31:
2939:
2949:
1607:
VII.63: The
Assyrians went to war with helmets upon their heads made of brass, and plaited in a strange fashion which is not easy to describe. They carried shields, lances, and daggers very like the Egyptian; but in addition they had wooden clubs knotted with iron, and linen corselets. This people,
776:
Through contacts with
Luwians, Cilicians and Phoenicians, ancient Greeks also learned both variants (Syria/Assyria), used as synonyms, but later started to introduce some distinctions, thus marking the beginning of the second (transitional) period, attested by the works of Greek historian
840:
represented a distinctive geographical term, related to
Assyrian-inhabited regions in northern and eastern Mesopotamia and south east Anatolia. In the Roman Empire, "Syria" in its broadest sense referred to lands situated between
1357:"Syria is not but a contraction of Assyria or Assyrian; this according to the Greek pronunciation. The Greeks applied this name to all of Asia Minor." cited after Sa Grandeur Mgr. David, Archevêque Syrien De Damas,
801:
by the non-Greeks, On the other side, he stated that
Syrians were called Cappadocians, by Persians. Herodotus also introduced some distinctions regarding the territorial scope of the terms Syria and Assyria.
146:
and only very briefly came under Roman control, AD 116–118, marking the historical peak of Roman expansion. Henceforth, the Greeks then applied the term "Syrian" without distinction between the actual
385:
The majority of modern scholars strongly support the already dominant position that 'Syrian' and Syriac indeed derived from 'Assyrian', and the recent (1997) discovery of the bilingual
1608:
whom the
Hellenes call Syrians, are called Assyrians by the barbarians. The Chaldeans served in their ranks, and they had for commander Otaspes, the son of Artachaeus.
293:
practice of naming provinces according to provincial capitals, was seen as a reflection of growing historical consciousness among the local intellectuals at the time.
431:, with each of these stating that Syrian/Syriac was synonymous with and derivative of Assyrian. Acknowledgments were being made as early as the 5th century BC in the
74:(proper names of regions and countries). The origin and usage of the term has been the subject of interest, both among ancient writers and modern scholars. In early
1634:
VII.72: In the same fashion were equipped the
Ligyans, the Matienians, the Mariandynians, and the Syrians (or Cappadocians, as they are called by the Persians).
196:
founded in modern-day northern Iraq founded in the 25th century BC. It expanded to include parts of
Southeastern Anatolia and Northeastern Syria by the late
2904:
809:
The third period was marked by definite territorialization of the term Syria, as distinctive from
Assyria. That process was finalized already during the
606:), dating to the eighth century BC, reference is made to the relationship between his kingdom and his Assyrian overlords. The Luwian inscription reads
1385:"Even when the name of Syria is used in its ordinary narrower sense, it is often confounded with Assyria, which only differs from Syria by having the
550:
Various theories have been advanced as to the etymological connections between the two terms. Some scholars suggest that the term
Assyria included a
408:, some researchers have also analyzed some similar terms that appear in other contemporary inscriptions, suggesting some additional interpretations.
2853:
1383:
A New
Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology and Geography, Sir William Smith, Charles Anthon, Harper & Brothers, 1862
825:), unrelated to ancient Assyria which was still extant as a geopolitical entity in Mesopotamia, southeastern Anatolia and northeastern Syria.
1163:
781:(5th century BCE). Some instances in his writings reflect the original (synonymous) use of Syrian and Assyrian designations, when used for the
2333:
1207:
806:
emphasized that Herodotus never applied the term Syria on the Mesopotamian and Anatolian region of Assyria which he always called "Assyria".
2578:
30:
2069:
The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers
1129:
880:
in 1865, and the reformed province was named Suriyya/Suriye, reflecting a growing historical consciousness among the local intellectuals.
2914:
448:(a term which most modern scholars in fact accept is itself an early name for Assyria, which was located in northern Mesopotamia), the
1577:
1410:
1550:
861:, and only very briefly came under Roman control (116–118 AD, marking the historical peak of Roman expansion), where it was known as
2546:
2428:
2148:
2127:
2101:
1993:
1967:
1825:
1777:
1674:
1526:
1449:
1241:
1173:
1139:
2440:"Where is the Land of Sura of the Hieroglyphic Luwian inscription KARKAMIŠ A4b and Why Were Cappadocians Called Syrians by Greeks?"
2828:
2111:
2087:
442:
had dismissed the etymological identity of the two toponyms. Various alternatives had been suggested, including derivation from
2973:
2873:
2077:
236:(1365-1050 BC) Syria, apart from the Assyrian northeast corner, was known as "The Land of the Amorites" (Amurru). During the
2037:
2007:
732:
1231:
1925:
1895:
905:
2522:
2978:
2663:
1439:
337:
915:
770:
769:
at that time, terms never applied to Assyria itself. Such use was recorded in the bilingual (Luwian-Phoenician)
591:
405:
386:
2909:
2595:
2571:
1620:
1593:
862:
837:
354:
119:
741:
can be divided into three periods. The first period, attested from the 8th century BCE, reflects the original
582:. Majority and mainstream current academic opinion strongly favours that Syria originates from Assyria. In a
2983:
2868:
2773:
2063:
2033:
2003:
1400:
289:(Vilâyet-i Sûriye), established in 1865. The choice of the ancient regional name, instead of a more common
411:
The question was addressed from the Early Classical period through to the Renaissance Era by the likes of
310:
233:
2878:
702:
404:
Noting the scholarly consensus on questions related to interpretation of the terms Syria/Assyria in the
122:
came to be used as names for distinct geographical regions. "Syria" in the Roman period referred to the
48:
2823:
2788:
2743:
1685:
2893:
2713:
2708:
2603:
2564:
920:
587:
583:
394:
237:
201:
2948:
1486:
1441:
The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran: A Contribution to the Decoding of the Language of the Koran
2833:
2808:
2723:
2703:
2653:
2623:
2613:
2509:
2459:
2403:
2367:
2308:
2269:
2244:
2216:
1977:
1879:
1726:
1718:
858:
544:
432:
424:
420:
135:
2472:
2228:
563:
255:
2919:
2798:
2793:
2673:
2542:
2424:
2329:
2144:
2123:
2097:
2073:
1989:
1963:
1835:
1821:
1773:
1699:"Assyrians, Syrians and the Greek Language in the late Hellenistic and Roman Imperial Periods"
1670:
1573:
1567:
1522:
1518:
1445:
1406:
1382:
1237:
1203:
1169:
1135:
551:
249:
179:
2184:
Arameans and the Making of Assyrians: The Last Aramaic-speaking Christians of the Middle East
1197:
2863:
2813:
2768:
2748:
2738:
2638:
2534:
2501:
2451:
2395:
2359:
2300:
2281:
2208:
1871:
1814:"Are Syrians Arameans? Some Preliminary Remarks on Syriac Ethnic Identity in Late Antiquity"
1800:
1710:
1629:
1602:
1386:
900:
536:
449:
397:
languages, seems to clearly confirm that Syria is ultimately derived from the Assyrian term
297:
75:
2838:
2753:
2733:
2618:
2608:
2379:
2343:
2192:
1951:
1921:
1891:
1855:
945:
910:
854:
810:
782:
761:, rather than modern Syria (the historically Assyrian northeast aside) which was known as
644:
555:
520:
508:
390:
278:
148:
143:
139:
2883:
2818:
2783:
2718:
2698:
2688:
2648:
2633:
2628:
2489:
1859:
890:
803:
290:
123:
87:
2967:
2942:
2924:
2843:
2778:
2758:
2693:
2668:
2658:
2643:
2513:
2463:
2407:
2371:
2312:
2120:
Arameans, Chaldeans, and Arabs in Babylonia and Palestine in the First Millennium B.C
1883:
1730:
873:
822:
762:
728:
724:
689:
489:
465:
435:
world that the Indo-European term Syrian was derived from the much earlier Assyrian.
286:
245:
52:
2763:
2728:
2683:
2678:
2587:
1508:
941:
829:
669:
439:
205:
193:
111:
1465:
1110:
The Levant as "the northern region" (as seen from Arabia), from the convention of
630:"Assyrians", which according to Rollinger "settles the problem once and for all".
167:
of the Levant who had not previously had the term applied to them or their lands.
2416:
2383:
2347:
2321:
2138:
2115:
2091:
2067:
2052:
2022:
1981:
1955:
1839:
1813:
1765:
1664:
1512:
2952:
2363:
2178:
2158:
869:
833:
818:
814:
786:
716:
656:
575:
428:
267:
190:
164:
152:
115:
34:
2538:
1199:
The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria
1722:
1698:
1359:
Grammair De La Langue Araméenne Selon Les Deux Dialects Syriaque Et Chaldaique
698:
578:(1617) rooted in his own Hebrew tradition about the descent of Assyrians from
333:
197:
1804:
1625:
1598:
778:
766:
720:
661:
412:
362:
241:
131:
71:
67:
17:
2477:
Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
2455:
2399:
1940:
1910:
258:
in 1871 was the second to give philological support to the assumption that
252:(539-332 BC), while Assyria remained known as Assyria by the Achaemenids.
2285:
2140:
The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, 1516-1918: A Social and Cultural History
983:
962:
877:
842:
790:
746:
516:
485:
270:(1617). Current modern academic opinion strongly favours the connection.
217:
209:
160:
156:
83:
2273:
2257:
2248:
2232:
2220:
979:
895:
758:
754:
603:
599:
579:
481:
444:
366:
285:"Syrian Arab Republic", since 1961) inherits its name from the Ottoman
37:'s 1617 section on the name of Syria and Assyria, from the 1629 edition
2196:
1818:
Research on Israel and Aram: Autonomy, Independence and Related Issues
1425:
639:
1740:"Syriac and Syrians in the Later Roman Empire: Questions of identity"
850:
742:
673:
595:
416:
358:
229:
221:
213:
127:
79:
2212:
2182:
2162:
1752:
1739:
817:(Greek) notions were applied in the region, and specific terms like
2505:
2439:
2304:
1875:
1714:
2471:
Tekoğlu, Recai; Lemaire, André; İpek, İsmet; Tosun, Kazım (2000).
1788:
1686:"Framing the Syrian of Late Antiquity: Engagements with Hellenism"
846:
681:
665:
274:
225:
184:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
677:
590:
bilingual monumental inscription found in Çineköy, Turkey, (the
535:. In this case, the name would derive directly from that of the
2560:
2556:
1361:
Vol. 1,, (Imprimerie Des Péres Dominicains, Mossoul, 1896), 12.
90:
usage between the 9th century BC and 2nd century BC, the terms
1310:
1308:
1306:
1111:
559:
524:
475:
469:
348:
266:
have the same etymology, following a suggestion going back to
101:
91:
61:
55:
1131:
The Pagan God: Popular Religion in the Greco-Roman Near East
1053:
1051:
248:. These designations for modern Syria were continued by the
821:
were introduced, corresponding to western regions (ancient
543:. Tvedtnes' explanation was rejected as highly unlikely by
2163:"The Origin of the Terms Syria(n) and Suryoyo: Once Again"
1264:
1262:
1260:
2038:"The Bible and the Assyrians: It Kept their Memory Alive"
1569:
The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures
969:" in order to distinguish themselves from pagan Arameans.
607:
566:
in 1871 gave philological support to the assumption that
1986:
Semitica: Serta philologica Constantino Tsereteli dicata
1281:
1279:
1277:
459:
2093:
The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion
1297:
688:
They from Lebanon and its trees, from on its precious
182:
2328:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 365–386.
453:
2122:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 123–147.
574:
have the same etymology, a suggestion going back to
530:
501:
2892:
2852:
2594:
2473:"La bilingue royale louvito-phénicienne de Çineköy"
1759:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 268–274.
2423:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 455–466.
2417:"Syria, Syriac, Syrian: Negotiating East and West"
1772:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 467–478.
1962:. Milano: Università di Bologna. pp. 75–78.
1405:. Kotarim International Publishing. p. 252.
539:-speaking Hurrians, and be unrelated to the name
2116:"The Aramaeans in the West (13th–8th centuries)"
793:. Herodotus explicitly stated that those called
625:
619:
613:
523:, and is due to a regular Coptic development of
2348:"Einiges über Assyrien, Syrien und Koilesyrien"
686:
2326:The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies
1789:"Syriac Historiography and Identity Formation"
1566:James B. Pritchard, Daniel E. Fleming (2010).
828:Such distinctions were later inherited by the
633:According to a different hypothesis, the name
511:. J. A. Tvedtnes had suggested that the Greek
2572:
2201:Iraq: British Institute for the Study of Iraq
70:typology, the term Syria is classified among
8:
1820:. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 457–484.
1753:"Assyria and the West: Syria and the Levant"
1233:The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus
876:. The new provincial law was implemented in
493:
327:
322:
313:
301:
1572:. Princeton University Press. p. 120.
110:) were used almost interchangeably. In the
2579:
2565:
2557:
2523:"Syrian Identity in the Cave of Treasures"
1333:
1314:
1134:. Princeton University Press. p. 27.
1081:
836:, for regions western of Euphrates, while
2143:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1669:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1552:A Dictionary of the Bible: Red-Sea-Zuzims
1514:Greater Syria: The History of an Ambition
1162:Beattie, Andrew; Pepper, Timothy (2001).
612:whereas the Phoenician translation reads
389:from the 8th century BCE, written in the
309:("The land of Shem", eldest son of Noah;
2258:"Assyrios, Syrios, Syros und Leukosyros"
1982:"The Modern Assyrians - Name and Nation"
1666:Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World
1370:
982:called the mountain "Hermon", while the
29:
2384:"Noch einiges über Assyrien und Syrien"
1098:
1057:
999:
952:), meaning to "persist" or "persevere".
933:
1746:. London: Routledge. pp. 157–174.
1645:
1030:
1988:. Torino: Zamorani. pp. 99–114.
1960:Ideologies as Intercultural Phenomena
1555:. Princeton University. p. 1195.
1345:
1069:
1042:
438:Some 19th-century historians such as
332:"left hand; northern"). In contrast,
7:
2045:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
2015:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
1933:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
1903:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
1793:Church History and Religious Culture
1285:
1268:
1018:
1006:
341:
2286:"The Terms Assyria and Syria Again"
1487:"Hebrew: שִׁרְיוֹן, širyôn (H8303)"
949:
648:
494:
323:
314:
302:
282:
240:(911-605 BC) it was referred to as
853:, while "Assyria" was part of the
25:
2322:"The East: Syria and Mesopotamia"
554:, similar to the function of the
2947:
2938:
2937:
697:Poems about Baal and Anath (The
155:, Northeast Syria and Southeast
2494:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
2293:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1864:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1703:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
2905:British Indian Ocean Territory
2490:"The Origin of the Name Syria"
2415:Shepardson, Christine (2009).
2096:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers.
2008:"Assyria and Syria: Synonyms?"
1738:Andrade, Nathanael J. (2019).
1697:Andrade, Nathanael J. (2014).
1684:Andrade, Nathanael J. (2011).
1663:Andrade, Nathanael J. (2013).
832:, who created the province of
1:
2421:A Companion to Late Antiquity
1896:"Assyria and Syria: Synonyms"
1860:"Assyria and Syria: Synonyms"
1812:Frenschkowski, Marco (2019).
1770:A Companion to Late Antiquity
1621:s:History of Herodotus/Book 7
1594:s:History of Herodotus/Book 7
1399:Nissim Raphael Ganor (2009).
1168:. Rough Guides. p. 290.
204:eventually conquered much of
189:), which was a major ancient
2444:Altorientalische Forschungen
1438:Christoph Luxenberg (2007).
872:was promulgated to form the
531:
525:
476:
470:
460:
454:
349:
183:
62:
2364:10.1524/phil.1931.86.14.380
2256:Rollinger, Robert (2006a).
1690:Journal of Modern Hellenism
1444:. Hans Schiler. p. 9.
986:referred to it as "Šeni'r".
906:Terms for Syriac Christians
737:Historical use of the term
624:"Assur", and also mentions
502:
328:
3000:
2539:10.31826/9781463233112-010
2488:Tvedtnes, John A. (1981).
2320:Rompay, Lucas van (2008).
2051:(1): 70–76. Archived from
2021:(2): 37–43. Archived from
1939:(1): 69–70. Archived from
1909:(2): 30–36. Archived from
1549:Sir William Smith (1863).
797:by the Greeks were called
714:
672:, firstly mentioned in an
102:
92:
56:
2933:
1402:Who Were the Phoenicians?
1128:Teixidor, Javier (2015).
369:. Hence, Sham refers to (
283:الجمهورية العربية السورية
232:to the south. During the
170:Etymologically, the name
2654:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2197:"Assyrians and Arameans"
1840:"Assyriens ou Araméens?"
1805:10.1163/187124109X408014
1196:Dirven, Lucinda (1999).
1165:The Rough Guide to Syria
733:State of Syria (1924–30)
464:(the Phoenician name of
2915:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2233:"Ασσύριος Σύριος Σύρος"
2137:Masters, Bruce (2013).
1751:Bagg, Ariel M. (2017).
1692:. 28 (2010-2011): 1–46.
1101:, p. 177, 181-182.
942:Semitic trilateral root
813:era (312-64 BCE), when
637:might be derived from "
626:
620:
614:
608:
594:) belonging to Urikki,
484:occupants prior to the
300:name for the region is
234:Middle Assyrian Empire
2974:Country name etymology
2456:10.1524/aofo.2012.0011
2400:10.1515/phil-1932-0208
1926:"Reply to John Joseph"
1787:Debié, Muriel (2009).
1757:A Companion to Assyria
1236:. BRILL. p. 126.
944:of the word might be (
708:
660:"), the name that the
311:Modern Standard Arabic
159:, and now also to the
38:
2521:Wood, Philip (2007).
2438:Simon, Zsolt (2012).
1766:"Syria and the Arabs"
1202:. BRILL. p. 76.
868:In 1864, the Ottoman
715:Further information:
468:). Syria is known as
33:
2829:United Arab Emirates
2262:Die Welt des Orients
1764:Cook, David (2009).
1230:J.F. Healey (2001).
961:Later on, Christian
238:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2856:limited recognition
1978:Heinrichs, Wolfhart
1300:, p. 961-1007.
1298:Tekoğlu et al. 2000
921:Names of the Levant
916:Çineköy inscription
849:, i.e. the western
771:Çineköy inscription
592:Çineköy inscription
584:hieroglyphic Luwian
480:, referring to the
406:Çineköy inscription
387:Çineköy inscription
2167:Parole de l'Orient
1836:Fiey, Jean Maurice
1630:"Herodotus VII.72"
1603:"Herodotus VII.63"
1373:, p. 139-140.
1348:, p. 167–180.
1336:, p. 283-287.
1271:, p. 281–285.
1112:east-oriented maps
1060:, p. 443–468.
425:Michael the Syrian
138:) was part of the
130:), while Assyria (
39:
2961:
2960:
2898:other territories
2335:978-0-19-927156-6
2282:Rollinger, Robert
2072:. Leiden: Brill.
1956:"Mapping Assyria"
1519:Middle East Forum
1209:978-90-04-11589-7
863:Assyria Provincia
492:of Egypt, and as
488:invasion) in the
350:Lord of Heaven(s)
347:
250:Achaemenid Empire
16:(Redirected from
2991:
2979:History of Syria
2951:
2941:
2940:
2910:Christmas Island
2596:Sovereign states
2581:
2574:
2567:
2558:
2552:
2517:
2484:
2467:
2434:
2411:
2380:Schwartz, Eduard
2375:
2358:(1–4): 373–399.
2344:Schwartz, Eduard
2339:
2316:
2290:
2277:
2252:
2229:Nöldeke, Theodor
2224:
2193:Millard, Alan R.
2188:
2187:. Aramaic Press.
2174:
2154:
2133:
2112:Lipiński, Edward
2107:
2088:Lipiński, Edward
2083:
2059:
2057:
2042:
2029:
2027:
2012:
1999:
1973:
1952:Frye, Richard N.
1947:
1945:
1930:
1922:Frye, Richard N.
1917:
1915:
1900:
1892:Frye, Richard N.
1887:
1856:Frye, Richard N.
1851:
1831:
1808:
1783:
1760:
1747:
1744:The Syriac World
1734:
1693:
1680:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1396:
1390:
1387:definite article
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1318:
1317:, p. 72-82.
1312:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1288:, p. 30–36.
1283:
1272:
1266:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1125:
1119:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1033:, p. 37-38.
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
987:
976:
970:
959:
953:
951:
938:
901:History of Syria
749:use of the term
706:
701:) translated by
650:
629:
623:
617:
611:
552:definite article
537:language isolate
534:
528:
505:
497:
496:
479:
473:
463:
457:
352:
346:romanized:
345:
343:
338:Imperial Aramaic
331:
326:
325:
317:
316:
305:
304:
298:Classical Arabic
284:
224:to the east and
188:
105:
104:
95:
94:
65:
59:
58:
21:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2929:
2897:
2888:
2869:Northern Cyprus
2855:
2848:
2590:
2585:
2555:
2549:
2520:
2487:
2470:
2437:
2431:
2414:
2378:
2342:
2336:
2319:
2288:
2280:
2255:
2227:
2213:10.2307/4200184
2191:
2177:
2157:
2151:
2136:
2130:
2110:
2104:
2086:
2080:
2064:Joseph, John B.
2062:
2055:
2040:
2034:Joseph, John B.
2032:
2025:
2010:
2004:Joseph, John B.
2002:
1996:
1976:
1970:
1950:
1943:
1928:
1920:
1913:
1898:
1890:
1854:
1844:L'Orient Syrien
1834:
1828:
1811:
1799:(1–3): 93–114.
1786:
1780:
1763:
1750:
1737:
1696:
1683:
1677:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1334:Rollinger 2006b
1332:
1321:
1315:Rollinger 2006a
1313:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1275:
1267:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1088:
1082:Rollinger 2006b
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1001:
996:
991:
990:
977:
973:
965:used the term "
960:
956:
939:
935:
930:
925:
911:Assyrian people
886:
783:Assyrian people
735:
713:
707:
696:
564:Theodor Nöldeke
556:Arabic language
509:Biblical Hebrew
383:
355:Semitic sky-god
256:Theodor Nöldeke
144:Sasanian Empire
140:Parthian Empire
124:region of Syria
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2997:
2995:
2987:
2986:
2984:Syria (region)
2981:
2976:
2966:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2945:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2561:
2554:
2553:
2547:
2518:
2506:10.1086/372868
2500:(2): 139–140.
2485:
2483:(3): 961–1007.
2468:
2450:(1): 167–180.
2435:
2429:
2412:
2376:
2340:
2334:
2317:
2305:10.1086/511103
2299:(4): 283–287.
2278:
2253:
2243:(3): 443–468.
2225:
2207:(1): 101–108.
2189:
2175:
2155:
2149:
2134:
2128:
2108:
2102:
2084:
2078:
2060:
2058:on 2020-07-15.
2030:
2028:on 2020-07-15.
2000:
1994:
1974:
1968:
1948:
1946:on 2020-07-11.
1918:
1916:on 2020-07-13.
1888:
1876:10.1086/373570
1870:(4): 281–285.
1852:
1832:
1826:
1809:
1784:
1778:
1761:
1748:
1735:
1723:10.1086/677249
1715:10.1086/677249
1709:(2): 299–317.
1694:
1681:
1675:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1638:
1619:(Pipes 1992),
1612:
1592:(Pipes 1992),
1585:
1579:978-0691147260
1578:
1558:
1541:
1527:
1521:. p. 13.
1500:
1489:. 19 July 2017
1478:
1457:
1450:
1430:
1428:, biblehub.com
1418:
1412:978-9659141524
1411:
1391:
1375:
1363:
1350:
1338:
1319:
1302:
1290:
1273:
1256:
1242:
1222:
1208:
1188:
1174:
1154:
1140:
1120:
1118:(1863) I.1400.
1116:Arabic Lexicon
1103:
1086:
1084:, p. 283.
1074:
1072:, p. 111.
1062:
1047:
1045:, p. 113.
1035:
1023:
1011:
1009:, p. 281.
998:
997:
995:
992:
989:
988:
971:
954:
932:
931:
929:
926:
924:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
891:Syria (region)
887:
885:
882:
855:Persian Empire
712:
709:
694:
382:
379:
220:to the north,
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2996:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2879:South Ossetia
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2588:Name of Asia
2582:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2550:
2548:9781463233112
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2430:9781405119801
2426:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2150:9781107033634
2146:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2129:9783447065443
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2103:9789042908598
2099:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1995:9788871580241
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1969:9788884831071
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1827:9783161577192
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1779:9781405119801
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1676:9781107244566
1672:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1648:, p. 21.
1647:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1542:
1530:
1528:0-19-506022-9
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1509:Pipes, Daniel
1504:
1501:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1451:9783899300888
1447:
1443:
1442:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1371:Tvedtnes 1981
1367:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1245:
1243:9789004301481
1239:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1223:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1189:
1177:
1175:9781858287188
1171:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1155:
1143:
1141:9781400871391
1137:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1021:, p. 30.
1020:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1000:
993:
985:
981:
975:
972:
968:
964:
958:
955:
947:
943:
937:
934:
927:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
883:
881:
879:
875:
874:Syria Vilayet
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
804:Randolph Helm
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
734:
730:
729:Syria Vilayet
726:
725:Bilad al-Sham
722:
718:
710:
704:
703:H.L. Ginsberg
700:
693:
691:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:
653:
646:
642:
641:
636:
631:
628:
622:
616:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
533:
527:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
504:
491:
490:Amarna Period
487:
483:
478:
472:
467:
462:
456:
451:
447:
446:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
380:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
339:
335:
330:
320:
312:
308:
307:bilād aš-ša'm
303:بلاد اَلشَّأم
299:
294:
292:
288:
287:Syria vilayet
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:
187:
186:
181:
177:
174:is linked to
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
126:(the western
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
99:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
54:
50:
46:
45:
36:
32:
19:
2894:Dependencies
2824:Turkmenistan
2803:
2789:Saudi Arabia
2530:
2526:
2497:
2493:
2480:
2476:
2447:
2443:
2420:
2391:
2387:
2355:
2351:
2325:
2296:
2292:
2265:
2261:
2240:
2236:
2204:
2200:
2183:
2179:Messo, Johny
2170:
2166:
2159:Messo, Johny
2139:
2119:
2092:
2068:
2053:the original
2048:
2044:
2023:the original
2018:
2014:
1985:
1959:
1941:the original
1936:
1932:
1911:the original
1906:
1902:
1867:
1863:
1847:
1843:
1817:
1796:
1792:
1769:
1756:
1743:
1706:
1702:
1689:
1665:
1641:
1633:
1615:
1606:
1588:
1568:
1561:
1551:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1513:
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1460:
1440:
1433:
1421:
1401:
1394:
1378:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1341:
1293:
1247:. Retrieved
1232:
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1198:
1191:
1179:. Retrieved
1164:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1130:
1123:
1115:
1106:
1099:Masters 2013
1077:
1065:
1058:Nöldeke 1871
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
974:
966:
957:
936:
867:
827:
808:
798:
794:
775:
750:
738:
736:
687:
670:Mount Hermon
664:(especially
655:
651:
638:
634:
632:
571:
567:
549:
540:
512:
499:
443:
440:Ernest Renan
437:
410:
403:
398:
384:
374:
370:
365:and ancient
318:
306:
295:
272:
263:
259:
254:
216:to the west
206:Western Asia
200:, and whose
194:civilization
191:Mesopotamian
175:
171:
169:
114:, the terms
112:Roman Empire
107:
97:
43:
42:
40:
27:Country name
18:Syria (term)
2953:Asia portal
2854:States with
2774:Philippines
2714:South Korea
2709:North Korea
2604:Afghanistan
2533:: 131–140.
2394:: 261–263.
1646:Joseph 2000
1426:8280. sarah
1031:Joseph 1997
870:Vilayet Law
819:Coele-Syria
815:Hellenistic
787:Mesopotamia
753:as a clear
717:Roman Syria
676:poem about
662:Phoenicians
657:breastplate
654:, meaning "
576:John Selden
433:Hellenistic
429:John Selden
268:John Selden
212:, reaching
208:during the
165:Phoenicians
153:Mesopotamia
35:John Selden
2968:Categories
2834:Uzbekistan
2809:Tajikistan
2724:Kyrgyzstan
2704:Kazakhstan
2624:Bangladesh
2614:Azerbaijan
2388:Philologus
2352:Philologus
2173:: 111–125.
2079:9004116419
1850:: 141–160.
1534:1 February
1493:19 October
1471:18 October
1389:prefixed."
1346:Simon 2012
1070:Messo 2011
1043:Messo 2011
994:References
843:Asia Minor
699:Baal Cycle
668:) gave to
588:Phoenician
395:Phoenician
334:Baalshamin
198:Bronze Age
142:and then
2920:Hong Kong
2874:Palestine
2799:Sri Lanka
2794:Singapore
2674:Indonesia
2514:161771865
2464:163257058
2408:164348684
2372:163792609
2313:162760021
2284:(2006b).
2268:: 72–82.
1884:161323237
1731:163755644
1626:Herodotus
1599:Herodotus
1286:Frye 1997
1269:Frye 1992
1249:14 August
1181:14 August
1147:14 August
1019:Frye 1997
1007:Frye 1992
799:Assyrians
779:Herodotus
767:Eber-Nari
721:Asuristan
666:Sidonians
649:שִׂרְיֹ֑ן
547:in 1992.
413:Herodotus
381:Etymology
363:Phoenicia
353:), was a
242:Eber Nari
149:Assyrians
132:Asōristān
72:choronyms
68:toponymic
51:from the
49:latinized
41:The name
2943:Category
2864:Abkhazia
2814:Thailand
2769:Pakistan
2749:Mongolia
2744:Maldives
2739:Malaysia
2639:Cambodia
2527:The Harp
2382:(1932).
2346:(1931).
2274:25684050
2231:(1871).
2195:(1983).
2181:(2017).
2161:(2011).
2114:(2013).
2090:(2000).
2066:(2000).
2036:(1998).
2006:(1997).
1980:(1993).
1954:(2002).
1924:(1999).
1894:(1997).
1858:(1992).
1838:(1965).
1511:(1992).
1466:"Sirion"
1114:. Lane,
984:Amorites
963:Arameans
884:See also
878:Damascus
811:Seleucid
791:Anatolia
747:Cilician
695:—
674:Ugaritic
598:king of
486:Aramaean
452:toponym
421:Justinus
399:Aššūrāyu
342:ܒܥܠ ܫܡܝܢ
315:اَلشَّام
218:Caucasus
210:Iron Age
180:Akkadian
161:Arameans
157:Anatolia
84:Cilician
2839:Vietnam
2754:Myanmar
2734:Lebanon
2664:Georgia
2619:Bahrain
2609:Armenia
2249:4471183
2221:4200184
1656:Sources
1215:17 July
980:Hebrews
967:Syriacs
896:Assyria
838:Assyria
795:Syrians
759:Assyria
755:synonym
711:History
618:, i.e.
609:su-ra/i
604:Cilicia
580:Jokshan
572:Assyria
482:Hurrian
450:Hurrian
445:Subartu
367:Palmyra
291:Ottoman
273:Modern
264:Assyria
176:Assyria
120:Assyria
108:Assuría
103:Ασσυρία
76:Hittite
2884:Taiwan
2819:Turkey
2784:Russia
2719:Kuwait
2699:Jordan
2689:Israel
2649:Cyprus
2634:Brunei
2629:Bhutan
2545:
2512:
2462:
2427:
2406:
2370:
2332:
2311:
2272:
2247:
2237:Hermes
2219:
2147:
2126:
2100:
2076:
1992:
1966:
1882:
1824:
1776:
1729:
1721:
1673:
1576:
1525:
1448:
1409:
1240:
1206:
1172:
1138:
950:שָׂרָה
946:Hebrew
859:Athura
851:Levant
830:Romans
763:Aramea
743:Luwian
731:, and
690:cedars
652:Širyôn
645:Hebrew
640:Sirion
602:(i.e.
596:vassal
521:Coptic
517:loaned
417:Strabo
391:Luwian
371:heaven
359:Canaan
319:aš-šām
279:Arabic
230:Arabia
222:Persia
214:Cyprus
202:empire
136:Athura
128:Levant
100:) and
80:Luwian
66:). In
2925:Macau
2844:Yemen
2804:Syria
2779:Qatar
2759:Nepal
2694:Japan
2669:India
2659:Egypt
2644:China
2510:S2CID
2460:S2CID
2404:S2CID
2368:S2CID
2309:S2CID
2289:(PDF)
2270:JSTOR
2245:JSTOR
2217:JSTOR
2056:(PDF)
2041:(PDF)
2026:(PDF)
2011:(PDF)
1944:(PDF)
1929:(PDF)
1914:(PDF)
1899:(PDF)
1880:S2CID
1727:S2CID
1719:JSTOR
928:Notes
847:Egypt
834:Syria
751:Syria
739:Syria
682:Anath
635:Syria
627:ʾšrym
568:Syria
541:Aššur
532:*Šuri
519:from
513:Suria
495:אֲרָם
458:, or
455:Śu-ri
321:from
275:Syria
260:Syria
226:Egypt
185:Aššur
172:Syria
116:Syria
98:Suría
93:Συρία
88:Greek
63:Suría
57:Συρία
53:Greek
44:Syria
2764:Oman
2729:Laos
2684:Iraq
2679:Iran
2543:ISBN
2425:ISBN
2330:ISBN
2145:ISBN
2124:ISBN
2098:ISBN
2074:ISBN
1990:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1822:ISBN
1774:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1574:ISBN
1536:2010
1523:ISBN
1495:2017
1473:2017
1446:ISBN
1407:ISBN
1251:2017
1238:ISBN
1217:2012
1204:ISBN
1183:2017
1170:ISBN
1149:2017
1136:ISBN
978:The
940:The
845:and
823:Aram
789:and
765:and
757:for
745:and
680:and
678:Baal
621:ašur
586:and
570:and
545:Frye
503:Ărām
477:Ḫuru
466:Tyre
427:and
393:and
296:The
262:and
246:Aram
244:and
228:and
163:and
118:and
86:and
2896:and
2535:doi
2502:doi
2481:144
2452:doi
2396:doi
2360:doi
2301:doi
2209:doi
1872:doi
1801:doi
1711:doi
857:as
785:in
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615:ʾšr
600:Que
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529:to
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