47:
833:
The mucin clot test is a very old approach to determining if an inflammatory infiltrate is present. In this test, acetic acid is added to the synovial fluid specimen. In a normal specimen, this should lead to a congealing of the hyaluronic acid, forming a 'mucin clot.' If inflammation is present,
915:
When the two articulating surfaces of a synovial joint are separated from one other, the volume within the joint capsule is increased and a negative pressure results. The volume of synovial fluid within the joint is insufficient to fill the expanding volume of the joint and gases dissolved in the
280:
Synovial tissue is sterile and composed of vascularized connective tissue that lacks a basement membrane. Two cell types (type A and type B) are present: Type A is derived from blood monocytes, and it removes the wear-and-tear debris from the synovial fluid. Type B produces
885:(also known as calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease or, CPPD). These crystals are rod-shaped or rhomboids varying in length from 2 to 20 μm and with positive birefringence (blue with parallel light, yellow with perpendicular light).
328:. Chiefly, it is responsible for so-called boundary-layer lubrication, which reduces friction between opposing surfaces of cartilage. There also is some evidence that it helps regulate synovial cell growth.
825:
The cytological and biochemical analysis of human synovial fluid began around 1940 using cadaver-derived fluid and comparing characteristics to those of, for instance, bovine synovial fluid.
313:. Hyaluronan is synthesized by the synovial membrane and secreted into the joint cavity to increase the viscosity and elasticity of articular cartilages and to lubricate the surfaces between
246:
joints becomes thick the moment shear is applied in order to protect the joint and subsequently, thins to normal viscosity instantaneously to resume its lubricating function between shocks.
297:
characteristics; under conditions of sudden increase in pressure as in some kind of mechanical shock, its viscosity suddenly increases. Normal synovial fluid contains 3–4 mg/ml
1900:
Watson P, Kernoham WG, Mollan RAB. A study of the cracking sounds from the metacarpophalangeal joint. Proceedings of the
Institute of Mechanical Engineering 1989;203:109-118.
1173:
Bennike, Tue; Ayturk, Ugur; Haslauer, Carla M.; Froehlich, John W.; Proffen, Benedikt L.; Barnaby, Omar; Birkelund, Svend; Murray, Martha M.; Warman, Matthew L. (2014-09-03).
1131:
Bay-Jensen, A. C.; Sand, J. M. B.; Genovese, F.; Siebuhr, A. S.; Nielsen, M. J.; Leeming, D. J.; Manon-Jensen, T.; Karsdal, M. A. (2016-01-01), Karsdal, Morten A. (ed.),
263:
in the fluid against the synovial membrane forming a barrier against cells migrating into, or fluid migrating out of, the joint space. This function is dependent on the
1572:
1742:
614:
1012:. It is not recorded in general dictionaries, and medical dictionaries only explain its meaning, not its etymology, but it is apparently derived from the term
120:
215:) at the surface of cartilage and also seeps into microcavities and irregularities in the articular cartilage surface, filling all empty space. The fluid in
901:
crystals may be seen following therapeutic corticosteroid injection into the joint space. They appear blunt, jagged, and show variable birefringence.
1997:"Delineating biologic pathways involved in skeletal growth and homeostasis through the study of rare Mendelian diseases that affect bones and joints"
1628:"Delineating biologic pathways involved in skeletal growth and homeostasis through the study of rare Mendelian diseases that affect bones and joints"
1597:
Jay, GD; Britt, DE; Cha, CJ (March 2000). "Lubricin is a product of megakaryocyte stimulating factor gene expression by human synovial fibroblasts".
2373:
1698:
1152:
1110:
96:
187:
and secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity. Synovial fluid is an ultrafiltrate from plasma, and contains proteins derived from the
249:
nutrient and waste transportation — the fluid supplies oxygen and nutrients and removes carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the
1829:
1333:
Christorpher, GF (2014-07-24). "The role of protein content on the steady and oscillatory shear rheology of model synovial fluids".
1309:
1065:
219:
cartilage effectively serves as a synovial fluid reserve. During movement, the synovial fluid held in the cartilage is squeezed out
1967:
2074:
1718:
1632:
1758:
Ropes, Marian W.; Rossmeisl, Elsie C.; Bauer, Walter (November 1940), "The Origin and Nature of Normal HUman
Synovial Fluid",
293:
characteristics; the viscosity coefficient is not a constant and the fluid is not linearly viscous. Synovial fluid has anti-
2043:
1266:
115:
666:
920:) are liberated and quickly fill the empty space, leading to the rapid formation of a bubble. This process is known as
1739:
871:
or gouty arthritis and appear as needle-shaped negatively birefringent crystals varying in length from 2 to 20
2239:
633:
1576:
2047:
1274:
849:
2312:
2298:
1089:
Petty, Ross E. (2016-01-01), Petty, Ross E.; Laxer, Ronald M.; Lindsley, Carol B.; Wedderburn, Lucy R. (eds.),
1020:
was misunderstood and the word was erroneously reinterpreted as the plural of the previously non-existent term
875:. With negative birefringence, the crystals appear yellow in parallel light and blue with perpendicular light.
848:
Microscopic analysis of synovial fluid is performed to evaluate for cell count and crystals. Crystals include
497:
79:
2344:
2294:
2280:
2271:
676:
2340:
1500:
Hui, Alexander Y.; McCart, William J.; Masuda, Koichi; Firestein, Gary S.; Sah, Robert L. (Jan–Feb 2012).
801:
737:
613:
127:
103:
91:
2187:
2117:
1132:
1090:
878:
853:
360:
Synovial fluid may be classified into normal, noninflammatory, inflammatory, septic, and hemorrhagic:
2430:
2067:
1342:
707:
1575:. University of Washington Medicine - Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine. Archived from
1399:"Size selectivity of hyaluronan molecular sieving by extracellular matrix in rabbit synovial joints"
2248:
2124:
717:
682:
290:
172:
168:
164:
152:
2394:
2038:
1550:
712:
1376:
2368:
2289:
2285:
1883:
1835:
1825:
1787:
1694:
1608:
1531:
1482:
1432:
1358:
1315:
1305:
1247:
1204:
1148:
1106:
1071:
1061:
1009:
755:
184:
28:
2244:
2018:
2008:
1873:
1865:
1777:
1769:
1651:
1641:
1521:
1513:
1472:
1464:
1422:
1412:
1350:
1237:
1194:
1186:
1140:
1098:
939:
769:
671:
474:
264:
2435:
2172:
2060:
1955:
1854:"'Cracking joints'. A bioengineering study of cavitation in the metacarpophalangeal joint"
1746:
910:
687:
641:
310:
286:
163:–like consistency, the principal role of synovial fluid is to reduce friction between the
1502:"A Systems Biology Approach to Synovial Joint Lubrication in Health, Injury, and Disease"
891:
crystals are small and negatively birefringent. They are usually only detectable with an
335:
that remove microbes and the debris that results from normal wear and tear in the joint.
1346:
243:
2390:
2385:
2331:
2218:
2213:
2144:
2107:
2023:
1996:
1878:
1853:
1814:
1687:
1656:
1627:
1526:
1501:
1477:
1452:
1427:
1398:
1199:
1174:
1144:
1102:
1025:
1016:, i.e. the obfuscated etymology of mixed Greek and Latin elements of the singular term
917:
898:
892:
888:
861:
857:
629:
349:
156:
1782:
1714:
195:
secreted by fibroblast-like cells in the synovial membrane, lubricin (proteoglycan 4;
2424:
2363:
2129:
2097:
1979:
1760:
819:
191:
and proteins that are produced by cells within the joint tissues. The fluid contains
204:
2335:
2208:
2177:
1931:
1228:
1175:"A Normative Study of the Synovial Fluid Proteome from Healthy Porcine Knee Joints"
1008:
is a much more recent pseudo-Latin coinage for what is less confusingly called the
985:
791:
749:
661:
302:
250:
208:
200:
188:
1910:
1417:
1242:
1223:
84:
2308:
2234:
2162:
2157:
2149:
2112:
1599:
1403:
1278:
697:
656:
306:
294:
242:
properties, becoming more viscous under applied pressure; the synovial fluid in
1060:. The secrets series (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby. p. 19.
167:
of synovial joints during movement. Synovial fluid is a small component of the
2317:
2197:
1821:
980:
924:. Cavitation in synovial joints results in a high frequency 'cracking' sound.
921:
882:
840:
Complement factors are decreased in rheumatoid arthritis and lupus arthritis.
787:
692:
651:
520:
325:
298:
282:
268:
260:
239:
212:
192:
1839:
1319:
1075:
108:
2321:
2276:
2134:
2102:
1943:
976:
745:
412:
332:
254:
220:
216:
160:
1791:
1612:
1535:
1486:
1468:
1436:
1362:
1251:
1208:
1024:(perhaps in analogy to other plural terms for liquids such as "waters" for
1887:
991:
543:
Glucose (mg/dl) concentration in synovial fluid is nearly equal to serum.
2409:
2404:
1869:
314:
235:
231:
reduction of friction — synovial fluid lubricates the articulating joints
997:
2267:
1354:
1001:
because it resembles egg white in consistency and external appearance.
837:
Lactate is elevated in septic arthritis, usually above 250 mg/dL.
17:
1773:
1190:
1517:
796:
289:
and lubricin, proteinases, and collagenases. Synovial fluid exhibits
133:
818:
Glucose (mg/dl) concentration in synovial fluid is nearly equal to
2083:
2013:
1646:
872:
782:
621:
Many synovial fluid types are associated with specific diagnoses:
67:
348:
Synovial fluid may be collected by syringe in a procedure termed
223:
to maintain a layer of fluid on the cartilage surface (so-called
1397:
Sabaratnam S, Arunan V, Coleman PJ, Mason RM, Levick JR (2005).
868:
647:
365:
321:
196:
46:
2056:
834:
a mucin clot is not formed (the hyaluronic acid is degraded).
1549:
Hascall, Vincent C.; Laurent, Torvard C. (15 December 1997).
1377:"Synovial fluid - OrthopaedicsOne Articles - OrthopaedicsOne"
612:
963:
960:
954:
534:+ (S aureus & Streptococcus) - (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
27:"Synovia" redirects here. For the plural of synovium, see
2052:
1224:"The biology of lubricin: near frictionless joint motion"
945:
324:
as a second lubricating component, secreted by synovial
1693:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
951:
942:
259:
molecular sieving - pressure within the joint forces
1453:"Rheopexy of synovial fluid and protein aggregation"
1095:
Textbook of
Pediatric Rheumatology (Seventh Edition)
957:
183:
The inner membrane of synovial joints is called the
2353:
2257:
2227:
2090:
1032:for the synovial membrane, the non-Latinate plural
971:) came to English around 1640 (the anglicized form
948:
362:
207:cartilage and interstitial fluid filtered from the
114:
102:
90:
78:
66:
61:
56:
39:
1813:
1686:
1028:). If one insists on using this pseudo-Latin term
1097:, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, pp. 5–13.e2,
1685:Elizabeth D Agabegi; Agabegi, Steven S. (2008).
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
975:is first recorded in the mid 18th century) from
227:). The functions of the synovial fluid include:
1137:Biochemistry of Collagens, Laminins and Elastin
34:Fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints
2068:
1807:
1805:
1803:
364:Classification of synovial fluid in an adult
211:. This fluid forms a thin layer (roughly 50
8:
309:joined by alternating beta-1,4 and beta-1,3
305:composed of D-glucuronic acid and D-N-acetyl
2075:
2061:
2053:
45:
2022:
2012:
1946:in the Random House Unabridged Dictionary
1934:in the Collins Concise English Dictionary
1877:
1781:
1655:
1645:
1525:
1476:
1426:
1416:
1241:
1198:
1852:Unsworth A, Dowson D, Wright V (1971).
1048:
1816:Quick Compendium of Clinical Pathology
1457:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
867:Monosodium urate crystals are seen in
131:
36:
748:(viral, fungal, bacterial) including
7:
2039:Hyaluronan: structure and properties
1721:from the original on 18 January 2013
1689:Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series)
1551:"GlycoForum / Science of Hyaluronan"
1139:, Academic Press, pp. 203–233,
1133:"Chapter 31 - Structural Biomarkers"
1091:"Chapter 2 - Structure and Function"
742:Inflammatory bowel disease arthritis
1958:in the American Heritage Dictionary
1508:. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews.
1145:10.1016/b978-0-12-809847-9.00031-3
1103:10.1016/b978-0-323-24145-8.00002-8
1036:is better and less confusing than
352:, also known as joint aspiration.
25:
1970:in the Oxford Dictionaries Online
979:, where it was coined perhaps by
2001:Arthritis Research & Therapy
1982:in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1740:American College of Rheumatology
1633:Arthritis Research & Therapy
938:
567:Pigmented villonodular synovitis
301:(hyaluronic acid), a polymer of
1911:"What makes your knuckles pop?"
1300:McCracken, Thomas, ed. (2000).
519:
496:
473:
453:
433:
411:
391:
372:
371:
564:Degenerative (Osteo) arthritis
1:
604:Less of lubrication in joints
322:lubricin (also known as PRG4)
1717:. Family Practice Notebook.
1506:Systems Biology and Medicine
1418:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.088906
1243:10.1016/j.matbio.2014.08.008
1179:Journal of Proteome Research
766:Pyogenic bacterial infection
734:Systemic lupus erythematosus
667:Systemic lupus erythematosus
578:Systemic lupus erythematosus
285:. Synovial fluid is made of
928:Etymology and pronunciation
598:Pyogenic (Septic) arthritis
2452:
2240:Anatomical terms of motion
1745:September 5, 2004, at the
1302:New Atlas of Human Anatomy
1222:Jay GD, Waller KA (2014).
1056:West, Sterling G. (2015).
908:
679:(with possible hemorrhage)
634:degenerative joint disease
626:Noninflammatory (Group I)
199:) secreted by the surface
26:
2048:University College London
1820:(2nd ed.), Chicago:
1451:Oates, Katherine (2006).
1404:The Journal of Physiology
1275:University College London
1265:Edwards, Jo, ed. (2000).
850:monosodium urate crystals
155:found in the cavities of
126:
44:
2329:specialized/lower limbs:
2306:specialized/upper limbs:
1812:De Mais, Daniel (2009),
1267:"Normal Joint Structure"
725:Acute gout or pseudogout
704:Inflammatory (Group II)
547:Synovial fluid viscosity
320:Synovial fluid contains
234:shock absorption — as a
916:synovial fluid (mostly
806:Neuropathic arthropathy
677:Neuropathic arthropathy
515:Similar to blood level
492:Similar to blood level
2044:Normal joint structure
1796:and references therein
1469:10.1098/rsif.2005.0086
802:Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
738:Ankylosing spondylitis
618:
238:fluid, that possesses
128:Anatomical terminology
2188:Ball and socket joint
2118:Interosseous membrane
1715:"Lupus Anticoagulant"
1304:. China: MetroBooks.
1271:Notes on Rheumatology
881:crystals are seen in
879:Calcium pyrophosphate
854:calcium pyrophosphate
722:Acute rheumatic fever
616:
339:Clinical significance
1870:10.1136/ard.30.4.348
1058:Rheumatology secrets
708:Rheumatoid arthritis
601:Tubercular arthritis
592:Rheumatoid arthritis
2206:by range of motion:
1995:Warman, M. (2003).
1347:2014SMat...10.5965Z
1281:on 19 November 2012
763:Septic (Group III)
718:Psoriatic arthritis
683:Sickle-cell disease
572:Normal or decreased
561:Traumatic arthritis
369:
253:in the surrounding
225:weeping lubrication
173:extracellular fluid
169:transcellular fluid
165:articular cartilage
153:non-Newtonian fluid
1355:10.1039/C4SM00716F
713:Reactive arthritis
619:
363:
291:non-Newtonian flow
2418:
2417:
2369:Synovial membrane
2290:External rotation
2286:Internal rotation
1774:10.1172/JCI101182
1700:978-0-7817-7153-5
1626:Warman M (2003).
1341:(10): 5965–5973.
1191:10.1021/pr500587x
1185:(10): 4377–4387.
1154:978-0-12-809847-9
1112:978-0-323-24145-8
1010:synovial membrane
989:"with" and Latin
756:crystal synovitis
541:
540:
331:It also contains
185:synovial membrane
142:
141:
137:
29:synovial membrane
16:(Redirected from
2443:
2374:Fibrous membrane
2077:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2028:
2026:
2016:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1819:
1809:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1755:
1749:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1692:
1681:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1649:
1640:(Suppl 3): 5–7.
1623:
1617:
1616:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1518:10.1002/wsbm.157
1497:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1430:
1420:
1411:(Pt 2): 569–81.
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1277:. Archived from
1262:
1256:
1255:
1245:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1202:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1053:
970:
969:
966:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
770:Septic arthritis
672:Erythema nodosum
378:Non-inflammatory
370:
333:phagocytic cells
311:glycosidic bonds
265:molecular weight
151:, is a viscous,
134:edit on Wikidata
49:
37:
21:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2349:
2253:
2223:
2173:Condyloid joint
2086:
2081:
2035:
1994:
1991:
1989:Further reading
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1913:. 3 August 2000
1909:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1832:
1811:
1810:
1801:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1747:Wayback Machine
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1684:
1682:
1665:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1312:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1068:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1046:
941:
937:
930:
913:
911:Cracking joints
907:
905:Cracking joints
846:
831:
816:
811:
688:Hemochromatosis
642:Rheumatic fever
611:
589:Rheumatic fever
457:Colorless/straw
358:
346:
341:
317:and cartilage.
287:hyaluronic acid
278:
181:
157:synovial joints
138:
52:
51:A typical joint
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2449:
2447:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2423:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:extracapsular:
2398:
2397:
2391:Articular disk
2388:
2386:Synovial bursa
2383:
2381:Synovial fluid
2378:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2338:
2332:Plantarflexion
2325:
2324:
2315:
2302:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2214:Amphiarthrosis
2211:
2202:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2152:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2041:
2034:
2033:External links
2031:
2030:
2029:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1902:
1893:
1844:
1830:
1799:
1768:(6): 795–799,
1750:
1732:
1706:
1699:
1683:Table 6-6 in:
1663:
1618:
1607:(3): 594–600.
1589:
1564:
1541:
1492:
1442:
1389:
1368:
1325:
1310:
1292:
1257:
1229:Matrix Biology
1214:
1165:
1153:
1123:
1111:
1081:
1066:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1026:amniotic fluid
929:
926:
918:carbon dioxide
909:Main article:
906:
903:
899:Corticosteroid
893:Alizarin Red S
889:Hydroxyapatite
862:corticosteroid
858:hydroxyapatite
845:
842:
830:
827:
815:
812:
810:
809:
808:
807:
804:
799:
794:
785:
780:
774:
773:
772:
767:
761:
760:
759:
752:
743:
740:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
715:
710:
702:
701:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
644:
639:
636:
630:Osteoarthritis
623:
617:Synovial joint
610:
607:
606:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
580:
579:
569:
568:
565:
562:
559:
549:
548:
539:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
517:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
494:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
471:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
451:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
431:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
409:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
389:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
357:
356:Classification
354:
350:arthrocentesis
345:
342:
340:
337:
277:
274:
273:
272:
257:
247:
232:
180:
177:
147:, also called
145:Synovial fluid
140:
139:
130:
124:
123:
118:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
40:Synovial fluid
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2448:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:Joint capsule
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:Synchondrosis
2128:
2127:
2126:
2125:Cartilaginous
2123:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2014:10.1186/ar804
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:(4): 348–58.
1863:
1859:
1858:Ann Rheum Dis
1855:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1831:9780891895671
1827:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1761:J Clin Invest
1754:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1647:10.1186/ar804
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1590:
1579:on 2013-08-07
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1463:(6): 167–74.
1462:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1311:9781586630973
1307:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1067:9780323037006
1063:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
999:
994:
993:
988:
987:
982:
978:
974:
968:
935:
927:
925:
923:
919:
912:
904:
902:
900:
896:
894:
890:
886:
884:
880:
876:
874:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
843:
841:
838:
835:
828:
826:
823:
821:
813:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
789:
786:
784:
781:
778:
777:
775:
771:
768:
765:
764:
762:
757:
753:
751:
747:
744:
741:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
703:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
649:
645:
643:
640:
637:
635:
631:
628:
627:
625:
624:
622:
615:
608:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
587:
586:
584:
577:
576:
575:
573:
566:
563:
560:
557:
556:
555:
553:
546:
545:
544:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
522:
518:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
495:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
472:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
452:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
432:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
414:
410:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
390:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
367:
361:
355:
353:
351:
343:
338:
336:
334:
329:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:disaccharides
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
275:
270:
266:
262:
258:
256:
252:
248:
245:
241:
237:
233:
230:
229:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
178:
176:
174:
171:component of
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
135:
129:
125:
122:
119:
117:
113:
110:
107:
105:
101:
98:
95:
93:
89:
86:
83:
81:
77:
74:
71:
69:
65:
60:
55:
48:
43:
38:
30:
19:
2401:
2380:
2360:
2336:Dorsiflexion
2328:
2305:
2264:
2209:Synarthrosis
2205:
2196:
2178:Saddle joint
2143:
2004:
2000:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1917:20 September
1915:. Retrieved
1905:
1896:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1815:
1795:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1735:
1723:. Retrieved
1709:
1688:
1637:
1631:
1621:
1604:
1603:(abstract).
1598:
1592:
1581:. Retrieved
1577:the original
1567:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1460:
1456:
1445:
1408:
1402:
1392:
1382:20 September
1380:. Retrieved
1371:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1301:
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1279:the original
1270:
1260:
1233:
1227:
1217:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1158:, retrieved
1136:
1126:
1116:, retrieved
1094:
1084:
1057:
1051:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1003:
996:
990:
984:
972:
933:
931:
914:
897:
887:
877:
866:
847:
839:
836:
832:
824:
817:
792:coagulopathy
776:Hemorrhagic
750:Lyme disease
731:Polymyositis
662:Polymyositis
620:
582:
581:
571:
570:
551:
550:
542:
486:5,000-75,000
460:Straw/yellow
381:Inflammatory
359:
347:
330:
319:
279:
251:chondrocytes
224:
221:mechanically
209:blood plasma
201:chondrocytes
189:blood plasma
182:
148:
144:
143:
97:A03.0.00.031
72:
2431:Body fluids
2309:Protraction
2235:Kinesiology
2228:Terminology
2219:Diarthrosis
2163:Pivot joint
2158:Hinge joint
2150:Plane joint
2113:Syndesmosis
1600:J Rheumatol
1512:(1): 15–7.
1335:Soft Matter
983:from Greek
728:Scleroderma
698:Amyloidosis
657:Scleroderma
392:Volume (ml)
326:fibroblasts
307:glucosamine
295:thixotropic
276:Composition
244:diarthrotic
159:. With its
62:Identifiers
2425:Categories
2354:Components
2318:Supination
2313:Retraction
2299:Depression
2249:Antagonist
2198:synostosis
1968:"synovial"
1822:ASCP Press
1583:2013-02-04
1555:Glycoforum
1160:2020-10-18
1118:2020-10-18
1044:References
995:"egg" and
981:Paracelsus
922:cavitation
883:pseudogout
864:crystals.
844:Microscopy
788:Hemophilia
693:Acromegaly
652:pseudogout
521:Gram stain
489:>50,000
344:Collection
299:hyaluronan
283:hyaluronan
269:hyaluronan
261:hyaluronan
240:rheopectic
193:hyaluronan
2361:capsular:
2345:Inversion
2322:Pronation
2295:Elevation
2281:Abduction
2277:Adduction
2272:Extension
2135:Symphysis
2103:Gomphosis
2046:from the
1980:"synovia"
1956:"synovia"
1944:"synovia"
1932:"synovia"
1840:692198047
1320:850877694
1236:: 17–24.
1076:908716294
1034:synoviums
1004:The term
977:Neo-Latin
932:The term
829:Chemistry
746:Infection
609:Pathology
583:Decreased
483:<2,000
413:Viscosity
387:Bleeding
255:cartilage
217:articular
205:articular
179:Structure
161:egg white
2410:Enthesis
2405:Ligament
2395:Meniscus
2341:Eversion
2265:general:
2145:synovial
1792:16694795
1743:Archived
1719:Archived
1613:10743795
1573:"Joints"
1536:21826801
1487:16849228
1437:15961430
1363:24989639
1252:25172828
1209:25160569
1030:synovium
1022:synovium
1006:synovium
973:synovial
814:Analysis
646:Chronic
407:>3.5
315:synovium
236:dilatant
2268:Flexion
2258:Motions
2245:Agonist
2098:Fibrous
2024:2833794
1888:5557778
1879:1005793
1725:7 April
1657:2833794
1527:3593048
1478:1618490
1428:1474196
1343:Bibcode
1285:5 April
1200:4184458
1038:synovia
1018:synovia
1014:synovia
934:synovia
895:stain.
480:<200
434:Clarity
404:>3.5
401:>3.5
398:>3.5
395:<3.5
368:joint.
267:of the
203:of the
149:synovia
85:D013582
73:synovia
57:Details
18:Synovia
2436:Joints
2108:Suture
2084:Joints
2021:
1886:
1876:
1838:
1828:
1790:
1783:435014
1780:
1697:
1654:
1611:
1534:
1524:
1485:
1475:
1435:
1425:
1361:
1318:
1308:
1250:
1207:
1197:
1151:
1109:
1074:
1064:
797:Scurvy
783:Tumors
779:Trauma
758:(gout)
754:Acute
638:Trauma
558:Normal
552:Normal
512:>70
506:<25
503:<25
463:Yellow
449:Mixed
446:Opaque
443:Cloudy
384:Septic
375:Normal
2091:Types
2007:: 5.
1561:: A2.
1449:<
820:serum
537:None
509:50-70
498:Polys
466:Mixed
454:Color
440:Clear
437:Clear
426:Mixed
132:[
121:12277
68:Latin
1919:2016
1884:PMID
1836:OCLC
1826:ISBN
1788:PMID
1727:2013
1695:ISBN
1609:PMID
1532:PMID
1483:PMID
1433:PMID
1384:2016
1359:PMID
1339:2014
1316:OCLC
1306:ISBN
1287:2013
1248:PMID
1205:PMID
1149:ISBN
1107:ISBN
1072:OCLC
1062:ISBN
992:ovum
986:συν-
869:gout
860:and
648:gout
595:Gout
531:None
528:None
525:None
469:Red
429:Low
420:High
417:High
366:knee
197:PRG4
109:1535
92:TA98
80:MeSH
2184:3°
2169:2°
2154:1°
2019:PMC
2009:doi
1874:PMC
1866:doi
1778:PMC
1770:doi
1652:PMC
1642:doi
1522:PMC
1514:doi
1473:PMC
1465:doi
1423:PMC
1413:doi
1409:567
1351:doi
1238:doi
1195:PMC
1187:doi
1141:doi
1099:doi
998:-ia
650:or
500:(%)
477:/mm
475:WBC
423:Low
116:FMA
104:TA2
2427::
2017:.
2003:.
1999:.
1882:.
1872:.
1862:30
1860:.
1856:.
1834:,
1824:,
1802:^
1786:,
1776:,
1766:19
1764:,
1666:^
1650:.
1636:.
1630:.
1605:27
1557:.
1553:.
1530:.
1520:.
1504:.
1481:.
1471:.
1459:.
1455:.
1431:.
1421:.
1407:.
1401:.
1357:.
1349:.
1337:.
1314:.
1273:.
1269:.
1246:.
1234:39
1232:.
1226:.
1203:.
1193:.
1183:13
1181:.
1177:.
1147:,
1135:,
1105:,
1093:,
1070:.
1040:.
955:oʊ
873:μm
856:,
852:,
822:.
632:,
585::
574::
554::
213:μm
175:.
2393:/
2343:/
2334:/
2320:/
2311:/
2297:/
2288:/
2279:/
2270:/
2247:/
2147::
2076:e
2069:t
2062:v
2027:.
2011::
2005:5
1921:.
1890:.
1868::
1772::
1729:.
1703:.
1660:.
1644::
1638:5
1615:.
1586:.
1559:1
1538:.
1516::
1510:4
1489:.
1467::
1461:3
1439:.
1415::
1386:.
1365:.
1353::
1345::
1322:.
1289:.
1254:.
1240::
1211:.
1189::
1143::
1101::
1078:.
967:/
964:ə
961:i
958:v
952:n
949:ˈ
946:ɪ
943:s
940:/
936:(
790:/
271:.
136:]
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
