Probiotic - Knowledge (XXG)

513:(NYA) of the United States gives a "Live & Active Cultures Seal" to refrigerated yogurt products that contain 100 million cells per gram, or frozen yogurt products that contain 10 million cells per gram at the time of manufacture. In 2002, the FDA and WHO recommended that "the minimum viable numbers of each probiotic strain at the end of the shelf-life" be reported on labeling, but most companies that give a number report the viable cell count at the date of manufacture, a number that could be much higher than that which exists at consumption. Because of the variability in storage conditions and time before eating, exactly how many active culture cells remain at the time of consumption is difficult to determine. The survival of probiotics was strongly dependent on the storage temperature and remarkable viability loss occurred in room temperature compared to refrigerated storage. 736:

stimulated microbial growth. The term probiotics was taken up by Parker, who defined the concept as, "Organisms and substances that have a beneficial effect on the host animal by contributing to its intestinal microbial balance." Later, the definition was greatly improved by Fuller, whose explanation was very close to the definition used today. Fuller described probiotics as a "live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance." He stressed two important claims for probiotics: the viable nature of probiotics and the capacity to help with intestinal balance.

6741:. However, we were unable to recommend the optimum strain and dosage of probiotics based on this review. The evidence for the effectiveness of probiotics was based largely on shorter-term outcomes. Further trials are required to assess whether improvements in pain are maintained over the longer term; these trials should also consider the importance of using validated and consistent scales to measure pain and other outcomes. 817:, the scientific evidence remains insufficient to prove a cause-and-effect relationship between consumption of probiotic products and any health benefit. There is no scientific basis for extrapolating an effect from a tested strain to an untested strain. Improved health through gut flora modulation appears to be directly related to long-term dietary changes. Claims that some lactobacilli may contribute to 542: 1390: 40: 221:(LABs), which are food fermenting bacteria, have the ability to prevent food spoilage and can improve the nutritive value of the foods they inhabit. Acid fermentation (as well as salting), remains one of the most practical methods of preservation of fresh vegetables, cereal gruels, and milk-cereal mixtures due to its low cost and energy requirements. 464:, fermented milk products, and yogurt, which alone accounted for 75% of total consumption. Innovation in probiotic products in 2015 was mainly from supplements, which produced US$ 4 billion and was projected to grow 37% globally by 2020. Consumption of yogurt products in China has increased by 20% per year since 2014. 642:. Metchnikoff had also observed that certain rural populations in Europe, for example in Bulgaria and the Russian steppes, who lived largely on milk fermented by lactic-acid bacteria, were exceptionally long-lived. Based on these observations, Metchnikoff proposed that consumption of fermented milk would "seed" the 1377:

In Europe, EFSA adopted a premarket system for the safety assessment of microbial species used in food and feed productions to set priorities for the need for risk assessment. The assessment is made for certain microorganisms; if the result is favorable, it leads to "Qualified Presumption of Safety"

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in the target host. Only products that contain live organisms shown in reproducible human studies to confer a health benefit may claim to be probiotic. The correct definition of health benefit, backed with solid scientific evidence, is a strong element for the proper identification and assessment of

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For ulcerative colitis, there is low-certainty evidence that probiotic supplements may increase the probability of clinical remission. People receiving probiotics were 73% more likely to experience disease remission and over 2x as likely to report improvement in symptoms compared to those receiving

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has not been standardized. Often, standard antibiotic treatment is used at the same time that probiotics are being tested. In addition, some groups of women respond to treatment based upon ethnicity, age, number of sexual partners, pregnancy, and the pathogens causing bacterial vaginosis. In 2013,

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That first global effort was further developed in 2010; two expert groups of academic scientists and industry representatives made recommendations for the evaluation and validation of probiotic health claims. The same principles emerged from those two groups as were expressed in the "Guidelines" of

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The term "probiotic" originally referred to microorganisms that have effects on other microorganisms. The concept of probiotics involved the notion that substances secreted by one microorganism stimulated the growth of another microorganism. The term was used again to describe tissue extracts that

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Multiple studies have shown that there is a significant difference in the survival rate of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium under refrigerated (4°C) and room temperature (25°C) storage conditions. At room temperature (25±1°C), the number of probiotics decreased by 5 to 6 logarithmic units

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The use of oral probiotic supplements to modify the composition and behavior of the microbiome has been considered as a possible therapy for both induction and maintenance of remission in people with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. A Cochrane review in 2020 did not find clear evidence of

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effects of multiple probiotic strains, as opposed to a single strain. As the human gut may contain tens of thousands of microbial species, one theory indicates that this diverse environment may benefit from consuming multiple probiotic strains, an effect that remains scientifically unconfirmed.

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Contrasting antibiotics, probiotics were defined as microbially derived factors that stimulate the growth of other microorganisms. In 1989, Roy Fuller suggested a definition of probiotics that have been widely used: "A live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by

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requires language approved by the FDA, so probiotic manufacturers have received warning letters for making disease or treatment claims. The FTC has taken punitive actions, including a US$ 21 million fine coordinated by 39 different state governments against a major probiotic manufacturer for

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infections in children and travelers' diarrhea in adults, but no products are approved for such indications. There are weak evidence probiotics might lower the incidence of acute upper respiratory tract infections in adults, they were better than placebo or no treatment.

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A group of scientific experts assembled in Canada in October 2013 to discuss the scope and appropriate use of the term "probiotic", adjusting the definition to be "live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host."

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Overall, there is some evidence to suggest that probiotics may be effective in the treatment of RAP, in terms of improving pain in the shorter term. Clinicians may therefore consider probiotic interventions as part of the management strategy for children with RAP

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in rare cases. There is some evidence that probiotics are beneficial for some conditions, such as helping to ease some symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, many claimed health benefits, such as treating eczema, lack substantial scientific support.

1158:, the likelihood of remission was 22% higher if probiotics were used in combination with 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy. Whereas in people who are already in remission, it is unclear whether probiotics help to prevent future relapse, either as a monotherapy or 1291:

status by a regulatory agency such as the FDA or EFSA, and as of 2010, no claims had been approved by those two agencies. Some experts are skeptical about the efficacy of different probiotic strains and believe that not all subjects benefit from probiotics.

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resides in the viability and reproducibility on a large scale of observed results for specific studies, as well as the viability and stability during use and storage, and finally the ability to survive in stomach acids and then in the intestinal ecosystem.

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A 2002 meta-analysis that included five double-blind trials examining the short-term (2–8 weeks) effects of a yogurt with probiotic strains on serum cholesterol levels found little effect of 8.5 mg/dL (0.22 mmol/L) (4% decrease) in

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If the strain under evaluation belongs to a species known to produce toxins in mammals, it must be tested for toxin production. One possible scheme for testing toxin production has been recommended by the EU Scientific Committee on Animal

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the effect of a probiotic. This aspect is a challenge for scientific and industrial investigations because several difficulties arise, such as variability in the site for probiotic use (oral, vaginal, intestinal) and mode of application.

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placed a ban on putting the word "probiotic" on the packaging of products because such labeling misleads consumers to believe a health benefit is provided by the product when no scientific proof exists to demonstrate that health effect.

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at 5 to 40 billion colony-forming units/day, given the modest number needed to treat and the likelihood that adverse events are very rare. The same review stated that probiotic use should be avoided in pediatric populations at risk for

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According to an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials, probiotics supplementation reduces glucose homeostasis. This can be an effective therapy for lowering high blood sugar levels unless the body becomes

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Probiotics have received renewed attention in the 21st century from product manufacturers, research studies, and consumers. Their history can be traced to the first use of cheese and fermented products, which were well-known to the

6755:"The Effect of Ophthalmic and Systemic Formulations of Latilactobacillus sakei on Clinical and Immunological Outcomes of Patients With Dry Eye Disease: A Factorial, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, and Triple-masking Clinical Trial" 1333:, and strain level). It is commonly admitted that most effects of probiotics are strain-specific and cannot be extended to other probiotics of the same genus or species. This calls for precise identification of the strain, i.e. 1186:

and mortality in premature infants. One meta-analysis indicated that probiotics reduce these risks by more than 50% compared with controls but that further, large, high-quality trials were needed to inform policy and practice.

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There is inconsistency in the results of different groups of 3488 children as reported in a Cochrane review. Also, it shows no significant difference regarding the adverse effects between probiotic and the other comparators.

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A 2017 review based on moderate to low-quality evidence suggests that probiotics may be helpful in relieving pain in the short term in children with recurrent abdominal pain, but the proper strain and dosage are not known.

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The manipulation of the gut microbiota is complex and may cause bacteria-host interactions. Though probiotics are considered safe, some have concerns about their safety in certain cases. Some people, such as those with

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Fourth, probiotics must be safe for their intended use. The 2002 FAO/WHO guidelines recommend that, though bacteria may be generally recognized as safe (GRAS), the safety of the potential probiotic be assessed by the

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Supplements such as tablets, capsules, powders, and sachets containing bacteria have been studied. However, probiotics taken orally can be destroyed by the acidic conditions of the stomach. As of 2010, a number of

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to the vaginal epithelium, which prevents the infection from occurring in the vagina. Currently, the success of probiotic treatment has been mixed, since the use of probiotics to restore healthy populations of

6490:"The Role of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bifidobacteria in the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Other Related Diseases: A Systematic Review of Randomized Human Clinical Trials" 650:

fermented with the bacteria he called "Bulgarian Bacillus" and believed his health benefited. Friends in Paris soon followed his example and physicians began prescribing the sour-milk diet for their patients.

1040:. As a treatment for infectious diarrhea, probiotics are of no benefit to people who have the condition for more than two days, and there is no evidence they lessen the duration of diarrhea overall. 1918:. Compliance Branch, Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration and Federal Trade Commission. Archived from the original on October 23, 2016 2740: 1097:) in adults when used in combination with standard medical treatments, but no standard in medical practice or regulatory approval exists for such treatment. The only peer-reviewed treatments for 444:(CFUs) per dose. A higher number of CFUs does not provide additional probiotic effects, but may have unintended consequences of causing digestive discomfort, such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea. 1959: 5732:

Ansari F, Pourjafar H, Tabrizi A, et al. (2020). "The effects of probiotics and prebiotics on mental disorders: A review on depression, anxiety, Alzheimer, and autism spectrum disorders".

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from the feces of a soldier who was not affected by the disease. Methods of treating infectious diseases were needed at that time when antibiotics were not yet available, and Nissle used the

429:, which can cause adverse health consequences. Rarely, consumption of probiotics by children with lowered immune system function or who are already critically ill may result in bacteremia or 5231:

Szajewska H, Ruszczyński M, Radzikowski A (September 2006). "Probiotics in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

1809:"Nutrimune and immune defence against pathogens in the gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tracts: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006" 6002:

Xu D, Fu L, Pan D, et al. (2022). "Role of probiotics/synbiotic supplementation in glycemic control: A critical umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials".

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Sazawal S, Hiremath G, Dhingra U, et al. (June 2006). "Efficacy of probiotics in prevention of acute diarrhoea: a meta-analysis of masked, randomised, placebo-controlled trials".

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improving its intestinal microbial balance." Fuller's definition emphasizes the requirement of viability for probiotics and introduces the aspect of a beneficial effect on the host.

255:, amino acid/peptide meat-flavored sauces and pastes produced by fermentation of cereals and legumes; fermented cereal-fish-shrimp mixtures and fermented meats; soy products such as 5397:

Surawicz CM (July 2008). "Role of probiotics in antibiotic-associated diarrhea, Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, and recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea".

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As food products or dietary supplements, probiotics are under preliminary research to evaluate if they provide any effect on health. In all cases proposed as health claims to the

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a placebo, with no clear difference in minor or serious adverse effects. Although there was no clear evidence of greater remission when probiotic supplements were compared with

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Cuello-Garcia CA, Brożek JL, Fiocchi A, et al. (2015). "Probiotics for the prevention of allergy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

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with harmless lactic-acid bacteria and decrease the intestinal pH, and that this would suppress the growth of proteolytic bacteria. Metchnikoff himself introduced in his diet

2197:"Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic" 183:

and the WHO. This effort was accompanied by local governmental and supra-governmental regulatory bodies' requirements to better characterize health claims substantiations.

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Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria

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of putative benefits conferred by microorganisms claimed to be probiotic. Although some evidence claimed benefits are marketed towards using probiotic, such as reducing

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Plessas S, Alexopoulos A, Voidarou C, et al. (2011). "Microbial ecology and quality assurance in food fermentation systems. The case of kefir grains application".

4378: 3502:"Dannon Agrees to Drop Exaggerated Health Claims for Activia Yogurt and DanActive Dairy Drink FTC Charges that Evidence Supporting Benefits of Probiotics Falls Short" 3476: 3245:"Side Effects Associated with Probiotic Use in Adult Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials" 6943:

Timmerman HM, Koning CJ, Mulder L, et al. (November 2004). "Monostrain, multistrain and multispecies probiotics – A comparison of functionality and efficacy".

4494: 1915: 1301:(down to 1/100,000) after 90 days of storage. In contrast, no significant change in the number of probiotics was observed under refrigerated conditions (4 ± 1°C). 4574:

LA 104 and reducing intestinal discomfort pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 (example, search EFSA for other opinion reports on probiotics"

3384: 3973:"The probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 interferes with invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells by different enteroinvasive bacterial pathogens" 159:(WHO) defines probiotics as "live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host." Following this definition, a 8084: 7438: 1064:

stated: "The use of probiotics/prebiotics for the treatment of patients with established atopic dermatitis is not recommended due to inconsistent evidence".

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Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food, Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Working Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food

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probiotic supplements appeared to increase vaginal lactobacilli levels, thus reducing the incidence of vaginal infections in otherwise healthy adult women.

496:(FTC) have issued warning letters and imposed punishment on various manufacturers of probiotic products whose labels claim to treat a disease or condition. 6980:"Clinical trial: a multistrain probiotic preparation significantly reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in a double-blind placebo-controlled study" 4017:"Studies on the Transformation of the Intestinal Flora, with Special Reference to the Implantation of Bacillus Acidophilus: II. Feeding Experiments on Man" 2023:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2006. 343: 6539:

Moayyedi P, Ford AC, Talley NJ, et al. (March 2010). "The efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review".

3421: 4605: 2701: 1982: 425:, a risk exists for the passage of viable bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the internal organs (bacterial translocation) as a consequence of 2559: 1955: 2463: 739:

In the following decades, intestinal lactic-acid bacterial species with alleged health-beneficial properties were introduced as probiotics, including

724:, and reasoned that bacteria originating from the gut were more likely to produce the desired effect in this environment. In 1935, certain strains of 3501: 2267: 2084:. Joint FAO/WHO Working Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food, London, Ontario, Canada. May 1, 2002. Archived from 878:(AAD) results from an imbalance in the colonic microbiota caused by antibiotic therapy. These microbial community alterations result in changes in 947:

that dominate the population of organisms in the vagina. Specific strains of lactobacilli inhibit the growth of bacteria causing BV by producing H

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Lin J, Zhang Y, He C, et al. (September 2018). "Probiotics supplementation in children with asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

2148:"Guide to designing, conducting, publishing and communicating results of clinical studies involving probiotic applications in human participants" 7404:"Skeptoid #801: Probiotics Fact and Fiction: Some people promote probiotics as a miracle cure for just about anything. What can they really do?" 7280:"Microbial characterization of probiotics – Advisory report of the Working Group "8651 Probiotics" of the Belgian Superior Health Council (SHC)" 8053: 7987: 5002: 4922:

Qamer S, Deshmukh M, Patole S (August 2019). "Probiotics for cow's milk protein allergy: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials".

6817: 4292: 4219: 3784: 3757: 3473:"Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on 20 December 2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods" 2347: 476:

has rejected all petitions by commercial manufacturers for health claims on probiotic products in Europe due to insufficient evidence for a

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Tissier, H. 1900. Recherchers sur la flora intestinale normale et pathologique du nourisson. Thesis, University of Paris, Paris, France.

3002: 2353: 6206: 2107:"Guidance for substantiating the evidence for beneficial effects of probiotics: current status and recommendations for future research" 1860:"'Snake-oil,' 'quack medicine,' and 'industrially cultured organisms:' biovalue and the commercialization of human microbiome research" 1503: 7036: 5174:"Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease" 2877: 175:, based on available information and scientific evidence, was adopted after the aforementioned joint expert consultation between the 7980: 4370: 3357: 2028: 905:

may reduce the risk of AAD, improve stool consistency during antibiotic therapy, and enhance the immune response after vaccination.

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concluded that a protective effect of some probiotics existed for AAD in children. The known risks of using probiotics for treating

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The potential efficacy of probiotics to treat AAD depends on the probiotic strains and dosage. One review recommended for children

5311:"Prophylactic Lactobacillus GG reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children with respiratory infections: A randomized study" 3450: 7431: 135:, such claims are strain-specific and cannot be extrapolated to other strains. As of 2019, numerous applications for approval of 4743:

Million M, Raoult D (February 2013). "Species and strain specificity of Lactobacillus probiotics effect on weight regulation".

2507:"Microbial analysis of Malaysian tempeh, and characterization of two bacteriocins produced by isolates of Enterococcus faecium" 2464:"Safe use of genetically modified lactic acid bacteria in food. Bridging the gap between consumers, green groups, and industry" 1061: 7338: 7231:"Functional modulation of human intestinal epithelial cell responses by Bifidobacterium infantis and Lactobacillus salivarius" 7885: 7364:"Introduction of a Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) approach for assessment of selected microorganisms referred to EFSA" 875: 814: 473: 188: 144: 3930: 1052:), but no good evidence shows efficacy for this purpose. There is little evidence to support the use of probiotics to treat 712:, could not live in the human intestine. They conducted experiments involving rats and humans volunteers, feeding them with 5677:"Prebiotics and probiotics for depression and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials" 2298: 3472: 350: 6095: 3534:. Compliance Branch, Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration. 2874:"Table 1: Examples of traditional fermented fruits and vegetables, which are used in various parts of Asian subcontinent" 2078: 1146:

improved remission likelihood, nor lower adverse events, in people with Crohn's disease, following probiotic treatment.

329:. A list of many other bacteria found in several Asian fermented fruits and vegetables also is available. Kefir contains 7745: 3561: 1117:(i.e., by competing for growth) and some evidence suggests they may improve immune function by increasing the number of 687: 489: 6808:

Shortliffe L (2011). "Chapter 116: Infection and Inflammation of the Pediatric Genitourinary Tract". In Wein AJ (ed.).

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Borges S, Silva J, Teixeira P (March 2014). "The role of lactobacilli and probiotics in maintaining vaginal health".

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There is limited evidence indicating probiotics are of benefit in the management of infection or inflammation of the

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species have been suggested to contribute to obesity in humans, but no evidence of this relationship has been found.

8089: 2064: 422: 339: 6287:"Effectiveness of probiotics on the occurrence of infections in older people: systematic review and meta-analysis" 5636:"The effect of a probiotic milk product on plasma cholesterol: a meta-analysis of short term intervention studies" 4306: 4089: 3119:"A Review on Kombucha Tea – Microbiology, Composition, Fermentation, Beneficial Effects, Toxicity, and Tea Fungus" 1174:, although uncertainty remains around which type of probiotic works best, and around the size of possible effect. 8115: 4967:"Probiotics for the prevention of allergy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 3531: 1183: 375: 331: 288: 156: 3589:(Report). London, Ontario, Canada: Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization. April 2002. 8048: 8003: 5209: 1429: 1171: 943:. This treatment is based on the observation that 70% of healthy females have a group of bacteria in the genus 493: 381: 93: 4848: 4612: 4606:"Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria" 3414: 3331: 1993: 1983:"Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria" 1502:. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. August 1, 2019. 63:

promoted with claims that they provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the

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Oh CK, Oh MC, Kim SH (2004). "The Depletion of Sodium Nitrite by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Kimchi".

7461: 5133:"AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Role of Probiotics in the Management of Gastrointestinal Disorders" 3705:

Gismondo MR, Drago L, Lombardi A (1999). "Review of probiotics available to modify gastrointestinal flora".

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A Cochrane systematic review found no good evidence that probiotics were of benefit in reducing the risk of

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Guzel-Seydim ZB, Kok-Tas T, Greene AK, et al. (March 2011). "Review: functional properties of kefir".

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Antibiotics are a common treatment for children, with 11% to 40% of antibiotic-treated children developing

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Only limited, low-quality evidence exists to indicate that probiotics are helpful for treating people with

7865: 7408: 7399: 2958: 2247: 1114: 883: 4639:"Current level of consensus on probiotic science: Report of an expert meeting – London, 23 November 2009" 548:

first suggested the possibility of colonizing the gut with beneficial bacteria in the early 20th century.

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and natural killer cells. LAB products might aid in the treatment of acute diarrhea and possibly affect

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In 2015, the global retail market value for probiotics was US$ 41 billion, including sales of probiotic

418: 33: 7060:"Development of freeze dried synbiotic formulation using a probiotic strain of Lactobacillus plantarum" 5785:"Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy" 4780:"Comparative meta-analysis of the effect of Lactobacillus species on weight gain in humans and animals" 1283:

Only preliminary evidence exists for most probiotic health claims. Even for the most studied probiotic

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The original modern hypothesis of the positive role played by certain bacteria was first introduced by

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Robles-Vera I, Toral M, Romero M, et al. (April 2017). "Antihypertensive Effects of Probiotics".

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deceptive advertising and exaggerated claims of health benefits for yogurt and probiotic dairy drink.

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Third, the probiotic candidate must be a taxonomically defined microbe or combination of microbes (

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Probiotics are commonly given to breastfeeding mothers and their young children to prevent eczema (

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and to replace harmful microbes with useful microbes. Metchnikoff, at that time a professor at the

560: 545: 481: 441: 105: 8079: 6584:"Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants" 4159:

Lilly DM, Stillwell RH (1965). "Probiotics: Growth-promoting factors produced by microorganisms".

7931: 7845: 7820: 7790: 7647: 7531: 7511: 7486: 7447: 7328:"Commentary by the Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition on Data Relating to Toxin Production" 7009: 6868: 6778: 6564: 6198: 6027: 5984: 5941: 5765: 5616: 5573: 5422: 5379: 5256: 5201: 5049: 4947: 4192: 3922: 2924: 2732: 2682: 2536: 2058: 1819:(4). European Food Safety Authority, Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens: e05656. 1259: 461: 361: 140: 2657:

Shiby VK, Mishra HN (2013). "Fermented milks and milk products as functional foods – a review".

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Khalesi S (2019). "A review of probiotic supplementation in healthy adults: helpful or hype?".

2702:"Probiotic properties of bacteria isolated from bee bread of stingless bee Heterotrigona itama" 1353:

Assessment of certain metabolic activities (e.g. D-lactate production, bile salt deconjugation)

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A clinical study investigating the impact of probiotics in relieving the signs and symptoms of

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Several clinical studies provide evidence for the potential of probiotics to lower the risk of

421:, and premature infants, may be at higher risk for adverse events. In severely ill people with 7835: 7569: 7309: 7260: 7211: 7149: 7097: 7079: 7001: 6960: 6910: 6860: 6813: 6770: 6727: 6678: 6660: 6621: 6603: 6556: 6521: 6470: 6421: 6367: 6318: 6267: 6249: 6190: 6146: 6066: 6045:

Hamilton-Miller JM (October 2003). "The role of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of

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Nißle A (1918). "Die antagonistische Behandlung chronischer Darmstörungen mit Colibakterien".

3914: 3864: 3790: 3780: 3753: 3722: 3687: 3669: 3638: 3323: 3284: 3266: 3225: 3204:"Systematic Review of Probiotics and Their Potential for Developing Functional Nondairy Foods" 3181: 3140: 2916: 2855: 2804: 2724: 2674: 2639: 2604: 2528: 2444: 2395: 2343: 2324: 2228: 2177: 2128: 2034: 2024: 1931: 1891: 1840: 1784: 1720: 1702: 1671: 1613: 1559: 1287:, few have been sufficiently developed in basic and clinical research to warrant approval for 1053: 1021: 1005: 968: 658: 568: 535: 388: 1020:

A 2019 meta-analysis found low-quality evidence for probiotics having a small improvement in

8023: 7860: 7770: 7578: 7375: 7337:. European Commission, Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General. December 2001. 7299: 7291: 7250: 7242: 7201: 7193: 7139: 7131: 7087: 7071: 6991: 6952: 6902: 6850: 6842: 6762: 6717: 6709: 6668: 6652: 6611: 6595: 6548: 6511: 6501: 6460: 6452: 6439:

Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Kaur L, Gordon M, et al. (March 4, 2020). Cochrane IBD Group (ed.).

6411: 6403: 6357: 6349: 6308: 6298: 6257: 6241: 6182: 6169: 6136: 6128: 6058: 6011: 5968: 5923: 5884: 5847: 5839: 5741: 5704: 5688: 5647: 5600: 5557: 5520: 5502: 5453: 5406: 5363: 5351: 5322: 5283: 5240: 5185: 5144: 5103: 5087: 5033: 4978: 4931: 4894: 4886: 4832: 4791: 4752: 4715: 4707: 4658: 4650: 4585: 4529: 4521: 4466: 4458: 4417: 4341: 4176: 4131: 4046: 4036: 3984: 3904: 3854: 3846: 3741: 3714: 3677: 3628: 3315: 3274: 3256: 3215: 3171: 3130: 3099: 3072: 2968: 2908: 2845: 2835: 2794: 2786: 2716: 2666: 2631: 2594: 2518: 2475: 2434: 2426: 2387: 2335: 2259: 2218: 2208: 2167: 2159: 2118: 1881: 1871: 1830: 1820: 1774: 1710: 1661: 1651: 1603: 1593: 1549: 1541: 1284: 1221: 717: 704:

In 1920, Rettger and Cheplin reported that Metchnikoff's "Bulgarian Bacillus", later called

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Probiotic treatment might reduce the incidence and severity of AAD as indicated in several

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was first isolated from a breastfed infant by Henry Tissier, who also worked at the

7956: 7466: 7327: 6872: 6713: 6656: 6599: 6456: 6407: 6353: 6245: 6202: 5843: 5620: 5383: 5205: 5091: 4890: 3926: 2686: 2635: 1439: 1288: 1122: 1074: 839: 802: 580: 531: 527: 136: 128: 6132: 6015: 4796: 4779: 4756: 2720: 1598: 595:, which are part of the normal gut microbiota, produce toxic substances including 187:

FAO/WHO in 2002. This definition, though widely adopted, is not acceptable to the

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Probiotic treatment of bacterial vaginosis is the application or ingestion of

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Epidemiological surveillance of adverse incidents in consumers (aftermarket)

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were known to inhibit the growth of proteolytic bacteria because of the low

608: 564: 477: 323:

L. pentosus, L. plantarum , Leuconostoc mesenteroides , L. brevis, L. lactis

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Some probiotics are suggested as a possible treatment for various forms of

777:), meaning 'fit for life, lively', the latter deriving from the noun βίος ( 97:. The discovery was made in 1905 by Bulgarian physician and microbiologist 7153: 6506: 4406:"Some insights into the derivation and early uses of the word 'probiotic'" 4145: 4041: 3774: 2840: 2123: 2106: 1137:

Probiotics do not appear to change the risk of infection in older people.

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It is unclear whether probiotic supplementation helps with childhood

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As of 2017, only limited evidence indicated any direct link between

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were found very active when implanted in the human digestive tract.

440:

Probiotic supplements typically contain between one and ten billion

4820: 4688:"Linking Long-Term Dietary Patterns with Gut Microbial Enterotypes" 4346: 4329: 3303: 781:), meaning 'life'. The term contrasts etymologically with the term 623:", which would cause the physical changes associated with old age. 191:

Authority because it embeds a health claim that is not measurable.

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If the strain under evaluation belongs to a species with known

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to promote the growth of beneficial intestinal microorganisms.

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for benefit, thus inconclusive proof of effectiveness. The

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Microorganisms said to provide health benefits when consumed

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London: Chapman & Hall, 1992 5446:Clinical Microbiology and Infection 5005:from the original on March 16, 2022 4381:from the original on April 25, 2023 4124:The Journal of Applied Bacteriology 3415:'Probiotic' As A General Descriptor 3389:The Daily Telegraph and China Daily 3385:"Yogurt ferments the dairy segment" 3013:from the original on August 9, 2018 2746:from the original on March 27, 2023 2486:from the original on 14 August 2013 2468:Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 1500:"Probiotics: What You Need To Know" 1475:from the original on April 20, 2021 575:, proposed the hypothesis that the 5973:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2018.05.010 5212:from the original on July 28, 2020 4851:from the original on June 18, 2021 4508:Salminen S, van Loveren H (2012). 4137:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb05105.x 3897:Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 3596:from the original on 1 August 2014 3558:"Live & Active Culture Yogurt" 3334:from the original on June 18, 2021 3044:from the original on July 12, 2018 2301:from the original on April 1, 2015 2270:from the original on June 16, 2022 923:, such as severely debilitated or 894:outweighs the uncertain benefits. 309:spp. Kimchi contains the bacteria 108:, who postulated around 1907 that 25: 7344:from the original on 29 June 2016 7168:Probiotics, the Scientific Thesis 6957:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.05.012 5746:10.2174/1389201021666200107113812 4309:from the original on July 1, 2023 4092:from the original on July 1, 2023 3933:from the original on May 25, 2021 3801:from the original on July 1, 2023 3453:from the original on 10 July 2017 3092:Polymer Degradation and Stability 2359:from the original on May 28, 2015 2045:from the original on July 1, 2023 1916:"Warning letter to CocoKefir LLC" 1305:Scientific guidelines for testing 279:; and non-dairy products such as 167:(FAO)/WHO in May 2002 issued the 165:Food and Agriculture Organization 7247:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02358.x 7039:from the original on 11 May 2015 6997:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03848.x 6924:from the original on May 6, 2011 5459:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01688.x 5190:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00465.x 4284:Probiotics: the scientific basis 3893:"Probiotic Mechanisms of Action" 3508:from the original on 14 May 2017 3170:(6): 1256–1264, quiz 1446–1447. 2524:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01509.x 1388: 787:, although it is not a complete 638:produced by the fermentation of 5693:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.023 4120:"Probiotics in man and animals" 3560:. 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Proteolytic bacteria such as 437:, a potentially fatal disease. 47:, a probiotic drink containing 7120:"Probiotics in human medicine" 6759:Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 6714:10.1002/14651858.CD010972.pub2 6657:10.1002/14651858.CD009951.pub3 6600:10.1002/14651858.CD005496.pub5 6457:10.1002/14651858.CD007443.pub3 6408:10.1002/14651858.CD005573.pub3 6354:10.1002/14651858.CD006634.pub3 6246:10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub4 5844:10.1002/14651858.CD003048.pub4 5092:10.1002/14651858.CD004827.pub5 4891:10.1002/14651858.CD012941.pub2 2942:Farnworth ER (April 4, 2005). 2636:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.03.014 1240:. One literature review found 1105:Immune function and infections 876:Antibiotic-associated diarrhea 866:Antibiotic-associated diarrhea 815:European Food Safety Authority 474:European Food Safety Authority 155:An October 2001 report by the 145:European Food Safety Authority 1: 6133:10.1128/CMR.16.4.658-672.2003 6063:10.1016/S0924-8579(03)00153-5 6016:10.1080/10408398.2022.2117783 5288:10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70495-9 4797:10.1016/j.micpath.2012.05.007 4757:10.1016/j.micpath.2012.09.013 3990:10.1016/S0928-8244(03)00368-7 3719:10.1016/s0924-8579(99)00050-3 3104:10.1016/s0141-3910(97)00197-3 3077:10.1016/S0269-915X(00)80034-8 2721:10.1080/00218839.2020.1801152 2264:10.1016/S0958-6946(01)00099-1 1599:10.12688/f1000research.7630.1 351:Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens 91:in Bulgarian yoghurt, called 5411:10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181646d09 5368:10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181618ab7 5150:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.059 4463:10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.001 4369:Liddell HG, Scott R (eds.). 4181:10.1126/science.147.3659.747 3744:Microbiology An Introduction 3360:. Natural Products Insider. 3221:10.3390/applmicrobiol4010004 2671:10.1080/10408398.2010.547398 1767:British Journal of Nutrition 1528:Doron S, Snydman DR (2015). 1093:infections (which may cause 971:-producing strains, such as 490:Food and Drug Administration 303:, Lactobacillus coryniformis 67:. Probiotics are considered 5245:10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.04.053 4572:Streptococcus thermophillus 4237:Animal Nutrition and Health 3032:Wollan M (March 24, 2010). 2944:"Kefir-a complex probiotic" 2556:"Lactobacillus acidophilus" 2554:Ehrlich SD (May 24, 2011). 2431:10.1128/AEM.10.1.86-89.1962 2252:International Dairy Journal 1992:. FAO / WHO. Archived from 1580:Singhi SC, Kumar S (2016). 848:last trimester of pregnancy 511:National Yogurt Association 301:Lactobacillus paraplantarum 295:, Pediococcus pentosaceus, 8137: 8090:Sympathetic nervous system 7751:β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate 7641:Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K) 7027:Bee P (10 November 2008). 6767:10.1007/s12602-023-10079-1 6739:(Recurrent Abdominal Pain) 6702:Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5929:10.1016/j.jaad.2021.10.032 5889:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.031 5832:Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5172:McFarlandfirst=LV (2006). 4983:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.031 4936:10.1007/s00431-019-03397-6 3707:Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 3530:Schmidt N (30 July 2014). 3383:Meiling C (21 June 2018). 2392:10.1089/109662004322984680 2340:10.1128/9781555818463.ch33 1695:Nutrition in Clinical Care 1141:Inflammatory bowel disease 706:Lactobacillus delbrueckii 488:In the United States, the 478:cause-and-effect mechanism 423:inflammatory bowel disease 387:Acetobacter pasteurianus, 340:Streptococcus thermophilus 143:have been rejected by the 79:interactions and unwanted 31: 8049:Tricyclic antidepressants 7626:Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) 7076:10.1007/s13197-011-0457-2 6847:10.1038/s41430-018-0135-9 5877:J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 5605:10.1007/s11906-017-0723-4 5562:10.1007/s00404-013-3064-9 3851:10.1017/S0025727300030702 3447:"Probiotic health claims" 2913:10.1080/10408390903579029 2380:Journal of Medicinal Food 2294:Lactic Acid Fermentations 1780:10.1017/S000711451100287X 1184:necrotizing enterocolitis 1178:Necrotizing enterocolitis 714:Lactobacillus acidophilus 663:Bacillus bifidus communis 376:Gluconacetobacter xylinus 344:Lactobacillus delbrueckii 332:Lactobacillus acidophilus 289:Leuconostoc mesenteroides 267:; dairy products such as 157:World Health Organization 117:scientific substantiation 69:generally safe to consume 8004:Irritable bowel syndrome 6984:Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther 6901:(1367–1377): 1367–1377. 5508:10.3389/fphys.2015.00081 4591:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3085 4564:Lactobacillus helveticus 4526:10.3402/mehd.v23i0.18568 4287:. Springer Netherlands. 3833:Vaughan RB (July 1965). 3621:The Journal of Nutrition 3001:Bauer B (July 8, 2017). 2214:10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66 1954:Chu W (April 18, 2019). 1826:10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5656 1430:Probiotics in pediatrics 1207:Recurrent abdominal pain 1172:irritable bowel syndrome 1166:Irritable bowel syndrome 494:Federal Trade Commission 415:central venous catheters 209:fermented dairy products 94:Lactobacillus bulgaricus 32:Not to be confused with 7462:Bodybuilding supplement 7381:10.2903/j.efsa.2007.587 6553:10.1136/gut.2008.167270 6187:10.1023/A:1020620607611 6175:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 5653:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601104 5495:Frontiers in Physiology 5026:J Paediatr Child Health 4712:10.1126/science.1208344 4375:A Greek-English Lexicon 3627:(2S Suppl): 384S–390S. 3136:10.1111/1541-4337.12073 2973:10.1616/1476-2137.13938 1877:10.1186/1472-6939-13-28 1657:10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2179 1420:Microbial food cultures 1226:Latilactobacillus sakei 915:Saccharomyces boulardii 880:carbohydrate metabolism 754:Lactobacillus johnsonii 742:Lactobacillus rhamnosus 336:Bifidobacterium bifidum 293:Lactobacillus plantarum 50:Lactobacillus paracasei 7636:Tocopherol (Vitamin E) 7296:10.1002/mnfr.201300065 7198:10.4161/gmic.1.3.12013 6945:Int. J. Food Microbiol 6907:10.4014/jmb.1003.03020 6810:Campbell-Walsh Urology 5550:Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 5350:Doron SI, Hibberd PL, 5328:10.1542/peds.104.5.e64 5139:(Clinical guideline). 4784:Microbial Pathogenesis 4745:Microbial Pathogenesis 4655:10.4161/gmic.1.6.13610 4560:Bifidobacterium longum 4514:Microb Ecol Health Dis 3773:Metchnikoff E (2004). 3177:10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1256 2901:Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2325:"Fermented Vegetables" 2164:10.4161/gmic.1.4.12707 2063:: CS1 maint: others ( 1115:competitive inhibition 1016:Depression and anxiety 884:short-chain fatty acid 676:During an outbreak of 549: 321:spp. Pao cai contains 123:discomfort, improving 53: 6543:(Systematic review). 6496:(Systematic review). 6304:10.1093/ageing/afy006 5593:Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 5028:(Systematic review). 4118:Fuller R (May 1989). 4042:10.1073/pnas.6.12.704 3634:10.1093/jn/130.2.384S 2124:10.3945/jn.109.113779 1644:World J Gastroenterol 1540:(Suppl 2): S129–234. 1410:Fecal bacteriotherapy 1311:scientific literature 1152:5‐aminosalicylic acid 958:Gardnerella vaginalis 892:Clostridium difficile 797:comes from the Latin 544: 498:Food product labeling 419:cardiac valve disease 394:Gluconobacter oxydans 42: 7836:Japanese honeysuckle 7402:(October 12, 2021). 7136:10.1136/gut.32.4.439 6121:Clin. Microbiol. Rev 5399:J Clin Gastroenterol 5356:J Clin Gastroenterol 5178:Am. J. Gastroenterol 4451:Curr Opin Biotechnol 3208:Applied Microbiology 2791:10.1128/AEM.01342-07 2419:Applied Microbiology 1197:gestational diabetes 995:and gut microbiota. 442:colony-forming units 411:short bowel syndrome 353:, Lactococcus lactis 297:Lactobacillus brevis 219:Lactic acid bacteria 189:European Food Safety 7761:Chondroitin sulfate 7579:Pantothenic acid (B 7542:Retinol (Vitamin A) 7512:Protein supplements 7448:Dietary supplements 6507:10.1155/2015/505878 6047:Helicobacter pylori 5405:(Suppl 2): S64–70. 5362:(Suppl 2): S58–63. 4837:10.3920/BM2012.0041 4825:Beneficial Microbes 4704:2011Sci...334..105W 4698:(6052): 1051–1108. 4173:1965Sci...147..747L 4074:Rettger FL (1935). 4033:1920PNAS....6..704C 3954:Medizinische Klinik 3823:1910, 55:2311–2312. 3615:Sanders ME (2000). 3395:on 6 September 2018 3320:10.3920/BM2012.0041 3308:Beneficial Microbes 2841:10.1155/2014/250424 2783:2007ApEnM..73.7697P 2600:10.2323/jgam.48.201 2091:on October 7, 2017. 1999:on October 22, 2012 1296:Storage temperature 1266:Multiple probiotics 1160:combination therapy 1090:Helicobacter pylori 1082:Helicobacter pylori 1056:, and some risk of 993:high blood pressure 941:bacterial vaginosis 931:Bacterial vaginosis 791:. The related term 748:Lactobacillus casei 482:European Commission 141:dietary supplements 7932:Codex Alimentarius 7821:Grape seed extract 7482:Herbal supplements 7374:(12): 1–16. 2007. 7335:Scientific Opinion 4568:Lactococcus lactis 4423:10.1079/BJN2003954 4210:Sperti GS (1971). 3668:(Suppl): 139–144. 3262:10.3390/nu11122913 3038:The New York Times 1864:BMC Medical Ethics 1546:10.1093/cid/civ085 1260:microencapsulation 981:vaginal microbiota 925:immune-compromised 825:Acute otitis media 691:Nissle 1917 strain 550: 362:Lactococcus lactis 229:pickled vegetables 225:Fermented products 131:, or avoiding the 54: 8098: 8097: 7970: 7969: 7615:Cyanocobalamin (B 7532:chemical elements 7118:Fuller R (1991). 6819:978-1-4160-6911-9 5276:Lancet Infect Dis 5038:10.1111/jpc.14126 4584:(2): 3085. 2013. 4340:(11): 1567–1576. 4334:Clin. Infect. Dis 4294:978-94-011-2364-8 4281:Fuller R (2012). 4221:978-0-87055-099-7 4167:(3659): 747–748. 4080:. Yale Univ. Pr. 3910:10.1159/000342079 3786:978-0-8261-1877-6 3759:978-0-321-58202-7 2777:(23): 7697–7702. 2349:978-1-55581-626-1 1349:required tests: 1054:atopic dermatitis 1006:total cholesterol 969:hydrogen peroxide 882:, with decreased 659:Pasteur Institute 569:Pasteur Institute 536:food preservation 389:Acetobacter aceti 382:Zygosaccharomyces 16:(Redirected from 8128: 8116:Digestive system 8024:Gluten-free diet 7997: 7990: 7983: 7974: 7925:Related articles 7831:Iron supplements 7771:Copper gluconate 7441: 7434: 7427: 7418: 7413: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7343: 7332: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7307: 7290:(8): 1479–1504. 7275: 7269: 7268: 7258: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7209: 7177: 7171: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7147: 7115: 7106: 7105: 7095: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7024: 7018: 7017: 6999: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6923: 6892: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6858: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6750: 6744: 6743: 6725: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6676: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6619: 6594:(10): CD005496. 6579: 6573: 6572: 6547:(3): 3253–3232. 6536: 6530: 6529: 6519: 6509: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6468: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6419: 6387: 6376: 6375: 6365: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6316: 6306: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6265: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6181:(1–4): 279–289. 6172: 6164: 6155: 6154: 6144: 6112: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6089: 6085:"H Pylori Facts" 6081: 6075: 6074: 6042: 6036: 6035: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5931: 5922:(3): e127–e132. 5907: 5901: 5900: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5855: 5838:(12): CD003048. 5823: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5712: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5655: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5528: 5510: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5461: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5330: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5152: 5137:Gastroenterology 5128: 5122: 5121: 5111: 5071: 5058: 5057: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4930:(8): 1139–1149. 4924:Eur. J. Pediatr. 4919: 4913: 4912: 4902: 4870: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4799: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4723: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4666: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4617: 4610: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4537: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4492: 4484: 4474: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4425: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4388: 4386: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4349: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4139: 4115: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4054: 4044: 4012: 4003: 4002: 3992: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3912: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3862: 3830: 3824: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3747: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3685: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3636: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3595: 3588: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3527: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3498: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3426: 3419: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3391:. Archived from 3380: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3353: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3282: 3264: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3223: 3199: 3190: 3189: 3179: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3138: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3098:(1–3): 101–106. 3087: 3081: 3080: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2981: 2975:. Archived from 2966: 2948: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2853: 2843: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2802: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2745: 2706: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2602: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2526: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2442: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2358: 2329: 2320: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2289: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2258:(2–3): 173–182. 2243: 2237: 2236: 2226: 2216: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2175: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2126: 2117:(3): 671S–676S. 2102: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2083: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2062: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1998: 1987: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1951: 1942: 1941: 1935: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1911: 1900: 1899: 1889: 1879: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1838: 1828: 1804: 1793: 1792: 1782: 1773:(9): 1291–1296. 1758: 1729: 1728: 1718: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1669: 1659: 1650:(7): 2179–2194. 1635: 1622: 1621: 1611: 1601: 1577: 1568: 1567: 1557: 1525: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1496: 1485: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1465: 1398: 1393: 1392: 1248:General research 1068:Glycemic control 718:Balantidium coli 683:Escherichia coli 621:autointoxication 561:Élie Metchnikoff 546:Élie Metchnikoff 472:As of 2019, the 407:immunodeficiency 163:convened by the 121:gastrointestinal 106:Élie Metchnikoff 71:, but may cause 21: 8136: 8135: 8131: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8126: 8125: 8101: 8100: 8099: 8094: 8068: 8019:Low-FODMAP diet 8007: 8001: 7971: 7966: 7920: 7738: 7732: 7618: 7609: 7600: 7591: 7582: 7573: 7564: 7555: 7533: 7530: 7521: 7506:Bifidobacterium 7450: 7445: 7398: 7395: 7393:Further reading 7390: 7389: 7362: 7361: 7357: 7347: 7345: 7341: 7330: 7326: 7325: 7321: 7277: 7276: 7272: 7228: 7227: 7223: 7179: 7178: 7174: 7165: 7161: 7117: 7116: 7109: 7057: 7056: 7052: 7042: 7040: 7026: 7025: 7021: 6977: 6976: 6972: 6942: 6941: 6937: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6890: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6820: 6807: 6806: 6802: 6792: 6790: 6752: 6751: 6747: 6708:(3): CD010972. 6695: 6694: 6690: 6651:(4): CD009951. 6638: 6637: 6633: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6487: 6486: 6482: 6451:(3): CD007443. 6438: 6437: 6433: 6402:(3): CD005573. 6389: 6388: 6379: 6348:(7): CD006634. 6335: 6334: 6330: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6240:(8): CD006895. 6227: 6226: 6222: 6212: 6210: 6166: 6165: 6158: 6114: 6113: 6106: 6098: 6087: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5961:Clin. Dermatol. 5958: 5957: 5953: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5874: 5873: 5869: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5810: 5808: 5795:(RR–16): 1–16. 5789:MMWR Recomm Rep 5782: 5781: 5777: 5731: 5730: 5726: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5646:(11): 856–860. 5633: 5632: 5628: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5086:(4): CD004827. 5073: 5072: 5061: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5008: 5006: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4885:(6): CD012941. 4872: 4871: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4621: 4619: 4618:on May 14, 2012 4615: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4485: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4391:Perseus Project 4384: 4382: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4295: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4117: 4116: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4027:(12): 704–705. 4014: 4013: 4006: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3839:Medical History 3832: 3831: 3827: 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3787: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3541: 3539: 3529: 3528: 3521: 3511: 3509: 3500: 3499: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3355: 3354: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3201: 3200: 3193: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2983: 2982:on May 14, 2014 2979: 2964:10.1.1.583.6014 2946: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2704: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2565: 2563: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2327: 2322: 2321: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2291: 2290: 2283: 2273: 2271: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2104: 2103: 2096: 2088: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2055: 2048: 2046: 2031: 2017: 2016: 2012: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1985: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1965: 1963: 1953: 1952: 1945: 1928: 1921: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1903: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1806: 1805: 1796: 1760: 1759: 1732: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1637: 1636: 1625: 1579: 1578: 1571: 1534:Clin Infect Dis 1527: 1526: 1519: 1509: 1507: 1498: 1497: 1488: 1478: 1476: 1467: 1466: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1415:Functional food 1394: 1387: 1384: 1319:health benefits 1307: 1298: 1281: 1268: 1255: 1250: 1234: 1218: 1209: 1193: 1180: 1168: 1154:treatment as a 1143: 1107: 1085: 1070: 1058:adverse effects 1046: 1038:gastroenteritis 1034: 1018: 1012:concentration. 1001: 989: 954: 950: 933: 888:Cochrane review 868: 856: 836: 827: 811: 763: 667:Bifidobacterium 632:lactobacillales 615:. According to 519: 507: 505:Yogurt labeling 470: 458: 402: 245:sourdough bread 203:Live probiotic 201: 153: 99:Stamen Grigorov 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8134: 8132: 8124: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8103: 8102: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8080:Gut–brain axis 8076: 8074: 8073:Related topics 8070: 8069: 8067: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8039:Antispasmodics 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8015: 8013: 8009: 8008: 8002: 8000: 7999: 7992: 7985: 7977: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7928: 7926: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7916:Zinc gluconate 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7891:St John's wort 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7871:Red yeast rice 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7742: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7622: 7621: 7616: 7612: 7607: 7603: 7598: 7594: 7589: 7585: 7580: 7576: 7571: 7567: 7562: 7558: 7553: 7544: 7538: 7536: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7503: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7458: 7456: 7452: 7451: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7436: 7429: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7394: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7355: 7319: 7270: 7241:(2): 202–215. 7221: 7192:(3): 200–204. 7172: 7159: 7130:(4): 439–442. 7107: 7050: 7019: 6970: 6951:(3): 219–233. 6935: 6878: 6825: 6818: 6800: 6745: 6688: 6631: 6574: 6531: 6494:Biomed Res Int 6480: 6431: 6377: 6328: 6297:(4): 527–536. 6291:Age and Ageing 6277: 6220: 6156: 6127:(4): 658–672. 6104: 6076: 6057:(4): 360–366. 6037: 5994: 5967:(5): 653–658. 5951: 5902: 5883:(4): 952–961. 5867: 5818: 5775: 5740:(7): 555–565. 5724: 5667: 5626: 5583: 5556:(3): 479–489. 5540: 5481: 5452:(7): 657–664. 5432: 5389: 5342: 5301: 5282:(6): 374–382. 5266: 5239:(3): 367–372. 5223: 5184:(4): 812–822. 5164: 5143:(2): 697–705. 5123: 5059: 5032:(9): 953–961. 5016: 4977:(4): 952–961. 4957: 4914: 4862: 4831:(3): 171–174. 4811: 4790:(2): 100–108. 4770: 4735: 4678: 4649:(6): 436–439. 4629: 4597: 4549: 4500: 4437: 4396: 4361: 4347:10.1086/320518 4320: 4293: 4273: 4246: 4227: 4220: 4202: 4151: 4130:(5): 365–378. 4103: 4066: 4004: 3983:(3): 223–229. 3963: 3944: 3903:(2): 160–174. 3883: 3874: 3845:(3): 201–215. 3825: 3812: 3785: 3765: 3758: 3732: 3713:(4): 287–292. 3697: 3648: 3607: 3575: 3549: 3519: 3490: 3464: 3438: 3406: 3375: 3345: 3314:(3): 171–174. 3294: 3235: 3191: 3164:Am J Clin Nutr 3150: 3129:(4): 538–550. 3109: 3082: 3071:(4): 166–170. 3055: 3024: 2993: 2934: 2907:(3): 261–268. 2891: 2865: 2814: 2757: 2692: 2665:(5): 482–496. 2649: 2630:(6): 483–485. 2614: 2593:(4): 201–209. 2573: 2546: 2517:(1): 147–157. 2497: 2454: 2405: 2370: 2348: 2312: 2281: 2238: 2207:(8): 506–514. 2187: 2158:(4): 243–253. 2138: 2094: 2070: 2029: 2010: 1973: 1943: 1901: 1850: 1794: 1730: 1681: 1623: 1569: 1517: 1486: 1456: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1383: 1380: 1375: 1374: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1306: 1303: 1297: 1294: 1280: 1277: 1267: 1264: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1233: 1230: 1217: 1214: 1208: 1205: 1192: 1189: 1179: 1176: 1167: 1164: 1142: 1139: 1106: 1103: 1084: 1079: 1069: 1066: 1045: 1042: 1033: 1030: 1017: 1014: 1000: 997: 988: 987:Blood pressure 985: 973:L. acidophilus 952: 948: 932: 929: 921:adverse events 867: 864: 855: 852: 835: 832: 826: 823: 810: 807: 762: 759: 726:L. acidophilus 722:L. acidophilus 655:Bifidobacteria 628:milk fermented 626:At that time, 565:gut microbiota 558:Nobel laureate 556:scientist and 518: 515: 506: 503: 469: 466: 457: 454: 401: 398: 200: 197: 181:United Nations 152: 149: 103:Nobel laureate 65:gut microbiota 61:microorganisms 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8133: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8071: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8044:Psychotherapy 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8029:Soluble fiber 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8010: 8005: 7998: 7993: 7991: 7986: 7984: 7979: 7978: 7975: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7952:Nutraceutical 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7923: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7781:Dietary fiber 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7766:Cod liver oil 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7737:Other common 7735: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7620: 7613: 7611: 7606:Folic acid (B 7604: 7602: 7595: 7593: 7588:Pyridoxine (B 7586: 7584: 7577: 7575: 7568: 7566: 7561:Riboflavin (B 7559: 7557: 7550: 7549: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7535: 7528: 7524: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7501:Lactobacillus 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7442: 7437: 7435: 7430: 7428: 7423: 7422: 7419: 7411: 7410: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7396: 7392: 7382: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7359: 7356: 7340: 7336: 7329: 7323: 7320: 7315: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7274: 7271: 7266: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7222: 7217: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7176: 7173: 7169: 7163: 7160: 7155: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7103: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7054: 7051: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7023: 7020: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6990:(1): 97–103. 6989: 6985: 6981: 6974: 6971: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6939: 6936: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6889: 6882: 6879: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6841:(73): 24–37. 6840: 6836: 6829: 6826: 6821: 6815: 6811: 6804: 6801: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6749: 6746: 6742: 6740: 6733: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6689: 6684: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6635: 6632: 6627: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6578: 6575: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6535: 6532: 6527: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6484: 6481: 6476: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6435: 6432: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6373: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6332: 6329: 6324: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6281: 6278: 6273: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6224: 6221: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6171: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6097: 6093: 6086: 6080: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6041: 6038: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 5998: 5995: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5906: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5871: 5868: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5822: 5819: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5779: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5728: 5725: 5720: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5671: 5668: 5663: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5630: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5587: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5544: 5541: 5536: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5485: 5482: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5436: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5343: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5305: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5224: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5017: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4774: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4739: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4630: 4614: 4607: 4601: 4598: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4501: 4496: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4397: 4392: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4321: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4277: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4228: 4223: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4155: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4070: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3945: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3778: 3777: 3769: 3766: 3761: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3745: 3736: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3608: 3592: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3423: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3376: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3059: 3056: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3025: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2994: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2938: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2892: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2758: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2696: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2574: 2566:September 17, 2561: 2557: 2550: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2498: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2474:(4): E49–55. 2473: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2409: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2371: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2326: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2242: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2191: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2142: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2087: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2030:92-5-105513-0 2026: 2022: 2021: 2014: 2011: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1977: 1974: 1961: 1957: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1933: 1917: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1854: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1685: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1474: 1470: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1451: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1435:Proteobiotics 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1348: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1320: 1315: 1312: 1304: 1302: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1272:physiological 1265: 1263: 1261: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1242:Lactobacillus 1239: 1238:urinary tract 1232:Urinary tract 1231: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1215: 1213: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1201:pre-eclampsia 1198: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1147: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1127:T lymphocytes 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1095:peptic ulcers 1092: 1091: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1007: 998: 996: 994: 986: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 965: 964:Lactobacillus 960: 959: 946: 945:Lactobacillus 942: 938: 930: 928: 926: 922: 917: 916: 911: 906: 904: 900: 899:meta-analyses 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 865: 863: 861: 853: 851: 849: 845: 841: 833: 831: 824: 822: 820: 816: 808: 806: 804: 800: 796: 795: 790: 786: 785: 780: 776: 772: 768: 760: 758: 756: 755: 750: 749: 744: 743: 737: 733: 729: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 702: 700: 696: 695:salmonellosis 692: 690: 685: 684: 679: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 559: 555: 547: 543: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 516: 514: 512: 504: 502: 499: 495: 491: 486: 483: 479: 475: 467: 465: 463: 455: 453: 451: 450: 449:Lactobacillus 445: 443: 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 399: 397: 395: 391: 390: 384: 383: 378: 377: 372: 368: 367:L. bulgaricus 364: 363: 358: 354: 352: 346: 345: 341: 337: 333: 328: 324: 320: 319:Lactobacillus 316: 312: 308: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 284: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 220: 216: 214: 210: 206: 198: 196: 192: 190: 184: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 161:working group 158: 150: 148: 146: 142: 138: 137:health claims 134: 130: 126: 125:immune health 122: 118: 113: 111: 107: 104: 100: 96: 95: 90: 85: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 52: 51: 46: 41: 35: 30: 19: 8111:Bacteriology 8058: 7957:Multivitamin 7881:Saw palmetto 7861:Milk thistle 7534:("minerals") 7496: 7467:Energy drink 7407: 7371: 7368:EFSA Journal 7367: 7358: 7346:. Retrieved 7334: 7322: 7287: 7283: 7273: 7238: 7234: 7224: 7189: 7186:Gut Microbes 7185: 7175: 7167: 7162: 7127: 7123: 7070:(1): 83–89. 7067: 7063: 7053: 7041:. Retrieved 7032: 7022: 6987: 6983: 6973: 6948: 6944: 6938: 6926:. Retrieved 6898: 6894: 6881: 6856:10072/381737 6838: 6834: 6828: 6809: 6803: 6791:. Retrieved 6758: 6748: 6738: 6735: 6705: 6701: 6691: 6648: 6644: 6634: 6591: 6587: 6577: 6544: 6540: 6534: 6497: 6493: 6483: 6448: 6444: 6434: 6399: 6395: 6345: 6341: 6331: 6314:11449/164454 6294: 6290: 6280: 6237: 6233: 6223: 6211:. Retrieved 6178: 6174: 6124: 6120: 6091: 6079: 6054: 6050: 6049:infection". 6046: 6040: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5919: 5915: 5905: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5811:September 8, 5809:. Retrieved 5792: 5788: 5778: 5737: 5733: 5727: 5684: 5680: 5670: 5643: 5639: 5629: 5596: 5592: 5586: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5498: 5494: 5484: 5449: 5445: 5435: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5359: 5355: 5345: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5214:. Retrieved 5181: 5177: 5167: 5140: 5136: 5126: 5083: 5079: 5029: 5025: 5019: 5009:December 12, 5007:. Retrieved 4974: 4970: 4960: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4882: 4878: 4853:. Retrieved 4828: 4824: 4814: 4787: 4783: 4773: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4695: 4691: 4681: 4646: 4643:Gut Microbes 4642: 4632: 4620:. Retrieved 4613:the original 4600: 4581: 4578:EFSA Journal 4577: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4489:cite journal 4454: 4450: 4440: 4413: 4409: 4399: 4389:– via 4385:February 21, 4383:. Retrieved 4374: 4364: 4337: 4333: 4323: 4311:. Retrieved 4283: 4276: 4262:(2): 33–42. 4259: 4255: 4249: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4211: 4205: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4127: 4123: 4094:. Retrieved 4076: 4069: 4024: 4020: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3937:December 29, 3935:. Retrieved 3900: 3896: 3886: 3877: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3820: 3815: 3803:. Retrieved 3775: 3768: 3743: 3735: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3665: 3661: 3651: 3624: 3620: 3610: 3598:. Retrieved 3578: 3566:. Retrieved 3552: 3540:. Retrieved 3510:. 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Retrieved 2255: 2251: 2241: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2155: 2152:Gut Microbes 2151: 2141: 2114: 2110: 2086:the original 2073: 2047:. Retrieved 2019: 2013: 2003:December 17, 2001:. Retrieved 1994:the original 1989: 1981:Schlundt J. 1976: 1964:. Retrieved 1920:. Retrieved 1867: 1863: 1853: 1816: 1813:EFSA Journal 1812: 1770: 1766: 1701:(2): 56–68. 1698: 1694: 1684: 1647: 1643: 1589: 1585: 1537: 1533: 1510:November 10, 1508:. Retrieved 1477:. Retrieved 1469:"Probiotics" 1440:Psychobiotic 1376: 1346: 1343: 1324: 1318: 1316: 1308: 1299: 1289:health claim 1282: 1269: 1256: 1253:Formulations 1241: 1235: 1219: 1210: 1194: 1181: 1169: 1148: 1144: 1136: 1123:phagocytosis 1113:by means of 1108: 1098: 1088: 1086: 1081: 1075:hypoglycemic 1071: 1047: 1035: 1019: 1002: 990: 977:L. rhamnosus 976: 972: 963: 956: 944: 934: 913: 910:L. rhamnosus 909: 907: 903:L. rhamnosus 902: 896: 891: 869: 857: 840:milk allergy 837: 828: 812: 798: 792: 782: 778: 774: 770: 764: 752: 746: 740: 738: 734: 730: 725: 721: 713: 709: 705: 703: 688: 681: 675: 666: 662: 653: 625: 581:putrefactive 551: 532:fermentation 520: 508: 487: 471: 459: 447: 446: 439: 403: 400:Side effects 393: 386: 380: 374: 373:, including 366: 360: 357:Leuconostoc 356: 348: 330: 327:L. fermentum 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 287: 285: 223: 217: 207:are part of 202: 193: 185: 172: 168: 154: 129:constipation 127:, relieving 114: 92: 86: 81:side effects 56: 55: 48: 43:A bottle of 29: 8064:Eluxadoline 7876:Royal jelly 7856:Lipoic acid 7851:Linseed oil 7811:Glucosamine 7739:ingredients 7552:Thiamine (B 7477:Fatty acids 6928:January 28, 6213:December 1, 6010:(6): 1–19. 4570:LA 103 and 4410:Br. J. Nutr 4313:October 31, 4096:October 31, 3960:(2): 29–33. 3805:October 31, 3600:12 December 3568:12 December 3483:13 December 3457:13 December 3431:12 December 3399:5 September 3368:5 September 3007:Mayo Clinic 2957:(1): 1–17. 2715:: 172–187. 2049:October 31, 1479:November 2, 1396:Food portal 1156:monotherapy 999:Cholesterol 819:weight gain 699:shigellosis 678:shigellosis 617:Metchnikoff 589:large bowel 585:proteolytic 462:supplements 456:Consumption 311:Leuconostoc 133:common cold 8121:Probiotics 8105:Categories 8059:Probiotics 8012:Management 7947:Herbal tea 7901:Wheatgrass 7801:Folic acid 7703:Phosphorus 7698:Molybdenum 7547:B vitamins 7497:Probiotics 7492:Prebiotics 7472:Energy bar 7235:Immunology 7166:Fuller R. 7035:. 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