403:
414:
102:
154:
385:
466:
are specialized into a narrow postabdomen (pretelson), while the remaining wider segments referred to as preabdomen. A reduced anteriormost tergite (microtergite) originated from the first opisthosomal segment is observable at least in some genera. Most synziphosurines are possibly blind, with only a
402:
574:
W. Krzemiński, E. Krzemińska, and D. Wojciechowski. 2010. Silurian synziphosurine horseshoe crab
Pasternakevia revisited. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 55(1):133-139
1455:
911:"Revision of the suborder Synziphosurina (Chelicerata, Merostomata) : with remarks on merostome phylogeny. American Museum novitates ; no. 2543"
1460:
790:"A new Ordovician arthropod from the Winneshiek Lagerstätte of Iowa (USA) reveals the ground plan of eurypterids and chasmataspidids"
413:
431:
being exceptionally large, most synziphosurines are small arthropods with body length ranging only about a few centimeters long.
1139:"A new synziphosurine (Chelicerata : Xiphosura) from the Late Llandovery (Silurian) Waukesha Lagerstatte, Wisconsin, USA"
1137:
Moore, Rachel A.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Braddy, Simon J.; Anderson, Lyall I.; Mikulic, Donald G.; Kluessendorf, Joanne (2005).
1278:
Briggs, Derek E. G.; Siveter, Derek J.; Siveter, David J.; Sutton, Mark D.; Garwood, Russell J.; Legg, David (2012-09-25).
738:"An unusual euchelicerate linking horseshoe crabs and eurypterids, from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) of Yunnan, China"
153:
1450:
667:
524:
As of 2020, at least 13 genera and 20 species were considered to be synziphosurines. The even basal euchelicerates
1154:
1186:"A new specimen ofWeinbergina opitzi (Chelicerata: Xiphosura) from the Lower Devonian Hunsriick Slate, Germany"
353:). It was later identified as a grade composed of various basal euchelicerates, eventually excluded from the
1440:
101:
1034:
1380:
1412:
926:
521:
and at least 5 pairs of walking legs while the opisthosoma probably has 6 pairs of plate-like opercula.
1347:"Revision of "Bellinurus" carteri (Chelicerata: Xiphosura) from the Late Devonian of Pennsylvania, USA"
1291:
801:
788:
Lamsdell, James C.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Liu, Huaibao P.; Witzke, Brian J.; McKay, Robert M. (2015).
614:
374:
1445:
1213:
1166:
1119:
1111:
1064:
884:
853:"On the Emsian (Lower Devonian) arthropods of the Rhenish Slate Mountains: 2. The synziphosurine
833:
767:
148:
1417:
1327:
1309:
1260:
1252:
1205:
1158:
1103:
1056:
1015:
976:
876:
825:
817:
759:
713:
632:
1358:
1317:
1299:
1244:
1197:
1150:
1095:
1046:
1007:
966:
914:
868:
809:
749:
703:
692:"Revised systematics of Palaeozoic 'horseshoe crabs' and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura"
622:
370:
656:
939:
538:
1295:
1035:"A Carboniferous Synziphosurine (xiphosura) from the Bear Gulch Limestone, Montana, Usa"
996:"New insights into the evolution of lateral compound eyes in Palaeozoic horseshoe crabs"
805:
618:
1322:
1279:
954:
1434:
1138:
1123:
1051:
995:
888:
852:
789:
708:
691:
458:
296:
275:
117:
59:
1217:
1170:
1082:
MOORE, RACHEL A.; BRIGGS, DEREK E. G.; BRADDY, SIMON J.; SHULTZ, JEFFREY W. (2011).
1068:
771:
408:
Dorsal morphology and variation of opisthosomal segmentation across synziphosurines.
837:
554:
482:
452:
427:
354:
339:
324:
303:
910:
384:
603:"Pictorial Atlas of Fossil and Extant Horseshoe Crabs, With Focus on Xiphosurida"
1011:
532:
512:
476:
469:
443:
390:
343:
317:
282:
247:
208:
195:
138:
124:
34:
1403:
1363:
1346:
1248:
813:
543:
518:
505:
486:
310:
289:
131:
110:
79:
44:
1313:
1256:
1209:
1162:
1107:
1060:
1019:
994:
Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Amati, Lisa; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2019-11-14).
980:
880:
821:
763:
717:
636:
627:
602:
1304:
526:
498:
491:
350:
346:
268:
240:
185:
165:
84:
1331:
1264:
829:
971:
1397:
447:
439:
378:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
1115:
1083:
361:
and only regarded as horseshoe crabs under a broader sense ('Xiphosura'
1201:
872:
558:, may also regarded as members of synziphosurines in some literatures.
435:
261:
89:
64:
1280:"Silurian horseshoe crab illuminates the evolution of arthropod limbs"
754:
1099:
953:
Krzemiński, Wiesław; Krzemińska, Ewa; Wojciechowski, Dariusz (2010).
918:
463:
254:
175:
1374:
1232:
1185:
1084:"Synziphosurines (Xiphosura: Chelicerata) from the Silurian of Iowa"
737:
851:
Anderson, Lyall I.; Poschmann, Markus; Brauckmann, Carsten (1998).
1184:
Moore, Rachel A.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Bartels, Christoph (2005).
1033:
Moore, Rachel A.; McKENZIE, Scott C.; Lieberman, Bruce S. (2007).
548:
412:
383:
955:"Silurian Synziphosurine Horseshoe Crab Pasternakevia Revisited"
1378:
1345:
Bicknell, Russell D.C.; Lustri, Lorenzo; Brougham, Tom (2019).
1155:
10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079<0242:ANSCXF>2.0.CO;2
462:, the last 3 opisthosomal segments precede the spine-like
377:
in ages, with most species are known from the in-between
657:"A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives"
736:
Selden, Paul A.; Lamsdell, James C.; Qi, Liu (2015).
1387:
601:Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Pates, Stephen (2020).
446:with usually unfused 9-11 segments expressed by
349:previously thought to be basal horseshoe crabs (
1284:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1231:Dunlop, Jason A.; Lamsdell, James C. (2017).
655:Dunlop, J. A.; Penney, D.; Jekel, D. (2020).
8:
417:Size comparison of various synziphosurines.
1375:
1233:"Segmentation and tagmosis in Chelicerata"
100:
20:
1362:
1321:
1303:
1050:
1000:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
970:
909:Eldredge, Niles; Smith, LeGrande (1974).
753:
707:
696:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
650:
648:
646:
626:
434:The body of synziphosurine composed of a
567:
510:while exceptionally well-documented in
398:
935:
924:
1237:Arthropod Structure & Development
7:
904:
902:
900:
898:
783:
781:
731:
729:
727:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
489:are scarce, fragmentary known from
467:few species showing possible (e.g.
1456:Early Ordovician first appearances
395:with preserved ventral appendages.
14:
690:Lamsdell, James C. (2013-01-01).
485:on their carapaces. Evidences of
1052:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00685.x
709:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00874.x
517:. The prosoma possess a pair of
442:(prosomal dorsal shield) and an
401:
152:
30:Early Ordovician–Mississippian
1:
959:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1190:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
861:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
668:Natural History Museum Bern
1477:
1364:10.1016/j.crpv.2019.08.002
607:Frontiers in Earth Science
1461:Carboniferous extinctions
1249:10.1016/j.asd.2016.05.002
1012:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz065
814:10.1007/s00114-015-1312-5
536:, the questionable genus
236:
231:
149:Scientific classification
147:
108:
99:
23:
628:10.3389/feart.2020.00098
450:. With the exception of
369:survived at least since
1305:10.1073/pnas.1205875109
1143:Journal of Paleontology
1088:Journal of Paleontology
481:) evidences of lateral
438:covered by a dome-like
1351:Comptes Rendus Palevol
934:Cite journal requires
418:
396:
1413:Paleobiology Database
972:10.4202/app.2008.0074
794:The Science of Nature
416:
387:
664:World Spider Catalog
1451:Paraphyletic groups
1296:2012PNAS..10915702B
1290:(39): 15702–15705.
806:2015SciNa.102...63L
619:2020FrEaS...8...98B
375:early Carboniferous
136:(bottom left), and
16:Group of arthropods
1202:10.1007/BF02991931
873:10.1007/BF02988363
419:
397:
1428:
1427:
1381:Taxon identifiers
755:10.1111/zsc.12124
742:Zoologica Scripta
670:. pp. 1–296.
542:, as well as the
474:) or clear (e.g.
333:
332:
227:
1468:
1421:
1420:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1376:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1307:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1100:10.1666/10-057.1
1079:
1073:
1072:
1054:
1045:(4): 1013–1019.
1030:
1024:
1023:
1006:(4): 1061–1077.
991:
985:
984:
974:
950:
944:
943:
937:
932:
930:
922:
906:
893:
892:
867:(3–4): 325–336.
848:
842:
841:
785:
776:
775:
757:
733:
722:
721:
711:
687:
672:
671:
661:
652:
641:
640:
630:
598:
575:
572:
405:
371:early Ordovician
225:
220:
157:
156:
143:(bottom right).
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1383:
1373:
1372:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1032:
1031:
1027:
993:
992:
988:
952:
951:
947:
933:
923:
908:
907:
896:
850:
849:
845:
787:
786:
779:
735:
734:
725:
689:
688:
675:
659:
654:
653:
644:
600:
599:
578:
573:
569:
564:
539:Borchgrevinkium
409:
406:
367:Synziphosurines
224:
218:
151:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1474:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1441:Synziphosurina
1433:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1409:
1393:
1391:
1389:Synziphosurina
1385:
1384:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1357:(8): 967–976.
1337:
1270:
1243:(3): 395–418.
1223:
1196:(3): 399–408.
1176:
1149:(2): 242–250.
1129:
1074:
1025:
986:
965:(1): 133–139.
945:
936:|journal=
894:
843:
777:
748:(6): 645–652.
723:
673:
642:
576:
566:
565:
563:
560:
411:
410:
407:
400:
336:Synziphosurina
331:
330:
329:
328:
321:
314:
307:
300:
293:
286:
279:
272:
265:
258:
251:
244:
234:
233:
229:
228:
222:Synziphosurina
216:
212:
211:
206:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
145:
144:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
32:
26:
24:Synziphosurina
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1473:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:Palaeontology
1036:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
987:
982:
978:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
949:
946:
941:
928:
920:
916:
912:
905:
903:
901:
899:
895:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
856:
847:
844:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
784:
782:
778:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
732:
730:
728:
724:
719:
715:
710:
705:
701:
697:
693:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
674:
669:
665:
658:
651:
649:
647:
643:
638:
634:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
577:
571:
568:
561:
559:
557:
556:
551:
550:
545:
541:
540:
535:
534:
529:
528:
522:
520:
516:
514:
509:
508:waukeshaensis
507:
502:
500:
495:
493:
488:
484:
483:compound eyes
480:
478:
473:
471:
465:
461:
460:
459:Pasternakevia
455:
454:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
429:
424:
415:
404:
399:
394:
392:
386:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:sensu stricto
356:
352:
348:
345:
341:
337:
327:
326:
322:
320:
319:
315:
313:
312:
308:
306:
305:
301:
299:
298:
297:Pasternakevia
294:
292:
291:
287:
285:
284:
280:
278:
277:
276:Cyamocephalus
273:
271:
270:
266:
264:
263:
259:
257:
256:
252:
250:
249:
245:
243:
242:
238:
237:
235:
230:
223:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
155:
150:
146:
142:
140:
135:
133:
128:
126:
122:(top right),
121:
119:
118:Cyamocephalus
114:
113:waukeshaensis
112:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
1388:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1094:(1): 83–91.
1091:
1087:
1077:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1003:
999:
989:
962:
958:
948:
927:cite journal
864:
860:
855:Willwerathia
854:
846:
800:(9–10): 63.
797:
793:
745:
741:
699:
695:
663:
610:
606:
570:
555:Winneshiekia
553:
547:
537:
531:
525:
523:
511:
504:
497:
490:
475:
468:
457:
453:Pseudoniscus
451:
433:
428:Willwerathia
426:
422:
420:
389:
366:
362:
358:
355:monophyletic
340:paraphyletic
335:
334:
325:Willwerathia
323:
316:
309:
304:Pseudoniscus
302:
295:
288:
281:
274:
267:
260:
253:
246:
239:
226:Packard 1886
221:
202:
137:
130:
123:
116:
115:(top left),
109:
18:
702:(1): 1–27.
533:Dibasterium
513:Weinbergina
477:Legrandella
470:Weinbergina
444:opisthosoma
423:Weinbergina
391:Weinbergina
344:chelicerate
318:Weinbergina
283:Legrandella
248:Bembicosoma
209:Prosomapoda
196:Chelicerata
192:Subphylum:
139:Legrandella
125:Weinbergina
1435:Categories
562:References
544:Dekatriata
519:chelicerae
506:Venustulus
487:appendages
388:Fossil of
363:sensu lato
357:Xiphosura
347:arthropods
311:Venustulus
290:Limuloides
215:Suborder:
186:Arthropoda
134:limuloides
132:Limuloides
129:(center),
120:loganensis
111:Venustulus
1446:Xiphosura
1314:0027-8424
1257:1467-8039
1210:0031-0220
1163:0022-3360
1124:115132351
1108:0022-3360
1061:1475-4983
1020:0024-4082
981:0567-7920
919:2246/2745
889:128464147
881:0031-0220
822:0028-1042
764:0300-3256
718:0024-4082
637:2296-6463
546:-related
527:Offacolus
501:grovensis
499:Camanchia
492:Anderella
479:lombardii
351:Xiphosura
342:group of
269:Camanchia
241:Anderella
172:Kingdom:
166:Eukaryota
141:lombardii
1404:Q7662951
1398:Wikidata
1332:22967511
1265:27240897
1218:84994966
1171:56570105
1116:23019501
1069:59449700
830:26391849
772:55264483
448:tergites
440:carapace
381:strata.
379:Silurian
182:Phylum:
176:Animalia
162:Domain:
1323:3465403
1292:Bibcode
838:8153035
802:Bibcode
615:Bibcode
436:prosoma
262:Bunodes
232:Genera
1418:142302
1330:
1320:
1312:
1263:
1255:
1216:
1208:
1169:
1161:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1067:
1059:
1018:
979:
887:
879:
836:
828:
820:
770:
762:
716:
635:
613:: 98.
515:opitzi
472:opitzi
464:telson
421:While
393:opitzi
255:Bunaia
127:opitzi
1214:S2CID
1167:S2CID
1120:S2CID
1112:JSTOR
1065:S2CID
885:S2CID
834:S2CID
768:S2CID
660:(PDF)
549:Houia
494:parva
338:is a
203:Clade
1328:PMID
1310:ISSN
1261:PMID
1253:ISSN
1206:ISSN
1159:ISSN
1104:ISSN
1057:ISSN
1016:ISSN
977:ISSN
940:help
877:ISSN
826:PMID
818:ISSN
760:ISSN
714:ISSN
633:ISSN
552:and
530:and
503:and
456:and
425:and
35:Preęž’
1359:doi
1318:PMC
1300:doi
1288:109
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