332:), and were used to monitor the quality of care at the patient, practice, and population levels. Since the data contained each patient's name and address, the system was also used to communicate directly with patients when the laboratory data indicated the need for attention. Out of control test results generated a letter to the patient suggesting they take action with their medical provider. Tests that were overdue generated reminders to have testing performed. The system also generated reminders and alerts with guideline-based advice for the practice as well as a periodic roster of each provider's patients and a report card summarizing the health status of the population. Clinical and economic evaluations of the system, including a large randomized
305:, are supposed to be routinely managed with frequent laboratory measurements. Since many laboratory results, at least in Europe and the US, are automatically processed by computerized laboratory information systems, the results are relatively easy to inexpensively collate in special purpose databases or disease registries. Unlike most syndromic surveillance systems, in which each record is assumed to be independent of the others, laboratory data in chronic conditions can be theoretically linked together at the individual patient level. If patient identifiers can be matched, a chronological record of each patient's laboratory results can be analyzed as well as aggregated to the population level.
255:, which was first released in 2008. Knowledge has also been used, though it is potentially prone to "noise", as it is a popular source of health information whether a user is ill or not. During the COVID-19 pandemic a new methodology has been developed to model COVID-19 prevalence based on web search activity. This methodology has also been used by Public Health England in the United Kingdom as one of their syndromic surveillance endpoints.
218:, closely matched CDC data, and led it by 1–2 weeks. However, it has been shown that the original approach behind Google Flu Trends had various modelling deficiencies leading to significant errors in its estimates. More recently, a series of more advanced linear and nonlinear approaches to influenza modeling from Google search queries have been proposed. Extending Google's work researchers from the Intelligent Systems Laboratory (
2650:
152:. According to a CDC definition, "the term 'syndromic surveillance' applies to surveillance using health-related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public health response. Though historically syndromic surveillance has been utilized to target investigation of potential cases, its utility for detecting outbreaks associated with
243:
Influenzanet. However the range of potential data sources suitable for disease surveillance has increased as different areas have become digitized; today school attendance records, hospital emergency admissions data and even sales data, can be used for syndromic surveillance purposes. Search trends provide indirect data on public health, while the latter two methods provide direct data.
336:, demonstrated improvements in adherence to practice guidelines and reductions in the need for emergency department and hospital services as well as total costs per patient. The system has been commercialized and distributed to physicians, insurers, employers and others responsible for the care of chronically ill patients. It is now being expanded to other conditions such as
2674:
2662:
58:
providers and medical records are reviewed in order to identify a specific disease or condition. Passive surveillance systems are less time-consuming and less expensive to run but risk under-reporting of some diseases. Active surveillance systems are most appropriate for epidemics or where a disease has been targeted for elimination.
366:
Laboratory surveillance differs from population-wide surveillance because it can only monitor patients who are already receiving medical treatment and therefore having lab tests done. For this reason, it does not identify patients who have never been tested. Therefore, it is more suitable for quality
351:
has linked additional patient services to the registry such as health information and improved access to health care services. As of early 2012, the registry contains over 10 million test results on 3.6 million individuals. Although intended to improve health outcomes and reduce the incidence of the
198:
attack could save many lives and potentially stop or slow the spread of the outbreak. The most effective syndromic surveillance systems automatically monitor these systems in real-time, do not require individuals to enter separate information (secondary data entry), include advanced analytical tools,
53:
practice." Public health surveillance may be used to track emerging health-related issues at an early stage and find active solutions in a timely manner. Surveillance systems are generally called upon to provide information regarding when and where health problems are occurring and who is affected.
263:
Examples of social media public health surveillance include HealthTweets, which gathers data from
Twitter. Twitter data is considered highly useful for public health research, as its data policies allow public access to 1% samples of raw tweets. Tweets can also be geolocated, which can be used to
242:
Digital surveillance of public health largely relies on a number of methods. The most important ones being the use of search-based trends on sites like Google and
Knowledge, social media posts on platforms like Facebook and Twitter, and participatory surveillance websites such as Flu Near You and
174:
outbreak as an example, once the outbreak begins to affect the population, some people may call in sick for work/school, others may visit their drug store and purchase medicine over the counter, others will visit their doctor's office and other's may have symptoms severe enough that they call the
57:
Public health surveillance systems can be passive or active. A passive surveillance system consists of the regular, ongoing reporting of diseases and conditions by all health facilities in a given territory. An active surveillance system is one where health facilities are visited and health care
126:
Systems that can automate the process of identifying adverse drug events, are currently being used, and are being compared to traditional written reports of such events. These systems intersect with the field of medical informatics, and are rapidly becoming adopted by hospitals and endorsed by
284:
are two examples of crowd-sourced digital surveillance systems. Both sites recruit users to participate in surveys about influenza symptoms. Influenzanet was established in 2009, and operates in ten countries in Europe. Its predecessor was Grote
Griepmeting, which was a Dutch/Belgian platform
186:
Syndromic surveillance systems monitor data from school absenteeism logs, emergency call systems, hospitals' over-the-counter drug sale records, Internet searches, and other data sources to detect unusual patterns. When a spike in activity is seen in any of the monitored systems disease
363:. Authorized by the Texas legislature and the state Health Department, the San Antonio Metropolitan Health District implemented the registry which drew results from all the major clinical laboratories in San Antonio. The program was discontinued in 2010 due to lack of funds.
312:-funded program called the Vermedx Diabetes Information System maintained a registry of laboratory values of diabetic adults in Vermont and northern New York State in the US with several years of laboratory results on thousands of patients. The data included measures of
2460:
268:, Facebook used aggregated, anonymized data collected from its platforms to provide human movement information to disease models. It also offered users a chance to participate in a disease symptom survey through
348:
2455:
2445:
308:
Laboratory registries allow for the analysis of the incidence and prevalence of the target condition as well as trends in the level of control. For instance, an
49:(WHO), "the continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data needed for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of
2495:
70:
1202:
347:, although unlike the Vermont Diabetes Information System, there are no provisions for patients to have their data excluded from the NYC database. The
462:
2528:
2500:
1540:
131:
in the United States). Issues in regard to healthcare improvement are evolving around the surveillance of medication errors within institutions.
2505:
1821:
2563:
2470:
1430:
1091:"Evaluating Google, Twitter, and Knowledge as Tools for Influenza Surveillance Using Bayesian Change Point Analysis: A Comparative Analysis"
2553:
2510:
2074:
1662:
285:
launched in 2003 and 2004. Flu Near You is used in the US. Another example of a surveillance sites is Dengue na Web, used to survey for
492:
White, Mary C.; Babcock, Frances; Hayes, Nikki S.; Mariotto, Angela B.; Wong, Faye L.; Kohler, Betsy A.; Weir, Hannah K. (2017-12-15).
1578:
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1816:
2485:
2435:
2247:
2144:
1905:
1806:
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1302:
264:
model the spread of contagious disease. It is the most used social media platform for public health surveillance. During the
1383:"The effect of the Vermont Diabetes Information System on inpatient and emergency room use: results from a randomized trial"
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2318:
2089:
631:
309:
2183:
1910:
676:
610:
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2134:
1947:
1935:
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2400:
2325:
1766:
1334:"The Vermont diabetes information system: a cluster randomized trial of a population based decision support system"
343:
A similar system, The New York City A1C Registry, is in used to monitor the estimated 600,000 diabetic patients in
269:
214:
in 2008. More flu-related searches are taken to indicate higher flu activity. The results, which were published in
176:
2385:
120:
2522:
2517:
2084:
1791:
1749:
1713:
1620:
412:
386:
199:
aggregate data from multiple systems, across geo-political boundaries and include an automated alerting process.
104:, which is monitors the incidence of cancers to determine the prevalence and possible causes of these illnesses.
74:
66:
46:
2666:
2360:
2059:
1771:
1667:
367:
management and care improvement than for epidemiological monitoring of an entire population or catchment area.
1203:"Facebook begins sharing more location data with COVID-19 researchers and asks users to self-report symptoms"
2631:
2558:
2390:
2129:
494:"The History and Use of Cancer Registry Data by Public Health Cancer Control Programs in the United States"
470:
2700:
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2626:
2405:
1615:
1526:
337:
2611:
2395:
1930:
1831:
1724:
1573:
223:
219:
1974:
551:"Automated surveillance for adverse drug events at a community hospital and an academic medical center"
2586:
2370:
2235:
2201:
2149:
1969:
1915:
1871:
1761:
1699:
1588:
1583:
1227:
881:
826:
769:
227:
180:
140:
94:
251:
Search aggregates have been most frequently used to track and model influenza. A popular example is
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2591:
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2164:
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1989:
1598:
317:
62:
2218:
1801:
1650:
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1153:
850:
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356:
123:
is conducted on these registries to determine governmental funding for research and prevention.
434:
115:, as well as social problems such as domestic violence, are increasingly being integrated into
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2375:
2303:
2252:
2026:
2006:
1994:
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302:
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211:
203:
996:
206:, who began work on such a system in 2004. Inspired by these early, encouraging experiences,
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2298:
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2069:
2044:
1856:
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1630:
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1465:
1402:
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1345:
1273:
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1254:"Diabetes decision support: initial experience with the Vermont diabetes information system"
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1001:
991:
951:
897:
889:
834:
777:
707:
570:
562:
521:
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426:
408:
215:
679:. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 13 January 2006. Archived from
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2308:
2111:
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2039:
1979:
1861:
1851:
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1754:
1739:
1694:
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376:
188:
101:
646:
885:
830:
773:
756:
Ginsberg J, Mohebbi MH, Patel RS, Brammer L, Smolinski MS, Brilliant L (February 2009).
2293:
2079:
2016:
2001:
1984:
1942:
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1478:
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1407:
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1333:
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1030:
1006:
979:
902:
869:
712:
695:
575:
550:
526:
493:
333:
1301:
Littenberg B, MacLean CD, Zygarowski K, Drapola BH, Duncan JA, Frank CR (March 2009).
814:
17:
2694:
2601:
2480:
2288:
2262:
2139:
2099:
2064:
2054:
2034:
1776:
1734:
1709:
1657:
1645:
1640:
1549:
854:
427:
344:
116:
50:
696:"Infodemiology: tracking flu-related searches on the web for syndromic surveillance"
2621:
2049:
1898:
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1603:
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360:
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90:
799:
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2313:
2011:
1920:
1883:
329:
321:
313:
1398:
1168:
1031:"Digital Disease Detection — Harnessing the Web for Public Health Surveillance"
145:
Syndromic surveillance is the analysis of medical data to detect or anticipate
61:
Techniques of public health surveillance have been used in particular to study
2242:
1964:
1349:
1107:
925:
680:
325:
202:
A syndromic surveillance system based on search queries was first proposed by
1469:
1269:
1054:
870:"Advances in nowcasting influenza-like illness rates using search query logs"
517:
2340:
2159:
1729:
1610:
838:
171:
164:
78:
1487:
1416:
1367:
1318:
1287:
1187:
1126:
1072:
1029:
Brownstein, John S.; Freifeld, Clark C.; Madoff, Lawrence C. (2009-05-21).
1015:
911:
846:
791:
721:
662:
584:
535:
2206:
1959:
1593:
1563:
1454:"New York City's diabetes reporting system helps patients and physicians"
1046:
980:"Social Media- and Internet-Based Disease Surveillance for Public Health"
149:
112:
1303:"The Vermedx Diabetes Information System reduces healthcare utilization"
782:
757:
566:
191:
and public health professionals are alerted that there may be an issue.
1878:
509:
231:
146:
893:
352:
complications of diabetes, a formal evaluation has not yet been done.
2173:
207:
108:
77:) that can track and monitor emerging outbreaks of illnesses such as
1501:
1158:
735:
677:"Syndromic Surveillance: an Applied Approach to Outbreak Detection"
2335:
549:
Kilbridge PM, Campbell UC, Cozart HB, Mojarrad MG (Jul–Aug 2006).
290:
128:
467:
World Health
Organization: Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals
2267:
1518:
82:
1522:
1332:
Maclean CD, Gagnon M, Callas P, Littenberg B (December 2009).
758:"Detecting influenza epidemics using search engine query data"
613:. webcitation.org. Archived from the original on June 24, 2003
86:
27:
Collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data
156:
is increasingly being explored by public health officials."
2461:
Committee on the
Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
1464:(9). Ajph.aphapublications.org: 1543–4, author reply 1544.
1089:
Sharpe JD, Hopkins RS, Cook RL, Striley CW (October 2016).
868:
Lampos V, Miller AC, Crossan S, Stefansen C (August 2015).
73:(CDC), have created databases and modern computer systems (
222:, UK) created Flu Detector; an online tool which based on
1231:
127:
institutions that oversee healthcare providers (such as
815:"The Parable of Google Flu: Traps in Big Data Analysis"
555:
Journal of the
American Medical Informatics Association
1140:
Lampos V, Majumder MS, Yom-Tov E, et al. (2021).
700:
AMIA ... Annual
Symposium Proceedings. AMIA Symposium
301:
Some conditions, especially chronic diseases such as
2579:
2538:
2425:
2414:
2351:
2276:
2192:
2120:
2025:
1830:
1556:
1252:MacLean CD, Littenberg B, Gagnon M (April 2006).
813:Lazer D, Kennedy R, King G, Vespignani A (2014).
163:attack may not be the definitive diagnosis of a
463:"Surveillance for Vaccine Preventable Diseases"
359:approved the deployment of an A1C registry for
1381:Khan S, Maclean CD, Littenberg B (July 2010).
926:"Flu Detector – Tracking Epidemics on Twitter"
1534:
978:Aiello AE, Renson A, Zivich PN (April 2020).
159:The first indications of disease outbreak or
107:Other illnesses such as one-time events like
8:
948:Flu Detector – Tracking Epidemics on Twitter
349:NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
2496:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2422:
1541:
1527:
1519:
946:Lampos V, De Bie T, Cristianini N (2010).
100:Many regions and countries have their own
71:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2456:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
2446:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
1477:
1406:
1357:
1277:
1177:
1167:
1157:
1116:
1106:
1084:
1082:
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1005:
995:
973:
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969:
967:
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901:
781:
711:
574:
525:
997:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094402
2501:Health departments in the United States
1142:"Tracking COVID-19 using online search"
398:
119:databases called disease registries. A
65:. Many large institutions, such as the
2506:Council on Education for Public Health
1437:. The City of New York. Archived from
623:
2564:Professional degrees of public health
2471:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
1228:"Vermedx Diabetes Information System"
404:
402:
194:An early awareness and response to a
7:
2661:
2554:Bachelor of Science in Public Health
1387:Health Outcomes Research in Medicine
1338:Journal of General Internal Medicine
1307:The American Journal of Managed Care
456:
454:
2673:
1822:Workers' right to access the toilet
1663:Human right to water and sanitation
1095:JMIR Public Health and Surveillance
25:
2095:Commercial determinants of health
1458:American Journal of Public Health
1431:"Diabetes Prevention and Control"
1258:American Journal of Public Health
647:"What is syndromic surveillance?"
355:In May 2008, the City Council of
2672:
2660:
2649:
2648:
1678:National public health institute
234:to nowcast flu rates in the UK.
2075:Open-source healthcare software
1817:Sociology of health and illness
1035:New England Journal of Medicine
950:. ECML PKDD. pp. 599–602.
111:and chronic conditions such as
2436:Caribbean Public Health Agency
2248:Sexually transmitted infection
2145:Statistical hypothesis testing
1906:Occupational safety and health
1807:Sexual and reproductive health
1720:Occupational safety and health
1502:"Metropolitan Health District"
1435:The New York City A1C Registry
984:Annual Review of Public Health
1:
2090:Social determinants of health
1452:Frieden TR (September 2008).
1230:. vermedx.com. Archived from
645:Henning KJ (September 2004).
324:, and kidney function (serum
297:Laboratory-based surveillance
2150:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
1911:Human factors and ergonomics
957:10.1007/978-3-642-15939-8_42
928:. GeoPatterns.enm.bris.ac.uk
415:(accessed January 14, 2016).
230:methods uses the content of
35:epidemiological surveillance
2331:Good manufacturing practice
2135:Randomized controlled trial
461:World Health Organization.
2722:
2401:Theory of planned behavior
2326:Good agricultural practice
2231:Public health surveillance
2123:epidemiological statistics
1767:Public health intervention
1399:10.1016/j.ehrm.2010.03.002
1169:10.1038/s41746-021-00384-w
409:Public health surveillance
270:Carnegie Mellon University
177:emergency telephone number
138:
31:Public health surveillance
2644:
2523:World Toilet Organization
2518:World Health Organization
2085:Public health informatics
1792:Right to rest and leisure
1621:Globalization and disease
1350:10.1007/s11606-009-1147-x
1201:Newton C (6 April 2020).
1108:10.2196/publichealth.5901
630:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
413:World Health Organization
387:Public health informatics
75:public health informatics
47:World Health Organization
2569:Schools of public health
2361:Diffusion of innovations
2060:Health impact assessment
1772:Public health laboratory
1668:Management of depression
1470:10.2105/AJPH.2008.142026
1270:10.2105/AJPH.2005.065391
429:Encyclopedia of the City
2632:Social hygiene movement
2559:Doctor of Public Health
2391:Social cognitive theory
2193:Infectious and epidemic
1975:Fecal–oral transmission
839:10.1126/science.1248506
504:(Suppl 24): 4969–4976.
318:glycated hemoglobin A1c
45:) is, according to the
2627:Germ theory of disease
2406:Transtheoretical model
1264:(4). Ajph.org: 593–5.
433:. Routledge. pp.
338:chronic kidney disease
135:Syndromic surveillance
97:in the United States.
43:syndromic surveillance
18:Syndromic Surveillance
2511:Public Health Service
2396:Social norms approach
2386:PRECEDE–PROCEED model
1832:Preventive healthcare
1725:Pharmaceutical policy
1574:Chief Medical Officer
224:Information Retrieval
220:University of Bristol
121:cost-benefit analysis
39:clinical surveillance
2587:Sara Josephine Baker
2486:Public Health Agency
2371:Health communication
2236:Disease surveillance
2202:Asymptomatic carrier
2184:Statistical software
1872:Preventive nutrition
1700:Medical anthropology
1589:Environmental health
1146:npj Digital Medicine
1047:10.1056/NEJMp0900702
694:Eysenbach G (2006).
228:Statistical Analysis
181:emergency department
141:Disease surveillance
95:2001 anthrax attacks
2597:Carl Rogers Darnall
2592:Samuel Jay Crumbine
2366:Health belief model
2219:Notifiable diseases
2155:Regression analysis
1990:Waterborne diseases
1579:Cultural competence
886:2015NatSR...512760L
831:2014Sci...343.1203L
825:(6176): 1203–1205.
783:10.1038/nature07634
774:2009Natur.457.1012G
736:"Google Flu Trends"
683:on 20 January 2007.
567:10.1197/jamia.M2069
382:Gamification#Health
63:infectious diseases
2706:Medical monitoring
2195:disease prevention
2130:Case–control study
1802:Security of person
1651:Health care reform
874:Scientific Reports
510:10.1002/cncr.30905
357:San Antonio, Texas
276:Surveillance sites
2688:
2687:
2640:
2639:
2550:Higher education
2381:Positive deviance
2376:Health psychology
2352:Health behavioral
2279:safety management
2253:Social distancing
2027:Population health
2007:Smoking cessation
1955:Pharmacovigilance
1926:Injury prevention
1894:Infection control
1812:Social psychology
1762:Prisoners' rights
1705:Medical sociology
1673:Public health law
1569:Biological hazard
1041:(21): 2153–2157.
894:10.1038/srep12760
611:"webcitation.org"
425:Caves RW (2004).
303:diabetes mellitus
280:Flu Near You and
266:COVID-19 pandemic
253:Google Flu Trends
247:Search aggregates
212:Google Flu Trends
204:Gunther Eysenbach
16:(Redirected from
2713:
2676:
2675:
2664:
2663:
2652:
2651:
2546:Health education
2423:
2277:Food hygiene and
2258:Tropical disease
2070:Infant mortality
2045:Community health
1921:Controlled Drugs
1857:Health promotion
1787:Right to housing
1631:Health economics
1543:
1536:
1529:
1520:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:. Sanantonio.gov
1498:
1492:
1491:
1481:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1441:on June 9, 2007.
1427:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1361:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1281:
1249:
1243:
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1240:
1239:
1224:
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1215:
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1198:
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1181:
1171:
1161:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1120:
1110:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1066:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1009:
999:
975:
962:
961:
959:
943:
937:
936:
934:
933:
922:
916:
915:
905:
880:(12760): 12760.
865:
859:
858:
810:
804:
803:
785:
768:(7232): 1012–4.
753:
747:
746:
744:
743:
732:
726:
725:
715:
691:
685:
684:
673:
667:
666:
651:MMWR Supplements
642:
636:
635:
629:
621:
619:
618:
607:
601:
595:
589:
588:
578:
546:
540:
539:
529:
489:
483:
482:
480:
478:
473:on April 1, 2014
469:. Archived from
458:
449:
448:
432:
422:
416:
406:
21:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2636:
2607:Margaret Sanger
2575:
2534:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2353:
2347:
2319:Safety scandals
2278:
2272:
2194:
2188:
2122:
2116:
2112:Social medicine
2105:Race and health
2040:Child mortality
2021:
1980:Open defecation
1862:Human nutrition
1852:Family planning
1840:Behavior change
1826:
1782:Right to health
1695:Maternal health
1685:Health politics
1636:Health literacy
1552:
1547:
1517:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1344:(12): 1303–10.
1331:
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476:
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424:
423:
419:
407:
400:
395:
377:Contact tracing
373:
299:
278:
261:
249:
240:
238:Digital methods
189:epidemiologists
170:Using a normal
143:
137:
102:cancer registry
28:
23:
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2415:Organizations,
2412:
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2080:Multimorbidity
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2057:
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2037:
2031:
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2022:
2020:
2019:
2017:Vector control
2014:
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2002:School hygiene
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1985:Sanitary sewer
1982:
1977:
1972:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1943:Patient safety
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
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1896:
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1626:Harm reduction
1623:
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1493:
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334:clinical trial
298:
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260:
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248:
245:
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93:, such as the
26:
24:
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2701:Public health
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2602:Joseph Lister
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2481:Health Canada
2479:
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2426:Organizations
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2263:Vaccine trial
2261:
2259:
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2161:
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2140:Relative risk
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2100:Health equity
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
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2071:
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2066:
2065:Health system
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2055:Global health
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2035:Biostatistics
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
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1945:
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1932:
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1914:
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1800:
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1778:
1777:Right to food
1775:
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1710:Mental health
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1658:Housing First
1656:
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1644:
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1641:Health policy
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1234:on 2011-02-02
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345:New York City
341:
339:
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331:
330:urine protein
327:
323:
319:
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311:
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118:
117:epidemiologic
114:
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51:public health
48:
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32:
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2622:Radium Girls
2617:Typhoid Mary
2304:Microbiology
2230:
2174:
2166:
2050:Epidemiology
1948:Organization
1899:Oral hygiene
1889:Hand washing
1867:Healthy diet
1797:Right to sit
1690:Labor rights
1506:. Retrieved
1496:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1439:the original
1434:
1425:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1236:. Retrieved
1232:the original
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:
1196:
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1135:
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1038:
1034:
1024:
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930:. Retrieved
920:
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863:
822:
818:
808:
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761:
751:
740:. Retrieved
738:. Google.org
730:
703:
699:
689:
681:the original
671:
654:
650:
640:
615:. Retrieved
605:
593:
561:(4): 372–7.
558:
554:
544:
501:
497:
487:
475:. Retrieved
471:the original
466:
428:
420:
365:
361:Bexar County
354:
342:
307:
300:
287:dengue fever
282:Influenzanet
279:
262:
259:Social media
250:
241:
201:
196:bioterrorist
193:
185:
179:or go to an
169:
161:bioterrorist
158:
154:bioterrorism
144:
125:
106:
99:
91:bioterrorism
60:
56:
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:
2679:WikiProject
2419:and history
2299:Engineering
2012:Vaccination
1884:Food safety
1212:2 September
1101:(2): e161.
990:: 101–118.
322:cholesterol
314:blood sugar
89:, and even
2695:Categories
2432:Caribbean
2309:Processing
2243:Quarantine
2165:Student's
1965:Sanitation
1599:History of
1508:2014-04-18
1238:2014-04-18
1159:2003.08086
1152:(17): 17.
932:2014-04-18
742:2014-04-18
617:2014-04-18
477:19 October
393:References
326:creatinine
293:, Brazil.
167:or a lab.
139:See also:
2612:John Snow
2539:Education
2529:Full list
2417:education
2341:ISO 22000
2294:Chemistry
2207:Epidemics
2160:ROC curve
1970:Emergency
1750:Radiation
1730:Pollution
1714:Ministers
1611:Euthenics
1207:The Verge
1055:0028-4793
855:206553739
706:: 244–8.
518:0008-543X
316:control (
210:launched
172:influenza
165:physician
150:outbreaks
79:influenza
2655:Category
2354:sciences
2289:Additive
1960:Safe sex
1931:Medicine
1845:Theories
1616:Genomics
1594:Eugenics
1584:Deviance
1564:Auxology
1488:18633070
1417:20975923
1368:19862578
1319:19298097
1288:16507723
1188:33558607
1127:27765731
1073:19423867
1016:31905322
912:26234783
847:24626916
792:19020500
722:17238340
663:15714620
657:: 5–11.
626:cite web
598:disa.mil
585:16622159
536:29205307
371:See also
113:diabetes
69:and the
2667:Commons
2580:History
2477:Canada
2452:Europe
1936:Nursing
1916:Hygiene
1879:Hygiene
1604:Liberal
1557:General
1479:2509589
1408:2958673
1359:2787948
1279:1470550
1179:7870878
1118:5095368
1064:2917042
1007:7959655
903:4522652
882:Bibcode
827:Bibcode
819:Science
770:Bibcode
713:1839505
576:1513675
527:5846186
232:Twitter
147:disease
2467:India
2442:China
2314:Safety
1995:Worker
1486:
1476:
1415:
1405:
1366:
1356:
1317:
1286:
1276:
1186:
1176:
1125:
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1061:
1053:
1014:
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910:
900:
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845:
800:125775
798:
790:
762:Nature
720:
710:
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583:
573:
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524:
516:
498:Cancer
441:
216:Nature
208:Google
109:stroke
33:(also
2492:U.S.
2336:HACCP
2285:Food
2177:-test
2169:-test
1755:Light
1740:Water
1154:arXiv
851:S2CID
796:S2CID
291:Bahia
129:JCAHO
2268:WASH
2224:List
2212:List
1745:Soil
1484:PMID
1413:PMID
1364:PMID
1315:PMID
1284:PMID
1214:2020
1184:PMID
1123:PMID
1069:PMID
1051:ISSN
1012:PMID
908:PMID
843:PMID
788:PMID
718:PMID
704:2006
659:PMID
632:link
581:PMID
532:PMID
514:ISSN
479:2016
439:ISBN
328:and
226:and
83:SARS
1735:Air
1474:PMC
1466:doi
1403:PMC
1395:doi
1354:PMC
1346:doi
1274:PMC
1266:doi
1174:PMC
1164:doi
1113:PMC
1103:doi
1059:PMC
1043:doi
1039:360
1002:PMC
992:doi
952:doi
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