223:. Sometimes the acrostic is linear, simple when each verse begins successively with one of the twenty-two letters of the Syriac alphabet, multiple, when two, three, or more verses begin with the same letter without, forming strophes; sometimes it is strophic, when each strophe is marked by a letter of the alphabet. This letter may be only at the beginning of the first verse or it may be repeated at the beginning of each verse of the strophe. introduced in imitation of the Psalms and the Lamentations of Jeremias. There may be two or more successive strophes beginning with the same letter, each letter regularly marking the same number of strophes throughout the poem, which thus consists of forty-four strophes, of sixty-six, or of any other multiple of twenty-two. The verbal acrostic is more rare. The name of Jesus Christ, of Mary, or the saint in whose honour the hymn is composed serves to form linear or strophic acrostics. St. Ephraem signed some of his poems with his acrostic.
231:
use of rhyme. There are poems in which all the verses have the same rhyme as in the "Kasida" of the Arabs. In others, and these are more numerous, the verses of each strophe have a single rhyme that is not the same for all the strophes. In others the verses of a strophe rhyme among themselves, with the exception of the last, which repeats the rhyme of the first strophe like a refrain. In acrostic poems the rhyme is sometimes supplied by the corresponding letter of the alphabet; thus the first strophe rhymes with a, the second with b, etc. There may also be a different rhyme for the first two measures and for the last. These are the most frequent combinations, but there are others.
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423:. All the poems of this kind known to us are of Nestorian origin, and are probably the work of Narses. They are uniformly constructed with an introduction and a dialogue; the introduction is composed of from five to ten strophes of four heptasyllabic verses; the dialogue between two persons or two groups of persons contains forty four strophes (twenty-two for each interlocutor) similar to those in the prologue and forming an
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of
Catholic Chaldeans, Syrians, or Maronites is inadequate for the reasons indicated above. The works of St. Ephraem, which contain a large number of them (authentic or apocryphal), have not been critically edited. The Nestorian Breviaries, which have most faithfully preserved the ancient texts, have
206:
verses of five syllables also formed of two measures (2+3 or 3+2). These verses may be employed alone or grouped in strophes, the latter form being most frequent in hymns composed of verses of five and seven syllables. A strophe is generally composed of equal verses, but it sometimes happens that the
230:
made itself felt in Syriac hymnody, especially by the introduction of rhyme, this manner of marking the final stroke of a verse had been hitherto unknown, the rare examples held to have been discovered among older authors being merely voluntary or fortuitous assonances. But the
Syrians made varied
448:
Extensive study of Syriac hymnody would show whether there is any relationship between it and
Byzantine hymnody, which hypothesis has had as many opponents as defenders; but this study is an undertaking fraught with difficulties, owing to the small number of documents published in satisfactory
234:
Most ancient Syriac hymns, e.g., those of St. Ephraem, Narses and Balai, although composed for one or two choirs, were not originally intended for liturgical use properly so called but addressed as much to the laity as to clerics, and date from a period when the codification of
330:(voice) is given to the hymns in which each is preceded by a sentence (metrical or not) expressing a thought in conformity with that of the strophe. It is in a manner an invitation from the first choir to which the second replies by strophe, e.g.:
210:
Besides variety of metre and division into strophes, the
Syrians prior to the ninth century knew no other artifice than the arrangement of acrostic poems. The acrostic played an important part, in Syriac hymnody and its use, especially the
246:
In the assignment of authorship—the Syrian
Jacobites and the Maronites in adopting those of Nestorian origin either suppressed the name of the author or substituted the name of one whom they considered orthodox, most frequently St.
439:, between Cyril and Nestorius, etc. These three kinds of hymns correspond to the three subjects that form their usual theme, praise, prayer, and instruction, but as has been said the last-named was chiefly imparted by the
401:(stairs), which are factitious arrangements of verses borrowed from various sources and arbitrarily arranged by those who co-ordinated or revised the offices, and are of no assistance in the study of Syriac hymnody. The
193:
is fixed number of syllables of the verses, without distinction of long and short syllables, as in several modern languages. Verses of all lengths from two to twelve are known, but the metres most used in hymnody are
113:). There are also musical psalms other than this repertoire of 700 psalms, among them are the Fenqitho of the Syriac Orthodox and Maronite Churches, as well as the Khudra of the Church of the East.
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Syriac Hymns do not occur only in the Office that correspond to the Roman
Breviary; the Syrians also made use of them in various liturgical functions, such as funeral and marriage celebrations.
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427:. These compositions of rather lively measure are stamped by a certain grace. The subject is adapted to the liturgical feast of the day; thus in the canticle for
360:(d. about 450). They show great simplicity of thought and language and consist of two strophes, generally of six verses each, sometimes of four, as for example:
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In revision, those too long were shortened and heterodox expressions were modified—thus the term "Mother of Christ" was replaced by "Mother of God", etc.
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first of the last verse is in a different measure from the other verses of the strophe. All the strophes of a hymn are usually of the same construction.
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never been printed and manuscripts are rare, while the collections of hymns apart from liturgical books are few and have not been sufficiently studied.
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The hymns in the Syriac Office, which conclude the part known as sedra and replace the short prayers of the
Nestorian Office, are called
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34:. Historically it is best known from and important for its part in the development of Christian sacred music since Antiquity.
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349:(etc., strophe of four verses). Sometimes the strophes are interspersed with versicles from the Psalms.
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The result of adapting these hymns to liturgical offices was that they underwent various modifications:
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356:(prayer, request). Most hymns of this class are in pentasyllabic verses and are the work of the
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with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as
Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans
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must be added some bearing particularly on the structure and liturgical use of hymns (
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The Syriac churches have a musical system based on ancient principles today known as
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186:), which belong to the narrative and epic class, while the hymns are lyrical.
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condition. Indeed, the knowledge of hymns supplied by editions of the
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591: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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verses of seven syllables formed of two measures (4+3 or 3+4), and
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verses of twelve syllables formed of three equal measures (4+4+4),
43:, there are eight maqams used in the church and these are known as
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It was preceded by the following distich, which forms the refrain:
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431:, the dialogue is between the Blessed Virgin and the Magi; for
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Home page of the
Christian Musicological Society of India
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215:, seems to have been introduced in imitation of the
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395:occasionally occurs a metrical composition called
180:), exclusive of poetical homilies or discourses (
542:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
270:Has appeared to us from the bosom of His Father;
276:And to illumine us with his resplendent light.
1958:
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866:
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1982:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the
415:in the form of a dialogue that recalls the "
67:(maqam segah, maqam nahawand, maqam kurd),
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1951:
1943:
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1496:Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations
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644:
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470:rites in the Middle East have survived in
573:Learn how and when to remove this message
285:And joy for those who are broken-hearted.
341:(strophe of four verses). First choir:
322:Simple hymns without refrain are called
273:He has come to deliver us from darkness,
226:From the ninth century the influence of
1467:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
315:Has rejoiced the earth and the heavens.
1194:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India
160:
339:Open to us, Lord, the great treasure,
309:Its refrain is the following distich:
7:
607:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
435:, between Gabriel and Mary; for the
343:And I will enter to praise the Lord.
312:The light of the appearing of Christ
407:is less frequently replaced by the
239:was not yet regularly established.
16:For modern folkloristic music, see
597:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
370:And with the splendor of its light
306:And the world possesses knowledge.
14:
2004:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora
1472:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora
1143:Malabar Independent Syrian Church
289:Likewise a hymn of Narses on the
170:To the general considerations of
2946:
2934:
2891:Assyrian Democratic Organisation
2044:
2033:
2022:
1520:
1137:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
1131:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
755:
586:
519:
484:
335:Open to me the gates of justice.
161:Problems playing this file? See
139:
111:Psalms of the Treasury of Maqams
441:
149:An Eastern syriac hymn sung by
57:
2557:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
2420:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
1462:Assyrian independence movement
1112:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
1:
2301:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
367:Moses fasted on the mountain:
303:The light of Christ is arisen
300:Was stretched over creatures;
282:Light is arisen upon the just
2911:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)
2886:Assyrian Democratic Movement
462:Melodies that originated in
403:
397:
391:
182:
176:
2896:Assyrian Universal Alliance
2122:Assyrian Church of the East
2097:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
2091:Assyrian Evangelical Church
2014:Terms for Syriac Christians
1479:Terms for Syriac Christians
1296:Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa
1155:Assyrian Church of the East
1053:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
1047:Assyrian Evangelical Church
1017:Assyrian Church of the East
326:(glorifications); the name
3000:
2906:Syriac Union Party (Syria)
2128:Ancient Church of the East
1023:Ancient Church of the East
385:And annulled the sentence.
382:And the Lord was appeased,
347:At the gate of thy mercies
189:The chief basis of Syriac
30:as used in the liturgy of
15:
2929:
2020:
1980:
1509:
1081:(active 1st century–1601)
753:
265:Jesus Our Lord the Christ
2426:Muslim conquest of Syria
2116:Chaldean Catholic Church
1336:Dionysius of Vattasseril
1200:Believers Eastern Church
994:Chaldean Catholic Church
528:This article includes a
221:Lamentations of Jeremias
2953:Christianity portal
2916:Syriac Military Council
2515:Massacres of Diyarbekir
2450:Principality of Antioch
2403:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
2210:Assyrian folk/pop music
1527:Christianity portal
1281:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth
1188:Mar Thoma Syrian Church
1068:Saint Thomas Christians
557:more precise citations.
437:feast of Syrian Doctors
2671:Al-Hasakah Governorate
2509:Massacres of Badr Khan
2283:Middle Assyrian Empire
2085:Syriac Catholic Church
2079:Syriac Orthodox Church
1321:Ignatius Andrew Akijan
1306:Gregorios Abdal Jaleel
1164:Chaldean Syrian Church
938:Syriac Orthodox Church
919:Syriac Catholic Church
373:His countenance shone.
128:
2539:Independence movement
2295:Post-imperial Assyria
2271:Early Assyrian period
830:Marganita Vogt-Khofri
612:Liturgical Music-MOSC
604:Catholic Encyclopedia
172:hymnody and hymnology
127:
2215:Music of Mesopotamia
2162:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
2157:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
1569:Middle Eastern music
1452:Assyrian nationalism
1397:Koy Sanjaq Christian
1382:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
1372:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
1286:Dionysius bar Salibi
1261:Philoxenus of Mabbug
1114:(West Syriac) (1932)
1108:(East Syriac) (1665)
692:George Chaharbakhshi
297:Error like darkness,
2974:Syriac Christianity
2521:Rise of nationalism
2462:Jalayirid Sultanate
2289:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2277:Old Assyrian period
2220:Syriac sacral music
2040:Aramean-Syriac flag
1999:Assyrian continuity
1501:Syriac sacral music
1356:Baselios Paulose II
1341:Geevarghese Ivanios
1301:Abraham of Angamaly
1106:Syro-Malabar Church
882:Syriac Christianity
492:Christianity portal
425:alphabetic acrostic
213:alphabetic acrostic
32:Syriac Christianity
24:Syriac sacral music
2941:History portal
2383:Church of the East
2172:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
2009:Chaldean Catholics
1377:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
1316:Abraham Koorilos I
1246:Severus of Antioch
1179:Eastern Protestant
1038:Eastern Protestant
966:"Nestorian Church"
960:Church of the East
652:Assyrian musicians
530:list of references
129:
18:Aramean folk music
2961:
2960:
2872:
2871:
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2566:
2565:
2533:Assyrian genocide
2432:Abbasid Caliphate
2254:
2137:
2136:
1940:
1939:
1701:Ottoman classical
1691:Iranian classical
1535:
1534:
1457:Assyrian homeland
1445:Assyrian genocide
1221:Ephrem the Syrian
1209:
1208:
1123:Oriental Orthodox
1062:
1061:
947:
946:
930:Oriental Orthodox
896:Church of Antioch
848:
847:
583:
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417:Victimae paschali
376:During forty days
364:During forty days
144:
95:(maqam saba) and
63:(maqam huseini),
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2939:
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2937:
2584:
2577:
2551:Post-Saddam Iraq
2377:Nestorian schism
2371:Christianization
2343:(132 BCE–244 CE)
2337:(247 BCE–224 CE)
2297:(609 BCE–240 CE)
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2248:
2108:East Syriac Rite
2071:West Syriac Rite
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1412:Syriac Malayalam
1346:Coorilos Paulose
1271:Isaac the Syrian
1098:Eastern Catholic
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1077:Malankara Church
986:Eastern Catholic
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905:Eastern Catholic
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732:Ashur Bet Sargis
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544:inline citations
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451:liturgical books
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135:Karazūṯa d'Ḥašša
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26:is music in the
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2720:Mardin Province
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2545:Simele massacre
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2373:(1st to 3rd c.)
2355:(64 BCE–637 CE)
2349:(66 BCE–217 CE)
2335:Parthian Empire
2329:Seleucid Empire
2321:
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2311:Assyrian tribes
2279:(2025–1364 BCE)
2273:(2600–2025 BCE)
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1513:* Defunct with
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1241:Jacob of Serugh
1236:Jacob Baradaeus
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913:Maronite Church
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742:Shamiram Urshan
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389:Instead of the
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28:Syriac language
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2468:Qara Qoyunlu
2331:(312–63 BCE)
2219:
2062:Christianity
1919:Arabic maqam
1883:Pontic Greek
1867:Israeli folk
1500:
1424:(Liturgical)
1331:Elias Mellus
1291:Bar Hebraeus
1251:Paul the Jew
1075:
965:
958:
892:, legacy of
820:Acrassicauda
784:Hanna Petros
766:Sacral music
765:
702:Linda George
687:Munir Bashir
677:Jamil Bachir
602:
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2822:Netherlands
2586:Settlements
2499:(1555–1917)
2476:(1453–1501)
2470:(1375–1468)
2464:(1335–1432)
2458:(1258–1335)
2452:(1098–1268)
2413:Middle ages
2353:Roman Syria
2347:Syrian Wars
1984:Middle East
1923:Iraqi maqam
1809:Palestinian
1680:Palestinian
1351:Thoma Darmo
1214:Key figures
1153:Nestorian (
955:, legacy of
953:East Syriac
890:West Syriac
815:Aril Brikha
789:Abeer Nehme
747:Faia Younan
727:Ninsun Poli
722:Adwar Mousa
712:Elias Karam
682:Rola Bahnam
672:Evin Agassi
555:introducing
259:St. Ephraem
101:maqam hijaz
81:maqam huzam
53:maqam ussak
2968:Categories
2710:Diyarbakır
2681:Tell Tamer
2676:Al-Hasakah
2572:By country
2484:Modern era
2474:Aq Qoyunlu
2446:(945–1055)
2440:(905–1383)
2434:(750–1258)
2249:(including
2225:Folk dance
1726:Luri music
1276:John Maron
1175:Protestant
1034:Protestant
799:Elias Zazi
737:Janan Sawa
659:Folk music
511:References
358:poet Balai
163:media help
89:maqam ajam
73:maqam rast
2979:Hymnology
2901:Dawronoye
2832:Palestine
2762:Australia
2735:Tur Abdin
2615:Tel Keppe
2535:(1914–20)
2523:(19th c.)
2505:(16th c.)
2493:(1508–55)
2456:Ilkhanate
2405:(502–628)
2399:(226–651)
2397:Asoristan
2367:(116–118)
2322:antiquity
2320:Classical
2253:contexts)
2150:languages
1784:Jordanian
1735:By region
1583:Arabesque
1365:Languages
1231:Nestorius
1072:legacy of
1009:Nestorian
835:Melechesh
500:Beth Gazo
429:Christmas
419:" of the
324:teshbuhte
293:begins:
106:Beth Gazo
85:shtithoyo
2878:Politics
2749:Diaspora
2730:Mazıdağı
2686:Qamishli
2659:Sanandaj
2632:Shaqlawa
2620:Bartella
2605:Qaraqosh
2581:Homeland
2379:(5th c.)
2361:(15–116)
2359:Adiabene
2306:Arameans
2261:Ancient
2235:Clothing
2177:Hertevin
1992:Identity
1799:Lebanese
1752:Egyptian
1742:Bahraini
1676:Lebanese
1657:Egyptian
1633:Assyrian
1576:By style
1484:Arameans
1441:/Syriac
1432:See also
1392:Hertevin
1387:Garshuni
1226:Aphrahat
825:Azadoota
478:See also
413:canticle
291:Epiphany
219:and the
177:madrashe
93:shbi'oyo
77:hmishoyo
65:tlithoyo
2864:Uruguay
2857:Detroit
2812:Lebanon
2792:Germany
2787:Georgia
2777:Finland
2767:Belgium
2757:Armenia
2705:Hakkari
2559:(2014–)
2553:(2003–)
2541:(1919–)
2511:(1840s)
2341:Osroene
2263:Assyria
2251:related
2245:History
2230:Cuisine
2202:Culture
2143:Aramaic
2130:(1968–)
2124:(1692–)
2118:(1552–)
2099:(1940–)
2093:(1870–)
2087:(1662–)
1899:Fantezi
1894:Dastgah
1887:Turkish
1879:Persian
1875:Kurdish
1829:Turkish
1794:Kuwaiti
1789:Kurdish
1779:Israeli
1769:Iranian
1764:Emirati
1747:Cypriot
1719:Turkish
1715:Iranian
1684:Turkish
1665:Israeli
1661:Iranian
1648:Hip hop
1641:Turkish
1637:Iranian
1608:khaliji
1604:Bedouin
1600:al-jeel
1588:Turkish
1311:Thoma I
595::
551:improve
409:augitha
404:sagitha
398:seblata
392:ba'utha
354:ba'utha
247:Ephraem
237:harmony
153:, 1931.
97:tminoyo
69:rbi'oyo
59:trayono
45:qadmoyo
2921:Sutoro
2842:Sweden
2837:Russia
2817:Mexico
2807:Jordan
2802:Israel
2797:Greece
2782:France
2772:Canada
2725:Mardin
2715:Elazığ
2700:Turkey
2693:Khabur
2654:Salmas
2627:Ankawa
2610:Alqosh
2547:(1933)
2529:(1909)
2517:(1895)
2428:(630s)
2422:(630s)
2187:Mlaḥsô
2182:Senaya
2167:Turoyo
2147:Syriac
2081:(518–)
2060:Syriac
1914:Khigga
1871:Jewish
1834:Yemeni
1824:Syrian
1814:Qatari
1757:Coptic
1711:Arabic
1696:Jewish
1670:Jewish
1653:Arabic
1623:Coptic
1595:Arabic
1422:Syriac
1417:Turoyo
1407:Senaya
1402:Mlaḥsô
1202:(2017)
1196:(1961)
1190:(1852)
1166:(1701)
1145:(1772)
1139:(1912)
1133:(1665)
1085:Kerala
1055:(1940)
1049:(1870)
1025:(1968)
1019:(1552)
921:(1662)
774:Fairuz
472:Kerala
458:Legacy
217:Psalms
2666:Syria
2649:Urmia
2637:Zakho
1909:Kanto
1863:belly
1850:Dance
1804:Omani
1774:Iraqi
1612:samri
1256:Maron
1089:India
964:(the
940:(512)
915:(685)
536:, or
442:mimre
191:metre
183:mimre
40:maqam
2644:Iran
2595:Iraq
2391:1552
1932:Usul
1904:Iqa'
1855:Arab
1628:Folk
1616:sawt
1074:the
998:1552
976:1552
957:the
894:the
840:Timz
466:and
411:, a
328:cala
2387:410
1925:),
1881:,
1706:Pop
1083:in
972:410
601:".
91:),
83:),
75:),
55:),
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1885:,
1877:,
1873:,
1869:,
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1861:,
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1682:,
1678:,
1674:,
1663:,
1659:,
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