1041:
225:
addressing security concerns along the border, managing refugee flows, and economic pressures. Talks brokered by Russia and other regional actors, as well as a broader trend of rapprochement in the Middle East, led to incremental steps toward improving relations. By 2022, while full normalization had not yet been achieved, there were noticeable efforts to reduce hostilities and open channels of communication between Ankara and
Damascus.
216:
cooperation and diplomatic engagement. However, Turkey's support for the Syrian opposition and its demand for Assad's resignation in response to the Syrian government's violent crackdown on protests led to a severe rift between the two countries. This was evident in the Ankara's declaration of 26 March 2012 to shut down its embassy in
Damascus to show disapproval of Assad. However, the consulate in
141:
221:
The conflict escalated as Turkey became increasingly involved in military operations in northern Syria, aimed at both countering
Kurdish groups it considers terrorist organizations and mitigating the influx of refugees. The involvement of Russia and Iran on the side of the Syrian government also complicated Turkey’s position, contributing to the strain in Syrian-Turkish relations.
129:
464:
450:
105:
45:
117:
239:
residents in Turkey have led to tension between the Syrian opposition and the
Turkish authorities. The presence of millions of refugees also creates burdens on the Turkish economy, which is facing difficulties. The safe return of refugees to major cities is one of Türkiye's conditions for resuming relations.
220:
remained open. In June 2012, the Syrian Armed Forces shot down a
Turkish fighter plane over Syrian territorial waters. Turkey became a key player in supporting anti-Assad factions, hosting millions of Syrian refugees, and allowing its territory to be used by rebel groups, further deepening tensions.
238:
A major catalyst for Turkey's rapprochement with Bashar al-Assad's government is the refugee crisis that has been ongoing for 13 years. Recently, Turkish political parties and forces expressed their desire to return Syrian refugees. Clashes and acts of violence between
Turkish citizens and Syrian
224:
However, by the early 2020s, regional dynamics began shifting. Turkey, facing economic challenges and a complex geopolitical landscape, signaled a willingness to normalize relations with neighboring countries, including Syria. The rebuilding of ties was driven by pragmatic considerations, such as
215:
The relationship between Syria and Turkey deteriorated significantly in the early 2010s, particularly after the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War in 2011. Initially, Turkey had cultivated close ties with Syria under the leadership of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Bashar al-Assad, emphasizing economic
362:– President Erdoğan says that he is ready to meet with President Assad, but setting withdrawal as a condition for dialogue is "unacceptable." He added that the issue is their approach towards us. They want Turkey to leave northern Syria. This cannot happen, because we are fighting terrorism.
189:
The Syrian government's position is that there will be no progress in the negotiations unless Ankara withdraws its forces from Syrian territory. The parties sponsoring the
Turkish-Syrian reconciliation are seeking to convene a summit between the two nations leaders. The opposition
660:
436:
10 September 2024: During an Arab League meeting in Cairo, Foreign
Minister Faisal Mekdad and his accompanying delegation walked out when invited Turkish Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan delivered his speech. This was attributed to Damascus' refusal to Ankara's
181:
articulated the potential for restoring
Turkish-Syrian ties to their former state. This was contingent upon the Syrian government offering assurances of positive neighborly interactions, including measures to safeguard borders and combat terrorism and
900:
611:
966:
738:
378:– In an interview, Assad said: Our goal is Turkey's withdrawal from Syrian territory, but Erdoğan wants to legitimize Turkey's presence. Therefore, a meeting cannot take place on Erdoğan's terms.
764:
794:
492:
31:
1061:
940:
874:
487:
896:
198:
between the defense ministers of Syria, Turkey, and Russia. On July 7, 2024, Turkish
President Erdoğan stated that he could invite Assad to a meeting in Turkey at any time.
581:
525:
248:
603:
962:
830:
730:
996:
210:
848:
1104:
1099:
1094:
760:
426:– Al-Assad stated during his meeting with the Russian envoy Lavrentiev that his country is open to all initiatives related to relations with Turkey.
336:– The defense ministers of the four countries met in Moscow to discuss strengthening security in Syria and normalization between Ankara and Damascus
922:
816:
786:
420:, in a resumption of negotiations that have been suspended for a while. It was also reported that the next meeting will be held in Baghdad, Iraq.
633:
268:
based on negotiations between the official opposition and the government in Damascus that lead to a comprehensive national unity government.
497:
1109:
1031:
1053:
936:
870:
317:
458:: On 13 January 2023, Iranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amir Abdollahian welcomed the improving relations between Syria and Turkey.
1124:
708:
573:
343:
517:
330:– A meeting in Moscow for the three countries at the level of deputy foreign ministers, in addition to Iran, which was included
356:– President Erdoğan wins a new five-year term. There are doubts about the possibility of continuing the normalization path.
251:, which was established in 2016. The SDF aims to organize elections in this area, a proposal vehemently opposed by Ankara.
1089:
472:: Iraq has participated in the mediation of rapprochement between Ankara and Damascus to a large extent since April 2024.
281:
201:
Analysts have indicated that the main obstacle to the completion of the Turkish-Syrian reconciliation process is Iran.
178:
159:
88:
1018:
395:
288:, on the sidelines of the Non-Aligned Movement meeting in October 2021. Protests occur in Syrian opposition areas.
191:
988:
1119:
844:
369:
551:
92:
26:
247:
It is acknowledged that both parties are concerned about the separatist aspirations demonstrated by the
686:
294:– the Turkish Foreign Minister announces that his country has no preconditions for dialogue with Syria.
174:
prior to the year 2011. Diplomatic ties between the two nations have been severed as of 26 March 2012.
547:
409:
417:
1114:
194:
neither supports nor opposes the initiative. In December 2022, a trilateral summit was held in
177:
The initial explicit endeavor can be traced back to August 2022, when Turkish Foreign Minister
413:
391:
963:"Syria's Assad tamps down expectations of closer ties with Turkey, Arab world | Reuters"
384:– Erdoğan criticizes Syria, saying that it is not taking positive steps towards normalization
787:"Turkey signals a new military intervention in Syria if Kurdish groups hold local elections"
265:
163:
482:
574:"Syria says no dialogue with Turkey before Ankara announces plans to withdraw its troops"
831:"Turkey has no preconditions for dialogue with Syria - foreign minister | Reuters"
405:
704:
604:"Russian, Syrian, Turkish defence ministers meet in Moscow for first talks since 2011"
1083:
731:"Turkey's main opposition leader hopes to meet with Assad to discuss refugee problem"
430:
285:
22:
937:"Damascus-Ankara normalisation would deepen Syrian crisis, warns Kurdish-led SDF"
672:
408:
newspaper reports that a meeting was held between a military delegation from the
347:
301:
817:"Assad opponents in Syria protest Turkish 'reconciliation' call | Reuters"
761:"Kurds fear 'everything will change' if Syria, Turkey reconcile | Reuters"
321:
183:
44:
312:
284:
announced that he had a short conversation with his Syrian counterpart,
638:
871:"Erdogan wanted to meet Syria's Assad - Turkish media | Reuters"
217:
195:
167:
146:
122:
897:"Arab League votes to re-admit Syria, after 11 years of suspension"
171:
134:
923:"Turkey's Erdoğan says he is open to meeting with Syria's Assad"
634:"Erdogan to invite Assad for talks to restore Turkey-Syria ties"
469:
455:
110:
1042:هل يرسل انسحاب المقداد أثناء كلمة نظيره التركي «رسائل متناقضة»؟
673:"Turkey shuts embassy in Syria to isolate Assad | Reuters"
661:
Analysis: Iran obstructs normalization between Turkey and Syria
433:
stated that Turkey was ready to withdraw its forces from Syria.
1054:"Iran praises possible rapprochement between Syria and Turkey"
398:, called for military cooperation with the Syrian government.
548:"Iraqi PM says Baghdad works on Syria-Turkey reconciliation"
316:
newspaper reports that Erdoğan wanted to meet Assad at the
518:"Turkey Hosts Syria Opposition After Outreach to Assad"
429:
In early September 2024, the Russian Foreign Minister
493:
Foreign policy of the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan government
705:"Syrian military says it downed Turkish fighter jet"
488:
Foreign policy of the Bashar al-Assad administration
1019:"Syrian, Turkish officials to meet in Baghdad soon"
845:"Turkish, Syrian intelligence chiefs meet: reports"
687:"Turkey temporarily closes its embassy in Damascus"
98:
83:
75:
67:
59:
51:
249:autonomous administration in northeastern Syria
71:Normalizing relations between Syria and Turkey
8:
37:
16:Attempts to restore Syrian-Turkish relations
211:Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war
79:Refugee crisis, separatism, economic crisis
989:"BAHÇELİ, ESAD'LA İŞBİRLİĞİ ÇAĞRISI YAPTI"
43:
36:
412:and a Syrian military delegation at the
509:
304:was reported to have visited Damascus
162:that were damaged in the wake of the
7:
767:from the original on 3 December 2022
498:Turkish occupation of northern Syria
1064:from the original on 14 August 2024
999:from the original on 14 August 2024
969:from the original on 11 August 2023
943:from the original on 14 August 2024
903:from the original on 14 August 2024
851:from the original on 14 August 2024
741:from the original on 14 August 2024
554:from the original on 14 August 2024
372:leaders warn against normalization.
264:Turkey calls for a solution to the
614:from the original on 20 March 2023
14:
797:from the original on 18 June 2024
711:from the original on 5 March 2023
584:from the original on 18 June 2024
528:from the original on 18 June 2024
318:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
877:from the original on 8 June 2023
462:
448:
170:was considered a strong ally of
139:
127:
115:
103:
1105:2024 in international relations
1100:2023 in international relations
1095:2022 in international relations
280:– The Turkish Foreign Minister
158:refers to attempts to restore
1:
300:, Turkish intelligence chief
342:– The suspension of Syria's
156:Syrian–Turkish normalization
38:Syrian–Turkish normalization
1141:
396:Nationalist Movement Party
208:
192:Syrian National Coalition
42:
719:– via www.bbc.com.
89:Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani
55:December 2022 – ongoing
1110:Syria–Turkey relations
160:Syria–Turkey relations
32:considered for merging
911:– via Le Monde.
260:Syrian reconciliation
63:Russia, Syria, Turkey
1125:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
1090:Syrian peace process
610:. 28 December 2022.
410:Turkish Armed Forces
93:Alexander Lavrentiev
691:The Times of Israel
39:
524:. 3 January 2023.
390:– Erdoğan's ally
308:16 September 2022
152:
151:
1132:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1050:
1044:
1039:
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1008:
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1004:
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978:
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974:
959:
953:
952:
950:
948:
939:. 19 July 2023.
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772:
757:
751:
750:
748:
746:
727:
721:
720:
718:
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707:. 22 June 2012.
701:
695:
694:
693:. 26 March 2012.
683:
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522:Voice of America
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394:, leader of the
382:5 September 2023
282:Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu
179:Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu
145:
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47:
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1120:Bashar al-Assad
1080:
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1016:
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995:. 28 May 2024.
993:Adımlar Dergisi
987:
986:
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793:. 30 May 2024.
785:
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754:
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737:. 5 July 2024.
729:
728:
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659:
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617:
615:
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597:
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580:. 4 June 2024.
572:
571:
567:
557:
555:
550:. 1 June 2024.
546:
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541:
531:
529:
516:
515:
511:
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483:Adana Agreement
479:
463:
461:
449:
447:
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274:
266:Syrian conflict
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245:
236:
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1021:. 6 June 2024.
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980:
954:
928:
914:
899:. 7 May 2023.
888:
862:
836:
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808:
778:
752:
735:Turkish Minute
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392:Devlet Bahçeli
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298:September 2022
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292:23 August 2022
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278:11 August 2022
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642:. 7 July 2024
641:
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431:Sergey Lavrov
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376:9 August 2023
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334:25 April 2023
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286:Faisal Mekdad
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164:Syrian crisis
161:
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136:
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112:
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78:
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70:
68:Also known as
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
33:
29:
28:
27:Infobox event
24:
19:
1066:. Retrieved
1057:
1048:
1037:
1027:
1013:
1001:. Retrieved
992:
983:
971:. Retrieved
957:
945:. Retrieved
931:
917:
905:. Retrieved
891:
879:. Retrieved
865:
853:. Retrieved
839:
825:
811:
799:. Retrieved
790:
781:
769:. Retrieved
755:
743:. Retrieved
734:
725:
713:. Retrieved
699:
690:
681:
667:
656:
644:. Retrieved
637:
628:
616:. Retrieved
607:
598:
586:. Retrieved
577:
568:
556:. Retrieved
542:
530:. Retrieved
521:
512:
424:26 June 2024
423:
414:Hmeimim base
402:17 June 2024
401:
387:
381:
375:
366:19 July 2023
365:
360:17 July 2023
359:
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328:3 April 2023
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200:
188:
186:activities.
176:
155:
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99:Participants
25:
18:
437:attendance.
388:28 May 2024
354:28 May 2023
348:Arab League
302:Hakan Fidan
21:‹ The
1084:Categories
1058:Al Jazeera
504:References
350:is lifted.
344:membership
340:7 May 2023
322:Uzbekistan
320:Summit in
243:Separatism
209:See also:
205:Background
184:separatist
1115:Diplomacy
608:France 24
442:Reactions
255:Terrorism
30:is being
1062:Archived
997:Archived
967:Archived
941:Archived
901:Archived
875:Archived
849:Archived
795:Archived
765:Archived
745:3 August
739:Archived
709:Archived
646:3 August
612:Archived
582:Archived
552:Archived
526:Archived
477:See also
406:Aydınlık
313:Hurriyet
272:Timeline
234:Refugees
60:Location
34:. ›
23:template
1068:18 June
1003:18 June
973:18 June
947:18 June
907:18 June
881:18 June
855:18 June
801:18 June
791:AP News
771:18 June
715:18 June
639:Reuters
618:18 June
588:18 June
578:AP News
558:18 June
532:18 June
418:Latakia
346:in the
84:Patrons
467:
453:
229:Issues
218:Aleppo
196:Moscow
168:Turkey
147:Turkey
144:
132:
123:Russia
120:
108:
172:Syria
135:Syria
76:Cause
1070:2024
1005:2024
975:2024
949:2024
909:2024
883:2024
857:2024
803:2024
773:2024
747:2024
717:2024
648:2024
620:2024
590:2024
560:2024
534:2024
470:Iraq
456:Iran
154:The
111:Iraq
52:Date
370:SDF
87:PM
1086::
1060:.
1056:.
991:.
965:.
873:.
847:.
789:.
763:.
733:.
689:.
636:.
606:.
576:.
520:.
416:,
404:–
368:–
310:–
166:.
1072:.
1007:.
977:.
951:.
925:.
885:.
859:.
833:.
819:.
805:.
775:.
749:.
675:.
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622:.
592:.
562:.
536:.
324:.
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