414:
425:
113:
165:
396:
477:
are specialized into a narrow postabdomen (pretelson), while the remaining wider segments referred to as preabdomen. A reduced anteriormost tergite (microtergite) originated from the first opisthosomal segment is observable at least in some genera. Most synziphosurines are possibly blind, with only a
413:
585:
W. Krzemiński, E. Krzemińska, and D. Wojciechowski. 2010. Silurian synziphosurine horseshoe crab
Pasternakevia revisited. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 55(1):133-139
1466:
922:"Revision of the suborder Synziphosurina (Chelicerata, Merostomata) : with remarks on merostome phylogeny. American Museum novitates ; no. 2543"
1471:
801:"A new Ordovician arthropod from the Winneshiek Lagerstätte of Iowa (USA) reveals the ground plan of eurypterids and chasmataspidids"
424:
442:
being exceptionally large, most synziphosurines are small arthropods with body length ranging only about a few centimeters long.
1150:"A new synziphosurine (Chelicerata : Xiphosura) from the Late Llandovery (Silurian) Waukesha Lagerstatte, Wisconsin, USA"
1148:
Moore, Rachel A.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Braddy, Simon J.; Anderson, Lyall I.; Mikulic, Donald G.; Kluessendorf, Joanne (2005).
1289:
Briggs, Derek E. G.; Siveter, Derek J.; Siveter, David J.; Sutton, Mark D.; Garwood, Russell J.; Legg, David (2012-09-25).
749:"An unusual euchelicerate linking horseshoe crabs and eurypterids, from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) of Yunnan, China"
164:
1461:
678:
535:
As of 2020, at least 13 genera and 20 species were considered to be synziphosurines. The even basal euchelicerates
1165:
1197:"A new specimen ofWeinbergina opitzi (Chelicerata: Xiphosura) from the Lower Devonian Hunsriick Slate, Germany"
364:). It was later identified as a grade composed of various basal euchelicerates, eventually excluded from the
1451:
112:
1045:
1391:
1423:
937:
532:
and at least 5 pairs of walking legs while the opisthosoma probably has 6 pairs of plate-like opercula.
1358:"Revision of "Bellinurus" carteri (Chelicerata: Xiphosura) from the Late Devonian of Pennsylvania, USA"
1302:
812:
799:
Lamsdell, James C.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Liu, Huaibao P.; Witzke, Brian J.; McKay, Robert M. (2015).
625:
385:
1456:
1224:
1177:
1130:
1122:
1075:
895:
864:"On the Emsian (Lower Devonian) arthropods of the Rhenish Slate Mountains: 2. The synziphosurine
844:
778:
159:
1428:
1338:
1320:
1271:
1263:
1216:
1169:
1114:
1067:
1026:
987:
887:
836:
828:
770:
724:
643:
1369:
1328:
1310:
1255:
1208:
1161:
1106:
1057:
1018:
977:
925:
879:
820:
760:
714:
703:"Revised systematics of Palaeozoic 'horseshoe crabs' and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura"
633:
381:
667:
950:
549:
1306:
1046:"A Carboniferous Synziphosurine (xiphosura) from the Bear Gulch Limestone, Montana, Usa"
1007:"New insights into the evolution of lateral compound eyes in Palaeozoic horseshoe crabs"
816:
629:
1333:
1290:
965:
1445:
1149:
1134:
1062:
1006:
899:
863:
800:
719:
702:
469:
307:
286:
128:
70:
1228:
1181:
1093:
MOORE, RACHEL A.; BRIGGS, DEREK E. G.; BRADDY, SIMON J.; SHULTZ, JEFFREY W. (2011).
1079:
782:
419:
Dorsal morphology and variation of opisthosomal segmentation across synziphosurines.
848:
565:
493:
463:
438:
365:
350:
335:
314:
921:
395:
614:"Pictorial Atlas of Fossil and Extant Horseshoe Crabs, With Focus on Xiphosurida"
1022:
543:
523:
487:
480:
454:
401:
354:
328:
293:
258:
219:
206:
149:
135:
45:
1414:
1374:
1357:
1259:
824:
554:
529:
516:
497:
321:
300:
142:
121:
90:
55:
17:
1324:
1267:
1220:
1173:
1118:
1071:
1030:
1005:
Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Amati, Lisa; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2019-11-14).
991:
891:
832:
774:
728:
647:
638:
613:
1315:
537:
509:
502:
361:
357:
279:
251:
196:
176:
95:
1342:
1275:
840:
982:
1408:
458:
450:
389:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
1126:
1094:
372:
and only regarded as horseshoe crabs under a broader sense ('Xiphosura'
1212:
883:
569:, may also regarded as members of synziphosurines in some literatures.
446:
272:
100:
75:
1291:"Silurian horseshoe crab illuminates the evolution of arthropod limbs"
765:
1110:
964:
Krzemiński, Wiesław; Krzemińska, Ewa; Wojciechowski, Dariusz (2010).
929:
474:
265:
186:
1385:
1243:
1196:
1095:"Synziphosurines (Xiphosura: Chelicerata) from the Silurian of Iowa"
748:
862:
Anderson, Lyall I.; Poschmann, Markus; Brauckmann, Carsten (1998).
1195:
Moore, Rachel A.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Bartels, Christoph (2005).
1044:
Moore, Rachel A.; McKENZIE, Scott C.; Lieberman, Bruce S. (2007).
559:
423:
394:
966:"Silurian Synziphosurine Horseshoe Crab Pasternakevia Revisited"
1389:
1356:
Bicknell, Russell D.C.; Lustri, Lorenzo; Brougham, Tom (2019).
1166:
10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079<0242:ANSCXF>2.0.CO;2
473:, the last 3 opisthosomal segments precede the spine-like
388:
in ages, with most species are known from the in-between
668:"A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives"
747:
Selden, Paul A.; Lamsdell, James C.; Qi, Liu (2015).
1398:
612:Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Pates, Stephen (2020).
457:with usually unfused 9-11 segments expressed by
360:previously thought to be basal horseshoe crabs (
1295:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1242:Dunlop, Jason A.; Lamsdell, James C. (2017).
666:Dunlop, J. A.; Penney, D.; Jekel, D. (2020).
8:
428:Size comparison of various synziphosurines.
1386:
1244:"Segmentation and tagmosis in Chelicerata"
111:
31:
1373:
1332:
1314:
1061:
1011:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
981:
920:Eldredge, Niles; Smith, LeGrande (1974).
764:
718:
707:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
661:
659:
657:
637:
445:The body of synziphosurine composed of a
578:
521:while exceptionally well-documented in
409:
946:
935:
1248:Arthropod Structure & Development
7:
915:
913:
911:
909:
794:
792:
742:
740:
738:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
500:are scarce, fragmentary known from
478:few species showing possible (e.g.
1467:Early Ordovician first appearances
406:with preserved ventral appendages.
25:
701:Lamsdell, James C. (2013-01-01).
496:on their carapaces. Evidences of
1063:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00685.x
720:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00874.x
528:. The prosoma possess a pair of
453:(prosomal dorsal shield) and an
412:
163:
41:Early Ordovician–Mississippian
1:
970:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1201:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
872:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
679:Natural History Museum Bern
1488:
1375:10.1016/j.crpv.2019.08.002
618:Frontiers in Earth Science
1472:Carboniferous extinctions
1260:10.1016/j.asd.2016.05.002
1023:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz065
825:10.1007/s00114-015-1312-5
547:, the questionable genus
247:
242:
160:Scientific classification
158:
119:
110:
34:
639:10.3389/feart.2020.00098
461:. With the exception of
380:survived at least since
1316:10.1073/pnas.1205875109
1154:Journal of Paleontology
1099:Journal of Paleontology
492:) evidences of lateral
449:covered by a dome-like
1362:Comptes Rendus Palevol
945:Cite journal requires
429:
407:
1424:Paleobiology Database
983:10.4202/app.2008.0074
805:The Science of Nature
427:
398:
675:World Spider Catalog
1462:Paraphyletic groups
1307:2012PNAS..10915702B
1301:(39): 15702–15705.
817:2015SciNa.102...63L
630:2020FrEaS...8...98B
386:early Carboniferous
147:(bottom left), and
27:Group of arthropods
1213:10.1007/BF02991931
884:10.1007/BF02988363
430:
408:
1439:
1438:
1392:Taxon identifiers
766:10.1111/zsc.12124
753:Zoologica Scripta
681:. pp. 1–296.
553:, as well as the
485:) or clear (e.g.
344:
343:
238:
16:(Redirected from
1479:
1432:
1431:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1387:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1318:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1111:10.1666/10-057.1
1090:
1084:
1083:
1065:
1056:(4): 1013–1019.
1041:
1035:
1034:
1017:(4): 1061–1077.
1002:
996:
995:
985:
961:
955:
954:
948:
943:
941:
933:
917:
904:
903:
878:(3–4): 325–336.
859:
853:
852:
796:
787:
786:
768:
744:
733:
732:
722:
698:
683:
682:
672:
663:
652:
651:
641:
609:
586:
583:
416:
382:early Ordovician
236:
231:
168:
167:
154:(bottom right).
115:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1427:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1394:
1384:
1383:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1004:
1003:
999:
963:
962:
958:
944:
934:
919:
918:
907:
861:
860:
856:
798:
797:
790:
746:
745:
736:
700:
699:
686:
670:
665:
664:
655:
611:
610:
589:
584:
580:
575:
550:Borchgrevinkium
420:
417:
378:Synziphosurines
235:
229:
162:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1452:Synziphosurina
1444:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1420:
1404:
1402:
1400:Synziphosurina
1396:
1395:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1368:(8): 967–976.
1348:
1281:
1254:(3): 395–418.
1234:
1207:(3): 399–408.
1187:
1160:(2): 242–250.
1140:
1085:
1036:
997:
976:(1): 133–139.
956:
947:|journal=
905:
854:
788:
759:(6): 645–652.
734:
684:
653:
587:
577:
576:
574:
571:
422:
421:
418:
411:
347:Synziphosurina
342:
341:
340:
339:
332:
325:
318:
311:
304:
297:
290:
283:
276:
269:
262:
255:
245:
244:
240:
239:
233:Synziphosurina
227:
223:
222:
217:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
156:
155:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
37:
35:Synziphosurina
26:
24:
18:Synziphosurine
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1484:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Palaeontology
1047:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
998:
993:
989:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
957:
952:
939:
931:
927:
923:
916:
914:
912:
910:
906:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
867:
858:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
795:
793:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
743:
741:
739:
735:
730:
726:
721:
716:
712:
708:
704:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
685:
680:
676:
669:
662:
660:
658:
654:
649:
645:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
588:
582:
579:
572:
570:
568:
567:
562:
561:
556:
552:
551:
546:
545:
540:
539:
533:
531:
527:
525:
520:
519:waukeshaensis
518:
513:
511:
506:
504:
499:
495:
494:compound eyes
491:
489:
484:
482:
476:
472:
471:
470:Pasternakevia
466:
465:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
440:
435:
426:
415:
410:
405:
403:
397:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:sensu stricto
367:
363:
359:
356:
352:
348:
338:
337:
333:
331:
330:
326:
324:
323:
319:
317:
316:
312:
310:
309:
308:Pasternakevia
305:
303:
302:
298:
296:
295:
291:
289:
288:
287:Cyamocephalus
284:
282:
281:
277:
275:
274:
270:
268:
267:
263:
261:
260:
256:
254:
253:
249:
248:
246:
241:
234:
228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
166:
161:
157:
153:
151:
146:
144:
139:
137:
133:(top right),
132:
130:
129:Cyamocephalus
125:
124:waukeshaensis
123:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
1399:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1105:(1): 83–91.
1102:
1098:
1088:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1014:
1010:
1000:
973:
969:
959:
938:cite journal
875:
871:
866:Willwerathia
865:
857:
811:(9–10): 63.
808:
804:
756:
752:
710:
706:
674:
621:
617:
581:
566:Winneshiekia
564:
558:
548:
542:
536:
534:
522:
515:
508:
501:
486:
479:
468:
464:Pseudoniscus
462:
444:
439:Willwerathia
437:
433:
431:
400:
377:
373:
369:
366:monophyletic
351:paraphyletic
346:
345:
336:Willwerathia
334:
327:
320:
315:Pseudoniscus
313:
306:
299:
292:
285:
278:
271:
264:
257:
250:
237:Packard 1886
232:
213:
148:
141:
134:
127:
126:(top left),
120:
29:
713:(1): 1–27.
544:Dibasterium
524:Weinbergina
488:Legrandella
481:Weinbergina
455:opisthosoma
434:Weinbergina
402:Weinbergina
355:chelicerate
329:Weinbergina
294:Legrandella
259:Bembicosoma
220:Prosomapoda
207:Chelicerata
203:Subphylum:
150:Legrandella
136:Weinbergina
1446:Categories
573:References
555:Dekatriata
530:chelicerae
517:Venustulus
498:appendages
399:Fossil of
374:sensu lato
368:Xiphosura
358:arthropods
322:Venustulus
301:Limuloides
226:Suborder:
197:Arthropoda
145:limuloides
143:Limuloides
140:(center),
131:loganensis
122:Venustulus
1457:Xiphosura
1325:0027-8424
1268:1467-8039
1221:0031-0220
1174:0022-3360
1135:115132351
1119:0022-3360
1072:1475-4983
1031:0024-4082
992:0567-7920
930:2246/2745
900:128464147
892:0031-0220
833:0028-1042
775:0300-3256
729:0024-4082
648:2296-6463
557:-related
538:Offacolus
512:grovensis
510:Camanchia
503:Anderella
490:lombardii
362:Xiphosura
353:group of
280:Camanchia
252:Anderella
183:Kingdom:
177:Eukaryota
152:lombardii
1415:Q7662951
1409:Wikidata
1343:22967511
1276:27240897
1229:84994966
1182:56570105
1127:23019501
1080:59449700
841:26391849
783:55264483
459:tergites
451:carapace
392:strata.
390:Silurian
193:Phylum:
187:Animalia
173:Domain:
1334:3465403
1303:Bibcode
849:8153035
813:Bibcode
626:Bibcode
447:prosoma
273:Bunodes
243:Genera
1429:142302
1341:
1331:
1323:
1274:
1266:
1227:
1219:
1180:
1172:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1078:
1070:
1029:
990:
898:
890:
847:
839:
831:
781:
773:
727:
646:
624:: 98.
526:opitzi
483:opitzi
475:telson
432:While
404:opitzi
266:Bunaia
138:opitzi
1225:S2CID
1178:S2CID
1131:S2CID
1123:JSTOR
1076:S2CID
896:S2CID
845:S2CID
779:S2CID
671:(PDF)
560:Houia
505:parva
349:is a
214:Clade
1339:PMID
1321:ISSN
1272:PMID
1264:ISSN
1217:ISSN
1170:ISSN
1115:ISSN
1068:ISSN
1027:ISSN
988:ISSN
951:help
888:ISSN
837:PMID
829:ISSN
771:ISSN
725:ISSN
644:ISSN
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