81:
support high-dimensional quantitative analysis of immune responses. Techniques include viral gene delivery, inducible gene expression, RNA-guided genome editing, and site-specific recombinases for applications related to biotechnology and cellular immunotherapy.
210:
tissue. Advances in chemical biology include synthetic molecules that modulate B cell activation, structurally complex carbohydrate tumor antigen and adjuvants synthesis, immunogenic chemotherapeutic agents and chemically homogeneous, synthetic vaccines.
186:
into induced neural stem cells. The team mixed the cells into an FDA-approved surgical glue that provided a physical support matrix. They administered the result to mice. Survival times increased from 160 to 220 percent, depending on the type of tumor.
22:
is the rational design and construction of synthetic systems that perform complex immunological functions. Functions include using specific cell markers to target cells for destruction and or interfering with immune reactions. US
482:
Bagó, Juli R.; Alfonso-Pecchio, Adolfo; Okolie, Onyi; Dumitru, Raluca; Rinkenbaugh, Amanda; Baldwin, Albert S.; Miller, C. Ryan; Magness, Scott T.; Hingtgen, Shawn D. (2016-02-02).
74:'s San Francisco biotech unit stated, “the immune system will be the most convenient vehicle for , because they can move and migrate and play such important roles.”
103:
that can perform complex immunological tasks. Such strategies could produce organisms that perform multistep immune functions such as presenting
175:
formation and using small molecules to induce stem cells to differentiate into specific cell types. Dedifferentiation could be used to turn
155:
and are rarely allergenic. Synthetic antibody-recruiting small molecules have been created that redirect natural antibodies to
24:
36:
592:
484:"Therapeutically engineered induced neural stem cells are tumour-homing and inhibit progression of glioblastoma"
300:
Geering, Barbara; Fussenegger, Martin (2015-02-01). "Synthetic immunology: modulating the human immune system".
568:
257:
Spiegel, David A. (2010-12-01). "Grand
Challenge Commentary: Synthetic immunology to engineer human immunity".
168:
200:
172:
495:
384:
132:
131:
Antibody therapeutics and other 'biologics' have proven to be effective in treating a diseases from
597:
51:
The discipline emerged after 2010 following the development of genome editing technology including
428:
63:
that became active only in the presence of a specific drug, allowing them to be turned on and off
373:"Accurate and predictive antibody repertoire profiling by molecular amplification fingerprinting"
220:
40:
347:
167:
Deletion of a single transcription factor enables mature B cells to transform into T cells via
521:
410:
325:
317:
282:
274:
226:
28:
561:
511:
503:
400:
392:
309:
266:
171:
and redifferentiation. Technologies that can control cell fate include strategies to induce
207:
119:
production. Such engineered organisms have the potential be as safe and as inexpensive as
78:
67:. Another example is a T cell that targets only cells that display two separate markers.
16:
Design and construction of synthetic systems that perform complex immunological functions
499:
388:
195:
Therapeutic vaccines treat and immunize patients already infected with a given disease.
516:
483:
405:
372:
148:
108:
96:
371:
Khan TA, Friedensohn S, de Vries ARG, Straszewski J, Ruscheweyh H-J, Reddy ST (2016).
586:
457:
176:
152:
144:
140:
313:
179:
cells into inactive progenitors or to suppress rejection of transplanted organs.
183:
436:
204:
120:
321:
278:
543:
156:
525:
414:
396:
329:
286:
270:
196:
116:
100:
32:
507:
112:
104:
64:
27:(FDA)-approved immune system modulators include anti-inflammatory and
136:
71:
60:
56:
52:
95:
Researchers are exploring the creation of 'smart' organisms such as
544:"Ask the Expert - David Spiegel, Yale University... | ACS Network"
151:, in contrast, are generally inexpensive to produce, orally
147:
reactions, are administered by injection and are expensive.
229: – Interdisciplinary branch of biology and engineering
115:
to induce affinity maturation and isotype switching during
111:
in a specific manner, or providing integrated signals to
458:"Ordinary skin cells turned into brain tumor predators"
203:
therapy in which a patient's antigen-presenting target
223: – Affinity reagents generated entirely in vitro
123:
but precise in carrying out targeted interventions.
8:
139:. However, such agents can cause unwanted
515:
404:
341:
339:
182:In 2016 researchers transdifferentiated
238:
7:
252:
250:
248:
246:
244:
242:
346:Regalado, Antonio (February 2016).
127:Antibody-recruiting small molecules
14:
59:. In 2015, one project created
1:
542:Cheung, Fred (May 25, 2012).
314:10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.10.006
91:Immunity-modulating organisms
25:Food and Drug Administration
456:Lavars, Nick (2016-02-24).
614:
70:In 2016, John Lin head of
163:Transdifferentiated cells
569:Arizona State University
302:Trends in Biotechnology
259:Nature Chemical Biology
562:"Synthetic immunology"
429:"Synthetic Immunology"
397:10.1126/sciadv.1501371
201:adoptive cell-transfer
107:to and co-stimulating
37:therapeutic antibodies
488:Nature Communications
352:MIT Technology Review
173:pluripotent stem cell
348:"Immune Engineering"
271:10.1038/nchembio.477
133:rheumatoid arthritis
20:Synthetic immunology
548:communities.acs.org
508:10.1038/ncomms10593
500:2016NatCo...710593B
389:2016SciA....2E1371K
221:Synthetic antibody
41:Toll-like receptor
593:Synthetic biology
227:Synthetic biology
169:dedifferentiation
159:for destruction.
29:immunosuppressive
605:
579:
577:
576:
566:
557:
555:
554:
530:
529:
519:
479:
473:
472:
470:
469:
453:
447:
446:
444:
443:
433:www.bsse.ethz.ch
425:
419:
418:
408:
368:
362:
361:
359:
358:
343:
334:
333:
297:
291:
290:
254:
43:(TLR) agonists.
613:
612:
608:
607:
606:
604:
603:
602:
583:
582:
574:
572:
564:
560:
552:
550:
541:
538:
533:
481:
480:
476:
467:
465:
455:
454:
450:
441:
439:
427:
426:
422:
383:(3): e1501371.
370:
369:
365:
356:
354:
345:
344:
337:
299:
298:
294:
265:(12): 871–872.
256:
255:
240:
236:
217:
208:prostate cancer
193:
165:
149:Small molecules
129:
93:
88:
79:systems biology
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
611:
609:
601:
600:
595:
585:
584:
581:
580:
558:
537:
536:External links
534:
532:
531:
474:
462:www.gizmag.com
448:
420:
363:
335:
292:
237:
235:
232:
231:
230:
224:
216:
213:
192:
189:
164:
161:
128:
125:
109:helper T cells
97:bacteriophages
92:
89:
87:
84:
48:
45:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
610:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
588:
570:
563:
559:
549:
545:
540:
539:
535:
527:
523:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
478:
475:
463:
459:
452:
449:
438:
434:
430:
424:
421:
416:
412:
407:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
367:
364:
353:
349:
342:
340:
336:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
296:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
253:
251:
249:
247:
245:
243:
239:
233:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
214:
212:
209:
206:
202:
198:
190:
188:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
162:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
126:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
90:
85:
83:
80:
75:
73:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
46:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
21:
573:. Retrieved
551:. Retrieved
547:
491:
487:
477:
466:. Retrieved
461:
451:
440:. Retrieved
432:
423:
380:
376:
366:
355:. Retrieved
351:
308:(2): 65–79.
305:
301:
295:
262:
258:
194:
181:
166:
153:bioavailable
145:inflammatory
141:anaphylactic
130:
94:
77:Advances in
76:
69:
50:
19:
18:
184:fibroblasts
598:Immunology
587:Categories
575:2016-02-25
571:iGem. 2013
553:2016-02-25
468:2016-02-26
442:2016-02-25
437:ETH Zurich
357:2016-02-25
234:References
205:autologous
177:autoimmune
121:probiotics
494:: 10593.
322:0167-7799
279:1552-4450
157:pathogens
526:26830441
464:. Gizmag
415:26998518
377:Sci. Adv
330:25466879
287:21079593
215:See also
197:Provenge
191:Vaccines
117:antibody
101:bacteria
33:vaccines
31:agents,
517:4740908
496:Bibcode
406:4795664
385:Bibcode
113:B cells
105:antigen
65:in situ
61:T cells
47:History
524:
514:
413:
403:
328:
320:
285:
277:
199:is an
137:cancer
72:Pfizer
57:CRISPR
53:TALENS
565:(PDF)
86:Types
522:PMID
411:PMID
326:PMID
318:ISSN
283:PMID
275:ISSN
99:and
55:and
39:and
512:PMC
504:doi
401:PMC
393:doi
310:doi
267:doi
143:or
135:to
589::
567:.
546:.
520:.
510:.
502:.
490:.
486:.
460:.
435:.
431:.
409:.
399:.
391:.
379:.
375:.
350:.
338:^
324:.
316:.
306:33
304:.
281:.
273:.
261:.
241:^
35:,
578:.
556:.
528:.
506::
498::
492:7
471:.
445:.
417:.
395::
387::
381:2
360:.
332:.
312::
289:.
269::
263:6
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.