484:
33:
653:, are integrated into the design process. At the same time, decisions made at the beginning of a project whose consequences are not clearly understood can have enormous implications later in the life of a system, and it is the task of the modern systems engineer to explore these issues and make critical decisions. No method guarantees today's decisions will still be valid when a system goes into service years or decades after first conceived. However, there are techniques that support the process of systems engineering. Examples include soft systems methodology,
940:. Ideally, the relationships express causality, not just correlation. Furthermore, key to successful systems engineering activities are also the methods with which these models are efficiently and effectively managed and used to simulate the systems. However, diverse domains often present recurring problems of modeling and simulation for systems engineering, and new advancements are aiming to cross-fertilize methods among distinct scientific and engineering communities, under the title of 'Modeling & Simulation-based Systems Engineering'.
463:) view of the development effort, systems engineering helps mold all the technical contributors into a unified team effort, forming a structured development process that proceeds from concept to production to operation and, in some cases, to termination and disposal. In an acquisition, the holistic integrative discipline combines contributions and balances tradeoffs among cost, schedule, and performance while maintaining an acceptable level of risk covering the entire life cycle of the item.
311:"The concept from the engineering standpoint is the evolution of the engineering scientist (i.e. the scientific generalist who maintains a broad outlook). The method is that of the team approach. On large-scale-system problems, teams of scientists and engineers, generalists as well as specialists, exert their joint efforts to find a solution and physically realize it...The technique has been variously called the systems approach or the team development method." —
292:"System engineering is a robust approach to the design, creation, and operation of systems. In simple terms, the approach consists of identification and quantification of system goals, creation of alternative system design concepts, performance of design trades, selection and implementation of the best design, verification that the design is properly built and integrated, and post-implementation assessment of how well the system meets (or met) the goals." —
319:"The systems engineering method recognizes each system is an integrated whole even though composed of diverse, specialized structures and sub-functions. It further recognizes that any system has a number of objectives and that the balance between them may differ widely from system to system. The methods seek to optimize the overall system functions according to the weighted objectives and to achieve maximum compatibility of its parts." —
1498:
1251:, like systems engineering, is a multidisciplinary field of engineering that uses dynamic systems modeling to express tangible constructs. In that regard, it is almost indistinguishable from Systems Engineering, but what sets it apart is the focus on smaller details rather than larger generalizations and relationships. As such, both fields are distinguished by the scope of their projects rather than the methodology of their practice.
1512:
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1165:, used extensively in nearly every industry, is a large sub-field of systems engineering. The cruise control on an automobile and the guidance system for a ballistic missile are two examples. Control systems theory is an active field of applied mathematics involving the investigation of solution spaces and the development of new methods for the analysis of the control process.
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273:, considered by some to be a founder of modern systems engineering, defined the discipline as: "...a branch of engineering which concentrates on the design and application of the whole as distinct from the parts, looking at a problem in its entirety, taking account of all the facets and all the variables and linking the social to the technological." —
246:(NCOSE), was founded by representatives from a number of U.S. corporations and organizations. NCOSE was created to address the need for improvements in systems engineering practices and education. As a result of growing involvement from systems engineers outside of the U.S., the name of the organization was changed to the
223:
and identification of new methods and modeling techniques. These methods aid in a better comprehension of the design and developmental control of engineering systems as they grow more complex. Popular tools that are often used in the systems engineering context were developed during these times, including
1285:
is the discipline of ensuring a system meets customer expectations for performance throughout its life. Performance is usually defined as the speed with which a certain operation is executed or the capability of executing a number of such operations in a unit of time. Performance may be degraded when
1143:
is a broad systems-level practice. The field parallels the taskings of systems engineering; where systems engineering deals with requirements development, allocation to development items and verification, configuration management deals with requirements capture, traceability to the development item,
1035:
is another) to make this choice while considering all criteria that are important. The trade study in turn informs the design, which again affects graphic representations of the system (without changing the requirements). In an SE process, this stage represents the iterative step that is carried out
1014:
A graphical representation relates the various subsystems or parts of a system through functions, data, or interfaces. Any or each of the above methods is used in an industry based on its requirements. For instance, the N2 chart may be used where interfaces between systems are important. Part of the
931:
in trade studies is to provide estimates of system effectiveness, performance or technical attributes, and cost from a set of known or estimable quantities. Typically, a collection of separate models is needed to provide all of these outcome variables. The heart of any mathematical model is a set of
860:
Systems engineering processes encompass all creative, manual, and technical activities necessary to define the product and which need to be carried out to convert a system definition to a sufficiently detailed system design specification for product manufacture and deployment. Design and development
838:
The results include system-level qualities, properties, characteristics, functions, behavior, and performance. The value added by the system as a whole, beyond that contributed independently by the parts, is primarily created by the relationship among the parts; that is, how they are interconnected."
837:
INCOSE: "A system is a construct or collection of different elements that together produce results not obtainable by the elements alone. The elements, or parts, can include people, hardware, software, facilities, policies, and documents; that is, all things required to produce systems-level results.
1294:
is characterized by the end-to-end packet transit delay or the number of packets switched in an hour. The design of high-performance systems uses analytical or simulation modeling, whereas the delivery of high-performance implementation involves thorough performance testing. Performance engineering
1026:
Once the requirements are understood, it is now the responsibility of a systems engineer to refine them and to determine, along with other engineers, the best technology for a job. At this point starting with a trade study, systems engineering encourages the use of weighted choices to determine the
222:
When it was no longer possible to rely on design evolution to improve upon a system and the existing tools were not sufficient to meet growing demands, new methods began to be developed that addressed the complexity directly. The continuing evolution of systems engineering comprises the development
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may be applied by non-specialist engineers in designing complex systems to minimize the probability of safety-critical failures. The "System Safety
Engineering" function helps to identify "safety hazards" in emerging designs and may assist with techniques to "mitigate" the effects of (potentially)
1365:
is the discipline of ensuring a system meets customer expectations for reliability throughout its life (i.e. it does not fail more frequently than expected). Next to the prediction of failure, it is just as much about the prevention of failure. Reliability engineering applies to all aspects of the
475:
The need for systems engineering arose with the increase in complexity of systems and projects, in turn exponentially increasing the possibility of component friction, and therefore the unreliability of the design. When speaking in this context, complexity incorporates not only engineering systems
337:
The traditional scope of engineering embraces the conception, design, development, production, and operation of physical systems. Systems engineering, as originally conceived, falls within this scope. "Systems engineering", in this sense of the term, refers to the building of engineering concepts.
218:
in the 1940s. The need to identify and manipulate the properties of a system as a whole, which in complex engineering projects may greatly differ from the sum of the parts' properties, motivated various industries, especially those developing systems for the U.S. military, to apply the discipline.
189:
The systems engineering process is a discovery process that is quite unlike a manufacturing process. A manufacturing process is focused on repetitive activities that achieve high-quality outputs with minimum cost and time. The systems engineering process must begin by discovering the real problems
736:
maintains a regularly updated directory of worldwide academic programs at suitably accredited institutions. As of 2017, it lists over 140 universities in North
America offering more than 400 undergraduate and graduate programs in systems engineering. Widespread institutional acknowledgment of the
350:
Traditional systems engineering was seen as a branch of engineering in the classical sense, that is, as applied only to physical systems, such as spacecraft and aircraft. More recently, systems engineering has evolved to take on a broader meaning especially when humans were seen as an essential
346:
The use of the term "systems engineer" has evolved over time to embrace a wider, more holistic concept of "systems" and of engineering processes. This evolution of the definition has been a subject of ongoing controversy, and the term continues to apply to both the narrower and a broader scope.
638:
An analysis by the INCOSE Systems
Engineering Center of Excellence (SECOE) indicates that optimal effort spent on systems engineering is about 15–20% of the total project effort. At the same time, studies have shown that systems engineering essentially leads to a reduction in costs among other
328:
Systems engineering signifies only an approach and, more recently, a discipline in engineering. The aim of education in systems engineering is to formalize various approaches simply and in doing so, identify new methods and research opportunities similar to that which occurs in other fields of
1419:
is one of the interdisciplinary parts of
Systems Engineering. In development, acquisition, or operational activities, the inclusion of risk in tradeoffs with cost, schedule, and performance features, involves the iterative complex configuration management of traceability and evaluation to the
850:
Systems
Engineering Handbook: "(1) The combination of elements that function together to produce the capability to meet a need. The elements include all hardware, software, equipment, facilities, personnel, processes, and procedures needed for this purpose. (2) The end product (which performs
1213:
and its specification are concerned with assuring that the pieces of a system connect and inter-operate with other parts of the system and with external systems as necessary. Interface design also includes assuring that system interfaces are able to accept new features, including mechanical,
1186:
that concerns the development, improvement, implementation, and evaluation of integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, material, and process. Industrial engineering draws upon the principles and methods of engineering analysis and synthesis, as well as
1117:. The concept of a Joint Cognitive System (JCS) has in particular become widely used as a way of understanding how complex socio-technical systems can be described with varying degrees of resolution. The more than 20 years of experience with CSE has been described extensively.
1485:
has helped shape modern systems engineering practice. The techniques used in the handling of the complexities of large software-intensive systems have had a major effect on the shaping and reshaping of the tools, methods, and processes of
Systems Engineering.
708:)—plus practical, real-world experience to be effective as systems engineers. Undergraduate university programs explicitly in systems engineering are growing in number but remain uncommon, the degrees including such material are most often presented as a
476:
but also the logical human organization of data. At the same time, a system can become more complex due to an increase in size as well as with an increase in the amount of data, variables, or the number of fields that are involved in the design. The
833:
INCOSE Systems
Engineering Handbook: "homogeneous entity that exhibits predefined behavior in the real world and is composed of heterogeneous parts that do not individually exhibit that behavior and an integrated configuration of components and/or
679:
Education in systems engineering is often seen as an extension to the regular engineering courses, reflecting the industry attitude that engineering students need a foundational background in one of the traditional engineering disciplines (e.g.
1424:
that requires the interdisciplinary technical approach of systems engineering. Systems
Engineering has Risk Management define, tailor, implement, and monitor a structured process for risk management which is integrated into the overall effort.
639:
benefits. However, no quantitative survey at a larger scale encompassing a wide variety of industries has been conducted until recently. Such studies are underway to determine the effectiveness and quantify the benefits of systems engineering.
442:
Depending on their application, although there are several models that are used in the industry, all of them aim to identify the relation between the various stages mentioned above and incorporate feedback. Examples of such models include the
712:
in
Industrial Engineering. Typically programs (either by themselves or in combination with interdisciplinary study) are offered beginning at the graduate level in both academic and professional tracks, resulting in the grant of either a
372:
Service
Systems Engineering (SSE) has to do with the engineering of service systems. Checkland defines a service system as a system which is conceived as serving another system. Most civil infrastructure systems are service
507:
also come within the purview of systems engineering. Systems engineering encourages the use of tools and methods to better comprehend and manage complexity in systems. Some examples of these tools can be seen here:
1326:
as engineering support tool in assessing interdisciplinary concerns under management process. In particular, the direct relationship of resources, performance features, and risk to the duration of a task or the
466:
This perspective is often replicated in educational programs, in that systems engineering courses are taught by faculty from other engineering departments, which helps create an interdisciplinary environment.
1195:
Production Systems Engineering (PSE) is an emerging branch of Engineering intended to uncover fundamental principles of production systems and utilize them for analysis, continuous improvement, and design.
1113:, and how human-machine systems and socio-technical systems can be described as joint cognitive systems. CSE has since its beginning become a recognized scientific discipline, sometimes also referred to as
1343:
Proposal engineering is the application of scientific and mathematical principles to design, construct, and operate a cost-effective proposal development system. Basically, proposal engineering uses the
1144:
and audit of development item to ensure that it has achieved the desired functionality that systems engineering and/or Test and Verification Engineering have proven out through objective testing.
1222:(HCI) or Human-Machine Interface (HMI) is another aspect of interface design and is a critical aspect of modern systems engineering. Systems engineering principles are applied in the design of
830:
Std 1220-1998: "A set or arrangement of elements and processes that are related and whose behavior satisfies customer/operational needs and provides for life cycle sustainment of the products."
1187:
mathematical, physical, and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design to specify, predict, and evaluate results obtained from such systems.
303:"The Art and Science of creating effective systems, using whole system, whole life principles" OR "The Art and Science of creating optimal solution systems to complex issues and problems" —
2888:
932:
meaningful quantitative relationships among its inputs and outputs. These relationships can be as simple as adding up constituent quantities to obtain a total, or as complex as a set of
355:, for example, captures the broader meaning of systems engineering by stating that 'engineering' "can be read in its general sense; you can engineer a meeting or a political agreement."
1062:(SysML), a modeling language used for systems engineering applications, supports the specification, analysis, design, verification and validation of a broad range of complex systems.
1087:
Many related fields may be considered tightly coupled to systems engineering. The following areas have contributed to the development of systems engineering as a distinct entity:
737:
field as a distinct subdiscipline is quite recent; the 2009 edition of the same publication reported the number of such schools and programs at only 80 and 165, respectively.
5395:
1079:(LML), is an open-standard modeling language designed for systems engineering that supports the full lifecycle: conceptual, utilization, support, and retirement stages.
190:
that need to be resolved and identifying the most probable or highest-impact failures that can occur. Systems engineering involves finding solutions to these problems.
2650:
916:
Together, these definitions are broad enough to encompass physical engineering models used in the verification of a system design, as well as schematic models like a
789:. The purpose of these tools varies from database management, graphical browsing, simulation, and reasoning, to document production, neutral import/export, and more.
593:
and subsystems and the interactions among them is one of the goals of systems engineering. In doing so, the gap that exists between informal requirements from users,
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Initially, when the primary purpose of a systems engineer is to comprehend a complex problem, graphic representations of a system are used to communicate a system's
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until a feasible solution is found. A decision matrix is often populated using techniques such as statistical analysis, reliability analysis, system dynamics (
824:
Systems Engineering Fundamentals: "an integrated composite of people, products, and processes that provide a capability to satisfy a stated need or objective."
4615:
623:
The principles of systems engineering – holism, emergent behavior, boundary, et al. – can be applied to any system, complex or otherwise, provided
247:
765:
Both of these patterns strive to educate the systems engineer who is able to oversee interdisciplinary projects with the depth required of a core engineer.
632:
2367:
1318:(or project management) has many similarities with systems engineering, but has broader-based origins than the engineering ones of systems engineering.
755:
programs treat systems engineering as a separate discipline and most of the courses are taught focusing on systems engineering principles and practice.
366:
Product Systems Engineering (PSE) is the traditional systems engineering focused on the design of physical systems consisting of hardware and software.
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Within Oliver's model, the goal of the Management Process is to organize the technical effort in the lifecycle, while the Technical Process includes
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operational functions) and enabling products (which provide life-cycle support services to the operational end products) that make up a system."
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electrical, and logical interfaces, including reserved wires, plug-space, command codes, and bits in communication protocols. This is known as
369:
Enterprise Systems Engineering (ESE) pertains to the view of enterprises, that is, organizations or combinations of organizations, as systems.
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supports systems engineering. Operations research, briefly, is concerned with the optimization of a process under multiple constraints.
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design, robotics, bridge building, software integration, and spacecraft design. Systems engineering uses a host of tools that include
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186:. Systems engineering ensures that all likely aspects of a project or system are considered and integrated into a whole.
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1743:"Coupling Levels of Abstraction in Understanding Meaningful Human Control of Autonomous Weapons: A Two-Tiered Approach"
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for control systems design, reliability, safety, and systems engineering. It may involve such sub-specialties as
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and mathematical (i.e. quantitative) models used in the trade study process. This section focuses on the last.
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The Systems Approach: Fresh Solutions to Complex Problems Through Combining Science and Practical Common Sense
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The Systems Approach: Fresh Solutions to Complex Problems Through Combining Science and Practical Common Sense
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programs offer systems engineering as an option that can be exercised with another major field in engineering.
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play important and diverse roles in systems engineering. A model can be defined in several ways, including:
643:
563:
41:
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1109:. The three main themes of CSE are how humans cope with complexity, how work is accomplished by the use of
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is employed at all levels. Besides defense and aerospace, many information and technology-based companies,
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System development often requires contribution from diverse technical disciplines. By providing a systems (
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2012. Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge. 1.0 ed: Stephens Institute and the Naval Postgraduate School.
2009:
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665:(UML)—all currently being explored, evaluated, and developed to support the engineering decision process.
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Malakooti, B. (2013). Operations and Production Systems with Multiple Objectives. John Wiley & Sons.
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Depending on their application, tools are used for various stages of the systems engineering process:
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15288:2008: "A combination of interacting elements organized to achieve one or more stated purposes."
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3370:, 2nd. ed., Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2011. This is a textbook for undergraduate students of engineering.
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250:(INCOSE) in 1995. Schools in several countries offer graduate programs in systems engineering, and
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Cognitive systems engineering (CSE) is a specific approach to the description and analysis of
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engineering. As an approach, systems engineering is holistic and interdisciplinary in flavor.
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Conquering Complexity: lessons for defence systems acquisition, The Defence Engineering Group
818:-632-1999: "An aggregation of end products and enabling products to achieve a given purpose."
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281:"An interdisciplinary approach and means to enable the realization of successful systems" —
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involved. Oliver et al. claim that the systems engineering process can be decomposed into:
106:, coordination of different teams, testing and evaluation, maintainability, and many other
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is also closely related to both program management and systems engineering. Both include
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3274:
2727:
2424:
1977:
1713:
1464:
899:
894:
119:
68:
5289:
2990:
1511:
1386:. Reliability engineering is always a critical component of safety engineering, as in
1348:" to create a cost-effective proposal and increase the odds of a successful proposal.
6028:
5864:
5632:
4476:
4391:
4351:
4236:
4059:
4043:
3824:
3819:
3794:
3666:
3269:
2861:
2065:
1375:
1215:
993:
130:
tools in such projects. It overlaps technical and human-centered disciplines such as
122:, and ultimate decommission become more difficult when dealing with large or complex
115:
2998:
1692:
906:
An abstraction of reality designed to answer specific questions about the real world
305:
Derek Hitchins, Prof. of Systems Engineering, former president of INCOSE (UK), 2007.
5899:
5894:
5823:
5215:
4456:
4356:
4281:
3859:
3418:
2452:
1371:
807:
is in the field of systems engineering. Below are a few authoritative definitions:
586:
520:
198:
613:
1684:
646:
to validate assumptions or theories on systems and the interactions within them.
5012:
4624:
4446:
4441:
4431:
4366:
4106:
3993:
2223:
1183:
909:
An imitation, analog, or representation of a real-world process or structure; or
167:
60:
2444:
2224:"Core Courses, Systems Analysis – Architecture, Behavior and Optimization"
2145:
2006:
The Case for Evolving Systems Engineering as a Field within Engineering Systems
1759:
1742:
1668:
861:
of a system can be divided into four stages, each with different definitions:
17:
5909:
5874:
5027:
4461:
4316:
3849:
3373:
3118:
2889:"Relationships between Common Graphical Representations in System Engineering"
2807:
2403:
2122:
1493:
1391:
1296:
778:
774:
528:
496:
270:
1778:
1467:
of system users, system targets, and others: people, objects, and processes.
5321:
4838:
4126:
4013:
2860:
Gianni, Daniele; D'Ambrogio, Andrea; Tolk, Andreas, eds. (4 December 2014).
2672:"Standard for Application and Management of the Systems Engineering Process"
2179:
598:
448:
103:
3239:
Doing it Differently: Systems for Rethinking Infrastructure, Second Edition
1825:
126:. Systems engineering deals with work processes, optimization methods, and
3076:
3032:
261:
5657:
5362:
5352:
5210:
3515:
3023:
Joint cognitive systems: The foundations of cognitive systems engineering
2837:"System Analysis and Modeling Issues - NASA Systems Engineering Handbook"
2201:
983:
973:
732:
INCOSE, in collaboration with the Systems Engineering Research Center at
582:
460:
45:
3465:
Guide for Integrating Systems Engineering into DoD Acquisition Contracts
3279:
System Engineering: An Introduction to the Design of Large-scale Systems
1954:
System Engineering: An Introduction to the Design of Large-scale Systems
1769:
912:
A conceptual, mathematical, or physical tool to assist a decision-maker.
5464:
3707:
2498:
841:
782:
123:
88:
3530:
1930:
5514:
3983:
3697:
2723:
2693:
2558:
1850:
1817:
804:
798:
590:
585:
of and interaction among system components is not always immediately
491:
is an example of a very complex system requiring systems engineering.
283:
3248:
The Engineering Design of Systems: Models and Methods, Third Edition
2063:
Oliver, David W.; Timothy P. Kelliher; James G. Keegan Jr. (1997).
649:
Use of methods that allow early detection of possible failures, in
5714:
3944:
3067:
Joint cognitive systems: Patterns in cognitive systems engineering
2306:"Systems Engineering, Career Opportunities and Salary Information"
1420:
scheduling and requirements management across domains and for the
978:
722:
612:
594:
482:
197:
31:
3505:
3500:
952:
and data requirements. Common graphical representations include:
5925:
3738:
3361:
Engineering Complex Systems with Models and Objects. McGraw-Hill
2784:
2750:"Systems and software engineering - System life cycle processes"
1961:
1916:
1416:
1379:
847:
827:
811:
726:
718:
581:
approach to engineering systems is inherently complex since the
294:
236:
5468:
4597:
3948:
3534:
2528:"Didactic Recommendations for Education in Systems Engineering"
4593:
3233:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN: 978-0-393-65146-1
358:
Consistent with the broader scope of systems engineering, the
228:
1438:
hazardous conditions that cannot be designed out of systems.
242:
In 1990, a professional society for systems engineering, the
87:, can be defined as a combination of components that work in
36:
Systems engineering techniques are used in complex projects:
2254:. Defense Acquisition University Press. 2001. Archived from
880:
3266:
Modeling and Simulation-Based Systems Engineering Handbook
2863:
Modeling and Simulation-Based Systems Engineering Handbook
3490:
3510:
3495:
2975:"Cognitive systems engineering: New wine in new bottles"
2753:
362:(SEBoK) has defined three types of systems engineering:
3366:
Parnell, G.S., Driscoll, P.J., Henderson, D.L. (eds.),
386:
customer needs and required functionality early in the
1286:
operations queued to execute are throttled by limited
3368:
Decision Making in Systems Engineering and Management
2922:. SysML Open Source Specification Project. p. 23
254:
options are also available for practicing engineers.
67:
that focuses on how to design, integrate, and manage
3356:
NPR 7123.1B, April 2013 NASA Procedural Requirements
1855:"Worldwide Directory of SE and IE Academic Programs"
5953:
5918:
5857:
5771:
5764:
5723:
5583:
5502:
5361:
5345:
5297:
5061:
5003:
4922:
4847:
4774:
4667:
4654:
4526:
4500:
4212:
4088:
4052:
3982:
3878:
3782:
3721:
3680:
3639:
3568:
3346:
NASA Systems Engineering Processes and Requirements
2947:. LML Steering Committee. p. 4. Archived from
2802:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 6–7.
2552:"Perspectives of Systems Engineering Accreditation"
2180:"Systems Engineering Program at Cornell University"
2067:
Engineering Complex Systems with Models and Objects
321:
Systems Engineering Tools by Harold Chestnut, 1965.
2404:"Systems Engineering Cost Estimation by Consensus"
1976:
2274:"Principles and Practices of Systems Engineering"
944:Modeling formalisms and graphical representations
740:Education in systems engineering can be taken as
635:require systems engineers as part of their team.
2429:"Modeling and Simulation in Systems Engineering"
2335:"Understanding the Value of Systems Engineering"
1669:"Systems engineering: key to modern development"
781:that aid in performing systems engineering on a
589:or understood. Defining and characterizing such
3231:Wicked Problems: How to Engineer a Better World
2308:. George Mason University. 1994. Archived from
2099:. SEOR, George Mason University. Archived from
2047:Checkland, Peter (1999). Pyster, Authur (ed.).
2032:Checkland, Peter (1999). Pyster, Authur (ed.).
936:describing the trajectory of a spacecraft in a
874:Implementation stage (manufacturing definition)
394:. This includes fully understanding all of the
3436:. NASA Center for AeroSpace Information, 2005.
3406:Modeling and Simulation in Systems Engineering
2004:Rhodes, Donna; Hastings, Daniel (March 2004).
5480:
4609:
3960:
3546:
3448:SMC Systems Engineering Primer & Handbook
3413:Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge (SEBoK)
2368:"Surveying Systems Engineering Effectiveness"
1602:Structured systems analysis and design method
1415:, the practice of assessing and dealing with
382:Systems engineering focuses on analyzing and
83:. The individual outcome of such efforts, an
8:
2979:International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
2027:
2025:
313:Harry H. Goode & Robert E. Machol, 1957.
248:International Council on Systems Engineering
206:for Enterprise Product Development Processes
75:. At its core, systems engineering utilizes
3441:Systems Engineering: Coping with Complexity
617:The scope of systems engineering activities
5768:
5487:
5473:
5465:
4664:
4616:
4602:
4594:
4094:
3967:
3953:
3945:
3553:
3539:
3531:
3460:Defense Acquisition University Press, 2001
2329:
2327:
1952:Goode, Harry H.; Robert E. Machol (1957).
642:Systems engineering encourages the use of
3521:AcqNotes DoD Systems Engineering Overview
3479:MIL-STD-499 System Engineering Management
3453:US DoD Systems Management College (2001)
3299:Fundamentals of Electronic Systems Design
3107:Li, Jingshan; Meerkov, Semyon M. (2009).
2831:
2829:
2827:
2800:Fundamentals of Electronic Systems Design
2013:
1845:
1843:
1768:
1758:
1331:links among tasks and impacts across the
1311:Program management and project management
5678:Software development process/methodology
3596:Earth systems engineering and management
3340:, NASA/SP-2007-6105 Rev1, December 2007.
2589:"A Future for Systems Engineering Tools"
2243:
2241:
1899:Systems Engineering Handbook, version 2a
865:Task definition (informative definition)
675:List of systems engineering universities
1659:
437:create sequential build & test plan
244:National Council on Systems Engineering
5396:Electrical and electronics engineering
1572:List of requirements engineering tools
1366:system. It is closely associated with
868:Conceptual stage (cardinal definition)
631:firms, and industries in the field of
410:Systems Engineering Management Process
48:, and scheduling to manage complexity.
27:Interdisciplinary field of engineering
3511:Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge
2008:. MIT Engineering Systems Symposium.
1718:A Methodology for Systems Engineering
1161:and its design and implementation of
803:There are many definitions of what a
404:Systems Engineering Technical Process
360:Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge
7:
5999:
5693:Software verification and validation
5596:Component-based software engineering
5429:
4576:
2621:"Processes for Engineering a System"
1647:Tricotyledon theory of system design
1582:List of types of systems engineering
1290:. For example, the performance of a
5439:
4518:Systems theory in political science
3325:The MITRE Systems Engineering Guide
2720:"A Consensus of the INCOSE Fellows"
2480:"Simulation in Systems Engineering"
2204:. Engineering Systems Division, MIT
871:Design stage (formative definition)
495:The development of smarter control
297:Systems Engineering Handbook, 1995.
3142:Postrel, Virginia (27 June 2004).
2842:. 1995. p. 85. Archived from
2651:"Systems Engineering Fundamentals"
2594:. NASA. p. 15. Archived from
2478:Smith, E.C. Jr. (September 1962).
2249:"Systems Engineering Fundamentals"
2049:Systems Thinking, Systems Practice
2034:Systems Thinking, Systems Practice
1547:Engineering information management
1335:are systems engineering concerns.
1009:Enterprise architecture frameworks
25:
5673:Software configuration management
5540:Search-based software engineering
5525:Experimental software engineering
3631:Sociocultural Systems Engineering
3526:NDIA Systems Engineering Division
3433:NASA Systems Engineering Handbook
3242:, ICE Publications, London, 2017.
2777:NASA Systems Engineering Handbook
1913:NASA Systems Engineering Handbook
1747:Ethics and Information Technology
1741:Umbrello, Steven (5 April 2021).
1388:failure mode and effects analysis
505:analysis of environmental systems
91:to collectively perform a useful
6009:
6008:
5998:
5448:
5438:
5428:
5419:
5418:
5288:
4575:
4563:
4552:
4551:
3456:Systems Engineering Fundamentals
2202:"ESD Faculty and Teaching Staff"
1510:
1496:
633:electronics & communications
480:is an example of such a system.
3290:World Class Systems Engineering
2798:J. Lienig; H. Bruemmer (2017).
1592:Model-based systems engineering
1537:Design review (U.S. government)
1004:USL function maps and type maps
734:Stevens Institute of Technology
421:defining effectiveness measures
417:assessing available information
5520:Empirical software engineering
4508:Systems theory in anthropology
3713:Systems development life cycle
3606:Enterprise systems engineering
3581:Biological systems engineering
3380:, Anaheim, CA: KNI, Inc, 1998.
3110:Production Systems Engineering
2690:"Systems Engineering Handbook"
2625:Electronic Industries Alliance
2159:Defense Acquisition University
1623:Systems development life cycle
1552:Enterprise systems engineering
1191:Production Systems Engineering
1031:, or Pugh method, is one way (
773:Systems engineering tools are
136:production systems engineering
1:
4513:Systems theory in archaeology
3672:System of systems engineering
3586:Cognitive systems engineering
2991:10.1016/S0020-7373(83)80034-0
2154:Defense Acquisition Guidebook
1792:Sage, Andrew Patrick (1992).
1607:System of systems engineering
1307:for its tools and processes.
1097:Cognitive systems engineering
1091:Cognitive systems engineering
1083:Related fields and sub-fields
1040:), and optimization methods.
957:Functional flow block diagram
918:functional flow block diagram
856:Systems engineering processes
333:Origins and traditional scope
5545:Site reliability engineering
4646:List of engineering branches
3337:Systems Engineering Handbook
3251:, John Wiley and Sons, 2016.
2427:; Olson, Stephen R. (2001).
2373:. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania:
2279:. INCOSE, UK. Archived from
2125:; Robin K. St.Clair (1998).
1685:10.1109/IRET-EM.1956.5007383
1642:System information modelling
1384:integrated logistics support
451:(also called the V model).
342:Evolution to a broader scope
275:Conquering Complexity, 2005.
114:, necessary for successful
79:principles to organize this
5550:Social software engineering
3749:Quality function deployment
3662:Verification and validation
3430:Shishko, R., et al. (2005)
3259:Systems Engineering Methods
2866:(1st ed.). CRC Press.
2134:. Anaheim, California: KNI.
1820:Resp Group (11 June 2004).
1346:systems engineering process
1077:Lifecycle Modeling Language
1072:Lifecycle Modeling Language
1066:Lifecycle Modeling Language
489:International Space Station
478:International Space Station
216:Bell Telephone Laboratories
140:process systems engineering
6056:
5688:Software quality assurance
3611:Health systems engineering
3296:Lienig, J., Bruemmer, H.,
3264:Gianni, D. et al. (eds.),
3245:Buede, D.M., Miller, W.D.
3207:. MITRE, SE Process Office
2787:. 2007. NASA/SP-2007-6105.
2445:10.1177/003754970107600207
2375:Carnegie Mellon University
1956:. McGraw-Hill. p. 8.
1760:10.1007/s10676-021-09588-w
1667:Schlager, J. (July 1956).
1474:
1459:field that integrates the
1445:
1405:
1355:
1275:
1258:
1241:
1220:Human-Computer Interaction
1203:
1172:
1151:
1131:Like systems engineering,
1124:
1094:
1069:
1052:
1015:design phase is to create
923:The main reason for using
892:
796:
769:Systems engineering topics
672:
433:perform trade-off analysis
5994:
5414:
5286:
4631:
4547:
4145:
4097:
4009:Coupled human–environment
3929:
3759:Systems Modeling Language
3516:Systems Engineering Tools
3236:Blockley, D. Godfrey, P.
3205:"Risk Management Toolkit"
3119:10.1007/978-0-387-75579-3
3063:Hollnagel; Woods (2006).
3019:Hollnagel; Woods (2005).
2973:Hollnagel; Woods (1983).
2917:"OMG SysML Specification"
2808:10.1007/978-3-319-55840-0
1979:Systems Engineering Tools
1975:Chestnut, Harold (1965).
1885:University College London
1720:. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
1577:List of systems engineers
1567:List of production topics
1060:Systems Modeling Language
1055:Systems Modeling Language
1049:Systems Modeling Language
698:manufacturing engineering
663:Unified Modeling Language
605:is successfully bridged.
536:Mathematical optimization
148:manufacturing engineering
5844:Model-driven engineering
5643:Functional specification
5626:Software incompatibility
5535:Requirements engineering
3774:Work breakdown structure
3652:Functional specification
3647:Requirements engineering
3591:Configuration management
3506:PPI SE Goldmine homepage
3420:Systems Cost Engineering
3351:27 December 2016 at the
3175:"SHHHH... It's a Secret"
3071:. Taylor & Francis.
3027:. Taylor & Francis.
2146:"4. Systems Engineering"
2071:. McGraw-Hill. pp.
2051:. John Wiley & Sons.
2036:. John Wiley & Sons.
1382:preferred by some), and
1133:configuration management
1127:Configuration management
1121:Configuration management
603:technical specifications
429:create a structure model
100:requirements engineering
6040:Engineering disciplines
5638:Enterprise architecture
5307:Bachelor of Engineering
5149:Engineering mathematics
4342:Charles A. S. Hall
3621:Reliability engineering
3616:Performance engineering
3229:Madhavan, Guru (2024).
2493:. IBM Research: 33–50.
1363:Reliability engineering
1358:Reliability engineering
1352:Reliability engineering
1292:packet-switched network
1283:Performance engineering
1278:Performance engineering
1272:Performance engineering
1249:Mechatronic engineering
1244:Mechatronic engineering
1238:Mechatronic engineering
1224:communication protocols
644:modeling and simulation
564:Reliability engineering
455:Interdisciplinary field
425:create a behavior model
351:component of a system.
42:modeling and simulation
5849:Round-trip engineering
5606:Backward compatibility
5601:Software compatibility
5406:Structural engineering
5401:Mechanical engineering
5144:Engineering management
4262:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
3896:Industrial engineering
3601:Electrical engineering
3470:29 August 2017 at the
3443:. Prentice Hall, 1998.
3173:Crissey, Mary (2004).
3144:"Operation Everything"
2752:. 2008. Archived from
2726:. 2006. Archived from
2696:. 2007. Archived from
2674:. IEEE. Archived from
2627:. 1999. Archived from
1587:Management cybernetics
1557:Industrial engineering
1542:Engineering management
1504:Systems science portal
1180:Industrial engineering
1175:Industrial engineering
1169:Industrial engineering
1107:sociotechnical systems
934:differential equations
885:
702:industrial engineering
694:mechanical engineering
690:electrical engineering
618:
492:
214:can be traced back to
207:
176:organizational studies
164:electrical engineering
152:production engineering
144:mechanical engineering
132:industrial engineering
65:engineering management
49:
5668:Software architecture
5621:Forward compatibility
5386:Aerospace engineering
5299:Engineering education
4539:Principia Cybernetica
4252:Anthony Stafford Beer
4122:Sociotechnical system
3830:Arthur David Hall III
3800:Benjamin S. Blanchard
3576:Aerospace engineering
3359:Oliver, D.W., et al.
3077:10.1201/9781420005684
3033:10.1201/9781420038194
1632:theory of constraints
1597:Operations management
1527:Arcadia (engineering)
1481:From its beginnings,
1461:community of practice
1115:cognitive engineering
1103:human-machine systems
884:
682:aerospace engineering
616:
501:microprocessor design
486:
201:
172:aerospace engineering
38:printed-circuit-board
35:
5966:Computer engineering
5663:Software archaeology
5653:Programming paradigm
5565:Software maintenance
5510:Computer programming
5496:Software engineering
5327:Graduate certificate
4402:Mihajlo D. Mesarovic
4377:Edward Norton Lorenz
4332:Jay Wright Forrester
4137:World-systems theory
4112:Earth system science
3921:Software engineering
3891:Computer engineering
3439:Stevens, R., et al.
3390:. Wiley IEEE, 1992.
3281:, McGraw-Hill, 1957.
3185:on 20 September 2005
2849:on 17 December 2008.
2601:on 26 September 2007
2312:on 22 September 2007
2226:. Cornell University
2182:. Cornell University
1828:on 25 September 2006
1636:value-stream mapping
1618:Systems architecture
1483:software engineering
1477:Software engineering
1471:Software engineering
1455:can be viewed as an
1453:Security engineering
1448:Security engineering
1442:Security engineering
1396:security engineering
1339:Proposal engineering
1135:as practiced in the
706:chemical engineering
655:Jay Wright Forrester
629:software development
557:Statistical analysis
252:continuing education
160:software engineering
6035:Systems engineering
5986:Systems engineering
5971:Information science
5751:Service orientation
5703:Structured analysis
5611:Compatibility layer
5555:Software deployment
5312:Bachelor of Science
5154:Engineering physics
5138:Engineering drawing
4660:Interdisciplinarity
4277:Kenneth E. Boulding
3901:Operations research
3886:Control engineering
3855:Joseph Francis Shea
3562:Systems engineering
3388:Systems Engineering
3277:, Robert E. Machol
2942:"LML Specification"
2487:IBM Systems Journal
2261:on 31 January 2017.
1861:on 26 December 2018
1853:/Academic Council.
1822:"Genesis of INCOSE"
1794:Systems Engineering
1562:Interdisciplinarity
1532:Control engineering
1266:Operations research
1261:Operations research
1255:Operations research
1228:local area networks
1159:Control engineering
1154:Control engineering
1148:Control engineering
938:gravitational field
925:mathematical models
601:organizations, and
514:System architecture
471:Managing complexity
212:systems engineering
156:control engineering
53:Systems engineering
5976:Project management
5741:Object orientation
5708:Essential analysis
5616:Compatibility mode
4914:Telecommunications
4819:Naval architecture
4407:James Grier Miller
4362:Faina M. Kirillova
4322:Heinz von Foerster
4312:Edsger W. Dijkstra
4272:Alexander Bogdanov
4257:Richard E. Bellman
4232:William Ross Ashby
3911:Quality management
3906:Project management
3734:Function modelling
3657:System integration
3626:Safety engineering
3501:INCOSE UK homepage
3268:, CRC Press, 2014
2905:on 13 August 2017.
2887:Long, Jim (2002).
2730:on 29 October 2006
2499:10.1147/sj.11.0033
2459:on 21 October 2007
2103:on 18 October 2007
1518:Engineering portal
1435:safety engineering
1433:The techniques of
1429:Safety engineering
1320:Project management
1316:Program management
1305:probability theory
1295:relies heavily on
1232:wide area networks
1141:aerospace industry
963:Model-based design
886:
777:, procedures, and
651:safety engineering
619:
493:
208:
184:project management
50:
6022:
6021:
5949:
5948:
5890:Information model
5794:Incremental model
5648:Modeling language
5462:
5461:
5391:Civil engineering
5337:Licensed engineer
5332:Engineer's degree
5284:
5283:
5116:Building services
5099:Health technology
4960:Chemical reaction
4909:Signal processing
4591:
4590:
4472:Manuela M. Veloso
4387:Humberto Maturana
4327:Stephanie Forrest
4297:C. West Churchman
4222:Russell L. Ackoff
4208:
4207:
4080:Positive feedback
4075:Negative feedback
3942:
3941:
3865:Manuela M. Veloso
3805:Wernher von Braun
3376:, St.Clair, R.K.
3319:978-1-118-58537-5
3308:978-3-319-55839-4
3302:, Springer, 2017
3128:978-0-387-75578-6
2817:978-3-319-55839-4
2678:on 1 August 2009.
2082:978-0-07-048188-6
1990:978-0-471-15448-8
1803:978-0-471-53639-0
1727:978-0-442-03046-9
1457:interdisciplinary
1394:analysis, and of
1392:hazard fault tree
1021:behavioral models
999:Signal-flow graph
968:Data flow diagram
686:civil engineering
579:interdisciplinary
388:development cycle
326:
325:
265:Some definitions
180:civil engineering
85:engineered system
81:body of knowledge
57:interdisciplinary
16:(Redirected from
6047:
6012:
6011:
6002:
6001:
5961:Computer science
5769:
5683:Software quality
5575:Systems analysis
5570:Software testing
5489:
5482:
5475:
5466:
5452:
5442:
5441:
5432:
5431:
5422:
5421:
5292:
4879:Electromechanics
4665:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4595:
4579:
4578:
4567:
4555:
4554:
4467:Francisco Varela
4199:Systems thinking
4132:Urban metabolism
4095:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3946:
3870:John N. Warfield
3840:Robert E. Machol
3769:Systems modeling
3764:Systems analysis
3703:System lifecycle
3688:Business process
3555:
3548:
3541:
3532:
3425:Gower Publishing
3293:at hitchins.net.
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3181:. Archived from
3179:sas com Magazine
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3154:on 31 March 2012
3150:. Archived from
3148:The Bostom Globe
3139:
3133:
3132:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3070:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3026:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2946:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2898:. Archived from
2893:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2841:
2833:
2822:
2821:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2782:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2756:on 6 August 2019
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2700:on 18 March 2015
2686:
2680:
2679:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2593:
2587:Steven Jenkins.
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2561:. Archived from
2556:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2501:. Archived from
2484:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2455:. Archived from
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2377:. Archived from
2372:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2346:
2340:. Archived from
2339:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2278:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2150:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2070:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1982:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1931:"Derek Hitchins"
1927:
1921:
1920:
1919:. 1995. SP-610S.
1909:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1857:. Archived from
1847:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1824:. Archived from
1814:
1808:
1807:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1762:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1673:IRE Transactions
1664:
1628:Systems thinking
1520:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1422:system lifecycle
1333:system lifecycle
1211:Interface design
1206:Interface design
1200:Interface design
1038:feedback control
989:Sequence diagram
984:Use case diagram
661:method, and the
625:systems thinking
550:Systems analysis
392:system lifecycle
262:
204:House of Quality
77:systems thinking
21:
6055:
6054:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6018:
5990:
5981:Risk management
5945:
5914:
5853:
5834:Waterfall model
5804:Prototype model
5799:Iterative model
5760:
5736:Aspect-oriented
5719:
5698:Software system
5579:
5560:Software design
5498:
5493:
5463:
5458:
5410:
5357:
5341:
5317:Master's degree
5293:
5280:
5194:Instrumentation
5057:
4999:
4965:Electrochemical
4918:
4904:Radio frequency
4843:
4770:
4734:Municipal/Urban
4658:
4656:
4650:
4627:
4622:
4592:
4587:
4543:
4522:
4496:
4437:Anatol Rapoport
4422:Talcott Parsons
4397:Donella Meadows
4372:Allenna Leonard
4292:Mary Cartwright
4287:Kathleen Carley
4247:Gregory Bateson
4242:Béla H. Bánáthy
4204:
4141:
4090:
4084:
4070:Limiting factor
4065:Leverage points
4048:
3986:
3978:
3976:Systems science
3973:
3943:
3938:
3925:
3916:Risk management
3874:
3815:Harold Chestnut
3810:Kathleen Carley
3778:
3754:System dynamics
3729:Decision-making
3717:
3693:Fault tolerance
3676:
3635:
3564:
3559:
3496:INCOSE homepage
3491:ICSEng homepage
3487:
3472:Wayback Machine
3404:, Olson, S.R.,
3353:Wayback Machine
3226:
3224:Further reading
3221:
3220:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3186:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3157:
3155:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2902:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2825:
2818:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2660:. January 2001.
2653:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2634:
2632:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2568:on 15 June 2007
2565:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2425:Sage, Andrew P.
2423:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2384:on 15 June 2007
2381:
2370:
2366:Elm, Joseph P.
2365:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2347:on 15 June 2007
2344:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2286:on 15 June 2007
2283:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1901:. INCOSE. 2004.
1897:
1896:
1892:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1714:Hall, Arthur D.
1712:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1613:System accident
1516:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1479:
1473:
1450:
1444:
1431:
1413:Risk management
1410:
1408:Risk management
1404:
1402:Risk management
1368:maintainability
1360:
1354:
1341:
1313:
1301:queueing theory
1288:system capacity
1280:
1274:
1263:
1257:
1246:
1240:
1208:
1202:
1193:
1182:is a branch of
1177:
1171:
1163:control systems
1156:
1150:
1129:
1123:
1099:
1093:
1085:
1074:
1068:
1057:
1051:
1046:
1029:decision matrix
1027:best option. A
1023:of the system.
946:
897:
891:
858:
801:
795:
771:
753:Systems-centric
742:systems-centric
677:
671:
659:System dynamics
611:
571:Decision making
543:System dynamics
473:
457:
445:Waterfall model
380:
353:Peter Checkland
344:
335:
286:handbook, 2004.
260:
196:
128:risk management
118:, development,
102:, reliability,
98:Issues such as
69:complex systems
44:, requirements
28:
23:
22:
18:System engineer
15:
12:
11:
5:
6053:
6051:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6027:
6026:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6006:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5957:
5955:
5954:Related fields
5951:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5885:Function model
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5789:Executable UML
5786:
5781:
5775:
5773:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5727:
5725:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5598:
5593:
5587:
5585:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5530:Formal methods
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5484:
5477:
5469:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5446:
5436:
5426:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5367:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5349:
5347:
5346:Related topics
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5303:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5266:Sustainability
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5135:
5130:
5128:Geoengineering
5125:
5124:
5123:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5109:Rehabilitation
5106:
5104:Pharmaceutical
5101:
5096:
5091:
5089:Bioinformatics
5081:
5076:
5071:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5048:Semiconductors
5045:
5040:
5038:Nanotechnology
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5009:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4935:
4928:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4859:
4853:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4780:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4754:Transportation
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4662:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4598:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4573:
4561:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4492:Anthony Wilden
4489:
4487:Jennifer Wilby
4484:
4482:Norbert Wiener
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4452:Claude Shannon
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4427:Ilya Prigogine
4424:
4419:
4417:Howard T. Odum
4414:
4412:Radhika Nagpal
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4382:Niklas Luhmann
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4307:George Dantzig
4304:
4302:Manfred Clynes
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4267:Margaret Boden
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4227:Victor Aladjev
4224:
4218:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4117:Living systems
4114:
4109:
4104:
4102:Control theory
4098:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3949:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3879:Related fields
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3845:Radhika Nagpal
3842:
3837:
3835:Derek Hitchins
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3790:James S. Albus
3786:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3486:
3485:External links
3483:
3482:
3481:
3475:
3461:
3451:
3446:US Air Force,
3444:
3437:
3428:
3415:
3409:
3399:
3381:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3341:
3332:
3321:
3311:
3294:
3282:
3272:
3262:
3261:. Wiley, 1967.
3252:
3243:
3234:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3196:
3165:
3134:
3127:
3099:
3085:
3055:
3041:
3011:
2985:(6): 583–600.
2965:
2933:
2908:
2879:
2872:
2852:
2823:
2816:
2790:
2767:
2741:
2711:
2681:
2663:
2642:
2631:on 5 July 2010
2612:
2579:
2543:
2519:
2508:on 4 June 2007
2470:
2416:
2395:
2358:
2323:
2297:
2272:Adcock, Rick.
2264:
2237:
2215:
2193:
2171:
2137:
2114:
2088:
2081:
2055:
2039:
2021:
2015:10.1.1.86.7496
1996:
1989:
1967:
1944:
1922:
1904:
1890:
1872:
1839:
1809:
1802:
1796:. Wiley IEEE.
1784:
1753:(3): 455–464.
1733:
1726:
1705:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1507:
1491:
1488:
1475:Main article:
1472:
1469:
1465:authentication
1446:Main article:
1443:
1440:
1430:
1427:
1406:Main article:
1403:
1400:
1356:Main article:
1353:
1350:
1340:
1337:
1312:
1309:
1276:Main article:
1273:
1270:
1259:Main article:
1256:
1253:
1242:Main article:
1239:
1236:
1204:Main article:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1173:Main article:
1170:
1167:
1152:Main article:
1149:
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1125:Main article:
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1095:Main article:
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895:Abstract model
893:Main article:
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797:Main article:
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759:Domain-centric
756:
746:domain-centric
673:Main article:
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5905:Systems model
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5772:Developmental
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5633:Data modeling
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4809:Manufacturing
4807:
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4799:Biomechanical
4797:
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4708:
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4703:
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4698:
4697:Environmental
4695:
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4690:
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4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4677:Architectural
4675:
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4527:Organizations
4525:
4519:
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4509:
4506:
4505:
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4499:
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4477:Kevin Warwick
4475:
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4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4392:Margaret Mead
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4352:Lydia Kavraki
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:Barbara Grosz
4335:
4333:
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4260:
4258:
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4238:
4237:Ruzena Bajcsy
4235:
4233:
4230:
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4223:
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4060:Doubling time
4058:
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3833:
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3828:
3826:
3825:Barbara Grosz
3823:
3821:
3820:Wolt Fabrycky
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3795:Ruzena Bajcsy
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3667:Design review
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3396:0-471-53639-3
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2954:on 6 May 2014
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1376:dependability
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1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:extensibility
1212:
1207:
1199:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1168:
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1164:
1160:
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1024:
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1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
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994:Block diagram
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
979:IDEF0 diagram
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4884:Electronics
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4367:George Klir
4170:Engineering
4107:Cybernetics
4089:Theoretical
4039:Recommender
4029:Multi-agent
4024:Information
3411:SEBOK.org,
3275:Goode, H.H.
3211:8 September
3189:30 November
3158:30 November
3092:16 November
3048:16 November
3004:16 November
2658:OCW.MIT.edu
2123:Ramo, Simon
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1698:16 November
1390:(FMEA) and
1184:engineering
1044:Other tools
168:cybernetics
108:disciplines
73:life cycles
71:over their
61:engineering
6029:Categories
5910:View model
5875:Data model
5363:Glossaries
5184:Industrial
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5159:Explosives
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4702:Ecological
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4317:Fred Emery
4214:Scientists
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3999:Biological
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3402:Sage, A.P.
3384:Sage, A.P.
2896:VitechCorp
2433:Simulation
1865:4 February
1654:References
1329:dependency
1324:scheduling
1297:statistics
1017:structural
950:functional
779:techniques
775:strategies
577:Taking an
529:simulation
497:algorithms
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5140:/graphics
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