242:(the colored areas) to the areas of low concentration (clear areas). Second, large groups of predominantly positively charged or negatively charged particles will naturally repel each other. This is demonstrated by attempting to push the two positive poles or two negative poles of a magnet together. Depending on the strength of the magnet, the repulsion may be so strong that it is impossible to push the magnets together unless aided by machinery. Proton-motive force does work on the system by bringing ions back towards the epidermis of the root or surface of a root hair along with the protons. From the surface of the soil/root interface, specific carriers, like H+/K+ symporters allow the specific ions to come into the cell and the out the plasmodesmata/symporters/antiporters of the side of the cell facing away from the soil so that the essential element can make its way up the plant to the area it is needed so that it may supply the plant with important nutrients that are vital to the plant's being able to reach maturity.
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The reasons for this are twofold. For one, substances in nature have a tendency to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, as is evident by dropping a drop of food coloring in a glass of water. It does not aggregate, but begins to move from the highly concentrated areas
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along with sodium ions. It exploits the uphill movement of other molecules from low to high concentration, which is against the electrochemical gradient for the transport of solute molecules downhill from higher to lower concentration.
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Marine invertebrates use symporters to transport against strong chemical gradients. Amino acids and sugars are taken up from sea water in the presence of extracellular sodium and is driven by the NA/K-ATPase pump.
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transporter. Typically, the ion(s) will move down the electrochemical gradient, allowing the other molecule(s) to move against the concentration gradient. The movement of the ion(s) across the membrane is
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in the intestinal epithelium transports sodium ions (Na) and glucose across luminal membrane of the epithelial cells so that it can be absorbed into the bloodstream. This is the basis of
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that is involved in the transport of two (or more) different molecules across the cell membrane in the same direction. The symporter works in the
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is called a symporter, because the molecules will travel in the same direction in relation to each other. This is in contrast to the
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of the molecule(s). In symport, two molecule move in a 'similar direction' at the 'same time'. For example, the movement of
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transports 4 molecules of 3 different types; a sodium ion (Na), a potassium ion (K) and two chloride ions (2Cl).
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and molecules are transported across the cell membrane at the same time, and is, therefore, a type of
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359:Mechanisms for chemical transport through
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472:Non-specific, adsorptive pinocytosis
44:adding citations to reliable sources
293:Environmental Physiology of Animals
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272:Dr. S. N. Dey and cholera toxin
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492:Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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435:Primary active transport
314:Medical Subject Headings
191:oral rehydration therapy
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387:Facilitated diffusion
291:Willmer, Pat (2009).
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361:biological membranes
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236:proton-motive force
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351:Membrane transport
295:. Wiley-Blackwell.
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33:verification
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487:Potocytosis
482:Pinocytosis
459:Endocytosis
257:Cotransport
147:transporter
55:"Symporter"
507:Exocytosis
430:Antiporter
310:Symporters
278:References
252:Antiporter
217:furosemide
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425:Symporter
420:Uniporter
267:Uniporter
131:symporter
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402:Carriers
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246:See also
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96:May 2022
450:Cytosis
392:Osmosis
226:In the
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