644:
is 19-40%. However, because the majority of people who develop invasive candidiasis are already sick, it can be difficult to determine if the cause of death is directly attributable to the fungal infection. Fungemia is one of the most common bloodstream infections in the United States. In general, observed incidence rates have been stable or trending higher but declining rates have been achieved with improvements in hygiene and disease management.
631: yeasts can no longer can be cultured from blood samples. Some forms of invasive candidiasis, such as infections in the bones, joints, heart, or central nervous system, usually need to be treated for a longer period. Retrospective observational studies suggest that prompt presumptive antifungal therapy (based on symptoms or
643:
Invasive candidiasis is estimated to affect more than 250,000 people and cause more than 50,000 deaths worldwide every year. The CDC estimates that approximately 46,000 cases of healthcare-associated invasive candidiasis occur each year in the US. The estimated mortality attributable to fungemia
329:
infections, specifically fungemia, have been reported from South Korea, India, South Africa, Kuwait, Colombia, Venezuela, Pakistan, the United
Kingdom and the United States. The strains isolated in each region are genetically distinct, indicating that this species is emerging in different locations.
537:
isolates have been found to be resistant to one or more of the three major antifungal classes (azoles, echinocandins, and polyenes) with some resistant to all three classes β severely limiting treatment options. Biochemical-based tests currently used in many laboratories to identify fungi, including
102:
Symptoms of invasive candidiasis can be confused with other medical conditions, however, the most common symptoms are fever and chills that do not improve with antibiotic treatment. Other symptoms develop as the infection spreads, depending on which parts of the body are involved.
587:. Antifungal prophylaxis can reduce the incidence of fungemia by approximately 50%, but has not been shown to improve survival. A major challenge limiting the number of patients receiving prophylaxis to only those that can potentially benefit, thereby avoiding the creation of
578:
Preventive antifungal treatment is supported by studies, but only for specific high-risk groups in intensive care units with conditions that put them at high risk for the disease. For example, one group would be patients recovering from abdominal surgery that may have
1268:
670:
has become more prominent in southern Europe, Asia, and South
America. Regional species distribution guides treatment recommendations since the species exhibit different susceptibilities to azole and echinocandin classes of antifungals.
499:
allows subsequent susceptibility testing of causative species. Sensitivity of blood culture is far from ideal, with a sensitivity reported to be between 21 and 71%. Additionally, whereas blood culture can establish a diagnosis during
603:
Antifungals are used for treatment with the specific type and dose depending on the patient's age, immune status, and specifics of the infection. For most adults, the initial treatment is an
260:
treatment can arise from species with intrinsic resistance that experience selection pressure or spontaneous induction of resistance in isolates from normally susceptible species. For
868:
559:
555:
647:
Deep-seated infections in bones, muscles, joints, eyes, or central nervous system can arise from a bloodstream infection or direct inoculation of
518:
Additionally, elevated serum Ξ²-glucan can demonstrate invasive candidiasis while a negative test suggests a low likelihood of systemic infection.
385:
872:
627:, and other antifungals may also be used. Treatment normally continues for two weeks after resolution of signs and symptoms and
1323:
472:, their presence in the mouth, the vagina, sputum, urine, stool, or skin is not definitive evidence for invasive candidiasis.
325:
yeast that can cause invasive candidiasis and is associated with high mortality. It was first described in 2009. Since then,
504:, the blood may test negative for deep-seated infections because candida may have been successfully cleared from the blood.
280:. Insufficient dosing of azoles has also led to the emergence of resistance. Observed rates of echinocandin resistance for
1309:
Clinical
Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America
1302:
752:
580:
453:
1059:
Vincenzi, V.; Fioroni, E.; BenvegnΓΉ, B.; De
Angelis, M.; Bartolucci, L.; Gradoli, C.; Valori, C. (1985-05-12). "".
402:
338:
Patients with the following conditions, treatments or situations are at increased risk for invasive candidiasis.
1283:
592:
370:
322:
253:
90:), invasive candidiasis is a serious, progressive, and potentially fatal infection that can affect the blood (
496:
408:
342:
190:
84:
1128:
912:
1097:
1035:
776:
1036:"Diagnosis and Testing | Invasive Candidiasis | Candidiasis | Types of Diseases | Fungal Diseases | CDC"
588:
380:
168:
662:
had been the dominant pathogen but now accounts for just half of the isolates. Increasing dominance of
418:
180:
156:
480:
375:
348:
1017:
174:
150:
51:
1233:
1187:
1076:
1068:
1009:
1001:
850:
832:
563:
488:
365:
41:
1129:"Statistics | Invasive Candidiasis | Candidiasis | Types of Diseases | Fungal Diseases | CDC"
1223:
1213:
1177:
1169:
1098:"Treatment | Invasive Candidiasis | Candidiasis | Types of Diseases | Fungal Diseases | CDC"
991:
983:
840:
822:
715:
469:
144:
140:
80:
70:
777:"Symptoms | Invasive Candidiasis | Candidiasis | Types of Diseases | Fungal Diseases | CDC"
1328:
120:
527:
as a cause of invasive candidiasis has necessitated additional testing in some settings.
1228:
1201:
1182:
1157:
845:
810:
716:"Invasive Candidiasis | Candidiasis | Types of Fungal Diseases | Fungal Diseases | CDC"
624:
539:
508:
428:
162:
1317:
616:
528:
522:
317:
232:
124:
17:
604:
434:
423:
284:
are between 2 and 12%. Acquired echinocandin resistance has also been reported for
277:
116:
237:, a species first reported in 2009, has been found to cause invasive candidiasis.
1288:
1021:
620:
608:
584:
484:
355:
269:
66:
1308:
974:
Kullberg, Bart Jan; Arendrup, Maiken C. (2015-10-08). "Invasive
Candidiasis".
612:
413:
359:
257:
242:
1072:
1005:
836:
1277:
632:
560:
matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry
1237:
1191:
1013:
854:
456: infection with the majority of cases associated with hospital stays.
135:
Invasive candidiasis is caused by 15 of the more than 150 known species of
1260:
1158:"Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: a persistent public health problem"
1080:
987:
666:
in northern Europe, the United States, and Canada has been observed while
533:-caused invasive candidiasis is associated with high mortality. Many
1173:
501:
112:
91:
1218:
827:
658:
species causing invasive candidiasis has changed over the past decades.
996:
264:, the most common is the former, as seen by the emergence of resistant
913:"Clinical Alert to U.S. Healthcare Facilities β Fungal Diseases | CDC"
1272:
492:
396:
111:
Invasive candidiasis can manifest as serious diseases including as
562:
or a molecular method based on sequencing the D1-D2 region of the
512:
391:
139:. These species, all confirmed by isolation from patients, are:
27:
Serious and potentially fatal infection caused by
Candida yeast
495:, is definitive evidence of invasive candidiasis. Diagnosis by
869:"Fatal Fungus Linked to 4 New Deaths β What You Need to Know"
241:
has attracted attention because it can be resistant to the
94:), heart, brain, eyes, bones, and other parts of the body.
1202:"Epidemiology and risk factors for invasive candidiasis"
811:"Epidemiology and risk factors for invasive candidiasis"
231:
causing the majority of the remaining cases. Recently,
1250:
479:
species from normally sterile sites, such as blood,
1254:
651:may occur, for example, during intestinal surgery.
50:
40:
35:
698:. This variation is reflected in mortality rates.
507:Diagnosis of invasive candidiasis is supported by
215:has been responsible for 95% of infections, with,
399:(especially low birth weight and preterm infants)
753:"Candidiasis (Invasive) β Infectious Diseases"
558:recommends using a diagnostic method based on
515:) observed in specimens of affected tissues.
8:
69:) that can be caused by various species of
1251:
556:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
32:
1227:
1217:
1206:Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
1181:
995:
844:
826:
815:Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
635:) is effective and can reduce mortality.
443:colonization (particularly if multifocal)
127:, and central nervous system infections.
330:The reason for this pattern is unknown.
707:
511:evidence (for example, yeast cells or
386:Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
245:medications used to treat candidiasis.
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1092:
1090:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
570:in settings where it may be present.
521:The emergence of multidrug-resistant
7:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
79:infections of the mouth and throat (
976:The New England Journal of Medicine
678:species differs considerably, with
546:from related species (for example,
591:that can lead to the emergence of
25:
354:Abdominal surgery (aggravated by
276:where there was increased use of
1156:Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ (2007).
757:MSD Manual Professional Edition
371:Acute necrotizing pancreatitis
268:following the introduction of
1:
1162:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
581:gastrointestinal perforations
376:Malignant hematologic disease
211:. Over the last 20β30 years,
871:. 2016-11-07. Archived from
1305:) in the MSD (Merck) Manual
381:Solid-organ transplantation
1345:
452:Invasive candidiasis is a
419:Total parenteral nutrition
414:Internal prosthetic device
366:Immunosuppressive diseases
809:Yapar, Nur (2014-01-01).
686:being less virulent than
403:Broad-spectrum antibiotic
468:species are part of the
619:) given intravenously.
542:, cannot differentiate
540:API 20C AUX and VITEK-2
409:Central venous catheter
1324:Animal fungal diseases
1303:Candidiasis (Invasive
988:10.1056/NEJMra1315399
550:can be identified as
1174:10.1128/CMR.00029-06
654:The distribution of
475:Positive culture of
63:Invasive candidiasis
36:Invasive candidiasis
18:Systemic candidiasis
1219:10.2147/TCRM.S40160
875:on November 7, 2016
828:10.2147/TCRM.S40160
585:anastomotic leakage
481:cerebrospinal fluid
349:intensive care unit
323:multidrug-resistant
1067:(19β20): 919β921.
607:class antifungal (
589:selective pressure
554:). Therefore, the
358:leakage or repeat
98:Signs and symptoms
46:Infectious disease
1298:
1297:
982:(15): 1445β1456.
674:The virulence of
489:pericardial fluid
170:C. guilliermondii
65:is an infection (
60:
59:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
1336:
1252:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1200:Yapar N (2014).
1195:
1185:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1125:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1032:
1026:
1025:
999:
971:
928:
927:
925:
924:
909:
884:
883:
881:
880:
865:
859:
858:
848:
830:
806:
791:
790:
788:
787:
773:
767:
766:
764:
763:
749:
730:
729:
727:
726:
712:
470:human microbiota
343:Critical illness
312:Emergent species
81:oral candidiasis
56:fever and chills
33:
21:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1314:
1313:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1263:
1249:
1199:
1155:
1152:
1150:Further reading
1147:
1146:
1137:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1115:
1106:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1029:
973:
972:
931:
922:
920:
911:
910:
887:
878:
876:
867:
866:
862:
808:
807:
794:
785:
783:
775:
774:
770:
761:
759:
751:
750:
733:
724:
722:
714:
713:
709:
704:
680:C. parapsilosis
668:C. parapsilosis
641:
601:
576:
509:histopathologic
493:biopsied tissue
462:
450:
336:
321:is an emerging
314:
306:C. dubliniensis
274:C. parapsilosis
251:
221:C. parapsilosis
182:C. dubliniensis
158:C. parapsilosis
133:
121:endophthalmitis
109:
100:
75:yeast. Unlike
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1342:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1280:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:Classification
1248:
1247:External links
1245:
1244:
1243:
1197:
1168:(1): 133β163.
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1113:
1086:
1061:Minerva Medica
1051:
1027:
929:
885:
860:
792:
768:
731:
706:
705:
703:
700:
640:
637:
625:amphotericin B
600:
597:
575:
572:
461:
458:
449:
446:
445:
444:
437:
432:
429:Glucocorticoid
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
400:
394:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
352:
345:
335:
332:
313:
310:
250:
247:
209:C. norvegensis
201:C. inconspicua
187:C. pelliculosa
132:
129:
108:
105:
99:
96:
88:vulvovaginitis
58:
57:
54:
48:
47:
44:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1163:
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1120:
1118:
1114:
1103:
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1087:
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1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1023:
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1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
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993:
989:
985:
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977:
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966:
964:
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958:
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952:
950:
948:
946:
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938:
936:
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930:
918:
914:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
886:
874:
870:
864:
861:
856:
852:
847:
842:
838:
834:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
793:
782:
778:
772:
769:
758:
754:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
732:
721:
717:
711:
708:
701:
699:
697:
693:
692:C. tropicalis
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
645:
638:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:anidulafungin
614:
610:
606:
598:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
573:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:C. haemulonii
549:
545:
541:
536:
532:
531:
526:
525:
519:
516:
514:
510:
505:
503:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
464:Because many
459:
457:
455:
447:
442:
438:
436:
433:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
393:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
361:
357:
353:
350:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
333:
331:
328:
324:
320:
319:
318:Candida auris
311:
309:
307:
303:
302:C. lusitaniae
299:
295:
291:
290:C. tropicalis
287:
283:
279:
278:echinocandins
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
248:
246:
244:
240:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:C. tropicalis
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:, C. famata,
198:
197:C. lipolytica
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
178:
177:
176:C. lusitaniae
172:
171:
166:
165:
160:
159:
154:
153:
152:C. tropicalis
148:
147:
142:
138:
130:
128:
126:
125:osteomyelitis
122:
118:
114:
106:
104:
97:
95:
93:
89:
87:
83:) or vagina (
82:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
55:
53:
49:
45:
43:
39:
34:
19:
1282:
1267:
1209:
1205:
1165:
1161:
1136:. Retrieved
1132:
1105:. Retrieved
1101:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1043:. Retrieved
1039:
1030:
979:
975:
921:. Retrieved
916:
877:. Retrieved
873:the original
863:
818:
814:
784:. Retrieved
780:
771:
760:. Retrieved
756:
723:. Retrieved
719:
710:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
673:
667:
663:
659:
655:
653:
648:
646:
642:
639:Epidemiology
628:
605:echinocandin
602:
577:
567:
566:to identify
551:
547:
543:
534:
529:
523:
520:
517:
506:
476:
474:
465:
463:
451:
448:Transmission
440:
439:Noninvasive
435:Chemotherapy
424:Hemodialysis
392:organ tumors
360:laparotomies
337:
334:Risk factors
326:
316:
315:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
273:
265:
261:
252:
238:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
186:
181:
175:
169:
163:
157:
151:
145:
136:
134:
117:endocarditis
110:
107:Presentation
101:
85:
76:
71:
62:
61:
1133:www.cdc.gov
1102:www.cdc.gov
1040:www.cdc.gov
997:2066/152392
919:. June 2016
917:www.cdc.gov
781:www.cdc.gov
720:www.cdc.gov
696:C. glabrata
688:C. albicans
664:C. glabrata
660:C. albicans
621:Fluconazole
609:caspofungin
485:pericardium
356:anastomotic
286:C. albicans
282:C. glabrata
270:fluconazole
266:C. glabrata
217:C. glabrata
213:C. albicans
146:C. glabrata
141:C. albicans
67:candidiasis
1318:Categories
1212:: 95β105.
1138:2017-04-03
1107:2017-04-03
1045:2017-04-03
923:2017-04-06
879:2017-04-04
821:: 95β105.
786:2017-04-03
762:2017-04-06
725:2017-04-02
702:References
633:biomarkers
613:micafungin
593:resistance
574:Prevention
454:nosocomial
347:Long-term
258:antifungal
254:Resistance
249:Resistance
243:antifungal
1242:(Review).
1196:(Review).
1073:0026-4806
1006:1533-4406
837:1176-6336
684:C. krusei
599:Treatment
497:culturing
460:Diagnosis
405:treatment
294:C. krusei
229:C. krusei
205:C. rugosa
164:C. krusei
42:Specialty
1238:24611015
1192:17223626
1014:26444731
855:24611015
568:C. auris
564:28s rDNA
548:C. auris
544:C. auris
535:C. auris
530:C. auris
524:C. auris
502:fungemia
397:Neonates
327:C. auris
298:C. kefyr
239:C. auris
234:C. auris
192:C. kefyr
113:fungemia
92:fungemia
86:Candidal
52:Symptoms
1289:D058365
1229:3928396
1183:1797637
1081:3889722
846:3928396
676:Candida
656:Candida
649:Candida
629:Candida
477:Candida
466:Candida
441:Candida
272:and of
262:Candida
137:Candida
77:Candida
72:Candida
1329:Sepsis
1236:
1226:
1190:
1180:
1079:
1071:
1020:
1012:
1004:
853:
843:
835:
694:, and
513:hyphae
390:Solid-
304:, and
227:, and
207:, and
1022:43788
1018:S2CID
615:, or
491:, or
131:Cause
1284:MeSH
1234:PMID
1188:PMID
1077:PMID
1069:ISSN
1010:PMID
1002:ISSN
851:PMID
833:ISSN
682:and
351:stay
1278:B37
1269:ICD
1224:PMC
1214:doi
1178:PMC
1170:doi
992:hdl
984:doi
980:373
841:PMC
823:doi
583:or
431:use
256:to
1320::
1287::
1276::
1273:10
1232:.
1222:.
1210:10
1208:.
1204:.
1186:.
1176:.
1166:20
1164:.
1160:.
1131:.
1116:^
1100:.
1089:^
1075:.
1065:76
1063:.
1038:.
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