100:
related infrastructure, policy and/or technology considerations as an interrelated whole are good, bad or neutral over time. The need to solve system of systems problems is urgent not only because of the growing complexity of today's challenges, but also because such problems require large monetary and resource investments with multi-generational consequences.
273:
integration, and energy management and power systems. Social-ecological interpretations of resilience, where different levels of our world (e.g., the Earth system, the political system) are interpreted as interconnected or nested systems, take a systems-of-systems approach. An application in business
118:
nature that stakeholders must recognize, analyze and understand. The system of systems approach does not advocate particular tools, methods or practices; instead, it promotes a new way of thinking for solving grand challenges where the interactions of technology, policy, and economics are the primary
397:
DANSE (Designing for
Adaptability and evolutioN in System of systems Engineering), which aims to develop "a new methodology to support evolving, adaptive and iterative System of Systems life-cycle models based on a formal semantics for SoS inter-operations and supported by novel tools for analysis,
407:
AMADEOS (Architecture for Multi-criticality Agile
Dependable Evolutionary Open System-of-Systems) aiming to bring time awareness and evolution into the design of System-of- Systems (SoS) with possible emergent behavior, to establish a sound conceptual model, a generic architectural framework and a
286:
Collaboration among a wide array of organizations is helping to drive the development of defining system of systems problem class and methodology for modeling and analysis of system of systems problems. There are ongoing projects throughout many commercial entities, research institutions, academic
90:
System of systems problems are a collection of trans-domain networks of heterogeneous systems that are likely to exhibit operational and managerial independence, geographical distribution, and emergent and evolutionary behaviors that would not be apparent if the systems and their interactions are
389:
T-AREA-SoS (Trans-Atlantic
Research and Education Agenda on Systems of Systems), which aims "to increase European competitiveness in, and improve the societal impact of, the development and management of large complex systems in a range of sectors through the creation of a commonly agreed EU-US
99:
Taken together, all these descriptions suggest that a complete system of systems engineering framework is needed to improve decision support for system of systems problems. Specifically, an effective system of systems engineering framework is needed to help decision makers to determine whether
170:
The first five traits are known as Maier's criteria for identifying system of systems challenges. The remaining three traits have been proposed from the study of mathematical implications of modeling and analyzing system of systems challenges by Dr. Daniel DeLaurentis and his co-researchers at
428:
research project for the development of a system-of-systems design methodology which for the first time will enable the combined optimization of aircraft, operations and business models. The project aims at establishing a transformative digital collaborative (TDC) framework to enable
European
420:
research project with the key motivation of co-creating and implementing a coherent, integrated Arctic observing system: the Pan-Arctic
Observing System of Systems - pan-AOSS. The project aims to overcome shortcomings in the present observing system by refining its operability, improving and
22:
is a collection of task-oriented or dedicated systems that pool their resources and capabilities together to create a new, more complex system which offers more functionality and performance than simply the sum of the constituent systems. Currently, systems of systems is a critical research
71:
Modern systems that comprise system of systems problems are not monolithic, rather they have five common characteristics: operational independence of the individual systems, managerial independence of the systems, geographical distribution, emergent behavior and evolutionary development:
294:
Universities working on system of systems problems, including Purdue
University, the Georgia Institute of Technology, Old Dominion University, George Mason University, the University of New Mexico, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Naval Postgraduate School and Carnegie Mellon
393:
COMPASS (Comprehensive
Modelling for Advanced Systems of Systems), aiming to provide a semantic foundation and open tools framework to allow complex SoSs to be successfully and cost-effectively engineered, using methods and tools that promote the construction and early analysis of
138:
Systems of systems typically exhibit the behaviors of complex systems, but not all complex problems fall in the realm of systems of systems. Inherent to system of systems problems are several combinations of traits, not all of which are exhibited by every such problem:
917:
Kremers, E., Viejo, P., Barambones, O., Durana, J., (2010). A Complex
Systems Modelling Approach for Decentralised Simulation of Electrical Microgrids. Proceedings of the 15th IEEE International Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems (ICECCS), 2010.
369:, NASA established the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD) organization to lead the development of a new exploration "system-of-systems" to accomplish the goals outlined by President G.W. Bush in the 2004 Vision for Space Exploration.
384:
ICT Work
Programme (New paradigms for embedded systems, monitoring and control towards complex systems engineering). This objective had a specific focus on the "design, development and engineering of System-of-Systems". These projects included:
113:
While the individual systems constituting a system of systems can be very different and operate independently, their interactions typically expose and deliver important emergent properties. These emergent patterns have an
429:
aviation to conduct research, technology development, and innovation. The TDC framework will support the simulation, analysis, optimization and evaluation of complex products and services in real-world scenarios.
591:
361:
For example, DoD recently established the
National Centers for System of Systems Engineering to develop a formal methodology for system-of-systems engineering for applications in defense-related projects.
381:
377:
404:
DYMASOS (DYnamic MAnagement of physically-coupled Systems Of Systems), aiming to develop theoretical approaches and engineering tools for dynamic management of SoS based on industrial use cases.
558:
Manthorpe Jr., W.H., "The Emerging Joint System-of-Systems: A Systems Engineering Challenge and Opportunity for APL," Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, Vol. 17, No. 3 (1996), pp. 305–310.
607:
Pei, R.S., "Systems-of-Systems Integration (SoSI) – A Smart Way of Acquiring Army C4I2WS Systems," Proceedings of the Summer Computer Simulation Conference, (2000), pp. 574-579.
64:
System of systems integration is a method to pursue development, integration, interoperability and optimization of systems to enhance performance in future battlefield scenarios:
401:
ROAD2SOS (Roadmaps for System-of-System Engineering), aiming to develop "strategic research and engineering roadmaps in Systems of Systems Engineering and related case studies".
778:
DeLaurentis, D. "Understanding Transportation as a System of Systems Design Problem," 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, January 10–13, 2005. AIAA-2005-0123.
666:
DeLaurentis, D. "Understanding Transportation as a System of Systems Design Problem," 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, January 10–13, 2005. AIAA-2005-0123.
1097:
DeLaurentis, D. "Understanding Transportation as a System of Systems Design Problem," 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, January 10–13, 2005. AIAA-2005-0123.
657:
Carlock, P.G., and R.E. Fenton. "System-of-Systems (SoS) Enterprise Systems for Information-Intensive Organizations," Systems Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 4 (2001), pp. 242-261.
726:
1107:
699:
DeLaurentis, D., Callaway, R.K., "A System-of-Systems Perspective for Public Policy Decisions," Review of Public Policy Research, Vol. 21, Issue 6, Nov. 2004, pp. 829-837.
860:
Gianni, D., (2015, Jan). Data Policy Definition and Verification for System of Systems Governance, in Modeling and Simulation Support for System of Systems Engineering
588:
39:
Linking systems into joint system of systems allows for the interoperability and synergism of Command, Control, Computers, Communications and Information (C4I) and
40:
966:
494:
57:
System of systems education involves the integration of systems into system of systems that ultimately contribute to evolution of the social infrastructure:
618:
253:
Systems of systems, while still being investigated predominantly in the defense sector, is also seeing application in such fields as national air and auto
719:
Boardman, John, DiMario, Michael, Sauser, Brian, Verma, Dinesh, "System of Systems Characteristics and Interoperability in Joint Command and Control",
35:
Commonly proposed descriptions—not necessarily definitions—of systems of systems, are outlined below in order of their appearance in the literature:
802:
DeLaurentis D., "System of Systems Definition and Vocabulary," School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 2007.
366:
1154:
D. Luzeaux, J.R. Ruault & J.L. Wippler, "Complex Systems and Systems of Systems Engineering", ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2011
424:
COLOSSUS (Collaborative System of Systems Exploration of Aviation Products, Services and Business Models; Feb 2023 - Jan 2026) is a
815:
576:
Kotov, V. "Systems-of-Systems as Communicating Structures," Hewlett Packard Computer Systems Laboratory Paper HPL-97-124, (1997), pp. 1–15.
416:
Arctic PASSION (Pan-Arctic observing System of Systems: Implementing Observations for societal Needs; July 2021 - June 2025) is a
23:
discipline for which frames of reference, thought processes, quantitative analysis, tools, and design methods are incomplete.referred to
354:
1131:
759:
724:
523:
454:
346:
561:
720:
710:
DeLaurentis, D., "Research Foundations," School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 2007.
459:
50:
System of systems are large-scale concurrent and distributed systems the components of which are complex systems themselves:
244:
Study of various numerical and visual tools for capturing the interaction of system requirements, concepts and technologies
24:
1216:
800:
708:
421:
extending pan-Arctic scientific and community-based monitoring and the integration with indigenous and local knowledge.
542:
449:
234:
977:
641:
598:," Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis, and Manufacturing, Vol. 12, No. 1 (1998), pp. 55-60.
489:
848:
341:
Government agencies that perform and support research in systems of systems research and applications, such as
1101:
875:
1221:
667:
484:
464:
275:
1039:
Collaborative System of Systems Exploration of Aviation Products, Services and Business Models (COLOSSUS)
1000:
671:
DeLaurentis, D. A.; Callaway, R. K. (2004). "A System of Systems Perspective for Future Public Policy".
479:
299:
861:
942:
1177:
1025:
Pan-Arctic observing System of Systems: Implementing Observations for societal Needs (Arctic PASSION)
474:
469:
93:
description in the field of National Transportation System, Integrated Military and Space Exploration
59:
description in the field of education of engineers on the importance of systems and their integration
1069:
1001:"Architecture for Multi-criticality Agile Dependable Evolutionary Open System-of-Systems (AMADEOS)"
444:
373:
128:
80:
52:
description in the field of communicating structures and information systems in private enterprise
812:
633:
331:
1190:
1151:
D. Luzeaux & J.R. Ruault, "Systems of Systems", ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2010
791:"Systems of Systems (SoS)," College of Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 2007.
74:
description in the field of evolutionary acquisition of complex adaptive systems in the military
258:
221:
172:
549:
Jamshidi, M., "System-of-Systems Engineering - A Definition," IEEE SMC 2005, 10-12 Oct. 2005.
1127:
755:
680:
619:"On the Systems Engineering and Management of Systems of Systems and Federations of Systems"
311:
1059:
851:
In IEEE 7th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering (SOSE 2012), 101–106.
819:
730:
595:
565:
546:
527:
499:
335:
1055:
900:
Parker, J. (2010) "Applying a system of systems approach for improved transportation".
697:
425:
254:
226:
216:
1195:
577:
518:
1210:
1200:
1089:
1080:
789:
684:
83:
activities with enterprise activities of strategic planning and investment analysis:
66:
description in the field of information intensive systems integration in the military
1104:
Foundation for Study of Future Transportation Systems Through Agent-Based Simulation
833:"Distributed Resource Management in System of Systems: An Architecture Perspective"
637:
559:
417:
323:
183:
Current research into effective approaches to system of systems problems includes:
120:
779:
1115:
1106:}, in: Proceedings of 24th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences (
1042:
1028:
743:
439:
412:
Ongoing European projects which are using a System of Systems approach include:
307:
262:
193:
Developing effective methodologies to visualize and communicate complex systems
205:
Data distribution policies: policy definition, design guidance and verification
85:
description in the field of information intensive systems in private enterprise
1171:
124:
79:
Enterprise systems of systems engineering is focused on coupling traditional
1085:, Introduction of Purdue University Schools of Engineering's Signature Area.
152:
115:
899:
540:
849:"System of Systems Information Interoperability Using a Linked Dataspace."
327:
319:
270:
266:
1161:, July 21–22, 2004, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, Arlington, VA.
967:
Designing for Adaptability and evolutioN in System of systemsEngineering
919:
530:, July 21–22, 2004, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, Arlington, VA.
832:
231:
probabilistic robust design (including uncertainty modeling/management)
1178:"A Smarter Planet blog - The Internet of Things and System of Systems"
45:
description in the field of information superiority in modern military
1132:
10.1002/(sici)1520-6858(1998)1:4<267::aid-sys3>3.0.co;2-d
989:
Dynamic Management of Physically-coupled Systems Of Systems (DYMASOS)
760:
10.1002/(sici)1520-6858(1998)1:4<267::aid-sys3>3.0.co;2-d
315:
303:
132:
1196:
System of Systems, Systems Engineering Guide (USD AT&L Aug 2008)
943:"Trans-Atlantic Research and Education Agenda on Systems of Systems"
811:
Jara, F. (1998, July 24). Visualization systems. Retrieved from web
372:
A number of research projects and support actions, sponsored by the
119:
drivers. System of systems study is related to the general study of
1184:
1038:
1091:
Netcentric System of Systems Engineering with DEVS Unified Process
879:
342:
1157:
Popper, S., Bankes, S., Callaway, R., and DeLaurentis, D. (2004)
350:
1060:
The Characteristics and Emerging Behaviors of System-of-Systems
1185:
IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering
1064:
NECSI: Complex Physical, Biological and Social Systems Project
813:
http://www.cs.uml.edu/~fjara/thesis/active/proposal/node6.html
213:
Study of various modeling, simulation and analysis techniques
1004:
930:
1159:
System-of-Systems Symposium: Report on a Summer Conversation
1024:
520:
System-of-Systems Symposium: Report on a Summer Conversation
1072:(1954) "General Systems Theory - The Skeleton of Science,"
589:
Systems, Systems-of-Systems, and the Education of Engineers
517:
Popper, S., Bankes, S., Callaway, R., and DeLaurentis, D.,
290:
Major stakeholders in the development of this concept are:
946:
131:, but also brings to the fore the additional challenge of
988:
210:
Formal modelling language with integrated tools platform
380:. These target Strategic Objective IST-2011.3.3 in the
1201:
International Journal of System of Systems Engineering
1076:, Vol. 2, No. 3, ABI/INFORM Global, pp. 197–208.
298:
Corporations active in this area of research such as
1191:System of Systems Engineering Center of Excellence
931:National Centers for System-of-Systems Engineering
843:
841:
187:Establishment of an effective frame of reference
1116:"Architecting Principles for System of Systems"
744:"Architecting Principles for System of Systems"
261:. Other fields where it can be applied include
1110:), Yokohama, Japan, August 2004. Session 8.1.
41:Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
8:
495:Department of Defense Architecture Framework
626:Information, Knowledge, Systems Management
390:Systems of Systems (SoS) research agenda".
235:object-oriented simulation and programming
1148:, PhD Thesis, University of Sydney, 2008
510:
367:Exploration Systems Architecture Study
920:https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECCS.2010.1
870:
868:
365:In another example, according to the
282:Educational institutions and industry
157:Geographical Distribution of Elements
7:
143:Operational Independence of Elements
1146:The Modelling of Systems of Systems
287:programs, and government agencies.
146:Managerial Independence of Elements
1088:Mittal, S., Martin, J.L.R. (2013)
831:Mosleh M., Ludlow P., Heydari B.,
16:Collection of co-operating systems
14:
617:Sage, A.P.; Cuppan, C.D. (2001).
685:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2004.00111.x
199:Study of designing architecture
196:Distributed resource management
455:Model-based systems engineering
347:Federal Aviation Administration
190:Crafting of a unifying lexicon
721:Defense Acquisition University
460:Enterprise systems engineering
398:simulation, and optimisation".
109:The system-of-systems approach
1:
1172:System of Systems - video IBM
25:system of systems engineering
978:Roadmaps for SoS Engineering
239:multi-objective optimization
1094:, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
835:, Systems Engineering, 2016
450:Object-oriented programming
378:Seventh Framework Programme
1238:
876:"COMPASS Research Project"
673:Review of Policy Research
490:Ultra-large-scale systems
334:, Saber Astronautics and
376:, were performed in the
163:Heterogeneity of Systems
149:Evolutionary Development
104:System-of-systems topics
539:collected partly from:
485:Enterprise architecture
465:Complex adaptive system
276:supply chain resilience
160:Interdisciplinary Study
227:general systems theory
847:Curry, Edward. 2012.
480:Software architecture
355:Department of Defense
300:The MITRE Corporation
1180:. IBM. October 2015.
1114:Maier, M.W. (1998).
1100:J. Lewe, D. Mavris,
1041:; CORDIS reference:
1027:; CORDIS reference:
742:Maier, M.W. (1998).
475:Process architecture
470:Systems architecture
222:agent based modeling
91:modeled separately:
1217:Systems engineering
1120:Systems Engineering
1070:Kenneth E. Boulding
748:Systems Engineering
408:design methodology.
374:European Commission
166:Networks of Systems
129:systems engineering
81:systems engineering
1082:System-of-Systems:
1074:Management Science
1066:, January 7, 2004.
818:2012-04-15 at the
729:2011-07-19 at the
723:, 25–26 July 2006
594:2019-06-04 at the
564:2006-09-03 at the
545:2005-10-15 at the
526:2011-09-28 at the
332:Altair Engineering
274:can be found for
259:space exploration
202:Interoperability
173:Purdue University
153:Emergent Behavior
20:System of systems
1229:
1181:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1079:Crossley, W.A.,
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1003:. Archived from
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945:. Archived from
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909:
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878:. Archived from
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640:. Archived from
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587:Luskasik, S.J. "
585:
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445:Software library
312:Northrop Grumman
265:, design of the
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1058:et al. (2004) "
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1050:Further reading
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547:Wayback Machine
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528:Wayback Machine
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500:New Cybernetics
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336:Lockheed Martin
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43:(ISR) Systems:
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1166:External links
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1126:(4): 267–284.
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822:on 16 Nov 2011
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679:(6): 829–837.
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647:on 2019-06-04.
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440:Inheritance
345:, the U.S.
308:BAE Systems
295:University.
263:health care
1211:Categories
1137:2012-12-13
1011:2015-12-18
953:2013-07-22
886:2013-07-15
765:2012-12-13
506:References
125:complexity
121:designing
816:Archived
727:Archived
592:Archived
562:Archived
543:Archived
524:Archived
434:See also
328:CAE Inc.
320:Raytheon
271:software
267:Internet
179:Research
116:evolving
31:Overview
1203:(IJSSE)
638:7609190
394:models.
1187:(SoSE)
1062:" in:
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316:Boeing
304:Airbus
133:design
645:(PDF)
634:S2CID
622:(PDF)
357:(DoD)
343:DARPA
1108:ICAS
907:(2)
353:and
351:NASA
257:and
127:and
1128:doi
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