheer numbers, as concert halls likewise grew.
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414:: flutes (sometimes replacing the oboes), separate parts for bassoons, clarinets, and trumpets and timpani. Works varied in their scoring concerning which of these additional instruments were to appear. The full-scale classical orchestra, deployed at the end of the century for the largest-scale symphonies, has the standard string ensemble mentioned above, pairs of winds (
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Europe for the composition of symphonies, "literally hundreds of noble families supported musical establishments, generally dividing their time between Vienna and their ancestral estate ". Since the normal size of the orchestra at the time was quite small, many of these courtly establishments were capable of performing symphonies. The young
1247:'s PachaMama Symphony, composed in 2014 and 2015, and James M. Stephenson's Symphony No. 2 which was premiered by the United States Marine Band ("The President's Own") and received both the National Band Association's William D. Revelli (2017) and the American Bandmasters Association's Sousa/Ostwald (2018) awards.
445:, became a standard three-movement form: a fast movement, a slow movement, and another fast movement. Over the course of the 18th century it became the custom to write four-movement symphonies, along the lines described in the next paragraph. The three-movement symphony died out slowly; about half of
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composed symphonies "extraordinary in scope, richness, originality, and urgency of expression". One measure of the significance of a symphony is the degree to which it reflects conceptions of temporal form particular to the age in which it was created. Five composers from across the span of the 20th
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Over the course of the 19th century, composers continued to add to the size of the symphonic orchestra. Around the beginning of the century, a full-scale orchestra would consist of the string section plus pairs of flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, trumpets, and lastly a set of timpani. This
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elevated the symphony from an everyday genre produced in large quantities to a supreme form in which composers strove to reach the highest potential of music in just a few works. Beethoven began with two works directly emulating his models Mozart and Haydn, then seven more symphonies, starting with
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Variations on this layout, like changing the order of the middle movements or adding a slow introduction to the first movement, were common. Haydn, Mozart and their contemporaries restricted their use of the four-movement form to orchestral or multi-instrument chamber music such as quartets, though
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that "the symphony was cultivated with extraordinary intensity" in the 18th century. It played a role in many areas of public life, including church services, but a particularly strong area of support for symphonic performances was the aristocracy. In Vienna, perhaps the most important location in
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had, by the 18th century, a standard structure of three contrasting movements: fast, slow, fast and dance-like. It is this form that is often considered as the direct forerunner of the orchestral symphony. The terms "overture", "symphony" and "sinfonia" were widely regarded as interchangeable for
402:
LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson's article traces the gradual expansion of the symphonic orchestra through the 18th century. At first, symphonies were string symphonies, written in just four parts: first violin, second violin, viola, and bass (the bass line was taken by cello(s), double bass(es)
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In the 17th century, pieces scored for large instrumental ensemble did not precisely designate which instruments were to play which parts, as is the practice from the 19th century to the current period. When composers from the 17th century wrote pieces, they expected that these works would be
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A concern with unification of the traditional four-movement symphony into a single, subsuming formal conception had emerged in the late 19th century. This has been called a "two-dimensional symphonic form", and finds its key turning point in
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playing the part an octave below, and perhaps also a bassoon). Occasionally the early symphonists even dispensed with the viola part, thus creating three-part symphonies. A basso continuo part including a bassoon together with a
302:, Op. 10, published in 1629 and 1647, respectively. Except for Viadana's collection, which contained purely instrumental and secular music, these were all collections of sacred vocal works, some with instrumental accompaniment.
92:. Although the term has had many meanings from its origins in the ancient Greek era, by the late 18th century the word had taken on the meaning common today: a work usually consisting of multiple distinct sections or
1207:'s Symphonies No. 4, Op. 165, No. 7, "Nanga Parvat", Op. 175, No. 14, "Ararat", Op. 194, and No. 23, "Ani", Op. 249, composed in 1958, 1959, 1961, and 1972 respectively;
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Alongside this experimentation, other 20th-century symphonies deliberately attempted to evoke the 18th-century origins of the genre, in terms of form and even musical style, with prominent examples being
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399:, found that when the Morzin household was in Vienna, his own orchestra was only part of a lively and competitive musical scene, with multiple aristocrats sponsoring concerts with their own ensembles.
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The first additions to this simple ensemble were a pair of horns, occasionally a pair of oboes, and then both horns and oboes together. Over the century, other instruments were added to the classical
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From the mid-20th century into the 21st there has been a resurgence of interest in the symphony with many postmodernist composers adding substantially to the canon, not least in the United
Kingdom:
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1287:. Additionally, in common usage, a person may say they are going out to hear a symphony perform, a reference to the orchestra and not the works on the program. These usages are not common in
139:, which contains all the instrument parts. Orchestral musicians play from parts which contain just the notated music for their own instrument. Some symphonies also contain vocal parts (e.g.,
1235:, composed in 1988, and his Symphony No. 2 "The Big Apple", composed in 1993; Yasuhide Ito's Symphony in Three Scenes 'La Vita', composed in 1998, which is his third symphony for wind band;
368:. However, if a bigger budget was available for a performance and a larger sound was required, a basso continuo group might include multiple chord-playing instruments (harpsichord,
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appeared to have displaced the symphony as the leading form of large-scale instrumental music. However, Liszt also composed two programmatic choral symphonies during this time,
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part for a sinfonia would not specify which instruments would play the part. A performance of the piece might be done with a basso continuo group as small as a single cello and
740:(1822), Schubert completed only the first two movements; this highly Romantic work is usually called by its nickname "The Unfinished". His last completed symphony, the
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symphonies. The combination of bass drum, triangle, and cymbals (sometimes also: piccolo), which 18th-century composers employed as a coloristic effect in so-called "
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declared that all of these post-Beethoven symphonies were no more than an epilogue, offering nothing substantially new. Indeed, after
Schumann's last symphony, the
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work, featuring instrumental imitations of bird calls and a storm; and, unconventionally, a fifth movement (symphonies usually had at most four movements). His
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2037:"Peter Seabourne's Symphony of Roses is given a triumphant world premiere by the Biel Solothurn Theatre Orchestra, Switzerland conducted by Kaspar Zehnder"
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There remained, however, certain tendencies. Designating a work a "symphony" still implied a degree of sophistication and seriousness of purpose. The word
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802:, to be performed out of doors, and is an early example of a band symphony. Berlioz later added optional string parts and a choral finale. In 1851,
191:), "harmonious". The word referred to a variety of different concepts before ultimately settling on its current meaning designating a musical form.
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The
Symphonic Repertoire, Volume IV: The Second Golden Age of the Viennese Symphony: Brahms, Bruckner, Dvořák, Mahler, and Selected Contemporaries
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has surpassed the number of symphonies written by Haydn, with 116 symphonies. The greatest number of symphonies to date has been composed by the
885:. Trombones, which had previously been confined to church and theater music, came to be added to the symphonic orchestra, notably in Beethoven's
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Bowman, Carl Byron. 1971. "The
Ecclesiastiche Sinfonie (Opus 16) of Adriano Banchieri (1568–1634)". Ph.D. diss. New York: New York University.
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In the sense of "sounding together", the word begins to appear in the titles of some works by 16th- and 17th-century composers including
861:—works which largely avoided the programmatic elements of Berlioz and Liszt and dominated the concert repertory for at least a century.
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was composed in 1906 and is nicknamed the "Symphony of a
Thousand" because of the large number of voices required to perform the work.
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917:, completed in 1896, is one of the longest regularly performed symphonies at around 100 minutes in length for most performances. The
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1215:'s 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th symphonies, composed in 1979, 1988, 1992, and 1994 respectively; eight of the ten numbered symphonies of
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After those early efforts, few symphonies were written for wind bands until the 20th century when more symphonies were written for
829:. If the symphony had otherwise been eclipsed, it was not long before it re-emerged in a "second age" in the 1870s and 1880s, with
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2009:
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The
Symphonic Repertoire, Volume III, Part B: The European Symphony from ca. 1800 to ca. 1930: Great Britain, Russia, and France
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The
Symphonic Repertoire, Volume III, Part A: The European Symphony from ca. 1800 to ca. 1930: Germany and the Nordic Countries
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1172:) for large wind ensemble even earlier, in 1815, for ceremonies associated with the reburial of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
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2450:
Grimley, Daniel M. (2013). "Symphony/Antiphony: Formal
Strategies in the Twentieth-Century Symphony". In Julian Horton (ed.).
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Beethoven's Ninth is not the first choral symphony, though it is surely the most celebrated one. Beethoven was anticipated by
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1744:("Battle Symphony"), which includes a concluding chorus and was written in 1814, ten years before Beethoven's Ninth. Source:
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The
Symphonic Repertoire, Volume II: The First Golden Age of the Viennese Symphony: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert
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528:
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2743:, edited by Julian Horton, 268–284. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
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Vande
Moortele, Steven. 2013. "'Two-dimensional' Symphonic Forms: Schoenberg's Chamber Symphony, Before and After". In
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A list of selected major symphonies composed 1800–2005, with composers of 18th, 19th, 20th and 21st century symphonies
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The conjecture about the child Mozart's three-movement preference is made by Gärtner, who notes that Mozart's father
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was used to describe various instruments, especially those capable of producing more than one sound simultaneously.
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2891:. Second Edition. Detroit Monographs in Musicology, Studies in Music 16. Warren, Michigan: Harmonie Park Press.
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than in past centuries. Although examples exist from as early as 1932, the first such symphony of importance is
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came into use to designate a work that is shorter, of more modest aims, or "lighter" than a symphony, such as
976:, Op. 9 (1909), which was followed in the 1920s by other notable single-movement German symphonies, including
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The Music of the Bible, with Some Account of the Development of Modern Musical Instruments from Ancient Types
2612:, third edition. Augener's Edition, no. 9183. London: Augener. Facsimile reprint, New York: AMS Press, 1971.
1279:. For some orchestras, "(city name) Symphony" provides a shorter version of the full name; for instance, the
940:, continued to write in the traditional four-movement form, while other composers took different approaches:
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Roméo et Juliette: Sinfonie dramatique: avec choeurs, solos de chant et prologue en récitatif choral, Op. 17
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Musique pour célébrer le Mémorie des Grands Hommes qui se sont Illustrés au Service de la Nation Française
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2415:, translated by J. Bradford Robinson. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press.
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2504:, second edition, revised, Joyce Bourne, associate editor. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
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1932:
956:, in one movement, split into twenty-two parts, detailing an eleven hour hike through the mountains and
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began writing long, large-scale symphonies that he continued composing into the early 20th century. His
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opening movement to a triumphant major-key finale provided a model adopted by later symphonists such as
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2454:. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 285–310.
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The 20th century saw further diversification in the style and content of works that composers labeled
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Elements of Sonata Theory : Norms, Types, and Deformations in the Late-Eighteenth-Century Sonata
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The Winds of Change: The Evolution of the Contemporary American Wind Band/Ensemble and Its Conductor
1981:
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This article is about the type of extended musical composition. For the large musical ensemble, see
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is perhaps the most famous symphony ever written; its transition from the emotionally stormy
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The most important symphonists of the latter part of the 18th century are Haydn, who wrote
372:, etc.) and a range of bass instruments, including cello, double bass, bass viol or even a
179:), meaning "agreement or concord of sound", "concert of vocal or instrumental music", from
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performed by whatever group of musicians were available. To give one example, whereas the
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2176:"Suspending Time and Figuring Out the Impossible—Remembering David Maslanka (1943-2017)"
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were used for a range of different compositions, including instrumental pieces used in
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453:, the three-movement symphony was the norm, perhaps under the influence of his friend
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was used in both of these senses, whereas by the 16th century it was equated with the
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210:), which was the word for "dissonance". In the Middle Ages and later, the Latin form
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and five movements instead of the customary four. His fourth and last symphony, the
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2014:
1511:
Le Haydine, ovvero Lettere su la vita e le opere del celebre maestro Giuseppe Haydn
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457:. An outstanding late example of the three-movement Classical symphony is Mozart's
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was the first to use the word symphonia as the name of a two-headed drum, and from
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The unknown composer has to pay to get his compositions played by a good symphony.
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2476:. Cambridge Music Handbooks. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
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since Beethoven solo sonatas are as often written in four as in three movements.
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430:), a pair of horns, and timpani. A keyboard continuo instrument (harpsichord or
404:
365:
357:
234:
117:
97:
964:—originally Op. 80, changed to Op. 180—composed in 1949–50, is in twenty-four.
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which altogether number about 30 to 100 musicians. Symphonies are notated in a
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1298:
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includes parts for vocal soloists and choir in the last movement, making it a
676:
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Eclesiastiche sinfonie, dette canzoni in aria francese, per sonare, et cantare
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2353:, associate editor Joyce Bourne. Oxford Music Online (Accessed 24 July 2008)
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3161:"List of symphonists, mostly active after 1800", compiled by Thanh-Tâm Lê:
2509:
LaRue, Jan. 1959. "A Union Thematic Catalogue of 18th Century Symphonies".
1837:
1255:
In some forms of English, the word "symphony" is also used to refer to the
2010:"BBCSSO/Runnicles review – MacMillan premiere and the raw power of Mahler"
1464:, §I.2, citing two scholarly catalogs listing over 13,000 distinct works:
516:
423:
349:
333:
327:
3148:
1183:'s Symphony No. 19, Op. 46, composed in 1939. Some further examples are
466:
The four-movement form that emerged from this evolution was as follows:
3112:. Phoenix Music Guides. Boston: Crescendo Publishers. SBN: 87597-018-4.
3070:
Thomson, Andrew. 2001. "Widor, Charles-Marie(-Jean-Albert)", 2. Works.
1168:
had composed his four-movement 'Commemoration' Symphony (also known as
1137:
496:
427:
100:. Symphonies are almost always scored for an orchestra consisting of a
2982:, fourth edition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
2805:. Partition de piano par Th. Ritter. Winterthur: J. Rieter-Biedermann.
1954:
515:
The composition of early symphonies was centred on Milan, Vienna, and
492:
449:'s first thirty symphonies are in three movements; and for the young
323:
250:
205:
186:
174:
105:
736:, two are core repertory items and are frequently performed. Of the
543:, while later significant Viennese composers of symphonies included
2962:
The Symphonic Repertoire, Volume I: The Eighteenth-Century Symphony
2435:. 2001. "Mozart (3): (Johann Chrysostum) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart".
782:
693:("Eroica") that expanded the scope and ambition of the genre. His
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486:
476:
431:
415:
353:
319:
113:
109:
2924:. Studies in Musical Genres and Repertoires. New York: Schirmer.
2657:, expanded edition. Princeton, New Jersey: Summy-Birchard Music.
781:. The latter is also a programme work and has both a march and a
2756:
Webster, James, and Georg Feder. 2001. "Haydn, (Franz) Joseph".
419:
369:
3124:
2592:. Revised edition. The Norton Library. New York: W. W. Norton.
1787:
1745:
1526:
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1481:
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384:
LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson write in the second edition of
2810:
Berlioz's Orchestration Treatise: A Translation and Commentary
2655:
Structure & Style: The Study and Analysis of Musical Forms
2520:
A Catalogue of 18th-Century Symphonies, i: Thematic Identifier
1958:
1280:
763:
favored programmatic works, including his "dramatic symphony"
395:, taking up his first job as a music director in 1757 for the
1283:
gives "Vancouver Symphony" as a possible abbreviated form of
865:
is, for instance, the scoring used in Beethoven's symphonies
199:
180:
168:
3046:
Wind Instruments – Sumponyah; Sampunia; Sumphonia; Symphonia
1569:
Count taken from Graham Parkes, "The symphonic structure of
584:
437:
The "Italian" style of symphony, often used as overture and
310:
In the 17th century, for most of the Baroque era, the terms
2876:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
360:
and other specific instruments, in a 17th-century work, a
2702:
From Psalm to Symphony: A History of Music in New England
194:
In late Greek and medieval theory, the word was used for
3135:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 290–291.
1402:. Cambridge University Press. 8 June 2006. p. 98.
1607:
and other older composers already preferred four. See
1032:
In the first half of the century, composers including
3052:, new edition. London: Novello; New York: H. W. Gray.
2366:. Galesville, Maryland: Meredith Music Publications.
2964:. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press.
2846:. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press.
2831:. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press.
2552:
The NPR Guide to Building a Classical CD Collection
2196:"Julie Giroux: A Wind Band is a Box of 168 Crayons"
568:
at least 106 symphonies over the course of 36 years
2861:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
1928:"Contemporary Composer – Sir Peter Maxwell Davies"
1577:Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra: Before Sunrise
1195:'s Symphony No. 4 "West Point", composed in 1952;
3028:The Symphony, Volume II: Elgar to the Present Day
2997:. Farnham, Surrey; Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate.
2960:Morrow, Mary Sue, and Bathia Churgin, eds. 2012.
2064:"Sawyers Symphony No 3. Songs of Loss and Regret"
744:(1826) is a massive work in the Classical idiom.
531:. Early exponents of the form in Vienna included
2679:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
2554:, second edition. New York: Workman Publishing.
1227:(although she is currently working on a sixth);
407:or other chording instrument was also possible.
257:from the late 16th century to the 18th century.
3073:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2759:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2723:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2590:Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary
2572:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2534:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2438:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2392:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
1955:"Prom 27: Robin Holloway, Strauss & Brahms"
1708:
1706:
1611:John Christian Bach: Mozart's Friend and Mentor
1143:, whose list of works includes 371 symphonies.
905:Late-Romantic, modernist and postmodernist eras
387:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2635:(expanded ed.). London: Faber and Faber.
2441:, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and
2243:"James Stephenson Wins 2017 NBA Revelli Award"
1823:
1199:'s Symphony No. 6, Op. 69, composed in 1956;
8:
2995:Tchaikovsky's Pathétique and Russian Culture
272:, published in 1597 and 1615, respectively;
1381:
1379:
667:Performed by the Skidmore College Orchestra
2904:The American Wind Band: A Cultural History
1697:
2704:. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
2610:Applied Forms: A Sequel to 'Musical Form'
1898:
1886:
1768:
96:, often four, with the first movement in
3145:"A Chronology of the Symphony 1730–2005"
3094:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2531:, and Charles Wilson. 2001. "Symphony".
2474:Tchaikovsky, Symphony No. 6 (Pathétique)
2150:
1712:
1539:Hepokoski, James; Darcy, Warren (2006).
984:'s Chamber Symphony, Op. 25 (1923), and
34:
3013:The Symphony, Volume I: Haydn to Dvořák
2906:. Chicago, Illinois: GIA Publications.
2872:Brown, A. Peter with Brian Hart. 2008.
2741:The Cambridge Companion to the Symphony
2452:The Cambridge Companion to the Symphony
2217:"Denis Levaillant – Pachamama Symphony"
1910:
1874:
1685:
1637:
1422:
1353:
795:) was composed in 1840 for a 200-piece
3030:. Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books.
3015:. Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books.
2164:List of compositions by Alan Hovhaness
2043:. The Classical Reviewer. 13 July 2016
1788:LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson (2001)
1724:
1527:LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson (2001)
1494:LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson (2001)
1482:LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson (2001)
1462:LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson (2001)
1450:LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson (2001)
1434:
1233:Symphony No. 1 "The Lord of the Rings"
1157:Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale
810:composed in 1850, for two decades the
788:Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale
684:At the beginning of the 19th century,
674:
2349:, second edition, revised, edited by
2263:"2018 Sousa-ABA-Ostwald Award Winner"
1799:
1756:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1469:
1465:
1399:The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville
1385:
1211:'s Symphony No. 2, composed in 1972;
1203:'s Symphony No. 3, composed in 1958;
909:Towards the end of the 19th century,
519:. The Milanese school centred around
352:in a 19th-century work is scored for
7:
3092:The Symphony in the Age of Beethoven
2816:. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
1811:
1746:LaRue, Bonds, Walsh, and Wilson 2001
1073:century who fulfil this measure are
330:—usually part of a larger work. The
16:Type of extended musical composition
2215:Vagne, Thierry (17 February 2016).
1838:"Stravinsky's Symphony in C (1940)"
2116:"The (Mis)numbering of symphonies"
675:Problems playing these files? See
572:at least 47 symphonies in 24 years
300:Symphoniarum sacrarum secunda pars
14:
2695:(pbk) (accessed 27 January 2015).
2130:"Commemoration Symphony (Reicha)"
2041:theclassicalreviewer.blogspot.com
1251:Other modern usages of "symphony"
617:Second movement: Andante con moto
376:, an early bass wind instrument.
288:, Op. 18, published in 1610; and
270:Symphoniae sacrae, liber secundus
3157:The Symphony – Interactive Guide
2949:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
2940:The Nine Symphonies of Beethoven
2676:The Symphony: A Listener's Guide
2267:American Bandmasters Association
1301:
948:, his last, is in one movement,
657:
639:
635:Third movement: Scherzo. Allegro
621:
603:
599:First movement: Allegro con brio
3044:, and Francis W Galpin. 1914. "
2980:The Harvard Dictionary of Music
2922:The Nineteenth-Century Symphony
2783:Ballantine, Christopher. 1983.
2279:
1980:Bratby, Richard (17 May 2018).
2502:The Oxford Dictionary of Music
2347:The Oxford Dictionary of Music
1513:(Second ed.). p. 66.
1241:Symphony No. 3 'Circus Maximus
1:
2527:LaRue, Jan, Mark Evan Bonds,
2008:Ashley, Tim (4 August 2015).
1573:: a preliminary outline", in
280:, Op. 16, published in 1607;
219:
3076:, second edition, edited by
2762:, second edition, edited by
2726:, second edition, edited by
2575:, second edition, edited by
2569:. 2001b. "Berlioz, Hector".
2537:, second edition, edited by
2395:, second edition, edited by
1285:Vancouver Symphony Orchestra
1095:Symphony of Three Orchestras
928:. Some composers, including
549:Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf
529:Giovanni Battista Lampugnani
527:, Ferdinando Galimberti and
521:Giovanni Battista Sammartini
237:. In late medieval England,
206:
187:
175:
3059:. Second edition. Pearson.
3026:Simpson, Robert, ed. 1967.
2785:Twentieth Century Symphony.
2362:Battisti, Frank L. (2002).
2336:(accessed 27 January 2015).
1613:. Hal Leonard Corporation.
1342:Symphonies for concert band
1189:Symphony in B-flat for Band
1147:Symphonies for concert band
53:Sinfonieorchester Wuppertal
3222:
2945:Layton, Robert, ed. 1993.
2633:: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven
1327:List of symphony composers
1099:Pelle Gudmundsen-Holmgreen
998:Symphony No. 1 "Classical"
980:'s First Symphony (1921),
753:thirteen string symphonies
594:Beethoven's Symphony No. 5
344:much of the 18th century.
282:Lodovico Grossi da Viadana
200:
181:
169:
25:
18:
2947:Companion to the Symphony
2902:Hansen, Richard K. 2005.
1579:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1371:(online version ed.)
1368:Oxford English Dictionary
1265:Boston Symphony Orchestra
1261:London Symphony Orchestra
533:Georg Christoph Wagenseil
380:Galant and classical eras
28:Symphony (disambiguation)
3055:Stedman, Preston. 1992.
2993:Ritzarev, Marina. 2014.
2550:Libbey, Theodore. 1999.
2500:. 2006a. "Sinfonietta".
2413:Nineteenth-Century Music
2286:for 'symphony orchestra'
775:and the highly original
747:Of the early Romantics,
653:Fourth movement: Allegro
225:to 1377 the French form
149:Mahler's Second Symphony
3132:Encyclopædia Britannica
2857:Brown, A. Peter. 2007.
2842:Brown, A. Peter. 2007.
2827:Brown, A. Peter. 2002.
2808:Berlioz, Hector. 2002.
2787:London: Dennis Dobson.
2720:. 2001. "Sinfonietta."
2522:. Bloomington, Indiana.
2355:(subscription required)
2333:Encyclopædia Britannica
1609:Gärtner, Heinz (1994).
1571:Also sprach Zarathustra
1547:Oxford University Press
1221:five symphonies to date
751:(five symphonies, plus
249:was a generic term for
86:Western classical music
3204:Classical music styles
2887:Cuyler, Louise. 1995.
2588:Marcuse, Sybil. 1975.
2136:Wind Repertory Project
2095:www.derekbourgeois.com
1698:Eisen & Sadie 2001
1575:Luchte, James (2011).
1309:Classical music portal
1132:(6). British composer
974:Chamber Symphony No. 1
589:
434:) remained an option.
73:
2389:. 2001. "Symphonia".
2301:Mary Margaret McBride
1854:10.1093/mq/xxvii.1.20
1842:The Musical Quarterly
1591:. Excerpts online at
1154:originally wrote the
778:Symphonie fantastique
769:, the viola symphony
588:
545:Johann Baptist Wanhal
455:Johann Christian Bach
155:Etymology and origins
38:
3084:. London: Macmillan.
2942:. London: Heinemann.
2770:. London: Macmillan.
2734:. London: Macmillan.
2583:. London: Macmillan.
2545:. London: Macmillan.
2511:Fontes Artis Musicae
2445:. London: Macmillan.
2403:. London: Macmillan.
1836:BABITZ, SOL (1941).
1243:, composed in 2004;
1191:, composed in 1951;
1110:Peter Maxwell Davies
537:Wenzel Raimund Birck
229:was the name of the
163:is derived from the
26:For other uses, see
2976:Randel, Don Michael
2718:Temperley, Nicholas
2631:The Classical Style
2470:Jackson, Timothy L.
2387:Brown, Howard Mayer
2269:. 20 December 2018.
2204:. 16 December 2020.
1982:"Natural selection"
1824:Vande Moortele 2013
1625:Excerpts online at
1197:Vincent Persichetti
1070:Dmitri Shostakovich
1000:of 1916–17 and the
960:'s Symphony No. 9,
934:Sergei Rachmaninoff
930:Dmitri Shostakovich
793:Symphonie militaire
791:(originally titled
570:, and Mozart, with
541:Georg Matthias Monn
82:musical composition
64:Heinz Walter Florin
49:Kölner Philharmonie
2700:Tawa, Nicholas E.
2671:Steinberg, Michael
2518:LaRue, Jan. 1988.
1322:Curse of the ninth
1277:New World Symphony
1269:St. Louis Symphony
1209:John Barnes Chance
1181:Nikolai Myaskovsky
1103:Symphony/Antiphony
988:'s 1926 Symphony.
590:
216:Isidore of Seville
74:
3151:on 4 August 2015.
3100:978-0-521-86261-5
3065:978-0-13-880055-0
3036:978-0-140-20773-6
3021:978-0-140-20772-9
3003:978-1-4724-2411-2
2970:978-0-253-35640-6
2955:978-0-671-71014-9
2930:978-0-028-71105-8
2897:978-0-899-90072-8
2882:978-0-253-34897-5
2867:978-0-253-33488-6
2852:978-0-253-34801-2
2837:978-0-253-33487-9
2710:978-1-55553-491-2
2693:978-0-19-512665-5
2685:978-0-19-506177-2
2421:978-0-520-07644-0
2251:. 4 January 2018.
2184:. 31 August 2017.
1926:(14 March 2016).
1742:Schlacht-Sinfonie
1507:Carpani, Giuseppe
1409:978-1-139-45616-6
1201:Vittorio Giannini
970:Arnold Schoenberg
766:Roméo et Juliette
749:Felix Mendelssohn
662:
644:
626:
608:
295:Symphoniae sacrae
286:Sinfonie musicali
274:Adriano Banchieri
266:Sacrae symphoniae
262:Giovanni Gabrieli
88:, most often for
39:A performance of
3211:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3152:
3147:. Archived from
3136:
3128:
3126:"Symphony"
3088:Wyn Jones, David
2918:Holoman, D. Kern
2812:, translated by
2771:
2752:
2735:
2713:
2696:
2666:
2646:
2621:
2601:
2584:
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2523:
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2498:Kennedy, Michael
2493:
2465:
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2424:
2404:
2382:
2377:
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2356:
2337:
2312:
2311:
2293:
2287:
2282:, definition 5d:
2277:
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2005:
1999:
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1996:
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1977:
1971:
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1968:
1966:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
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1924:Whittall, Arnold
1920:
1914:
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1866:
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1754:
1748:
1738:Peter von Winter
1734:
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1388:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1358:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1273:Houston Symphony
1245:Denis Levaillant
1062:Sergei Prokofiev
1054:Bohuslav Martinů
1019:Sergei Prokofiev
994:Sergei Prokofiev
772:Harold en Italie
664:
663:
646:
645:
628:
627:
610:
609:
587:
525:Antonio Brioschi
340:Italian overture
224:
221:
209:
203:
202:
198:, as opposed to
190:
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171:
72:
61:
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3189:
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3139:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3106:Young, Percy M.
3009:Simpson, Robert
2936:Hopkins, Antony
2799:Berlioz, Hector
2779:
2777:Further reading
2774:
2755:
2738:
2716:
2699:
2669:
2649:
2643:
2624:
2606:Prout, Ebenezer
2604:
2587:
2567:Macdonald, Hugh
2565:
2549:
2526:
2517:
2508:
2496:
2468:
2462:
2449:
2427:
2407:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2361:
2354:
2351:Michael Kennedy
2340:
2328:Mannheim School
2325:
2321:
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2221:vagnethierry.fr
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2074:
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2062:Rickards, Guy.
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2020:
2018:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
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1979:
1978:
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1964:
1962:
1961:. 4 August 2011
1953:
1952:
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1549:. p. 320.
1538:
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1410:
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1395:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1317:Choral symphony
1307:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1289:British English
1253:
1237:John Corigliano
1149:
1134:Derek Bourgeois
1126:Peter Seabourne
1122:James MacMillan
1079:Igor Stravinsky
1050:Igor Stravinsky
1006:Igor Stravinsky
954:Alpine Symphony
950:Richard Strauss
919:Eighth Symphony
907:
757:Robert Schumann
738:Eighth Symphony
723:choral symphony
682:
681:
673:
671:
670:
669:
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665:
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655:
649:
648:
647:
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637:
631:
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629:
622:
619:
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595:
591:
585:
580:
557:Mannheim school
553:Leopold Hofmann
509:
460:Prague Symphony
382:
308:
290:Heinrich Schütz
222:
157:
80:is an extended
66:
55:
45:Eighth Symphony
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3191:
3190:
3187:
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3159:
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3137:
3119:
3118:External links
3116:
3114:
3113:
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3068:
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2991:
2973:
2958:
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2840:
2825:
2814:Hugh Macdonald
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2626:Rosen, Charles
2622:
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2560:978-0761104872
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2409:Dahlhaus, Carl
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1946:
1915:
1913:, p. 287.
1903:
1899:Steinberg 1995
1891:
1887:Temperley 2001
1879:
1867:
1828:
1816:
1814:, p. 352.
1804:
1792:
1773:
1771:, §3: 1831–42.
1769:Macdonald 2001
1761:
1759:, p. 521.
1749:
1729:
1717:
1702:
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1664:, p. 249.
1654:
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1642:
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1586:978-1441118455
1585:
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1427:
1425:, p. 501.
1415:
1408:
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1352:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1337:Piano symphony
1334:
1332:Organ symphony
1329:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1296:
1293:
1252:
1249:
1217:David Maslanka
1205:Alan Hovhaness
1185:Paul Hindemith
1152:Hector Berlioz
1148:
1145:
1141:Leif Segerstam
1130:Philip Sawyers
1118:David Matthews
1114:Robin Holloway
1091:Elliott Carter
1066:Rued Langgaard
1058:Roger Sessions
958:Alan Hovhaness
946:Symphony No. 7
915:Third Symphony
906:
903:
831:the symphonies
815:symphonic poem
804:Richard Wagner
719:Symphony No. 9
711:Symphony No. 6
695:Symphony No. 5
691:Third Symphony
672:
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561:Johann Stamitz
508:
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362:basso continuo
307:
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156:
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145:Ninth Symphony
102:string section
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3078:Stanley Sadie
3075:
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3042:Stainer, John
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2793:0-234-72042-5
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2764:Stanley Sadie
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2539:Stanley Sadie
2536:
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2530:
2529:Stephen Walsh
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2490:0-521-64676-6
2487:
2483:
2482:0-521-64111-X
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2461:9781107469709
2457:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2433:Stanley Sadie
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2397:Stanley Sadie
2394:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2373:9780634045226
2369:
2365:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2341:Anon. 2008. "
2339:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2297:Paul Whiteman
2292:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2153:, p. 42.
2152:
2151:Battisti 2002
2147:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1989:
1988:
1987:The Spectator
1983:
1976:
1973:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1829:
1826:, 269, 284n9.
1825:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1727:, p. 40.
1726:
1721:
1718:
1715:, p. 265
1714:
1713:Dahlhaus 1989
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1640:, p. 26.
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:, or Miami's
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:Johan de Meij
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:military band
1159:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1097:, 1976), and
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:Luciano Berio
1080:
1076:
1075:Jean Sibelius
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:Jean Sibelius
1039:
1038:Gustav Mahler
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1003:
1002:Symphony in C
999:
995:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:Jean Sibelius
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
920:
916:
912:
911:Gustav Mahler
904:
902:
900:
899:Turkish music
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:
822:
821:
816:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:military band
798:
794:
790:
789:
784:
780:
779:
774:
773:
768:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
680:
678:
654:
636:
618:
600:
577:
575:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
523:and included
522:
518:
513:
505:
501:
498:
494:
490:
488:
484:
483:slow movement
480:
478:
474:
470:
469:
467:
464:
463:, from 1786.
462:
461:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
400:
398:
397:Morzin family
394:
389:
388:
379:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:double basses
355:
351:
345:
342:
341:
336:
335:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
305:
303:
301:
298:, Op. 6, and
297:
296:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
245:. In German,
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
217:
213:
208:
197:
192:
189:
177:
166:
162:
154:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
137:musical score
134:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
70:
65:
62:conducted by
59:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:Gustav Mahler
37:
33:
29:
22:
3149:the original
3130:
3109:
3091:
3082:John Tyrrell
3071:
3057:The Symphony
3056:
3049:
3027:
3012:
3011:, ed. 1967.
2994:
2979:
2961:
2946:
2939:
2921:
2903:
2889:The Symphony
2888:
2873:
2858:
2843:
2828:
2809:
2802:
2784:
2768:John Tyrrell
2757:
2740:
2732:John Tyrrell
2721:
2701:
2674:
2654:
2629:
2609:
2589:
2581:John Tyrrell
2570:
2551:
2543:John Tyrrell
2532:
2519:
2510:
2501:
2473:
2451:
2443:John Tyrrell
2436:
2429:Eisen, Cliff
2412:
2401:John Tyrrell
2390:
2363:
2346:
2331:
2326:Anon. n.d. "
2308:
2307:. xiv. 287.
2304:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2246:
2237:
2225:. Retrieved
2220:
2210:
2199:
2190:
2179:
2170:
2158:
2146:
2133:
2124:
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2067:
2057:
2045:. Retrieved
2040:
2031:
2019:. Retrieved
2015:The Guardian
2013:
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1985:
1975:
1963:. Retrieved
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1931:
1918:
1911:Grimley 2013
1906:
1894:
1882:
1875:Kennedy 2006
1870:
1848:(1): 20–25.
1845:
1841:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1764:
1752:
1741:
1732:
1720:
1693:
1686:Webster 2001
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1638:Jackson 1999
1633:
1610:
1599:
1576:
1570:
1565:
1541:
1534:
1510:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1457:
1437:, p. 7.
1430:
1423:Marcuse 1975
1418:
1398:
1392:
1366:
1356:
1254:
1225:Julie Giroux
1193:Morton Gould
1177:concert band
1174:
1169:
1166:Anton Reicha
1155:
1150:
1107:
1102:
1094:
1089:, 1968–69),
1046:Carl Nielsen
1034:Edward Elgar
1031:
1012:
1010:
1008:of 1938–40.
990:
966:
962:Saint Vartan
961:
938:Carl Nielsen
925:
923:
908:
863:
824:
818:
792:
786:
776:
770:
764:
746:
727:
715:programmatic
683:
578:Romantic era
565:
514:
510:
502:An allegro,
465:
459:
443:opera houses
436:
409:
401:
393:Joseph Haydn
385:
383:
346:
338:
331:
315:
311:
309:
299:
293:
285:
277:
269:
265:
259:
246:
238:
230:
226:
211:
193:
160:
158:
77:
75:
32:
2651:Stein, Leon
2248:NewMusicBox
2227:15 December
2223:(in French)
2201:NewMusicBox
2181:NewMusicBox
2091:"Catalogue"
1725:Libbey 1999
1435:Bowman 1971
1213:Alfred Reed
1023:Sinfonietta
1014:sinfonietta
986:Paul Dessau
982:Max Butting
847:Saint-Saëns
843:Tchaikovsky
506:, or sonata
471:An opening
405:harpsichord
366:harpsichord
306:Baroque era
235:hurdy-gurdy
231:organistrum
223: 1155
133:instruments
118:double bass
98:sonata form
67: [
56: [
3199:Symphonies
3193:Categories
3141:Gann, Kyle
2100:27 October
2069:Gramophone
1933:Gramophone
1800:Anon. 2008
1757:Rosen 1997
1662:Prout 1895
1650:Stein 1979
1620:0931340799
1556:0198033451
1470:LaRue 1988
1466:LaRue 1959
1386:Brown 2001
1363:"Symphony"
1348:References
978:Kurt Weill
926:symphonies
867:numbered 1
730:symphonies
677:media help
485:, such as
196:consonance
130:percussion
2687:(cloth);
2484:(cloth);
1862:0027-4631
1812:Tawa 2001
1674:Anon. n.d
1257:orchestra
1164:in 1840.
1128:(6), and
1105:, 1980).
1027:orchestra
808:"Rhenish"
686:Beethoven
559:included
499:with trio
439:entr'acte
424:clarinets
412:orchestra
328:concertos
255:virginals
247:Symphonie
227:symphonie
212:symphonia
207:diaphōnía
188:sýmphōnos
176:symphōnía
159:The word
141:Beethoven
94:movements
90:orchestra
21:Orchestra
3182:"P to Z"
3176:"K to O"
3170:"E to J"
3164:"A to D"
3110:Symphony
3090:. 2006.
2978:. 2003.
2938:. 1981.
2920:. 1996.
2801:. 1857.
2673:. 1995.
2653:. 1979.
2628:(1997).
2608:. 1895.
2513:6:18–20.
2411:. 1989.
2343:Symphony
2303:(1926).
1509:(1823).
1496:, §I.10.
1295:See also
1093:(in his
1087:Sinfonia
1085:(in his
835:Bruckner
812:Lisztian
797:marching
734:Schubert
517:Mannheim
428:bassoons
350:bassline
334:sinfonia
316:sinfonia
312:symphony
243:dulcimer
239:symphony
201:διαφωνία
182:σύμφωνος
170:συμφωνία
161:symphony
126:woodwind
78:symphony
2319:Sources
2284:ellipt.
2075:12 July
2047:12 July
2021:12 July
1993:12 July
1965:12 July
1939:12 July
1790:, II.1.
1605:Leopold
1529:, §I.4.
1484:, §I.2.
851:Borodin
761:Berlioz
728:Of the
699:C minor
497:scherzo
487:andante
477:allegro
374:serpent
324:sonatas
251:spinets
51:by the
47:in the
3108:1968.
3098:
3063:
3048:". In
3034:
3019:
3001:
2986:
2968:
2953:
2928:
2910:
2895:
2880:
2865:
2850:
2835:
2820:
2791:
2747:
2708:
2691:
2683:
2661:
2639:
2616:
2596:
2558:
2492:(pbk).
2488:
2480:
2472:1999.
2458:
2431:, and
2419:
2370:
2138:(Wiki)
1901:, 404.
1860:
1617:
1583:
1553:
1406:
1271:, the
1267:, the
1263:, the
1112:(10),
936:, and
893:, and
881:, and
859:Franck
857:, and
855:Dvořák
839:Brahms
755:) and
709:. His
707:Mahler
703:Brahms
555:. The
493:minuet
473:sonata
451:Mozart
416:flutes
354:cellos
332:opera
320:operas
268:, and
128:, and
116:, and
106:violin
1846:XXVII
1124:(5),
1120:(9),
1116:(1),
826:Dante
820:Faust
783:waltz
742:Ninth
713:is a
504:rondo
447:Haydn
432:piano
420:oboes
337:, or
167:word
165:Greek
147:, or
122:brass
114:cello
110:viola
71:]
60:]
3096:ISBN
3080:and
3061:ISBN
3032:ISBN
3017:ISBN
2999:ISBN
2984:ISBN
2966:ISBN
2951:ISBN
2926:ISBN
2908:ISBN
2893:ISBN
2878:ISBN
2863:ISBN
2848:ISBN
2833:ISBN
2818:ISBN
2789:ISBN
2766:and
2745:ISBN
2730:and
2706:ISBN
2689:ISBN
2681:ISBN
2659:ISBN
2637:ISBN
2614:ISBN
2594:ISBN
2579:and
2556:ISBN
2541:and
2486:ISBN
2478:ISBN
2456:ISBN
2417:ISBN
2399:and
2368:ISBN
2305:Jazz
2229:2020
2162:See
2134:The
2102:2023
2077:2020
2049:2020
2023:2020
1995:2020
1967:2020
1941:2020
1858:ISSN
1615:ISBN
1581:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1468:and
1404:ISBN
1160:for
1138:Finn
1101:(in
1068:and
1025:for
823:and
705:and
689:the
551:and
539:and
370:lute
326:and
314:and
253:and
2345:."
2330:".
2280:OED
1959:BBC
1850:doi
1740:'s
1281:OED
1239:'s
1231:'s
1223:by
1187:'s
1021:'s
1004:by
996:'s
972:'s
895:9th
891:6th
887:5th
833:by
732:by
495:or
475:or
441:in
292:'s
284:'s
276:'s
264:'s
233:or
151:).
143:'s
120:),
84:in
43:'s
3195::
3143:.
3129:.
2299:;
2265:.
2245:.
2219:.
2198:.
2178:.
2132:.
2093:.
2066:.
2039:.
2012:.
1984:.
1957:.
1930:.
1856:.
1844:.
1840:.
1776:^
1705:^
1545:.
1519:^
1442:^
1378:^
1365:,
1291:.
1219:;
1081:,
1077:,
1064:,
1060:,
1056:,
1052:,
1048:,
1044:,
1040:,
1036:,
1029:.
952:'
944:'
932:,
889:,
877:,
873:,
869:,
853:,
849:,
845:,
841:,
837:,
725:.
574:.
563:.
547:,
535:,
491:A
481:A
426:,
422:,
418:,
356:,
322:,
220:c.
124:,
112:,
108:,
76:A
69:de
58:de
3184:.
3178:.
3172:.
3166:.
3102:.
3067:.
3038:.
3023:.
3005:.
2990:.
2972:.
2957:.
2932:.
2914:.
2899:.
2884:.
2869:.
2854:.
2839:.
2824:.
2795:.
2751:.
2712:.
2665:.
2645:.
2620:.
2600:.
2464:.
2423:.
2376:.
2357:.
2231:.
2140:.
2118:.
2104:.
2079:.
2051:.
2025:.
1997:.
1969:.
1943:.
1889:.
1877:.
1864:.
1852::
1802:.
1700:.
1688:.
1676:.
1628:.
1623:.
1594:.
1589:.
1559:.
1472:.
1452:.
1412:.
883:8
879:7
875:4
871:2
679:.
204:(
185:(
173:(
104:(
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
